موسوعة اساسيات صيانة الكروت الالكترونية PDF

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
0
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬??‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬
١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  T‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٢  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  
2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٦٧ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩ F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬
٧٦ E‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠١ ‫א‬
١٠٢ ‫א‬
 ١٠٦ 
١١١ ‫א‬
١١٢ Transformers‫א‬
١٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٣
 AC‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬AC ~ V ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٩
 DC‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
3
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٤٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٧ E120F‫א‬DC W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٢ ‫א‬E‫ א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

١٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٣ ‫א‬E‫ א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٥  Resistor‫א‬
١٧٢ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٠  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٩  Capacitor or Condenser‫א‬

 ٢١١ ‫א‬
 ٢١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٩ Coils‫א‬
 ٢٢٣ E‫א‬‫א‬F Diode ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
4
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٥٥ ‫א‬
 ٢٥٩  (TRIAC)‫א‬
٢٦١ Diac‫א‬
٢٦٣  Relay‫א‬
٢٦٧ EICF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨٥ ‫א‬
٢٨٨ 
٢٩١   ‫א‬
٢٩٣ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩٧ K‫א‬‫א‬R2 , R1 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩٩ K‫א‬‫א‬(R3 , R2 , R1)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠١ ‫א‬‫א‬ (R4 , R3 , R2 , R1)W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٤ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2 , R1 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
5
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠٦ ‫א‬‫א‬R2 , R1 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٨ ‫א‬‫א‬(R3 , R2 , R1) W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١٢
 
٣١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢٨ ‫א‬
 ٣٣١ ‫א‬
 ٣٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
6
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
٣٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
٣٤١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
٣٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
٣٤٥ ‫א‬
٣٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 ٣٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 ٣٥٠   LEDE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
٣٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F
٣٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
٣٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 ٣٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
 ٣٦٠ ‫א‬E١١F
 ٣٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
 ٣٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
 ٣٦٦  7 Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 ٣٦٨  7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
 ٣٧١   7 Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
 ٣٧٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
 ٣٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 ٣٧٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F
7
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
٣٧٩ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F
 ٣٨١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
٣٨٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F
٣٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
٣٨٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٨٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠١ DBC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
8
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
٤٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤٩  ‫א‬
٤٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦٣ ‫א‬
٤٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
10
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٢٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٨٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
11
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨٨FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K١
 K K٢
K K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K( Data Show ) K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
13
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
14
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L١
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
  ‫א‬         
‫א‬ K ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
 KEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬            
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
16
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
        ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬
 
17
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬        K٦
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
18
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬  
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W?
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 750mL   ‫א‬  ،    
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K E١
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 
 
 
19
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E٥
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 
 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٨
K‫א‬
 
 
20
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣
 K‫א‬
 
21
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤
K‫א‬
،      ‫א‬      E١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  
22
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
23
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
24
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IF‫א‬
 
  
25
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
26
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 
 
27
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
28
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
29
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
30
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 :‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬L١
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥‫א‬K‫א‬ ٢٥ ،‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ،‫א‬        ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
32
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 WHot-Air-Soldering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬ SMD‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
33
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
34
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٥٥٠ J٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢٥ J٥
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
35
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 SMD ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
36
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
٪٦٠‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٠١٨٣‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٥
 
  
 
E‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬
 W
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
37
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
38
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 
  
 
 
 
 
39
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
40
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K٦
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
K K١٨
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١٩
 
 
 
41
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 KW‫א‬‫ א‬o
 KW‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
 
K٢٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
42
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 
43
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFL‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥F١٠L١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬L٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–٢K–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٤K‫א‬–٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ١٠     ٥  ‫א‬   K١
KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
44
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F٥‫א‬‫א‬–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–٢K–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٢‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
45
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F٥‫א‬‫א‬–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–٢K–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٢‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ K٣
‫א‬    ١  ‫א‬       K٤
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
46
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 .T‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
K٤٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F١٥–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–٢–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٤K‫א‬–٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧{٥‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 
 
 
48
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
49
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 T ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
T  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       L ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٧‫א‬٢٢–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–٢K–١
 K‫א‬–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K١٠‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤١٢–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢K‫א‬–١
 K–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧C٧١٢ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 
 
 
52
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 
53
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
54
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
55
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢٥ K١
 KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢K‫א‬–١
 K–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K١٢٥ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬٥ K٤
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K٥
W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
56
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٥ K١
 K٤٦ K٢
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢K‫א‬–١
 K–٤K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٦،٤٥ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬ K٤
 
