1. WATER QUALITY 14 RAW WATER. QUANTITY AND QUALUTY ASPECTS OF SEVERAL RESOURCES on 2 = wan taaTiOn! TPS suarace runore waren vapour TRanseos 7 ema Teaxserea on ~~ corde. | RESOURCE QuANTITY Quaurty. © rainwater not suffcorent || gocet | ss i I Leol| for we _poblade 4 ° Spring water mostly nob suffi ‘ralRar gooo for bse supply © Groundioater maximum ‘Ub ~ puted on urton Shaors (< tom) drawal areas ‘ deep (260m) | (max. withdrawal) | rather! good @ surfoce water Suocenk bol (ry cotta, | (tbe corse, | PY Cale tn case of dry pores) © Sea water sabcnahion = peinty teeter @ bed water Jackjust! constituentsPURE WATER (4,0) Dest exist th nature | J cpnlamination fermen bo Dissolved minerals of vegetation environment ie growths Storm runoff Y NATURAL WATER Agricultural Sources Increased erosion Animal wastes Auction ly Rusmam| — Ferilizers K——— feotdritias 2 P Municipal sanitary sewage Industrial wastewaters Municipal storm runoff Wastewaters from boats Water treatment by-products Impoundments Leaching {rom bottom deposits Aquatic growths Miscellaneous Sources Construction activities Mines Dumps and landiils Groundwater Fndudtry v RAW WATERGROUNDWATER. QUALITY Natural compeschion Composition of groundwater is dependent on: = composition of the soil (humic substances, minerals etc) - contamination from the surroundings. = quality of the water to be infiltrated (rain, surface water) - retention time of the water. Due fo Me presence of 0, toe Afferent ypec of grounclualer ave Astinguisheol : @ anaerobic (anoxic): Oxygen present in the water during percolation consumed. After disappearance of oxygen (electron acceptor) other compounds can accept electrons, forming dissolved substances like Fe?*, Mn?*, moreover the reduction of NO;—rNH.* , SO.2=-H,S , COg—”CHy- CHO +H,O SS CO,+ Gut+ae” . 0, + 4Ht4 ue => 2H,0 Wn absemce P02? 9 a _ SOG + BHT+ Be Ss S*4 44,0 CHD + 4H + Gem > CHy+ HAD Mineralization of organic matter results in the formation } CHO +0, 7 H,0 + CO2 of (Oz (aggressivity!). rain weler (cde sselvect CO,+0,) Wo,d=0 anaorobie Fest_oFe™ Mate Hat@ aerobic (oxic) = Reduced substances are not or hardly present. In dependence of the catchment area a simple treatment system or even no purification at all is needed. The natural Composition oP groumdiialor may Comaest of Ho Polowuig, conahihuents : Micro-o1 wsmS + no “Typusan components : Feet, ee the. Lows : Neaqahive iows SOP cy P- Hoom Drdolved gasses 0, esto. oe? wes Orgamass wollen nome? 42 Oz, Me Sram metter > SiO, Polluhis of groundivater amc Ss prolechion Tr adddhion to natural contaminahon te grounhoater composihon io affeotedt by Suman polluting aokivitico boo = Rolbution Oagnicubbure. cobble, breeding. X domachic.cchiyctiis RowceRobelo /agninDrure imetunbey domeahe wack manare,erhrel — agg inauabncd backewe Nox” pr ath heavy motallo “” 3 eo | 4 4 org. SolvesManure from pug-furms is in He NetRarlamde ak presout a big problem. Orgamic sstoents (ao trichlor eesleme ) too. Barcrved waste Many examples in the world exist, where ground- water has been polluted due to the penetration of (industrial) waste water or of solid waste into the underground (even at great distance). wet Disposal pond eiton Frequent and extensive monitoring of the composition of the obsecvahion allo raw groundwater is an absolute necessity. — prevenhion ef pollution to better Ham curative meaoureo Coreatiment)— To preoerk pollution : arrange a protectek catchment area on Rich poluhion va avordedplace afence around [ee celts, nobody tn aldosed bo enter : " Whlke Frokeckt rea tn more doweech populates arean, tin tcleal sikuahion &s nob posible. Fossibilitiee t reduce /prevt polukbn Len Ha inhaloctect /cudlcvaled, cakchimeml aren + femoval of exicting tndushries/ Stricter regwlahiows / Ccconce for wtthement for excsting amc nerd tndactrivo #* tn agrrottue : Wwe of permebedt Pemcanto ancl reduchion of manuse, % = avotdng and removal Of cluumpo ca