Contents ll Functions and Models _1 11 Four Ways to Represent a Function 1.2 Mathematical Models 9 1.3 New Functions from Old Functions 14 14 Graphing Calculators and Computers 25 Review 34 Principles of Problem Solving 39 SS 2 Limits and Rates of Change 43 21 The Tangent and Velocity Problems 43 22 TheLimit ofa Function 45 23 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws 53 24 The Precise Definition ofa Limit 61 25 Continuity 68 26 —Tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change 76 Review 82 Problems Plus 89 3 Derivatives _ 93 31 Derivatives 9% 3.2 The Derivative asa Function 98 33 Differentiation Formulas 107 34 Rates of Change in the Natural and Socal Sciences 118, 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 126 36 TheChain Rule 130 3.7 Implicit Differentiation 137 3.8 Higher Derivatives 145 “Applied Project o Where Should Pilot Start Descent? 159 39 Related Rates 184 3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials 161 Laboratory Project © Taylor Polynomials 167 Review 170 Problems Plus 181,> applications of Differentiation 191 a 42 43 4a 4s 46 a7 48 49 410 ‘Maximum and Minimum Values 197 Applied Project 9 The Calculus of Rainbows 201 The Mean Value Theorern 202 Hove Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph 206 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 219 Summary of Curve Sketching 230 Graphing with Calculus and Calculators 249 Optimization Problems 263 Applied Project © The Shape of a Con 278 Applications to Economics 279 Newton's Method 284 Antidervatives 292 Review 300 Problems Plus 319 Ss integrals 325 Sa 52 53 34 35 ‘reas and Distances 325 The Definite Integral 333 Discovery Project = Area Functions 342 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 344 Indefinite Integrals and the Total Change Theorem 353 ‘The Substitution Rule 358 Review 366 Problems Plus 375 ==B Applications of integration _ 385 61 62 63 64 65. "areas between Gurver 385 Volumes 397 Volumes by Cylindrical hells 412 Work 421 ‘Average Value of a Function 424 Review 426 Problems Plus 433== inverse Functions: Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.1 Inverse Functions 441 = — 7.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 497 Applied Project © Where to Sit at the Movies S07 7.6 —Hypetbolic Functions $08 7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospita’s Rule $15, Review 529 Problems Plus 543 SB Techniques of integration $47 8.1 Integration by Parts 547 82 Trigonometric integrals 57 83. Trigonomettc Substitution S64 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Patil Fractions 85 Strategy for Integration $86 8.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems Discovery Project 3 Patterns in Integrals 603 8.7 Approximate Integration 606 88 Improper Integrals 619 Review 632 Problems Plus 647 = Further Applications of Integration 653 91 Arelength 653 9.2 Aten ofa Surface of Revolution 661 Discovery Project © Rotating on a Slant 669 93 Applications to Physi and Engineering 670 9.4 Applications to Economics and Blology 682 95 Probability 688 Review 687 Problems Plus 693 erivlibs of Logaithmic 7.4* Gener an J 53 463 J 373 595 aan——— SH) isrerential Equations _701 To1 102 103 104 10s 106 107 ‘Modeling with Differential Equations 701 Direction Fields and Euler's Method 703 Separable Equations 710 ‘Applied Project © Which le Faster, Going Up or Coming Down? 719, Exponential Growth and Decay 720 ‘Applied Project 5 Caleulus and Baseball 724 ‘The Logistic Equation | 726 Linear Equations 734 Predator-Prey Systems 739 Review 743 Problems Plus 751 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates _757 Tm nz na na us 16 nz Curves Defined by Parametric Equations 757 Laboratory Project 9 Famligs of Hypocycloids 767 ‘Tangents and teas 770 Laboratory Project 0 Bétier Curves 780, ‘Arc Length and Surface Area 781 Polar Coordinates 788 ‘Areas and Lengths In Polar Cootdinates 803 Conic Sections 813 Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates $20 Review 825 Problems Plus 835 SSR infinite Sequences and Series _841 721 2 123 124 125 126 127 128 Sequences 841 Laboratory Project © Logistic Sequences 850, Series 854 ‘The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums 865 ‘The Comparison Tests 871 Alternating Series 875 ‘Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests 879 Strategy for Testing Series 888 Power Sees 88712.9 Representations of Functions as Power Series 893 12.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Sees 901 1241 The Binomial Series 912 1212 Applications of Taylor Polynomials 919 ‘Applied Project © Radiation from the Stars $31 Review 932 Problems Plus 943 ppendixes 951 A ‘A Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values 9ST B_ Coordinate Geometry and Lines 956 C Graphs of Second-Degree Equations 962 D Trigonometry 967 E Sigma Notation 975 G Complex Numbers 978 contents=x Functions and Models E551 Four Ways to Represent a Function is eigenen or agpexnaons yr nse gh Kantor gi br (4) The pin (1,2) isan the righ of 90 /(=1) = =2. (©) When, 2, isabou 28,50 (2) =2.8, (©) /@)=26equnlet toy =2 Wheny =2,nehnex (6) Resoble eines foes when y= Oates = =28 a (6) The domain off consis of vals nthe graph off. Fr this etn the domain is—3 2 <3. The ‘ange off consis falas th saph off For his nso, rng is 2 < » <3. (0 Asx increnses rom =1 3, yincese fom ~2 0 3. Ths, is inesing on he intel |=1, 3 2 (a) The pin (4, 2) ison the graph of f,s0f (=) = -2. The point (3,4) onthe raph of, 50 (8) = (©) We ar looking forthe ales of fr whi the yal re ea. The ys for fad gare equal a he ois (=2, 1) and (2,2), sth desired values of ate ~2 and (0 £6) =~Lisequvleattoy = ~1, When y= =I, wehave (As. oereases ram Dt 4, decreases rom 510 =I. Ths, is deresing om tnt [0,4 (6) The domain off consists ofall suas on he graph of fortis unto, he domain it —4 0} =[-2,2] Frome gaph,theramgeisosy s2, (| (0,2) wf) =3 2x Donainis. mn f(t ede te (ee He) » ‘pra with ere a (1, =2). The domain is / 3 (0) = yE=Bi dei whens $2 Dore > 5,sothe domain is , (5,20) Sincey=VE=3 oo yeeeS rests, sree ta isthe op half fa parabola. jesecron 3 founws Tom (0) = VER. Thedamainis fe [6-2 20) = 00,3) Domai sR Nowe ht the native sexi part ofthe graph of ow-[ a iae20]_[ 2 itr20 MG) = DH 7 nar tae <0 J 7 | -28 its <0 Domain is, symone ai ife>0) [ 1iteso JO=BT= [ayer ite cof [1 its co oe that we did noc we x > 0, beens x #0 Hees the domain of fs wire0, yoy Dtes eens Domain (x [> £2). Theol in the raph ibe found wing the fers #2, Syma 43. ~~ implied fantion, h(x) = x +3. (-2) = Lindt hat the ole as coordina (2,1, s iteso area ite ed ms0)= mre= JO") 41 tere On) aoe ites Domain ie, Donia is.6 © GAAMTERY ruNeTONs a UODS eet Pla nites B= | on Bet? if-terel ee aay Oe ast Domain i . Dooainis® 9) and (na) tm = 2224 and an equation ofthe 4, Recal hatte slope of aie between the two pins x, a line conestng hose two pits ey — yy = =). Te hope of tis ine Segment reas custo gy ===} (c +2) The unctonis f(2)= fr ~ 4,2 <4 seas fe resect ne mgmt =P of f= fro fds e6 som eqn i+ 2.