‫א‬ ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
57
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 KE ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
KF ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
K٢٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
58
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
59
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
60
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫ א‬ J٨
  ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩

 K‫א‬
 
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
61
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬
 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
62
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
63
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
64
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K١
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
65
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ L 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬
K٤
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
 
66
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
K K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K١
W
 
 
 
67
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
68
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
K K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K١
W
 
 
 
69
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
70
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F  K١
KEKKK‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
K K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١
K
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
71
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
72
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
73
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K( DC‫א‬FE AC ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤٤FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K٦
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K( Data Show ) K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
74
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢  
K  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤  
 
K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥  
 
K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦  
 
 K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩  
K‫א‬  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢  
 
K‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٣  
 
75
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF‫א‬
‫א‬
V Volt ‫א‬ V Voltage, potential ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
A Ampere ‫א‬ I Electrical current ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Electrical
 Ohm ‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
resistance
F Farad ‫א‬ C Capacitance ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
H Henry  L Induction ‫א‬ J٥
W Watt ‫א‬‫א‬ P Power ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
Hz Hertz  F Frequency  ‫א‬ J٧
Sec Second  T Period Time ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 E١F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   E  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
  µKMEKKK‫א‬‫א‬
76
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
F 5000,000,000  

‫א‬،EF5GHz‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5GHz
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Killo ‫א‬ K 103
Mega  ‫א‬ M 106
Giga ‫א‬ G 109
Tera  ‫א‬‫א‬ T 1012
 E٢F‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣ J
milli  M ١٠
micro   ٦ J
١٠
٩ J
nano  N ١٠
١٢ J
Pico  P ١٠
 E٣F‫א‬
77
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Test and Measurement Equipment‫א‬‫א‬
 EAVOFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EMultimeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
    (DC) ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K1000(AC)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(DECIBEL - DB)‫א‬‫א‬
51‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10‫א‬
KKK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Short Circuit)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Analog Multimeter) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬    
  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Digital Multimeter) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
78
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:(Digital Multimeter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:(Analog Multimeter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
  
79
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EAnalog MultimeterF‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDigital MultimeterF‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
(Analog Multimeter)
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K–H‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
EDCFEFEACF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EΩF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KV‫א‬‫א‬
 KmA‫א‬
 KR‫א‬
 
80
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ J
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬WEDCFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEDCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٠‫א‬ ٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
81
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ohm‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDC V ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KAC V‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KDC mA‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KAC mA‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K١٠µF‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K250 - 50 - 10 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 KdB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 EOFF - Ω - DC A - DC V - AC VF‫א‬–٥
 KE0 ΩADJF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬–٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ACDC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،250 , 50 , 10 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C
 ‫א‬
82
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E.......× 100 ،× 10 ،×1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
0 ADJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
83
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٤
‫א‬
db
L١
‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
L٦
 ADJ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬

 
‫א‬
L٥
 ‫א‬
L٣
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٧
 ‫א‬
 
84
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
(Digital Multimeter)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EV mAF
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬
 ECOMF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ E10ADCF ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  
85
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EhfeF‫א‬
 NPNPNP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬OFF K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCV K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACV K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCA K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10A K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
٢٠‫א‬KKK‫א‬
  K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
86
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
     ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KEshortF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
87
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬ K٢
KADJ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EHFE JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
88
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬
  (+)
 
‫اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬
(-)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬6.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6.2‫א‬،10
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C
 ‫א‬
 W Power Supplies‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
89
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 WOscilloscopeE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
90
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EScreenF‫א‬ EPowerF‫א‬  EVerticalF‫א‬
EHorizontalF‫א‬ ETriggerF‫א‬ EInputsF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EScreenF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K١‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K١‫א‬
 EPowerF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
91
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EVerticalF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Einput channelsF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EwaveformF 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDC FE‫א‬‫א‬FEAC F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
92
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K‫ א‬
 
 
W ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(1)Z1x1Z ‫א‬
‫א‬E٥F ‫א‬
 K5Z1x5Z‫א‬K‫א‬
 EHorizontalF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
93
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٠{٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.8Z 0.2x4Z‫א‬ 0.2‫א‬
 K
 
94
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ETriggerF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
KENormalF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
KE JF‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬External‫א‬EXT
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High Frequency‫א‬HF
 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Low Frequency‫א‬LF
 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
95
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KDCAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬AC K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DC
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EInputsF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
EprobesF ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BNC-BNC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
96
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
97
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Test Board)‫א‬
  