filte not allowing of dr Wing prwate Wello, dicey me More frond, : damage He seading Bs ser. * financcallly Support of farmers by watersupp company Bee uae of abkornahive , harmon chemicalo + demonotrahon projects of “qrundaatar Prend2s oqricubhure permission anol cowhae = local governmenk. (or Water sup py Com pany an lamcowner offer buying Ko land wm Re Catchment axea. .SURFACE WATER QUALITY vesteeam | DaAYNSTREAM Occurtng prownoeo: a) Weathering rocks [erosion (moinky upstreayn) GEOLOGY Ls bould: are col « AessoPued inorganic Tow m _ (H:0-4Cn) eae (het HCO ete.) 8) Coaching He soit /DissPorng materiale €) Decay of orpmac matter (leaves & bramchea of revs) d) flooding rover bombs (bog burbcdity )bi Jon_(mom's ackwities PRoldukeng_substamcea resources amd offeots The following is based on a clasticition of types of river water pollution drewa vp by the World Health Organisation. @) @) © «@ © Pollution by bacteria, viruses and other organisms that cause disease. Excretions. faecal and urine, of man and animals, sewage and sewage effluents. Ilness spread by cases and carriers of waterborne diseases, by direct infection or by sewage, sewage effluent or polluted water. ‘This is by far the most serious problem in waterworks practice and itis vital to prevent or to remove these public health hazards. Pollution by organic matter ~ decaying animal and vegetable matter — agricultural wastes. Industrial effluents such as gas liquors, plating wastes, etc., containing specific toxic agents such as phenols, arsenic, cyanide, chromium, cadmium, etc. This type of pollution is increasing in variety anid complexity. Oiland ducts, Accidental discharges to rivers, Oil pipelines. ‘Synthetic detergents, The use of these materials in the home has tumed a houschold waste into the nature of an industrial discharge.oO @) @) @ 50) «&) Radioactivity. The introduction of man-made radioactivity into water sources by discharges ‘Trom nuclear installations, hospitals. research and industry, and by “fallow” in rain. Pesticides. The ever-increasing number of these synthetic chemicals to control rodents, insects, ‘Weed growths and fungal growths. Present in minute quantities but may be harmful in these ‘minute amounts to higher forms of life, including man, if ingested over long periods of time. Difficult to remove ftom water. Ever-increasing number of synthetic organic chemicals, in particular in connection with pharmaceutical, petrochemical and agricultural chemical industries. These synthetic substitutes are more resistant to biological breakdown than natural products. Pollution by inorganic salts — sodium chloride, magnesium salts, etc, Cannot be removed by conventional treatment and may make water quite unsuitable for drinking, for itrigation and for many industries. Pollution by plant nutrients, e.g. phosphates, nitrates, etc. Lead to increased weed growth and algal “blooms” in a water (eutrophication). Incteased temperature from cooling waters discharged from power stations and factories causes changes in river waters making thet. less suitable as domestic water sources. ‘Some common sources and causes of water quality deterioration (after Farrimond, 1980). Effluent source Factors affecting water quality deterioration Domestic sevage BoD, suspended solids, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate. Vegetable processing BOD, suspended solids, colour. Chemical inéustry BOD, amoria, phenols, non-biodegradable organics ron and stee) Cyanide, phenols, thiocyanate, pH, ammonia, manufacture sulphides. Coal mining Suspended solids, iron, pl, dissolved metals. finishing Cyanide, copper, cadziun, nickel, pi 2g Suspended solids, ROD, pH. Dairy products BOD, pH. 041 refineries Amonia, phenols, oil, sulphide. Querying Suspended solids, of1. Agriculture Nitrate, phosphate, BODComposition of surface water Due to'nakural” processes and pollution , the rows wake may hare the flowing composition + uakic orzpanisms clisscluedk (dislus,eqelops daghnca) tons + moleacles Corgantc/ inorganic) od fish abe. unpurities adsorbed ¢ eqpbebrium px oO: Cheauy metals ,oi€ , PCA) examples: Suspendect colloidal diseobuect <1 pum stp Coe fin | 2.001 fam ~ cha» - clay tons: 7 See — proteins K* AAT, Ca™tiedy _ Feds flocs | ~8irca"so, | sod, Por — rest ere Kc ~ Fe(OH), HC03~ ,NO>, NO; life (plats) ~ reat of org. opss: ee C02 02 Nz ~— baotemia — 01g. polymers | CHa sHeS Ai-10 pen) — beruses 0rg.Compounds _ algae 03-034) —huumec SubstomcesMain 2 bebo22n surface and groundwater Quauty t PARAMETER SURFACE WATER GROOWD WATER temperature | varies with season) relatively constant burbvchiby ul Loved variodole. Low or nil (susp.sotids) — | Sometimes. ugh ~ . minal vores on Sol, | largely constomb, fee pe [red dance water from the Some aurea, Fett Mn? esuadtiy none erat usualy presowk @ukrophicaton prowss) COz usually none oftes resem C2 often naar satura | usually nen at alt bs found only vx | ofton Foumdl outhout outed water systematically imdicartiing rs Sion be none Ofbow presonb modorale pro- [Level often RigPo lowed ; las |leved kcmos igh een rg Bet) * backer ni backrva, mse | faeces tesrenty Ceeuske » plam@tonWATER SOURCE SELECTION STRONG PREFERENCE FOR GROONDWATER becomse of : good quality (ber or nl bacteria, feos turb.,....) Cx Pbliuted : lor unbnoion (Razardous )conotihents — * Gpnctionet ality ovel f Semrpercture (ool) « proleoted storage ogaunst cafame Ges * ghap ond simple abbstrachon amd *€ “2any’ a protect againat (progressing) However — due fo Ober pumpung Re watertalle wid Sint, (dry-up! )12 DRINKING WATER QUALITY GD QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DUNKING WATER Water use and quabikey water quality = Pikwess of water for Us particular use heads to quality clomamce , recommendahions, stomdards | for dirvnBsing woaker tha Strickest requirements (Pusue HEALTH) AT THE TAP ras vater quadity =£ requivedt quality fy TREATHENT TAP WATER = DRINKING WATER. Th case of pepe drinking water supply te beot quality ts abso used for water use whieh requires less strict quality demamds. Second pipect system wilh loo quality water mostty not present : — nebuork bo expensive — mistafes in choosing fe wrong bap mary be riskyQuahity requirements for deci iN, water Trtevrert of cnuekvecl pouties : COWSUNER po inflaenece on his {_ bocterologceal safe water should be Pree of pathogens organisms *** baoterva, protozoa Ermoebes eysts Spores no boxce matter present] * gett Gasthekie aopects) aktock : * pret par “Salning) Supocenk pressure avotding contamuna~ Eon WATER SUPPLIER. ¥ no quality debertdo~ totbon duxcng ° Fronsport ens water show be sds: a “ Se ehrtabee ] *evamsportabke + ho aktack of pepes (nok aggressive ) % Wo eposibs Requirements axe translated in terms of. quabity parameters.Healt amd olf effects of vawious Constihuonts Potential Water Quality Problems That May Be Caused by » Few Selected Chemicals om Potential Problems Arsenic Toxicity to humans Toxicity to aquatic life Chlorine ‘Organic reactions form trihalomethanes ‘oxicity to fish and other aquatic life Calcium Causes “hardness” in water May result in scale formation in pipes eon ‘Causes stains in laundry and on fixtures ‘Nitrogen: ammonia Nitrogen: nitrates ‘Oxygen, dissolved Phenolics ‘Sulfur: sulfides Sulfur: sulfites Sulfur: sulfates May kill fish by clogging their ills May accelerate eutrophication in lakes May improve productivity of the water May be toxic to aquatic life May be toxic to babies May accelerate eutrophication in lakes May improve productivity of the water Low concentrations harmful to fish Low concentrations may cause odor production High concentrations accelerate metal corrosion Low or zero concentration may allow sulfide formation ‘and concrete corrosion ‘Tastes and odors in drinking water Can cause of ish flesh May be toxic to aquatic life Objectionable odors in and