= § (x +3). The fnton is 8. Weed to save the given equitonory.x 4-7 =0 4 G=IPene 9 y-teayer y= 1 JR. The epresion with poste acl represen the op afte prabla, and the one wth he ‘eave acl epee the btn hal ene, we want f(x) = I= JH, $0, lead oe ye eVTR GRIF ava A Me tp has gen by the Fncion fs) JRAFO S282 (6. For=1 lhe pagh ete line wit hope | and-inerept 1 tha the ine 2 itso yetee-I=s~ 1 Sothetincionis f(x) =| -2642 f0exs1 1 iftes 19, Letth eth and width of the rectangle be Land W. Then the perimeter is 2+ 20” = 20 andthe are is A= LW. Solving thet eatin for W ners of gives w= 22=2E = 10 2. Ths, A(E) = L (10 £) = 101 ~ 12, Since eats are postive the dann of is 0 < L < 10. we fuer resist “tobe largerthan When $ << 10 woud beth domain 1 Letthe length and width of the rvangle be Land Ten the arnt LW’ = 16, stat” = 16/2. The pevimeeris P= 21-420, x0 P(L) =2L-+2(16/L) = 2 +32/L, andthe domain of P is > 0, ince lengths ust be positive quanenon FOURWNSTOREESHATARGHEN 48, Lee lengh ofa sido he eis angle. Than by the Pigs Thom thei y the angle sassy +(x)" Gs. Using the formula for the area of angle, $60 ($x) =F wih dan > 0 ?,sotaty A § eas) high, we obi A > so L= YP, andthe sic seas 50 Lee vole oft ean te gthfanedgee Then 507) =6(YP)} = 672, wits domain ¥ > 0 BL. Leechs ofthe base ofthe ox have eth x, an let the eight ofthe box beh. Since the volume is 2, we now that? = hc? so hath = 2/2, nd the srace ein $ =x? jh, Ths, Se) a3? 44¢ (2/23) 52 The are ofthe window is A =.sh-+ $x ({x)" = xh + SE, where she height fhe rectangular potion of the window. The perimeters P Thais, htt bx 30 9 tha30—4— fax @ he }(6-24— 20), naa T AG) Ise $e ge ise ftp ix (#4) Since de gh hms be pot gut, wehnex > Oa Fach @wche2h> 0 «9 Wannfer>0 eo > artes oe 122%. Mase bedomiot WO <2 <5 SR The eight ofthe Box sx an the length and with ae = 20 ~ 2, 2-28. Then Ls ands0 ¥(@)=@0-2N 02-240) 10~ x)(6~8) 2) = A (60 160-432) i) — 64 +240 “The sides L, W,andx mst be posve, This L=0 o> 20-2820 eo F< I0y>0 9 1=2e>0 & x <6.ands > 0. Combing ths resticions gies ws the domuinD soci con Ung epi (10%, 20) ad 3, 80) we et the sop MEH = = 19.0) 2000 13,2100) 00 ya ae +900 soe (©) The ope of hen in pat (18 and it represen th ost of aa producing each aac cai, (6) The intercepts 900 and it represen the ed ly coats operating the fon, shangeinpesnee__ 434 5g ee . To Shms iag —“ipe 04, Using pes and for depth wth te pot GP) 0,15), nebne P= 18 0.594(¢-0) Pe nantes. () Wien P= 100, then 100= 0444-4 1S <4 CABAL = 8S e> d 19585 fet. Ths the pressures 100i? as det of approximately 195 ee 11 Weare given CC, 460-380 80 1 12 (9) Using din pee of nding oy, we inde stpe tobe = EE = ORIN _ BO Vina equation is C460 } (4-800) > C= 460m Jd=200 22 C= 144260. (©) Leting d = 1500 we gx C = j (1500) +260 © " 95. The os of diving 150 miles is $838. ‘Te sape othe ie repress the cast per mile, $025, (4) The ntercepe represents the ised cst, $260 (@ Beease you tae fixed monthly costs sch as nse to car payments, a wll ont tht ines you hive sot as asliog ll, ade, an he cos of hse _ for each atonal ile driven a constant. 18 (The data pyar tobe protic anda sive o cave faction would ake the bet model A elf te fem S (2) macs (bs) +e seems spear (The data appear to be decreasing ina linerfihion. A model ofthe for f) ro seems ppropra 14 (The data opper toe increasing exponent. A model of he form () = 2-8 or (2) = a:b ee seems ypropria. (©) The data appear tobe decreasing similar othe vaso the roca anton. A modelo be fom F(8) = of se ppp,2 © GiaprERs FUTONS AXONS ‘Same ales ae geno my deciles. Thess rhe ut ghen by ea comput alga stone — runing isto ie rea. BO (4 Using the poits 400, 14.1) and (60,00, 8.2), we aan Atinear mode! does seem appropriate (6 Using comparing devise obtain the east sane ereson ie y = ~0.0000997855 + 1398076, (@) When x = 25,000, y 11486 o about 1. pe 10 pop (6 When x = 80000,» © 5968 or about 6 chance (©) When x = 20000, is negate so the model des no ply. OO peaipomes ® ocean) N 4 sem ‘Using a computing deve, we obtain the east squares regresin ine» = 48564 ~ 2056 (6) When x = 10°F, y = 268.7% 265 cin, Osa ® ot wml yee) [) son ee) Aina model des sem appropri ‘Using computing devise, we obtain the east squares togrestion ney = ~1582008248x + 0089119747, where Ste year and sth eit in fet. (When =2000,y~ 2000 (8) When = 210, y 2891 This woud be en nrease 0949 som 1996 1 2100. Eventhough here was sn ncene of 859 fom 19000 1956 ily hat x simi nerease wl ecu over the nes 100 years.SecrOn:2 aTIMOCALMONR'S 8 By loking at the seater plot ofthe data, we rl ut the lna algae mel, ‘etry various mosels Quadratic: y = 049? —2.28TFr + 1970655 Cubic: y= o0zor24s20L, shi wit the ight and then si 2 units pur 2% y= Ile] ~t Sta with he paph of y= shit wit downoad an then re the part fhe eaph fom. 1 abouthe xi. A Thin sje be sano amp xe pa of caves 1 2 1(9 = 12+ 28m [ 3% «~ 4] Mah 31 Soy fe se 0 dl ene 8) © 12.3 Te syigt time (651 A. to 618 PME) is Rows and 27 mints oF 12.458. Te model value dfs fom te stil vale by 24-2 = 0008, les than 186. Sothe intons 2. Using ine function o mal he rghines of Dla Cept a funtion of tine, me ak is pero tobe 54 ay, is ampli ob 0.35 (onthe ele of magnitude) adits average maid tobe 4.0. Ife tke # = 6 at time of verge ihe then the rapide (ihies) aa function of ine nd an Be ode by he amu (0) = 4.040.353). 11 (9) Toobrany = f(s) the parion of y= F (tote igh f te y-nis eeeted bout the ros, @y=sate orevm9 GMMPrERY sucrmsaNoNcOAS 28. Theos importantes oft gen gph eh ite and te x main nd minim pins. Te graph of» = 1 / hs verte smith s-ate weer seit th gph y= (8. ‘Themasinun of onthe gph of» = (2) coresponds 02 minimum of Y= 100 =1/F 6). Sita, emia onthe eaphoty conespondstoamsximum othe igh ofy = 1 /F@)- 2. Assuming tha secre rion an veri rdincs ar a napa, we can make ata of approximate sales follows = wp TP]? 2 Ye ie fo) 2}iz}1s|10for| oslo eo 2jar|s |2s/oaliz]o sorte) | 4} a4] aa |e [4 | 20/0 | : ‘Conmesting he pons, f(x)+ (2) with smoot curve goes an approximation the gph of f+ gE prints can be plted beeen tae lied above neces 2m, Fistnote that hedaman off + labo inmcrseto ofthe domains off and ght, f+ isony defined whee bot and g ae defies. Taking the hriontal and vertical wis of lent wo be the stances betmeen successive veri and horizontal gins we cn ake abl of approximate acs flows = Ta Te]. 