An-Najah National University ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬

Faculty of Engineering and IT

‫كلية الهندسة وتكنولوجيا‬
‫المعلومات‬
Instructor Name: Experiment #(8): Hardenability
Eng. Majd Abu Amshah Testing
Academic Year: 2018/2019 Performed on: 10/4/2019
Semester: second Submitted on: 17/4/2019
Industrial Engineering Department
Engineering and Mining Materials (lab) (65325)
Report Grading Sheet

Students:
1-Ahmad Abu-Issa 2-Hamzah Sawafta
3-Hasan Abbas 4-Mujahed Kateeb

Evaluation Criterion Grade Points

Objectives
Illustrate the aim of doing the experiment. 5
Abstract / Introduction
Show over all experiment ideas in simple words. 10
Apparatus / Procedure
Apparatus sufficiently described to enable another experimenter
to identify the equipment needed to conduct the experiment. 20
Procedure sufficiently described.
Experimental Results and Discussion
Results analyzed correctly. Experimental findings adequately and
specifically summarized, in graphical, tabular, and/or written form, 40
with explanation to those results.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions summarize the major findings from the experimental
results with adequate specificity. Recommendations appropriate in 15
light of conclusions. Correct grammar.
References
Complete consistent bibliographic information that would enable 5
the reader to search for references of interest.
Appearance
Title page is complete, page numbers applied, content is well
organized, correct spelling, fonts are consistent, good visual 5
appeal.
Total
100

1
Table of Contents

Objective...................................................................................................................................3
Abstract....................................................................................................................................3
Introduction..............................................................................................................................4
Apparatus:................................................................................................................................4
Procedure.................................................................................................................................5
Result and calculation:..............................................................................................................7
The result which have been observed is:..........................................................................7
Discussion and questions:.........................................................................................................8
Conclusions:..............................................................................................................................9
References..............................................................................................................................10

Table of figures
Figure 1 Vickers tester..............................................................................................................5
Figure 2 furnace........................................................................................................................5
Figure 3 specimen.....................................................................................................................5
Figure 4furnace.........................................................................................................................5
Figure 5 jominy end quench rig................................................................................................6
Figure 6 jominy end quench rig................................................................................................6
Figure 7 the force.....................................................................................................................6
Figure 8 relation between d and VHN.......................................................................................8
Table of tables
Table 1 d1 and d2 from micrometer and the result.................................................................7

2
Objective
To quantitatively evaluated the hardenability or depth of hardness of plain carbon and
low alloy steel specimens through application of Jominy End-Quench test.

Abstract
In this experiment, we will harden the substance by putting it down with water and
oil. The material is then solidified by full tannins and normalization. Therefore, heat
treatment procedures for the production of different types of treatment martenstie
steel, rapid cooling of the sample of austenitide in a type of cooling, such as water,
oil, or air. The characteristics of the steels that are extinguished and then heated are
largely dependent on the cooling rate, temperature and temperature. During the
quenching heat treatment, the production of perlite can mean increased flexibility and
reduced hardness.

Introduction
Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to
achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment
techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering,
normalizing and quenching. It is noteworthy that while the term heat treatment applies only
to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering
properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other
manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding. Heat Treatment is often associated
with increasing the strength of material, but it can also be used to alter certain
manufacturability objectives such as improve machining, improve formability, restore
ductility after a cold working operation. Thus, it is a very enabling manufacturing process
that can not only help other manufacturing process, but can also improve product
performance by increasing strength or other desirable characteristics. Teals are particularly
suitable for heat treatment, since they respond well to heat treatment and the commercial
use of steels exceeds that of any other material.

Annealing:
Is a technique used to recover cold work stresses within a metal. The result of
annealing softness, ductile of the metal at 40'C above upper critical limit, the full
anneal heat treatment in this process annealed part is allowed to cool, and low
medium carbon steel.

Tempering:

Is an additional process in steel, there is an urgent requirement for better combination

of high strength and adequate toughness of steels to meet the demand of industrial
applications.

Quenching:

3
 Is a technique to harden a metal (usually steel or cast iron) must be heated into the
austenitic crystal phase and then quickly cooled. Depending on the alloy and
other considerations, cooling may be done to the room temperature (28'C).

Apparatus:
1) High temperature furnace

2) Vickers Micro-hardness testing

3) Optical Microscope attaches with PC.

4) carbon steel specimens

Figure 1 Vickers tester

Figure 2 furnace

Figure 3 specimen

4
Procedure
 The test specimen should be heated quickly and uniformly to 850°
(Austenitizâng temperature) and held at temperature for 30 minutes in the
furnace.

Figure 4furnace
 it should be transferred to the quenching rig within 5 seconds and the water
turned on.

Figure 5 jominy end quench rig

 The quench should be continued on the bottom face for more than 15 minutes.
The cooling of the test specimen after this can be completed by immersing in
cold water.

 The area to be tested must be grinded and polished.

 Vickers hardness test is performed along the length of the test specimen (for
irst 13mm, hardness readings are taking length, every 3.2mm and p=1000gf)

5
 Figure 7 the force

Result and calculation:

The result which have been observed is:
Sample calculation:

At L=1000gf

d1=48

d2 =50

d 1+ d 2 48+50
d AV = = =1.225 μm
0.1∗2∗T . M 0.1*2*400

F 1000
VHN =1.854∗1 03 2
=1.854∗10 3
d ¿¿

1mm=1000 Micrometer

6
This table taken from the Vickers micro-hardness testing:
Table 1 d1 and d2 from micrometer and the result

Distance d 1(Mm) d 2(Mm) D(micro) VHN(Kgf/mm2)

0.5 48 50 1.225 1.55134
2 50 78 1.6 1.15875
3.5 169 195 4.55 0.407
5 290 295 7.3125 0.2535
7 310 324 7.925 0.2339

D vs VHN
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Figure 8 relation between d and VHN

7
Discussion and questions:

1. Commenting on the results

 In the previous experiment it was noticed that when the cooling rate
decreases, the hardness increases.
 Quenching increases Hardness, while Annealing increases ductility.

2. The expected microstructure to result in each sample when cooled to room

temperature using different cooling rates are as shown in figuer:

3. The factors that affect the cooling rate are :

a. The cooling media ; the fastest cooling rate is obtained by water and the
slowest is the furnace .
b. The carbon content , we use quenching in medium and high carbon steel
.
c. The thickness of cross section .

4. In order to soften a water-quenched specimen , we use tempering .

Tempering is the process of heating the martensitic steel at a temperature
below eutectic temp. resulting in softer and more ductile stress-relieved steel

8
Conclusions:
This lab was a refreshing step away from empirical formula derivations. In the
previous labs we learned how certain specimens reacted to different experiments, but
in this lab, we learned why they reacted the way they do. Additionally, we were also
made aware of the different heat-treatments available to materials engineers, and how
these heat treatments manipulate and alter the mechanical properties of certain
materials. Thermal treatments can be used to make materials more ductile, harder, or
have greater yield strength; as a result, materials can be altered to fit certain specified
real-life applications. In learning the microstructural results of these heat treatments,
we as engineers were also made aware of what was going on at the microstructural
level to gain a greater understanding of why materials react differently to different
heat treatments.

Recommendation:
We recommend that you provide more equipment and all the tools needed for the
operations that all students can do the experiment to the fullest, and also we
recommend following safety instructions such as wearing gloves and other safety
tools.

References
https://www.academia.edu/24704043/Heat_Treatment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treating

http://metals.about.com/od/metallurgy/g/Heat-Treatment.htm

www.asegisecurity.org
Electrochemistry and corrosion science