near water May be toxic to aquatic life May corrode concrete through acid formation Oxidation of sulfide to sulfate exerts an oxygen demand React with DO and exert oxygen demand Increase water corrosiveness to metals Decompose anaerobically to form sulfides Salty taste and laxative effectsStomhawds R quideli ines For several paromeles Aimils ave sot These Limis ave basect on: @ medical aspects ficou bo wa plot variabion win 2. Rumam population © Sinanctal aspects © technical aspects © political aspects 1 THE RESULT is OFTEN A COMPROMISE tux0 type of standards: © recomme ded. Cimits /quidelines a7 given by: Tndustycal Cooncils maximum 2 7 - (AWWA, VEWIN) aceoplerble /teteroble Ri) Ce Coneem brahion e mandatory @emets. MT - ane Lc given by ; European Communities - (@uteh)goverament /\a.> : an Maximum allowalde Concentration (MAC)WHO. Qe ide Lines Basic requivements : 1, Free from pathogenic organisms. MOST IMPORTANT Low in concentrations of compounds that are acutely toxic or that have serious longcterm effects, such as lead. Clear Not saline (salty) Free of compounds that cause an offensive taste or odor Noncortosive, nor should it cause encrustation of piping or staining of clothes In order to assure that such levels of water quality are maintained, developing ‘counties should establish national standards for water quality, preferably adapted from the new guidelines issued recently in three separate volumes by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some of te quictebins, valuen (°98/'96) are Qisleot beats. Guside parameters and. Cimiks: Paamete Unit Guideline Value Microbiological Quality Faccal coliforms ‘numbey100 ml zero Coliform organisms snumbef100 ml zero Inorganic Constituents Asenie mel 0.08 Cadmium mel 0.003 ‘Chromium ef 0.05 yanide mel 0.0? Fluoride me 15 Lead mg 0.04 Mercury gf 0.001 Nitrate rme/IINOS) 50 Selenium me 0.01 Acithetic Quality “Aluminum mel 02 Chloride ml 250 Color ‘True color 15 unit (TCU) Copper mf 10 Hardness img (as CaCO) 500 leon mpl 03 Manganese mg od pH 651085 Sodium gl 200 Solids (ota disolved) mel 1000 Sulphate img! 250 Taste and odor Inoffensive to most consumers Turbidity NTu 5 Zine gf 30 Source, WHO,3, TREATMENT PROCESSES ANO PLANTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION Bavie consiterahions © Producat water should be potable + brampoctable (stable) @ Due to He raid wetor quality treatment ts amost.abioaryo necessary Common breakment meods ogiective TREATHENT METHOD * Gnd cotoi Mab Srmatier | Sechimowkahon wa kion ick samc. iz eer ata Bamk filbration ete. Dirimfechion (Oloeinakion cronahion » Deon Gea cxprnin » of Qo, KHnOg. @ Removal of taobe R Qckivatedk cartoon Pt odour ack, carbon’ poder Orgpruic micro pllubwts| Clecafion @ pH-correction FiWtrakion rough, Ccmestone. t 3) Cra ES Eaton), Wa 605) @ Remourl vcitatree Qerahion Somponents Brologrear filters (Co,,WH5, HS, CHa --) (Ce Softening dlemirareborahiq Tonexdlomge ) (© Desadenakion Distiflakion electrodialysis ) Feverge osmosinStructure of a treakment proasd @ Processes are buckt up of a Serica of treatment steps, arranged in a Pogue order. @ Wibin a bveatmant step , (bro) chemical ,ovologrcal amcl/or- Physccal procenses(phenomana) tale place @ = Proceager are opto, proontect an” flows clioryram " or “block — Puri FicaTiON /TREATIENT PROCESS @ Tk és convenient to use abbmoiattons, ao: RWR = raw Later reoervowr p-OX = pre oxdation MS = mtoro straining DiS = diowmfection COAG = coagulate CWR = char wak @M/rwoc) Capi wining /Plocculavon) c cE feoorvoix or ACF= SED = sedi ‘on OF BFE caloon RSF = vapid Samet Pilbradicn BPCI = break pont chforinahon SSF ~ slow samd. Pbtration pHcor: = pH correotion A = aerakion DF= oirect fideratcon HRF = horceontal voughing Fibber M = mixing te.