72 ]as]s re) =| 22| 20] 24/27] 27/25 5) 1| -13 | -12| -06 | 03 | os | o7 steer] of 09] os| 1s|30| 32/30 aves of (ks he va 2 inthe able above) can beaded as neds. 3 f(9) 20420: g(0) = 308 |, D = Ror bat f and. (49) =P 420 42-129 458—1, DAR Uw) a0 420-8 =a P41, DER Ua0a) = (2 422) Bet 1) a 302+ 6h a 2, DR (2)or= SEE. om feta eth sear? 0SeenON 1a new ANcTONS RoMCIDAACTONS Om B f(s) TPR, D= 1,20 960) = IRR, Dm 8, Uta t= Viest Jaz D= Co, 11N-1.09 Y=) = VF = VIED = [oth (ole) = JPRS VIF = IHF Dm (1. (re EE 01.9 Wermtectes set le Lt aso foe seg) 28042 Dette fen get te coma e+2))— Gr $2) = 1k? HIG WoO) = (7) = 82 =x) =3 201) +2 6H (Fe) = FUG) = f Qs) = 200? a) — Beta) whet Be onl) eG) me Or42) (0) = VE=T.D=[h.oh80) (0) = VET, Dz (eRe) foo) = a, -i1Vtt.00) GeDO=e 0) =D (Poe) = SU GN =S (VED = VIE= ToT, D={retl.co)| VE=T2 = 2.2), Goo) = 266) =F) ~(e) ax DR, M$ G)= Us, D= (01x £0); g60) = 425, DR (Fog) (= FG) = f 2-428) = 1/428), D oN) =e (= 8/2) =a? 42), D (Fo fie) = FU =F Um (e200) = eG) =e (0? +25) arent, venom s(t eenere4(- vere) eat een0-e(: -G=DerDat~ tenon2 © MAPTERY euncransmONEDES B aon (Foa)e)= S60) = £1 v5) = sin (k= 4H). B= 1,20) = VAG. For JERF ob defined, we must ave hte, Seb (Ae, —3e) 080 Destelxe fae. +2nn], where isan ingen (Fe) = FUN = Fins) = sin (in), (e026) = £00) =8 (I~ 8) =1- VIR @sey=VP=1,0. NUL.) 86) (7 oe)le) = Fe) = F(VT=B) = y(VT=a) 1 = VR To find the domain of og) (2), we must find he values of that rin the domain of sh tha (isin the domain off. nsymbols, me have De {xe Coot) VT=a « (-00,-1] ULI, )]. Fis, we concent on the requirement ht JU 1,00). Beamse VT=x 2 0, YT=¥ isotin (~o0, =I]. IVT isin, 0) then we futhive T=¥ 21 4 1x21 = ¥ £0. Combining the restrictions. = Oand xe (20,1), me bin D = (-20, 0} (06) = eV) = 4 (FEN) = VET. Dafretm neon VF=Teem i] NEST s Potet est Ic VE oe Vics = VE Combing hirectan ih (06,11. weet p=[-vi, =f. fi} venw=suen=s(F=1) d= (rece, NU the0) VFHTe ton -M Ulta} Now VERTE To Pate 2222 @ [levi = x2 V2orx <—¥2. Combining this restriction with x « (—20, obtain D = (~20, - 72] [V2, 00). (ee)x) =2@@) =a (vI=) = Az, D = {x € (-00, I] | vT—3 € (-00, 1]}. Now 1a Loxs1 9 320, Conbiing iseion wis «(05,1 we bin D = [1 AM. Fogoh) x) = SAG = See — I) =f (vE=1) = vE=T=1 A FogoWy(e)= Sa HO= Fe? 42) =F ((e +2))) = 1/42)" B.S 0801) = SEEM = F(A) =F (VE 9) = (VE-NH R A1U[L.co) we Let gta) = 2? and 8) = FG. Then (f o8)8) = TG = Gt) @ Lage) as tied se) se Thea (Fog) ) = (+3) = G6).SeenON NeW FWERONS HOMTIDAINCTONS a 8, Leg) = cass and f() = Vi. Then (f 09) 9 = VOT = 410. 3. Letg()= tad f (0) = tant. Then (/ 94) ) =n = 40 BL Lethe) =3%, 060) = 3% and /@) = 1-2. Then (Fogo) (2) = 1 Lah) = Vg) =x ~ Land f@) = IF Then Fogel) = VE=T= HO. BB Leth (x) = Fs £64) = Sees, and f (5) = x4, Then (F 90) 4) = (8 VE)" = sect (VF) = HG). HO FE) = FHS eG W~e@=2 OsUM)=s0)= x60) =26=3 OeNO=e/0)=26=1 © Fo2)O= 140) = 10) —4 55. (0) 22) = 5, because the pola 2,5) som he graph of. Thus, f(@ 2) = 8) = onthe grighof f © 24O=2O) Oreo Oe -ecoadine & © @02)(-D = 8-2) =e) Me NM=sFG)=/@=-2 ‘To finda parila value of Fg 3). sy fr x =O, went fom the raph that ¢ (0) ~ 2.8 and f (28) ~ —05. Thus, f(g (0) = f(28) = 05. The thr vale ted in he tbl were ctnined in a sila fashion boca the pin (5,4) Faw [Tae 7 [sw [Fee , =3[-02 |= oy a8] =05 4] a2]-a3s | 1] 22] -19 : ss) afar | |2| i2|s3 se ee 3 [402 «| -as | 22 sia] to (4) Using the ean stance = rate sie withthe di athe discs, we have (0) W) Ane? = ULoriy= Aen =x 600 sea inc?) a any time 600=, This oemala gives ws the extent ofthe pple Be@dan > da3%% (Thee Pythagorean lone ivvng te legs with ngs d and and he hypotenuse wih length = Bg Vas Ts 2d) = VEL God = 54) = 10%) = OIF FT or ). Al =(Foa) en) = Flea) = Stes) Poorsseg seven] = AO) case (2) = h (2), his am eve fntion A n(=2) =F (-8) = F-e te)- Atti pint, me cant simpy the expression, 50 we might yo find a ouneenaple to show th h sot nad Rtn. Lets) = am fet, and f(x) =a +x. Thon n(x) =x? +, ich enter even or 06 Nov supose f sano faction. Then f(-3 (8) = ~f (2) =~ Hees (3) = Is if oth fad ae od ‘Now supose f isan eve uation Then f(-#¢0) cvenif gis oddand fiseven 1g) =a) Hence, b=)SECTION 4 GlrANGOHOAMTURSWNOKEREUTERS O25 6% (a) P= (a,g(@)) nO = (g(a), g(a) bewese Q baste same yale as Panditis onthe line y = (0) Theva of 2s (tis lo te x-vale of R. The yale of Ris therfore f (ele), thas Hence, R= ( (0). (8.9). (6 Tee coordinates of Sr (2, (2) ot equal, (a.h(@). (4. We ony need plot pins forthe fist quadrant since we cm se that fs an od fet, nd by xereie 4, we then know ta fo fis nod function, snd hence, symmetric wih eet othe rin. * popes] t yis]a yey Jo} fisfialo fren {o} ts [ta] as E54 Graphing Calculators and Computers Lsis)et 4? © Cama RRS ara tit . Lt _| =F o “ J © Ame -e Cantante : ms {emote ow teens—— 83 GiMATERS fuNcTONS NOMS | 2si@atress @ Ess Ess (6) (0,10)6y(=20, 109 49 -15\8)ty (20, 00) © E0,3159 F-10020 “The most pproprne pags peoduced i viewing rectangle (2). | “Tne mast pprprate graph rodiced in viewing retinal) case the maximum and minima points re fy easy ose and estimaSECTION 4 GaNPHNG UCUUNTORSANDCOMPVTENS O27 4 /@=e7e © PAs Aha) ©) f-5.s9by10,100) (10,10) (10,40) © eRe ‘The most appropri raph is produces in viewing etal (0). 5. Sine the graphof/ (2) = 5-420 ~3? isa panbol opening towns an appropiate viewing ecaagl should ned the maxima poi 1. f (&) = Y255=F7 To nd an sgpropriate viewing retnge, we calelate /'S domain and range: 286-32 > > 37 < 256.9 IIs 16 @ 162 © 16 othe donaiais (16, 6} Abe, 0 5 YRO=T < $FF-=4,sothe ranges [0,4 Ths, wechoore ‘he ving rectangle ob [20,20 ty [2,6 Rf = vit .a2 © carrer: funcrons wo nna 8. /40)= 00101245. Going fin ste ing > ‘eagle [1010 [10 10) owt wt apes (] fal Dut since is ac poonil we aa hat ee ving sung ili os r= Be Instn pot Ate meander, wee he viewing se 010208, 201 Wf)axe496-9 OO 10] P40 yastae a1 tsSHEMON 14 cHARING CADAATERS ND COMMUTERS 28 M7 fo)=cos(to0) 18 fe) 3sin(302) 18 fe) = singe) 2 Wemust svete given equation fry oan quations forthe upper a ower aves ofthe lip. 2+ 2)?290 caAeTERy FUNTONSANOMCOES hy aaviaot 2% Graphing f(x) = 3x? 4 +x ~ 2 ima sand viewing rectangle, [10,10] by [—10, 10) revels one el root botwconOand I. The sand Baur shows clot of his eon. By sing aoa inde by 230g in, we nd the vac f the roto be apprxiately 0.67 2%. Groping both fe) =a + Be + W6and ga) = 2 + Be spears tht re re ou pins of intersection se the igure). ‘We en sow use an nterseton der or zor no the regions of inret find he soltons © ~2,~1 24,2, and 3.24 21. From the gap off (2) =2sins and g(x) =, We se hat hte te repo of intersection. The intersection it (0,0) is obvious and du to the symmetry of he raps (bot intion ar od), we only ne to find one of the ote wo point of nesection. Using an intzsetn indo oming in, wend the s-aleof the Interetion tobe approximately 190. Hen, the sohins tex =O and 1.90 ne The -cordinats ofthe thre points of intersection ae x © 329, -2.36 nd 1.20. (©) Using ial and or, wed hat 0.3368, [ ‘Nose hat could also be negative.SEETON LA CHANG CALOUATERS AD COMMUTERS 2. ge) =/10is aperthan f (2) = 10 m/e) =x ~ 1002s ger tton ‘whenoiers > 100. whenever «> 101 so ot agen tos 3. © (0.5)910.20) TO. 25Fby (0,107) aD. SOVby fo, 10%] ‘As gts lars, (2) =2! pros mae rap tha (0) (@) From he prop in par (a. appears thr the vo sions are x = 1:2 724 Rw O — EAA \.IT —G—(OAMIy (0.5) Gi) .2M yf. 1"] ‘Asx gts args, (8) = 3" erowsmere ally tang 9 (rom the grapisin (0), toppers tht he he sluions are x = ~0.80, 1.52 an 7.17 a ons We se fom the pap ofy = ins — wand y= 0. hat thee ae to selon oth ition fix ~ x] =O. ~08Sandx = 085.The condition fn ~ x] <0. old foray x ying between these 90 sales320 RAFTERS runcrnNSANONODES a aor os Peas se 420, 7] | (0(0)= 3. Te gripe oe vo Seen diet nt the | | repon clas tothe origin The rer i ieing etagl ne chaos he ese ore similar the vo graphs look, 35 (0) Theroet functions y= VE, (8) Thevoot functions yx, (¢) The rot antions » = VF, ye Vian y= 9 Yad y= y= Vir = Yimdy = Yi (a) «For ny the thot 0 0 andthe nn ot of 1h al ah oo fet pas tug he Points (0,0) ad (1. 