98
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (Test Board)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETest BoardF‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
99
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
100
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
  K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
101
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١F‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬K٣٢١‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬K١
 K٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
 
102
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE JF‫א‬EHF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
103
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ اﻷرﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
104
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KDC12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،DC12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
105
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٨٢٦‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،R
 KRVI‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KV=IR‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KI =V/R‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬ J
106
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  KR=V/I‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫؟‬‫א‬K500‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 5Z٠–5Z‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F500Z‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬×‫א‬Z‫א‬
  500 ×‫א‬Z5
 0.01Z500L5Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬4Z‫א‬9 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬0.02
 
 5Z4 J9Z‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬×‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬×0.02Z5‫א‬
  250Z0.02L5Z‫א‬
  
107
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 R
  
  V
 
 I
 
 W
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
108
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
109
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W
٢‫א‬‫א‬9.5Z١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬13Z
‫א‬‫א‬13‫א‬‫א‬9.5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5.5Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
110
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
127‫א‬F110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AC‫א‬‫א‬E
 KDCE‫א‬F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
  127
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EPower SupplyF‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
111
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Transformers‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 DC 
112
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EMutual InductanceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EMutual InductanceF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EinductorF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬EACF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mutual F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EInductance
K6050‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬6050‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬6050‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬EDCF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
113
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Einduced voltageF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(Mutual Inductance)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ "א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
114
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  
115
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K

،EDCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
116
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫؟‬‫א‬٣١٠‫א‬ 220-12 
 W‫א‬
 W220-12 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬Z220Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Z12 Z‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Transformers Types ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
117
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( I )‫א‬E E F‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WCore type‫א‬‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Core Type
 
 
 
 
118
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E shell type core F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 Shell Type Core
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
119
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Transformer Transformer
Transformer Transformer Transformer
Air Core Air Core
Air Core Step- Air Core Air Core
Tapped Tapped
Up Step-Down Normal
Primary Secondary
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Transformer Transformer
Transformer Transformer Transformer
Iron Core Iron Core
Iron Core Iron Core Iron Core
Tapped Tapped
Step-Up Step-Down Normal
Primary Secondary
 
120
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،EDCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDCF
.DC
W‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
659Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬481Ω
E١F‫א‬ 2.1Ω‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KShort‫א‬‫א‬EFOpen
 
‫ج‬ ‫أ‬
‫ب‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
121
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E10ΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EShortF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOpen F
 
 
 
 
  
122
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬AC ~‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AC ~ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
  
123
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 AC ~‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
KAC ~V250‫א‬ AC~ V 220 / 110‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ΩOhm ‫א‬
 KAC V ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
124
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬AC ~ V ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
K١١W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Test Board  K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 250 AC ~ V 
 
 
 
 
125
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  AC ~ V‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
126
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 110/220 AC ~ V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬220110 AC ~ V K٢
110AC ~ V‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K220 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
AC ~ V‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
127
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
AC
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

EF‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAC ~ V AC ~ V 110
 EF‫א‬
EF‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAC ~ V
EF‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAC ~ V AC ~ V 220
EF‫א‬
EF‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAC ~ V
128
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 E120F‫א‬‫א‬DC ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
K١١:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
129
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K10 DC V‫א‬ 9 DCV ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
130
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Batteries( Dry Cells) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬          
          ‫א‬‫א‬   
    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
     
 9 ‫א‬‫א‬1.5 ‫א‬1.5 ‫א‬‫א‬1.5
 ‫א‬  AAA
 
 
 
 
131
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1.5 3
1.5V Battery 3V Battery
Bat Bat
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬EF١٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
132
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F4.5‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
133
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
DC V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
 E١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 10KΩ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
134
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬L 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
135
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Half Wave Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
، 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
136
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 D3 D1‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
  D4 D2
 KD2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 D3 D1‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
 D4 D2
 KD4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D2 ‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KBridge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rectifier Bridge
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 K‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
137
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

  
138
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬L 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 1.5 DC V ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
139
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
+
١{٥
-
٤{٥
+ +
١{٥
- -
+
١{٥
-
 

 
  
140
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10DC V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 
 
 
  
E١F
E٤F E٢F
E٥F
E٣F
 Vt = V3 + V2 + V1
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
141
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ DC V‫א‬

EKKKKEKFZ1‫ א‬EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZ1‫א‬ V1E1F‫א‬
 
EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZ2‫ א‬EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZ2‫א‬ V2E2F‫א‬
EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZ3‫ א‬EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZ3‫א‬ V3E3F‫א‬
EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZV3 + V2 + V1 EKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZV3 + V2 + V1 (Vt) =V4 E4F‫א‬
   
 EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZV3 + V2 EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFZV3 + V2 V5E5F‫א‬
 
 
 
 2.5DC V‫א‬V3E3F‫א‬
 
 
142
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
10DC V‫א‬V5 E5F‫א‬
143
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬L 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
400VY‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L١
 
‫א‬،‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 KTriggering‫א‬،Rise Time‫א‬
 
5 V1KHZ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VP-P‫א‬‫א‬
V1+V2+V3ZE4F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
144
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DC ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5DC V‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
(-)
(+)
  
145
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DC 2.5‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vt ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
V1
V1
V2
V2
V3
V3
 
KKKKKKKKKKZV3 = V2 = V1 Z(Vt) ‫ א‬KKKKKKKKKZ(Vt)‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
146
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  E120F‫א‬‫א‬DC ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E120F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K9DC V  K١
 E3F1.5‫א‬ K٢
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 K50KΩ K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KETest BoardF‫א‬ K٢
 K9٣ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
 
147
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  A
+  
9V
B
  50K
-
   
3V +
C
-
 
 
 
‫א‬ C ‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E12F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬A‫א‬F
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
148
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
 
9
 
 ‫א‬
 B
A

E120F B‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

E‫ א‬A‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
149
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
E120F B‫א‬C ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫ א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 E7.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ٢‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ٣‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ٤‫א‬
 
150
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L 
 
 
 
 
12V1KHZ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VP-P‫א‬‫א‬
(AB) (AC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BC)
 
  A
 
+  
 9V
  50K
-  B
 
3V +
-
C
 
 
 
151
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KDC A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  
152
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 W
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٣
 K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬٢٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE
  
153
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬KKK‫א‬
 
W‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E JF
EHF
 
154
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E220F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬70  J50‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
155
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 20 J11F2000011000‫א‬‫א‬
E220F220000‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
 E
 
 V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 KV (Kilo Volt)= 1000 V
A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(V)  Volt ‫א‬‫א‬
(I)  Current ‫א‬‫א‬
(R)  Resistor ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬
 K?‫?א‬‫א‬
 
156
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  
 
 
157
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣‫א‬  
١{٥ ‫א‬

Battery
V١٫٥ Battery Switch Lamp Lamp
V٣
.Bat .Bat SW L L
  
158
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬L 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5DC V‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 K٢
E2.5 mAFDC A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
159
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L 
 
 
 
12V1KHZ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 IP-P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
160
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A
 9V
 
 
- 50K B
  
  +  
3V -
C
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
161
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
162
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬Resistor
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

KREOhm‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
1Ω 1 Ohm
1000 Ohms = 1 K Ohm 1KΩ
1000000 Ohms = 1 M Ohm 1MΩ

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
WEResistor) R‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
163
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Jumper (Zero Ohm) Aluminum Housed
  
 Low Ohm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Carbon Comp‫ א‬‫א‬
  
 Network‫ א‬‫א‬ Ceramic Encased‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  
Power ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Film‫ א‬‫א‬
 Film
  
 Specialty‫ א‬‫א‬  Foil‫ א‬‫א‬
  
 Surface Mount‫ א‬‫א‬  Fusible‫ א‬‫א‬
  
 Temp ensitity‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ High Voltage‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 Wire wound‫ א‬‫א‬  High Ohm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
164
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (Potentiometer or Variable Resistor VR):‫א‬‫א‬:  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10KΩ‫א‬
K(0 - 10KΩ)10KΩ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
4.7KΩ4K7
500KΩ500K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
165
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Photosensitive Resistance‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬    ،ECdseF E‫א‬ F  ECdsF E‫א‬ F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬300v 200v100v‫א‬
K‫א‬300‫א‬ 30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬w)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  .‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬phototransistor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  C  E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬‫א‬    K(remote control) ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
166
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EShort Circuit
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOpen Circuit‫א‬F
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ، ، F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬

  
167
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ 
   
K‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
E٣١F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
168
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  J
R  ...............
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
R  ...............
E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  
169
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،، ،،‫א‬
،‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 :‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ b  a‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،، b a ‫א‬، ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ،،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، b a
 E‫א‬‫ א‬K
 
170
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K0 Ω،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 K٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KTest Board  K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