© Sometimao, pre- andlor post Greakment io added : PRE HAIN TREATMENT Post” TTREATHENT TREATHENT —— Pe ee ' 1 i HHH HH Cas dbo oie ed Lee 1 to eave He to awota quality treatment debertor Dear 2.9: — remauad of Care amounta consumers fort stablioakion /water- — pre-oxtdakion Conditioning - enfLorakion 2.9.2 — removal 3 apgresstucky — post chforcnahion ~ Softening @ Sharp distinckion bebe pre~amd main treabment docan'b exist,52 PROCESSES FOR GROUNDWATER Raw water quality The composition of groundwater depends on the origin ("history") of the water (composition of the underground, depth of the aquifer). The main parameters to be umproved ave : ~bacteriological quality -oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic groundwater) -Iron (II) -Manganese (II) -Ammonia “HS and CHy organic matter (colour) chardness - CO, - HCO,” ~ pH - aggressivity Treatment’. In some cases groundwater can be used without any treatment, if the water contains sufficient oxygen. Usually, however, the groundwater is then rather soft and correction of pH may be required. A safety cHorination can be applied,but is frequently omitted.(Why?)-Anaerobic. ground water Tf. Be groumdivater doeon't contain amy oxygers : Fe ), Mn (tt), WHat, CHy amd HpS cout be present. Q multe purpose treakment in groundwater purrfication is aerahin. Durcing He exposure of Water fo air, He Polloina planomena oceus : — uptabe of 0, — Femoval of CHy ,H,S amet offer votabile conahihuonte — parhal remount of Co, (cncreane of pH) (Note: WH, canncb be removed by aerahion ») Fe () com be removed by oxtdahion wilh 02 (Prom air) in an aarackon [/fkrahion proceno: 2 Ferr+ 40, + SH, —> 2Fe(os | + 4it The oxidation rake dependo a.o.on Ha pH amc 002]. The pH shonlel be > 7. Due to He oxidation He pH decreases amd He [00,1 risen according + ; 3 HOOZ + Ht —»[H,C05] > H20 + Cort TE taker some teme before Fe (oH)3~Ploca of suffrccomb sc2e owe Pormecl. Floor com be removed. by Sedimentahion amct/or fibration . The oxtdation of Has Fe*Lione takes place manly ofler adnorphion onto Re groan cunface ,rhore o faupr of Fe(OH), growing amok acts ao catakyst. Voids Sebrocen He samc graine wll be grdnolly Logaedt ; (ontensive ) backwachums to neaded oper Some time.Gs) To awed break Brough of colada tron the Ontorund time. bobweery aeration amd fWhrakion should be short ao possible ,amd. Me pH Showlol nok be trofuigh tn order to aveich a negakie Range of He ison Pocs . Trterval times aye ong um cae of Regi supecnatomt cep very foro filirakion vake. on Frequent stops im operation. Th case of muck, iron Cris mglL) & contact banin annex sedcmonta— bron tan® before He filler io (wolnlleck , to avoid shor running, temeo. aie Tein tank abo Served an a, pumping goounte A} Seco hese ae tO Tees Larger uns Ploe urCume cam aloo be removed in olual-mediia or roughing fillers, a0 Hay Kawa Davee storage capaciby amc may Work ao Plocculators f enlarge tp. Problem is effecton cay oP CReaming oPabrasscive) eee fess oyrel, & ance fa eo of ee cookin Around He graino, Forrefalibitalion : Sechimentahion tomb axe Péllect 3k gravel to Creale HE. COcawring is deioult even omdor sfock-ioee dishawge - After oxidation of Fe*, Mat will react more effectively. Tn sbeacl of a bong filler, tio smaller separate filten may be woed : our i A esr A | {ese} > Reena Fe— Nn- removal, Yemougl The Separation offers Ha opportancty for an extra clerekon sbep, The removal of Mnf io mandy a. brockamucal prow. Addu tional connicterahons for fro separate RSF's are « — fora biochamceal procers Lar backirantings axe needed. a0 for He. Fe-remoual im He fiat filter,Coptimcration separate back wash programmes possible) — aunidang Fe(0H), preaipbakion im 2"4 filler, which decreanny Hx ackurby of Mns0y a0 0. catelySh. — hither filktabion rake ,because more (ter longitu , — Pitrahion rate in Be 2° Pidtew could be Rughar because foro deposits causes Coro Read Coss. (Geno fidtors are needac ) — Re 24 PiDber could amoflar (tor fype or PeQeck toulh, offer material as 2.4, Limestone . Te cnoreane Ke reackion rake We pH for he Mn onccahion Should be >7.5, preferably >8. Dosage ope bate be rice pH between boik fles Wo 10k common A Sime stone filter could lee appbiod . Some tunes anaeration step & imereoe COzlamd pH (by veleane ¢ Coin imsertect. CH4 cauneo explosive mixtures Louk air amd va reoponacbeee. for & i z growh... Tt can largely be removect by aaration , Roasts of CHa a ‘Oxrduiseel in a brodemucal toa ma subsequent RSF. Metone fermenting bacterin consume much oxygen, mary form clogging Sdumy Cayers amo could procluce some odour amd taste Small amounto of NHS Kis mg/L) com be removed. ma RSF. Tivo removal to aloo baned on bodlemucall pronceples amol conoumen a. Cot f oxygen . (1mg MUHgt = as mg 02) NHyr _O2_, Noy _& , NOS 4 pack” * back Because Re ugh oxygen comoumphion Some timen pure O2 ts dosect .Tha Taped Sama fter fet, Mn, CHy amd NHqh wil be removed. QM impurcties need oxygen and are compahitors, Hower Hex Will reack tn a certain orden : : Re-oxidatibn | Niflgroxtdattion Mn-oxidation <——Filaenot —~—SS~*«Sw tS —————>> order oxidahion prowmen Thes picture offers He possibility to calculate He amowmb Of oxygen consumed. cin 2ack, filter: e3.: in Piller 1: A CHy + 80% of Fe" + 25% of NH tn Pidker 2: 20% of Fe + 78% of NHd + all Mit Problems It depends on the type of groundwater, whether the aboye- described process (aeration and filtration) is successful. In some cases the iron is o. bound and the presence of oxygen and the contact time in the filtration pl does not warrant efficient conversion to iron (II). In these cases chemical oxidation is a possible solution, (d {chlorine or potassium permanganate or even ozone), Another solution might be application of a coag: 1 phasefilter; elinination of Fe, ta and Break Brougs ve 35VR CS Note + Th He Wekluramdo (rounds © 19-12°C) ib takes 2-3 mowlks before Ha filter removes Hd effeckixely. For fn, 3-4 monks (5 no exeption.(pray acrator) (down flow) RSF al CWR Removal of HS Partial removal of CO, = Uptake of 0, = Oxidation of Fe (11) and Mn (1) ~ Removal of Fe and Mn = Oxidation of amimon (NH, "—» NO, eNO) - Increase of oxygen content Quality and quality improvement quality *] raw [treated parameter | water|weter Odour + - + | 0 |n,s pH 7.38 [7.53 10,” 36a | 349 ©, sa | 23 ~ ° ° 3 =| Fe 4.8 | 6.05 Mn o.1 | 9 mi,” 0.56 | <9.1 ore * 0.1 |< 0.1 -g.-NE, - 0 | 0.07 Ny” No, ont Treakmowt- The intake should be made up streawn of a populahion cenlre Process for natural surface water: 4 proper disinfeckion oloays needrot |!SSF (prere@ence !) Chlorenation Some characterestues of bolt posscbibitces : SSF: — assurect olismPechon, provided: hak. conotamt Poors is applied — mubkiple treabment (WHat org, matter ) — Sensikive Por choggung | Pr ee ob ce Oy; — cheap, avaclable — No problema woul cloggrng, — THtt- formation # remoad of burbrolity —low turbtdily —* SSF — modwote burbtchty —> RSF + SSF — hogh turbe. — cons Tage % remoual of colour (organve matter) — low coneentrahion —» SSF — hegh concentration —* Cone Albove considerations Load to basic or “bradstional” schemes for Greatmenk of nakural Water : “byologeeal breatmont”: ly, aoe RF H ae} foe — (sed) safely chorinahion“Chomical treatment": gst & > [et es tee} _f sep |of ror 1 cur —» > * coinvewhonedl* / maiinichsenfeokion J gsr fF abternatie for ene Prosass for less puted. water : " Th Gorn polluted surface water Wwe meet He following impurities = * NHE + BPC (o@ SSF) powder * herbvetdes , fenot (taste) —r ackiated oxrbonf odour granular * algae grost& in preeclung RIOR —» mvoroshaineng These constclrahiond Lead to anacluomce trealment ScLeme eke Fivec [ese H ACF CWR£ 3.3.4 Txam pleo transp Fest (U7) to nfl trakion avew riverExounphe 2 Process schame = Nag rast aod p RR ms | A open Dis Py) cwR ey nesms/, five Cstmptifias!) Skkatch plank : MSE! cron, ry i ‘oy ai EY tL (Cascade) (in-line rixiag sixes) (Detention tank) escen eae ae ee saemee eae era ease earacee aa sas gee se Sine Drinking vater to aistrtbution (wsc Robterdam)