1+ Foro nthe domain ofthe hoot anton is, while fr even mits x € |x > 0 «Graphs even rot nto lok iro hat Vw thse of roe retin esata of We «Asn increases, the graph f 9 Desomes stesper ner Oa ater for x > x2 and (0) The fretions y= Wy (0) The fnctionsy = I/x and (6) The functions y = ye yeu (@)+ The pops fl factions ofthe fm y= 1/2" us troagh the point (1. In is re, the graph ofthe Runcion ietialy above the sai. The graphs of 1 fr meen ae similar ‘ocacssother od te Fnetion poive for pov x and negative for megane x. The graphs of 1s" form od emir to oe nse. 1+ Asn increases, the gph of 1/5" appcach Ofister ax 20, itnSEOTION 14 GiNHNGEACUATORSAND COMMUTERS 3S Bf) at pee? 4 Me <0 there ae hee humps: tw inna = pois anda mas point. Thess hump get Nr as neces, ‘uni tc = O1wo the humps dissppear ad theres ealyone ‘miu pi. This single hum then moves wo he ight spproachs te origin asc ines. (0) = TFET. Me <0 the funtion i oly defined on [1/0561 [d= Jeans graphs th top taf of a eps IF (= 0.the raph ithe line y= 1. Ife > 0, he gph is the top ha of abypatola, As approaches, thee carves econ Date an approach belie y= 1 my ‘maxim of the faction moves urter fom he oii and ges rp Note, overt tat repades of, the funn rots 0 ee lel Re I. As nines he a wy ‘The“balet” becomes onder as nrc nme ee Ite 0h opis ofthe oii adie ose itis teeta Int css, Be cls 0, eager oop ln the inking ce, = 0 ops "infinite" hat i does chose) ‘A he ager I the sept hope in he eal ie of teen @ wy salu) ‘This nero 0 paride oslnae ‘This fein ose more equely a [increases ese eguently 5 ines heal, Me VN) Me [Noe lo tha this function is even, whereas sins iMO caMPrens ractoNs ao NonES = Review 4. (0) A function fi rl that sins to cach clement xin set 4 exactly on element called (2), ina st. ‘These ip calles the domain of the fonction. The range off is th st fal posible values off (x) 8.2 ‘aries thoughout the domain, (©) fea faton with domain 4, he its raph ithe set of edered pais Cf (2) | € A} CONCEPT CHECK (6) Use the VericlLine Test on page 17 2. The four ways o representa function re: verbally, numeric, vuln algebraically. An example of ech ven ton ‘Verbally: An assignment of sadn to chai ina arom (a dsrption in words) Numerically: Aa ble tha sins an amount of tx oa ince (a table of ales) ‘Visually: A gapicl history ofthe Dow Jones veep (0 gap) [Alesbracly: A relaonhip between disanc, a, ad Line: d =r (an exc ful) 2. (0) Am even fonction f satis the ya (0) Ano tumetion g satis g (1) = —g (foc every number» in its din Is sync with respet to the orien (6 forever uber nits domain, tf symmerie wih rect 0 4A futon fis clled erasing on anneal Ti (x) < fan) wheaever x <9 in 5 A mathematica mods isa mathematica description fen by means of anton oan eqution) oF reabwerd heramena, 6 (Lies funtion: (2) = 2841. FG) max +6 2 (0) Power funtion: 2) =", F() (6) Exponeatil function: ) (@ Polynomial of degree 5: f(s) = 3° +2 (9 Rational ton: 6) Je) me and 0 (ae polyoma aw‘owen sew oa ® o 9.) The domain off +g isthe ise ofthe domain of fad the domain fg tha, 4B. (0) The domain of fis aso 48 (6) The domain of fg ust exe values fx that make equal 100; ats x € ANB LC) 0) 10, Given mo functions fang, the eompost function fo gis dened by (Fe #) (0) ‘Fogisthesetof all ia he domain of sch that (inthe domsinof (0). The domain of 1H. (@) the graph of fi ied units umard te egaton becomes y = (2) +2. (the graph of fs shied 2 wits dnnuard, ts equation becomes 9 = f(s) —2 (6) the graph offs shied 2 nts tthe right ts equation becomes y= f (2 ~2) (@ the graph of fis shied 2 units tothe Lt its equation becomes y = f(x +2) (@ the graph of fis retected abou the s-xs, ts equation comes 9 = —/ (2). (0 Me graph off isreeed about he yas is qution becomes y= f (2) (@ Ifthe graph of Fs stretched verily by a ator ofits equation Becomes y = 2/0), (0) Ihe graph of fs shruk versal bya fctor 2, egmion becomes y= 4), () ithe graph of fs srk orzotaly by a actor oF tsequtionbeomes» = Fx). TREALSEUZ ————— A abe. Let 760 =, L0+F00 2 Fae. Let (0) 8 abe, Let (0) = +7. Then fx) = Gx)? = 95% and3/(=) = 304, $0 £8) 43/00, lean 1 Then £0640) = + 1? = 0 = 0b CPt a2 K08 F040) then 2) Oy but -242 ‘4 True Ife, < yan fis deressngFnction then the yeas et smaller as we move fom eight Tras, f0)> F 2 Toe, Soothe eric Line Tet 6 Fale,26 cmrens ruxcronssvo wones EXERCISES () When = 2.9 2.7. This,(@) 827. sons > x=23.56 (©) The domain of fi ~6 ¢¥ <6, 001-66. @ Thermge of fism4 x #1 Rage als sept (y= Othe Rorizomtl aye fore) 14 sins, Domain: R Range: “I Snr s1 > OSItsines2 + Os ys? and Dorin: 2e G+ => x 4 + Range: the tangent finton aks onl real values. 50 therange BR 8. (a) To obtain the gaghofy = f(x) +8, we stifle graph of y= f() upB nits (©) Toobin the graph ofy = / 4+ 8. we shih graph ofy = FI 8 nis {© Toobin the gph of y= 14+2/ 6), we seth the gh oy = f() veicaly by a tr of, and then sti resting grap Lot upward (4) Toobin the graph of = fe ~2)~2, we shi he graph of = f (sgh 2 uns and then shi he resulting graph 2 units dowaward (6) Toobin the graph oy = ~/ (2), wert the graph oy = (4) abeat he xa (9 Tocbaain be araph of y =3~ f(x), were the graph ofy = fe) about the ais, nd then site resuing graph 3 units upward10. (9 Toobin the graph ofy =f -8), shit he graph oy =f) Hh 8 nits, (6 Tootiain te graph oy =2— J (0), we rel the graph of» = (aout the snd thsi the resting raph? its upward M. Tosketch ihe graph ofy = 1+ SFE, we shite gph of y= JF eft 2 nits and up 1 _—~ 18 Tosketch ihe graph of y = cn, we orprese ‘he graph oy = cos horzetly by factor os WARARA (0) Toobin the graph of y spt of (a), we elles he 7 (about the axis (@ Tooktan the graph ofy = 4, (2)~ 1, we sin the graph fy = /() by afar of 2, an then fit resting raph nit downed aaa 2 Toskoth te graph fy west the graph fy 3 right I ait and down I wit 14. To shah tbe graph fy = 3 ~2sinx, we ste the graph ofy = sins verily by aftr of 2 ees the resuing graph abou the ani, and shen shi a gph 3 uns up. Ame IRPTERY FACTORS ANOMODES 15. (a) The ems of fate a mise of G8 and even powers of, 89 falter even nor 08 (@) The ems off areal odd powers of, 0 fis of © fey = e052?) = e0s(e © f= 14 sie) = a (2.0 f seven, ~ sins, Now f(x) 4 f (and f(s) # =F). 