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Secale

Secale is a genus of the grass tribe Triticeae, which is related to barley (Hordeum) and wheat (Triticum).
The genus includes cultivated species such as rye (Secale cereale) as well as weedy and wild rye species. Secale
The most well known species of the genus is the cultivated rye, S. cereale, which is grown as a grain and
forage crop. Wild and weedy rye species help provide a huge gene pool that can be used for improvement
of the cultivated rye.[1]

The genus Secale includes the cultivated rye and four to eleven wild species depending on the species
criteria used. Commonly recognized species of the genus are the annuals, S. cereale, S. vavilovii Grouch,
and S. sylvestre and perennial S. strictum (syn. S. montanum). Secale cereale includes cultivated rye and
other weedy rye types.Secale strictum is a group that includes distinct geographical isolates. Secale
vavilovii is the most different of the genus as it separated early from the other species in the genus.[2]

Evolutionary history
Secale strictum subsp. africanum, Secale strictum anatolicum, Secale sylvestre, and Secale strictum
subsp. strictum evolved in succession from a common ancestor of Secale after geographic separation and
genetic differentiation. The annual weedy rye evolved from S. strictum subspecies strictum was
domesticated to cultivated rye. Data suggests division of the genus into three species: the annual wild
species S. sylvestre, the perennial wild species S. strictum including many subspecies, and S. cereale with
cultivated and weedy rye subspecies.[3]

Secale sylvestre is believed to be the most distant relative of S. cereale and most closely related to other Scientific classification
outgroups. This is seen through lower rates of rye simple sequence repeat (SSR) sequences compared to Domain: Eukaryota
other members of the genus Secale. Secale sylvestre is, therefore, the most ancient Secale species.
Following separation of S. sylvestre from other taxa of the genus, perennial taxa also separated. Secale Kingdom: Plantae
montanum descended directly from S. sylvestre and other perennial taxa originated from S. montanum.
Perennial taxa are the progenitors of annual taxa. All annual taxa are most closely related and form a Clade: Tracheophytes
monophyletic group.[1] Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Crop development
Clade: Commelinids
Understanding wild plant species is becoming important in the development of new crops. The wild
Order: Poales
perennial rye (Secale montanum) is the ancestor of the cultivated rye (Secale cereale). Many forms of
perennial rye are found in Turkey including Secale monatum Guss var. anatolicum Boiss and Secale Family: Poaceae
montanum Guss var. vavilovi Grossh. These perennial species usually have large stature, high frost
resistance, strong tillering ability, and tolerance to poor soils and drought. Faults of the ryes that need to Subfamily: Pooideae
be overcome include small and sparse leaves and breaking peduncles.[4] Supertribe: Triticodae
ACE-1 perennial cereal (PC) rye has been developed in Canada as a new crop for silage and green-feed Tribe: Triticeae
production. The rye was developed by first crossing Secale cereale L. (rye) and Secale montanum
(perennial wild rye), then backcrossing the produced F1 generation with Secale cereale L., and selecting Genus: Secale
for the perennial types. Beneficial characteristics of the crop include early growth in spring, competing L.
well with weeds, and producing significant regrowth for silage or pasture. PC rye also has an extensive
root system that can be used to improve soil tilth and prevent soil erosion during the fall and winter
months. The newly developed crop has not shown significant susceptibility to disease. The new cultivar is currently being further evaluated to test for
adaptation and yield potential.[5] These characteristics could make this species an attractive crop to be used in the future.

Species[6]

Secale africanum Stapf – Cape Province of South Africa


Secale anatolicum Boiss. – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran
Secale cereale L. – Turkey; widely cultivated and naturalized in many places
Secale ciliatiglume (Boiss.) Grossh. – Turkey, Iraq, Iran
Secale iranicum Kobyl. – Iran
Secale montanum Guss. – from Spain + Morocco to Pakistan
Secale segetale (Zhuk.) Roshev. – Central Asia, Xinjiang, Kashmir, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Caucasus
Secale sylvestre Host – Balkans, Hungary, Ukraine, European Russia, Caucasus, Central Asia
Secale vavilovii Grossh. – Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran

formerly included[6]

see Agropyron Brachypodium Dasypyrum Eremopyrum


Secale barbatum – Eremopyrum orientale
Secale bromoides – Brachypodium distachyon
Secale hirtum – Eremopyrum orientale
Secale orientale – Eremopyrum orientale
Secale prostratum – Eremopyrum triticeum
Secale pumilum – Agropyron cristatum
Secale pungens – Eremopyrum bonaepartis
Secale reptans – Eremopyrum triticeum
Secale villosum – Dasypyrum villosum

References
1. Chikmawati, T., Miftahudin, & Gustafson, J. P. (2013). Rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) simple sequence repeat
variation within Secale spp. (Poaceae). HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 20(4), 163–170. doi:10.4308/hjb.20.4.163
2. Cuadrado, A., & Jouve, N. (2002). Evolutionary trends of different repetitive DNA sequences during speciation in the genus Secale. The
Journal of Heredity, 93(5), 339–345.
3. Ren, T., Chen, F., Zou, Y., Jia, Y., Zhang, H., Yan, B., & ... Scoles, G. (2011). Evolutionary trends of microsatellites during the speciation
process and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Secale. Genome, 54(4), 316–326. doi:10.1139/g10-121
4. Akgün, İ., & Tosun, M. (2007). Seed set and some cytological characters in different generations of autotetraploid perennial rye (Secale
montanum Guss). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 50(3), 339–346.
5. Acharya, S., Mir, Z., & Moyer, J. (2004). ACE-1 perennial cereal rye. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 84(3), 819–821.
6. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=441721)

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