50 Fister even nor =2(4 + 1) on equally, YT=# (we have saved for ae-2 ters vee 1. FG) = FE D=[,00).860) (286) = Flat) = fins) = VERE, For SAT tobe defined, wermathavesins 20 HOP 42 Lede te ef ayo5 ites pr) poessi| dentine) “Thorefone we conse the tres caer x < Ie <-S,vemusthave L=24 — (=r =5) M-Ssx < f.wemusthae 22 — (45) = Ie Bf, wemusthne2e—1— (245) ‘othe two slutions ofthe equation ex (is ist 145 teas asex<}uds> Shih i, se wee somieings <-5 ane aol fez! oS ites) ‘Theretie, we consider the te cases # < 1,1 Sx <3ands 23 Ix < L,wemusthne I=x—G—z)23. 4 02 7, whichis tls, Hex <3,wemathwer=1~G—x)25 44 <2 f, whichis cause <3, Wx 23, wemisthive =1—(¢=3) 25 22 S,whih sts. Alte eases ea falsehoods, the inequality has 0 soliton, Je? —4)o1 43) tx > then wean-aie{ Case (Qe MO 1then fe) =x? = de 43, Carey EL 3,860 f (0) =? = 43. This enables usto skh the graph for = 0. Then we the fic that fia ‘en fiction ore his prof the raph about the yas to oti he etre graph. Or we ould consider alo the cases x < =3,=3 ¢ x <= an mex <0,‘aS prmcires oF pron soxe =1|-)e2=4, " 1 inden Po itz? weal Te een moa Tiree Sor 0s bel < ete) = t—a8-(4-24) pas tsb <2gG)=2°-1- (4-2) 12 \a@yas?—t~ GPa) a3 “ Lul+b=1+b91 © byl bI-bitt=0 © > Inibl—bl—bl+1=0 «dl D(b1~D L Bxtyny se 457 -F)0-9 © 80-9-Fe-9=0 © syayes [nlp = 1 The boundary fhe eae has quton e+ [9] = 1 In drt, sas bacon the ies + ox tym Los y= Land y= Lespectvely 1 be=ylthst=bis? cae@: xo y>0 oe xoyte-yst @ seysl @ yEe Case: yox>0 > yoste-ys? @ Os2(n0) Care(iy: x>0mndy <0 @ x-ytrtys2 @ Ws? © xst Case(i x 0 9 yox—n—ys? G@ tes? @ x2-1 Cases yex fers > 5 ass > Oand te x OfoeO cx 088-9 (-#/2)" andeosx < Ofor we ex Ors 5 Te thsi Qe)? > VE eile Qe] = 2% Sie lip JF = Dandi 2/F = 0 ee “tig (4 =) bythe Sguceze Thre Wife > —4then e+ 4 $430, lim_ Ie +41= tim, 649) Ie 2, tea fe = 290, BB xa? tea} 6 =2)50 ty EM =A does tei sirens, 0 iy = does mat tty > fen 2e—3] = 26—3,0 2-34 2-3 1@r-3) s Ba i im, 3 i eS. tte < fe theme 3] 93-28, fe Bena te es Bes) so. tim 223 tig PERM gy LOD _ in 1S. The ight and left iis AB amar Taran Maen) ~ waa xe dren 9, oes nt eit Rest ip Jintao tei 1 serie) =a <0 nee, (75) = ‘he denominator approaches O andthe mmo es 12 can eats» ori , (! ) for > 0, i, sx ae ” () () Since sans (0) Simcesqns = =I forx <0, i se0 —_T (4) Sei sem ise ig en does tex (6) Sie gn = 1 ors 0 i ena = ig 1 =‘SecT0N23 CALCUAINGUMTSUSHE EUMETLANS 40) in /00) = in (8-20-42) oy P28 slim, £0) im, =) = 2 tim x + im 2 i 3 tim y= 3-122 0 £6, (© im 0) does noice i 7), £00, © © ST (Na ti Fn serena 0) kin FO, © 0 t.ho (0 io im (0) ig, me (9 Seep im, (2), i es a ei. 9.0) Oe Dore <—10_ im fd Sfor=3 5 <2.50, lim GoD, in (3) = -3. thei ant iis etre, 0 im fe docs note ts wo Sor -3 5 < 290, lim Lod, tin 4-3) Vora— 1s o isnot anlagefo © eiarrene unrsimo narsorounee 48. The gopof/ G2) = Be] + [ovis the same asthe graph a (2) any integer a. Ths, lim. fe) = = anim, f 4-20 id oes at ac meer, sine 1,90 im (9) = =I Lo/T=T=0. Aste velocity oppronchesthe speed fight the engin approaches ©. A a2 (1 SF, Since p (2) sa polmomial, p&) =a) ape epe? +--+ 4. Ths, bythe Limit Les Bg pO) a, (w tartar s--tan!) sata ng ofl? +a in art oat oyet tooo = plo) “Ths for any py ,en (e) = p(2) po $8 Lair) = BE atte) ang) ae my pty an posta (0. Ts, pe _ ine) 2@ Jig 2) = fig 222 = EP inittaws) = 22 cexerie st) =r iarer= in Sia ¢ ) = 2G erates) =r 58, Observe that 0 < fa) EBS the Precise Definition of a Limit 1.) Tohave Sx +3 within distance of 0.1 of 13, wemmst ave 129 < 5-43 < 131 198 19 < 444 —30 <2. whenever fs = If < Frm the wpa, we se tht we sed OOK < x < 1012. Sosince = 0:9881 0.012 ni 1 ~ 1.0121» 0.012, we must choose = 0.012 or any salle: psive number) othe inequity to ol. 1. For = 0.5, we med 191 < + < 2.128. Sosinee [2 1.911 = 009 and f= 2125) 125, we ean take 0-4 00, Fore = Owe wed 1H < 2021 Sose 19801 0:2 nd 2 20D] - DORN, wean the A= 0.03 ra alle ote nb 1 Frome pap west =F hana (Pup i 093 <1 < 107, Sos! ~ 09 = O07 an | ~ 1071 = 007 — scan ke 6 = 007 (rary sl pve 2 For 100, we nd 148 < x < § 1.5708, sosince |§ = 148] 4009 wechoase 0 5 = 009. For M = 1000, we ed LS < x © Fs0sine | ~ 151] 003, we choosed < 0.03(66 aapteR2 ws an saESOF OUNCE Bo deer ants 3 wha t00 5 Pai 5 7 JTBE o> 0) wizstzen [i irae om= seer Oot $2.1850+20=200 = Moyne 3289 0) ‘he tra inp power sven ia pat (isthe at tage temperate (20), the tolerance the semper), ands the tolerance inthe owernp in wat eae in pt (b) (0.11 wat 15. Ginene > 0, we eed J > Ouch hati ~21 < then , [Gx-2)-a)<2 © Be-6ce @ Si-acn © - |n=21 Ouch hate —4] then [S=29)- CH] ce [2H ce we Iodhce © [r=] (S—28) ~ 3) <6 Ts lin 28) = ~3 by the defiton ofa li U7 Given > 0, me ned 5 > Usuch that ike ~ (| < then [Gt8) Jee oo [Setsice @ Sh4lce @ x= (1) <4/S. Some choose d= e/5, theme — (1) =F = S648) —31 Oust ithe — (=| <8, hen IG-4) Mee 9 [-tenalce @ dietiler oo r= CN] < 6/4, So choosed = 0/4. Theme = CIN <= [= 40) ~ 7 ne eed d> Osach tbat [endl cse [f=] <1» easiionota tiny = 2 2. Ginene > O.wemeeds> OnuchihaitO <6) feb) ede => & set lp—f] Oneness > Oseh ite = (51 €.wensess> Osvehrba 10 < [x= < tea then 3,0 4. Thus, when < be —3, we tae Per Pet ye-9 rr ESP al ce co Weta ce oo [e=3) 0, we need d > Och that is = will ork, 0, we need > Osuch hat ify ~ ol 0,e need d> Osush hat is} we med > Osteh aie} < Sten? =O] f=0] <6 = 0. Ths, 2? ~ Oty deft of nk. 11 Givens > 0, we meod 3 > Osh at fx — Of <4 then ||} < Bat Ie = Is. So this rif we pick one66 cRAPrERZ cuits mons cHUNCE IB Given > OL wemsed > daveb haif9— 32x <9, thea T=E=O] we moat d> Osushthat Fie =21- Osh tify 31 Osu hati fe = 2 Ginene > 0, we na > Ost itaL sf —2] < then 48) W4Mes Paola |e4 sila <8 § Abo fy 31 Tas, tin «2 =9. 3 Guana fed tie» Obes Neier Oat? = eta 2 7 1 £2) <5, We finda positive constant such hat es eC Tr e Bei octe=ay canal! =a Bar Cr —Alond me cammake Che 2] < by taking y= 2} < wd, Wess x toi inthe intel 4 issuable. thas, Bi wre sould es = min 2. 2 Stoning thar Sure Gingns > Owe led = min, 2) CO < [x =2) Ostch hat [VF — Va < e whenever bral ©
fio Vintec = [fos Jatvunile de cann S tena (Vlo vie anaes aio (ff) 2 sietarswets oheneavetts nif ta (ea | ta iene Vo ovwinna ataiemat< (far) tenal (a+ vile Fa Wate va) 2% Suppose tat (0) = L Given = ftw ets 3> Ooch aD Le} Thscontadics > |. Thee fin 10) does ot exis Lhe Ww Osuchhat < Ie} <8 > 1/8) = Ad < fake any rato nar with 9 < f J. This comin [MPs suppse tat fn, 2) = Ue) thee Thene—Ber ce > 0 Othe exits d > Oso hat < [x =a <3 => EN OES Oa) S01) =H Obe given Since, lim_/ (x) = f there cans > O50 hata) 000 es tate © ea wy i000 6 © Given M> Overs s> Omen 9 YU A Non Go 1 ' 1 1 wate bo fete ste. Soukes= Gh theno M+ 16, Sine fing) = «thre exis 3 > Osuch hat < x al <=> Ig G)—el seh that 0 < <> g(x) > 6= 1, Lat Bbethe alr of and. Then

U4 10) (= N= Me Ts, tn [7 ) + 860) = 08 > Other exit 8 > Osuch that < Je —al <3 => (a a been Sn Ue) > 20) 1/2 Sime y/o wetness = oO < lf > /e)> De Ltda men cma 8/0) 60)» EE wn Inserevyme teuyadcnon = so Sie) trish > Oo had <0 0) mA Tw Qetinaied © /6)>2™Me w fopee) <2 Ln Meia.st 80) EBS continuity _. 1. From Equation 1 im (0) = £0. 2. The graph off does hae any hoes, ums, o vei asymptote 23. (a) Theflloning athe umber at which fi incontinious and the tye of dscontinty at that nme: 5 Gump). —3 (int), 1 (defn, 3 removable) $ Gite) 8 Grp) 10 andi. (6) /éscontinous fom the et tS and —3, and eataues fom te righ at 8. is continous fom neti Side st =1,3,5.and 10 4.8 contnuos. on [=6,-5), (5,-3.3, Bh (2.0. (1.941, Shand 6,7) © 1.SeCTION2S COMTNUTY 6 Le (0) Ther are disontintes t king inthe ot would want 1.2 3.and4 A person esp ini that the charg wl jump athe begining of ac owe 1 (3) Coninuoos athe focaion in quson th tempera changes smoothly atime pases, without ny instanancous jumps fom one tempat to note (©) Continuous: the temperate ta psi ne changes stothly a the dtance due wes fom New York City ners, without any instantaneous jumps, {) Diseominaoos a the distance doe wes fom New Yor ity ines, thesitude ove sea level may jump ‘tom one height to nother without going trough lof te intermedi values — ata il, or example (@ Discominaous; as the distance raveled inecases, the eos af the de jumps in smal increments, (6) Discotinaors wen he igh are svtched on (or of, secure suddenly changes beowsen and some nonzero valu, without passing tough ll fhe inermedi values, Theis debatable tho, doping on you defiton of camer Sine, Fand gare continous fictions, i (2/2) N12 iy £2) #8) Cy Lit Laws 2 3) =2/0)~ 803) y cootoiy of f and gts =2-5-20)= 10-26) Sine tis given that lin (2/ @) ~g (2)] = 4, we hve 10= 8.6) 10, Sin 05) = 2+ T= = tm? + T= Hae Fis continuous at = eiiton of comity oa efniton of comity, fi cominuous ato = = 1) 2°) = (23 8) 11-0. trent asi os Fie sigy Ta (9. So pis coninaous a, 12 in 26) = tnt a 18 Fort Se ig, £40) = in, Go Ht 6 Goat & cad Tins for tbe eoninaas on (20, 00).6 = {8 The fimetons 0? = andes 420, considered an the intra (~2o, 4) and, 2) respectively ar camtuous far ay vale of Soe oly psible scotty atx the Forte finction be comin atx = 16-2 and nod is tis ms Be he sae, Now ig C8) im (22 = (My (0? 0) =e ate 128, That Ae$20 @ CHleH=D © c=? sun 9ern Tt +4 vinous ata #2) = 4 (2) rx #2. The scntinyisromoval ty defining f (2) = ~6] 30) FO)= tu a rmovabl comin at ~2 because (x) = x — dissecvion2s covnnuty © 7 wre locominusy is ot emevabe, (Iisa jump discotity) 0 poy PE HOP e419 BG) = == 40+ t6iscominons om Rand f(s) = £6) or» # [The dont samo by ‘fing (4) = 48] Bovis BWR) M+ Ais ominous on Rand / (x) = (8) for £9, [The dscontinty s emoved by dtning /(8) = 3.1 in, Fs) = im fe) = tnd Thus, FC) oes rac ens, so the us. emovable contin a because wre hava removable scoot at 9 became) 4 ” ° Wa? 7 pt apa cnt iy te ocho of he oes say comcast Innit Ve Theorem istered Vt Theorem, 11. f00)= 222 +s commun nthe itera 2, 31./(2) = 64nd £0) =21, Sings < 10 <2 thes umber en (2,3) su thar f(e) = 10 bythe nema Vale Psorem, Hand 50) f= by te Inlemnste Vahi Tare 22 — 50-41 Sscomingous onthe ner 1,1. (0 @ /6)~ = sscominioas onthe teal 1,2}. (1,2) sucha (6 aro ond ()= 1 Since 1 << thers ‘amber cin (0,1) sue that fc) = Oby he Ins Vl There. Ths. there isa rot ofthe ution Sines 1 <2 4 theres umber ea Jet 1 Bint inten 1), 100) = 9 = EFT is cominaoas on he nena [,2}, (1) = 1 VE.and @) = 4 — VE Since 1~ V3 <0 -<~ Stare fsamamher in (12) st tht fl) O bythe Irma Vale Thee. Ths there fsa oot of te equation x? — VF =O, orx? = VTi the interval (1,2), $5. / (0) = coor =x is cominnos on helena 0, 1}. (0) = Land f (2) = 081 = 1-046, Since 0.46 <0-< I. there isa umber in (1) such dat fe) = Oby the Intmediae Value Theorem. Tus theres roo ofthe equation cos — = 0 er ex = inthe tera 46/0) = tmx ~ 2 is continous onthe sera 0 14). f (1) = en = 2 =0.45, and PUA) = tan td =28% 3.00 Since 0.44 <0 < 3.0, thre isa mumber in (0,18) sh hat f fe) = Ob the Tntemediate Vite Thora, Ths, theresa oa of he equation an x — 2e =O etn =P, inthe erat wry, (9) £0) =sinn =2-4 + iscominueuson [0,2]. (0) = ~2 and / 2) = sin 2 = 091, Since -2 <0 < 0.91, heer in (0,2 auch hat (e) = Oy he Ikeda Value Theorem. Ths, heres tonto he ‘uution sins — 2-4 = 0,orsiny =2—. inthe ine, (©) (1.10) % ~1.000 and 71.1) = 0.06, oe isa coat ste. 1B and 1.124 cuaPrER? unnissopATsor cine 8 (a) (0) = 08 = 29 +243 iscominnus oo |=1, 0), f{-1) = Hand (0) =3. Since “1 <0 « 3.thereis {number ein (1.0) such that f(e) = Oby th Intermediate Value Theotem. Thus, there is tot ofthe equation 2° 2? + 2e +3 = Din te teal (1,0) (©) (088) = ~0.052 and / (087) = 00047, so theres arot heen -0.8 and 0.87, hat 0. Soby he Imermedioe Valve Theorem, thee isa number cin (2) such that () We can soo he graphs hat, coest 1 tre dca pices. trots x= 14 21 LZ. Bo 1a st=A=B—Ly, thn f= -| < Oa /1)= $> On fermen, 80 ty the Intermediate Value Thre, the ina nar in (5,6) such that fe) = 0. ‘This eps tht i sae ig the terse feature ofthe graphing device, we i 016, comet to tee ‘hat tbe oot of tbe equation is cial paces. BY (a) ficoinuous at hen by Theorem 7 wih wsorn=s(jqee)=s0 (ae Sims sox teed Once 8 (70 0)~ J se Sate PE ht sso [ 2 fem a heer b> a (o~ 6,04 contains bot initely many sional and infitely many ational numbers, Since f (0) = Oo there ae infinitely any muabers x with jo} < Sand f(x) ~ f@)| = L Tams, a F (8) (0. (Int fim f (2) des mot even exit] 0 fx isation Bowe is continous at 0. To see why, note hat Ie] < g (8) I by the Sguccze i is iia 0 = (0). Burg icomingous nowhere ee. Faria # and 8 > 0, the interval Thee i (2) Go ~ 5,04 5 contains bath infinitely many ional and infinitely nay atonal numbers. Sines ¢ (a) Ooo ‘ther arity many numbers x with fr ~o| < Band ig) ~ gl > a2 Ths, (2) # 57 there is sucha number itsatsies the equation 4 1= x <> x =x-4 1=0,Letthe LHS ofthis equation ‘called f0). Now f(-2) = ~3 <0 and f (1) = 1 > 0. Note lett f(x) isa polynomial, nd this continuous Soy the Itermedise Value Toren there ss mum between —2 and 1 such ht f @) = @ sotimte <2 41 Gig, Pee) ad ig (3) = 0s in F(x) = 0, whichis F (0), and enee Fs emis ax = if (20. Fora > 0, li F (0) = Jig x =a = F(a). Fora <0, lin F(x) = fg 3) (oT, continuous ax =a; hats, catia very, (©) Assume that fis conimos.n the intra. Then ora fi 1 = i, |= La by Theorem 7. (fais an endpoint off, xe he peop onside init) So 1 coins on 1 ifsz0 (61 Note comes as Foreample the tncon (s)= |! | 1*=? int conimows ats = ba U7) = scam on26 9 GaMMTER? unas Ano RATESOF CNG 58, sinew () tobe he monks stance fom the monastery, a fantin of ine on heist ay and defined) 10 ‘eis distance om the monastery a function af tie, en he second day. Let De the itace fom the -monasery tothe op ofthe mountain. From he given inermation we kw tha (0) = 0,4 (13) = D.d(O) = and d (12) = 0, Now conser th inci a = d which sce cntimious, We calclate dha (a ~ 4) (0) = ~Dand (a ~ a) (12) = D. Soy the needa Valu Theorem, thee must be Sometime a ‘twoen Oand I2 ch ha (= d).() = 0 <> (a) = dG). Soa time afer 700 4. the monk wll be atthe sume lac on bth days 26 tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change by _ £@)=/0) 4. (a Tis isos he stops ofthe ine tough to points: meg = A = LD=L (That etn teste emt 7 arp P= = £0 2.0 Angry = Af = LEB LE, Lt= Le) 7 (esau sty = og £2 =P) 2. The slope at D ithe largest positive slope, followed bythe postive slope at F. The slope a Cis eo, The slope a ‘nis steperthan at 4 (bth are naive), In dsceasing onde, weave the slopes at: D. EC. A. 4. The curve loks more lke a line asthe vowing rectangle gt solo. LOD= SD ig (242)~O)_ (EID =D BO) Ome ten ey MB gee AM as Jin, 0, LEAMA LED _ jpg [4M A234) -O) 7 a 7 a ym = fim, abit O4 IH fin ig = 4) = () The equation of he tangs ine is o yo3= Ae ER orp= mtr 9,SHCnONZS TNGENIS ROOTES. MOOTARRRAES FONE im CHD —a4 1) LVF yg BED aT r=eb TM eT 4) (m= in, lin, (att) 3 N= tig CLM CED) Mm BHE SET A a 7 LL m = Fen _ (i m= fin, = fig 2-30-43) 3 yen f= N) yaaed2 © 7 Using 1). £6) 1a) (po $2) oe a2 = im, (344) “This, an squation ofthe tage sy +7 = 1Olx +2) ery = He +1. Alternate Sltion: Using), 1a 2-24) ~3-24 7] 9) += 4 7 7 +10) in (~3h+ 10)= 10 41 in (3h + 10) =(ve-) 1 1 ig = iy Et TI = Ih aay of Tim actin ‘hetangen line isy— 1 = $e Dory's —fe4 4 = im Hin, wm im, POH 8 Using n= im, ay Mae ey TM a Gay Al aE Thus ansuatonoftoimgetineisy— f= Jo-+2) y= heed wo 10. Using (1). 0 = im ‘Thus, an equation ofthe tangent in fey O= 164-0) => 9 18 a) = fig ZEA BGHY yg —__2@=2)_ ae 1 a =a FDETD TERED” GaP ) a = = t eo Gipant 2 m=— et2h © @RAPTERZ couisaNDAATESOF CHANGE 12 cay Using, wnt! so-so boodicte a meres e ss 2 Usmeth aoe Sate Nos lin (2 tara? 8) aaa —6 =1-soan equation of henge Iie) (Hb & veny- Lae 4 8. an equation ofthe angen is S(=2) =o yee, IS Gay VSS (Sata ET) 2 <1 SVR eA BE) © Ea 6-29 N20 aps -200% hana Jems pode gh can @ ye dre es 0 2SECMON2S ANTS VLOOTES. MOOHERRATSOFOHNEE Oe 15. (9) Siac the slope ofthe tangent ats = Os 0, the a tia velaciy wa 0 () The lope ofthe tangents greater aC tha at, 0th car as going fat tC (6) Near 4 the tnget ies re becoming seep a6. incense, the velocity was inten othe Gar as specding up. Nee B. te tangent ines re coi les step, the ear was showing down, The teepest tangent near isthe nea 50a C the er had just isha speding up, ad was about tos sowing own (4) Bewcen D and the slope ofthe tangent is, the car dik move daring ht ne 6 ‘Leta dente the distance waveel fom 1019 1:02, 6a 1:28 130 an fom 3:90 40 3:33, where al the times rere t=O atthe beginning ofthe i. Mats) = A= 6? lig (OEE) pg HOM) —16_ | -80- DE Ong ae Mae Ro = Bir =) = 24 Ths. the instantaneous vlociy when ¢ = 2s ~24 As 5p I oe i 7 in Hat) = ita) * sim (S824 38h — 0834! — L60h — 82) (Sho ~ 0830 [a = [ig 98 ~ Lose 0.834) = 58 1 my (6) The anow sites the moan when the ei is that, S81 — 087 1= gh = 9 sGince onthe 4 Using eve ra pa em 5) ~samys, 0 = 18-08) =0 6 581.66 () = 88m. arow wi nea ela offo 9) euaPTER? unas exo ABTESOFCHENTE te = ps tD=H) yy HOF 460442 46042) o fs 7 tg EE ah Ba A + a 4 2— da — 6a —2 saath $ ak 4 a 4 6 i = fig (120? + an +48 +6) (120? 46) mys Soo (I) = 120} +6= 18m/s.nG) = 2G +6 Sys anda (B= 12Q)P+6= NA mys 2, (a) The average velocity between tines and is audn—ny wen? Gn Herth mays in SEMA BAR 13h 43 = soho serge selocty 2 8) 41 -8= 1 m/s ae () BS.Ah 35,4 = 015. s0the average velocity es 2185) +03-8=-0Sms son(d)=0. (i) 1,5 1 = 4, = 1s he average velo 2UD 41am 0) HAST #4. 03,0 the average veloiy 210) 408-8 =05mis. 2TH seth shows the graph for arom temperate The sep ofthe tangent has he ae of FTE an a tefrigertr tempat of 8, The ctange of temperature with espe time) at ini rate change is rater in magnitude than the {= Lnscemsto be about rae of change ater an hoor 55M = 0.7 F/min spear ey,[SECNON26 UNGENI, ROOTES ANDOTIRRRTESOF CHANGE OY aw own comp 25M ci ,95 22M «am (©) Inthe igure, wecstite tobe (0K, 155) and 48 (23,6), So the b= 185 ste 185 1 grat sora ©) LA2S= Pag») _ $39 795 _ 6 ao @ 7 = $61.5 tows pope pr year thousand people per year (6 Use aes om (1 nt we te 278 «3s dpe rye © ¢ Estiing (93,16 ad (97,86) espe \e 1995 is 862 = 816_ 2025/unt 2m 05/unt ae T= 1 T ci .€(100) _ [5000+ 10(1004 1) +-0.08(100-+ #7] 6800 _ 294 + 00542 Se 7 ~ =204.0051,420 c(too4 7 cu othe instantaneous tof sang ing Bin @0-4.005h) = s20/uni,20 CAAPTERD nus mo aS OF OHtRNE sony sercroene ron mil oa cls tat 4 908 (120-42) = BPA (HOF 2+) Dividing AV by and en lating > 0, we se hat the instantaneous rae of hunges 3 60) galinin ah 30 * 3600 * 3600, Ti ay | Wang FAD] = 10.08 m3 oan 2.00 wnt ao ° seses “The mae the flow ae retest te Begining a gral decrees 0, 2 Review m= CONCEPT CHECK —————_— 4.0) li) =: See Definition 2.2.1 and igs and in Seton 22. (0) ip, /2) = Sete praraph er Defnon 2:22 an Fg 9) in Seton 22. (9 in F0)= (0) in (0) = 0 Se Deion 224 Figure 12 in Sesion 22 (0 fim, £6) = =: See Dino 2.2. amd Fgue 13in Seton 22. See Definition 2:22 and Figure in Sexton 22. 2. See Definition 226 and Figur 12-1 in Sesion 22 2a) -() Sette seme of Link Lan I-63 1 Seton 2 4. See Thoarom 3 in Seton23. 5. (Afton ft cons at numb of) gts fo at gel to, a, din, @) = Se. (0) Auton scons nthe ie (0,2) If coins avery ea amber, The gap ‘uch fic as motels nd vey vere ie cose & seo Meorm 25.10 1. Se Defiton 261 1 See heprngaph contain Fora i Seton 26 9. () The meg tof hangs fy ith eset ox neh irl Joa} is ELEY, f)— Fas) (b) Theinsuetaneos ate of change of» with repet tow atx = iti, £2‘owrrens fevew ———_—- TRUE-FALSE QUIZ _—_— 1. False. Limit Law 2 applic ont if the indivi iis exit (thee dot) 2 False. Limit Law 5 canot be applied ifthe init ofthe denominator f(s) 23 Tre, Limi Law 5 api, 44 Tree The imi does exist since (e/g (2) doesnt spproach any ra amber s+ eppoaches 5. (The voir apeoaces 0 and he muna dest) 5 False, Consier tim *—5* or tim ‘By Example 3 in Section 22, we know that the later init fins singe =5) re ‘vss (and itis equalw Coie i 04101~ [e047] hes dontenb/ « Peto se ot exis 50 (0) 206) 1 7. Tue, plynumial is entinaus everywhere, ip (exits ands ea (0 fra omer a6) 1 = ey (=), itis at a tena Seton ppachos 2 een ite Pa Conse 0) = 2 poof Ores 1, Fale. The furction f ust econo in ode to we the Interest Value Theor, For name et 1 toer<3 yo Tieng Thee isno number e€ 3] wih £6) =0 HM. Tiue, Use Tiewem 258 witha = 2,6 = Sande 12 Thue, Usere Incrmedtie Vue Theorem witha = 1.8 i = 11 Noe that J) = 3 is not nde since 1 frat sb fim, (0) = fi (2 +1 Sl EXERCISES —___—_. 160) 0 in, Fo) iin, 0 id i, (2 des na ens sins the let an igh nits re ot xu, The et iit is —2.) Gm F009 © fig ro 00 hy fo) = (€) The veal asymptote are x = aad (© fs discontinsous respectively 1.0.2, and 4. The dscontimites re jump, afi init and removable,4 CAAPTERD ists eADRAIESOFCHONTE fing ot men how EI yg B= 2-0 Siaany Mi eME OOF 9m Ns sincere? st cores “oF Win, iM gg Tse OH > 6am 0, we need d > Oso that if x 5) < hen 2 =27)~ 8] ce o> M381 [Oe—22)—8] Owe mus find 5 > Oso tha if lx =O <4 then | PFO) < Now |2R— Of = YF] 0, we nced 3 > Oso that f]x 2] < dthen jy? ~~ (2) «0 Fa oe ta iPfe = 31 1 hen len a2 eso0 [x~I)<2.Nowltd=min(e/2.1), Then 2) <9 2 fP as -a)= 16 -G=M=h-2e- O,wenced > Osu that Me, Thisismwe @ VFS <2/M 2 Ade 4M Soifwechoosed = 4/40 thea <2 —4< 8 = 2VET> AK, Soby the definition of akin kin, 2V=8) 2.00) f) = VRils <0, (0) = 3854 =F) =H BP ih > 3, © im (0) = in, B= 9) (1 i 0) = tin = = 0 (i) Becous FG and i, Fs) does nat xi, im F6)= i 8-9 = 0 (6) i, £0) = in, = 3)" = 0 (6) Bocas of and), Jim) =. (©) Fis discominaous at sine fin, Fe doesnot xi. Fis Alsconinaous at since f() doe ot exit xitexsd, ibe 24 Therefor, 24 (a) gle) =e HS «= 2K g)ar-4i8 cx hg lig (2) = tig. Ox =] = Oand iy, 260) = tin. 2 4) 0. Tsim, £¢2) = = £2.50 iscominsousat 2 Lin 60) = tim ae na 0,50 isconinwows a3 i, #09 = in, 4) = 1 Ts, fn Ta (0) im (=) =O and 0) = fig = x. Ths fi (4) oss motes 08 SIpcontuous 4 Bu lin ¢s) =e (4.50 gi cominaous rm the Fgh a2 ciaPren? unnisanonaisorcsene 25.» is ominous on since it a plynomia an cor isso cosnuous on R, the product = es ‘ontnsus nF. The ot Fanconi continous nits msi, (0,9), othe sam, ‘n(a) = YF +308, is coninouson its domain, [, 0) 28? ~ 9is continous on snc iti polynomial and is comin on [, 2) 50the composition Va? =Bis 9 = 0) = (0, ~3]U 3,00). Neethat?=2 4 Oo thie se and so he quotient Reet] function) = {scondauows on is domain, (~20, 314 (3,2) z 21. f (=) =20 $22 +2iva polynomial soitscotiowous on [=2,~Hand f(-2) = -10.< 0 <1 = f(-). So byte Item Value Thee theresa number ei (-2, 1 sch that 6)» tha i the equaton Be fs 42 = Obes aotin (-2,—D). MB Let fx) =2sine 342s. Now f icontoumis on 0, Hand f (0) = 3 < Vand {J (0) =2sio 1 ~ 1068 > 0. Soby the Interment Valu There hee sa uber cn (, 1) such ht £ () = 0th the umn 2snx = 3 ~ 25 fas ot, 28. (a) The slope ofthe tnget ine st (2,1) is tig L9= LO) te = sim, digo oti fg 26042) = 8 =2(2 ig ED (©) Anequaion othistangent ines» — 1 = ~8 G2) ory = Re 47. ‘Fora general point with s-cooedinte we have 2/(l—3y)-2/(1—3) a a “ing ma nw Taha 42 Boe Foro =0,m = Gand f (0) = 2, soan equation ofthe tangent line ity ~2 = 6 x0) or» Jonly(cins joomemminotactonmlnchy fo feeberre fet} Fn 142140), The wes wy ort nol A SCabealy YSU EI LOP/IOI TNE agains inet te mons elisa ua ornasdms (1151 (0405 4=2050 oUuah co4 ban23se/ Oat (40) 4=assan (b) When = 1 the velocity is tim 2AM 80) _ pg WAM 9 Sime, (Whee yO yO 28 in) and since P= 800/17, £2, (a) When ”inseses ra 200 in 0280 in, we have AV = 250 — 200 08 bi. Sothe average rate of changescwueren seven a (©) Since = 800/. the insanancou rt of change of with respect to P ie AP ig PCAN VAPY 5, 800/ (P+ 4) — 800) yar im 7 cy 7 in MOUP=CP-EI 4 -€00_ 800 Keane EGP OE hich is imeraly ropa te gue of £8. Theinaatiy |? +} 3] < 0255 qualenw ite sable ¥ lossy 28 < 1 32 Gaping te hms = 2% yee +1)/(¢~ Dlatdy =32onBelnena 19,215} ne eas see a he ily bls whenever 91 << 217 SJ (epproximately). So sine [2~ 191] = 009 and (2— 2. a any positive 8 < 0.09 wil do, 01, ty 3K The slope ofthe tangent voy = = i Gomer net jim GEM HT INH, @=DEFAE DOE DGHH=D i 7 fy ede HID - 2 MONG DE+h—1 Gm IP Some.dhm 26-2) = ‘ 2D) ye-forn > BIS COL w(0) 6% B61 FO) 5 £14) ad fn (2) =O lig (4) Ths bythe Squsere Theorem, Jin fe) =0. ‘6. (9) Note that pan even fncion since /(2) = f-3), Now fo any integer, a+ En =n =n =O, a fray el number 2 whic is not nite, BIB (and is eu to 1 fora ves ofa (0) J isdscontinaous at integers I=) ==L. So Jin fey exissProblems Plus sor =F Then ass so 2 DUD ig FET tT 2 Deere Neri Peat a eter Meth: Maps btn amcor an denon y (E+ 1) (YE + YE +). VaeTB~2 im —oetbas x Yar eb +3 [Jar Fo 3) emir approaches asx» 0h iit willexist only ithe nameraor abo approaches 06x +0. Sowe Now since the 2. Piston the rameter in rope that) +b—4=0 = bad. Sothe caution Beones tiny ——" “ es oS Yara rst form} cx © fewehoveds 1 0.20 Re 1) =—@x—Dand ee ]=2e4 1 ret i EW EBEEI ig =END= GED yp mt 4 Let ete mpm of OP. 0 te cores Rae (J, 48) ie te comin of Pane (82) 2 = (0), Since the slope moe rogue epoca, Bat mone E=E Tro 0,0 fant imiting poston (0,3) sowcconuethat-I=0'—22 dems 41 + feted “ati by te Sere Trem 5 Since fe << Is fe bine | fore 0 Asx» 90s» 96.30 1. Ths, fin Mp Sonren ne psi neers of 0, hte a oly 4 cass: Cow i. NRL DAO 9 bee tants yt Cow tiy Ub=-l. b= 0 3 -1ex 0 and F (I) =F) ~1 <0, Sony the memadiate Value Theorem, het ess some umber inte intra (0,1) sec that Fe) = fe) = 0.80 f(@) =e, and thseove has a fed point 2, £0) = Jn (160 + 2001+ HLF ~ et) =H tare tacos Seg tri e001 fede fete fant im 0) = igs) 4£601~ $6)= g ) e1~ fg, 69= 2-3 = Solin orecn= [im sto] lige] = 3-4 bomens pus © 1 Anat Santon Sine UF) + 8 on iL 2) (0) 5, we have ay o-+ 200? = (te LF) + 20) fi LF WOE = (ht £00)'-20 Tim 60 61 = fin 4 (V0) +8EP ~1/ )=ACOP) scans aloe a eee) = 4 (Lig LF 6 + GOP ~ fi LF) eGo0F) = 4% 2) =} 10.8 Sluion 1 We tose a sos 5m a drop perpen , thom P28 shown, We scfm CCP that tn 20 = 2 and fom {LO BP hatin 0 = yx. Using the dble-angl formal for 2 2d 20/9) tangents we get 020 ‘it oF simplitstion, his Becomes YP =x Qr=2).Asthe alte 41 dress in enh, the point P wl aro he ss, ha, 9 “> so the iting lacton of must be one of he wots ofthe eutonx Gx — 2) = 0, Obviously itisnot x = 0 (the pint P can neserbeto hele alte AM, which it would have toe in od to appre 030i rust be 3 = Solion 2: We fo ines to the gna gras shown, Now xs that BPO = PBC (atemate angles: OP | BC by syrmetry) and similarly LCQP = LOCB. So ABPQ and ACOP ac soses, ‘andthe line segments BQ, QP and PC are all ofequl enh. As 4AM] = 0, P and approach points onthe base, nthe point P ‘essen to approach poston two-thirds fhe way Between aC that is =F sssbove (©) The equation 12 = (Se —2) ae n prt (athe equation of » the cure raced out by P Now a8 || +20, 20-9 $09 5 5-9 Teand singe and = ys» 1. Ths, Pony traces out the par ‘ofthe cure with 0 = » <1 hz M.(a)Comider G(x) = Ts +180?) — Fe). Foeany number a. IFC (a) = 0, we are oge: Temperature at a = Temperature at a+ 180". IFC (a) > 0, then Gla 180) = Ta $3") — F(o4 18) = Te) ~T (+ 1807) = ~Ga) <0. Also, G iscominsos sinc emperaie varies continuously. So, by the Intermed Ve Theorem, has roo the inter [ee 1807. 116 (e) <0, then asia agumen apes () Yes The sme argument applies (6) The sme sgument applies for quite tha rary continuously, sich as tarometrc pres. Hol on could gue ta aide above sea levels sometinesdiscomlouois, terest might act alas hold or tht ‘quasi