   ‫א‬
AC‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
171
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ex10kohmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E∞F‫א‬‫א‬EShortF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOpen F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬   E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
172
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
   A ~ B     A ~ B  
   A ~ C     A ~ C  
T1  B ~ C   T2 B ~ C  
 D ~ E   D ~ E  
 A ~ E  ∞ A ~ D ∞
 
  
173
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

 
174
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTolerance‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF٪٢٠٪١٠‫א‬٪٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
،،،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
 K110000 Ω9000010%100000 ΩW‫א‬
  
175
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
.(Test Board )‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ x 1kΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
L ‫א‬
   
    ١
……….kΩ …….…….Ω
   
    ٢
…….….kΩ …….…….Ω
   
    ٣
…….….kΩ ………….Ω
   
 
  ……….….k ٤
  …….…….Ω
 Ω
176
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
    ……….…… ……….……. ٥
 .kΩ Ω
   
    ……….…… ……….……. ٦
 .kΩ Ω
   
    ……….…… ……….……. ٧
 .kΩ Ω
   
    ……….…… ……….……. ٨
 .kΩ Ω
   
    ……….…… ……….……. ٩
 .kΩ Ω
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
        150 Ohm ± 5%
        3300 Ohm ± 5%
        56 KOhm ± 10 %
        3 k 3 Ohm ± 20 %
  
177
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Rt = R3+R2+R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10
‫א‬‫א‬
15Ohms = 5 + 5 + 5 = Rt = R3+R2+R1
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 2200 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K K٣
 
178
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
X1KΩ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K
 ‫א‬    ‫ א‬R
‫א‬
 
  R2 =R1
2200 Ω

       
...........= 2200 + 2200  Rt
KΩ
 
179
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
 1/R3 + 1/R2 + 1/R1=1/Rt‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
10V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥FE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  0.6 Ohms=0.2 + 0.2 +0.2 =1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
180
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 470 KΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F K١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬X1KΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
181
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬R

‫א‬
 
 
 470KΩ R3= R2=R1
     
 Rt
=1/470+1/470+1/470
KΩ...........
 
182
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
183
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤٤FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
184
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K( Data Show ) K٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
185
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E ‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W 
 WReactive Elements‫א‬‫א‬ J
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬
 WResistors‫א‬ J١
 R 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EIF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬
186
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٣F‫א‬V‫א‬R‫א‬،‫א‬V
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NTC
‫א‬PTC
 
 E١ J٣F‫א‬

  
187
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WCapacitors‫א‬ J٢
 C‫א‬‫ א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
EFCouplingE F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KBypass
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fixed Capacitor
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Variable Capacitor
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Electrolytic
Capacitor
 
 E٢ J٣F‫א‬
188
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KH‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 KMatching
 K‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fixed Coil
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Variable Coil
 ‫א‬
Transformer
 ‫א‬
Relay
 ‫א‬
Motor
 
 E٣ J٣F‫א‬
189
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬coil‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KShort‫א‬
 
  
 
 E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
190
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WActive Elements‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBiasingF
 W
 WDiodes‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Diode ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Rectifier Brige
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 Varactor
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 E٤ J٣F‫א‬
191
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WTransistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J Bipolar tr. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬،Electronic Switches

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

  C
B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NPN(Transistor)
  E
C
B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PNP
  E
T1
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P-type (UJT)
  T2
C
B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Photo Transistor NPN
  E
D  JFET‫א‬‫א‬
G
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  S  N-Channel (FET)
D
G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
 P-Channel
 
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬
192
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SCR & Triacs‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 EG, K, AFx‫א‬،،z‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EG, T2 , T1Fx‫א‬،٢،١z‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSCR‫א‬ 
 KEF‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 SCR
 ‫א‬
 Triac
 
 E٦ J٣F‫א‬

  
193
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
Trigger‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 UJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PUT
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SBS
 
Diac‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧F‫א‬
194
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMiscellaneous J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
+ -
  Battery
 
 
+ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Power Supply
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬
+  Solar Cell
  
 
 ‫א‬

 Fuse
 
‫א‬
  S  Switch
 
1  IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4 5  Integrated Circuit
 
‫א‬
V  Voltmeter
 
 
‫א‬
A  Ampere-meter
 
 ‫א‬

 Loud Speaker
 E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
195
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
196
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Capacitor or Condenser ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
:‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
197
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
198
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬‫א‬
FARAD‫א‬‫א‬C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- Micro
F 6 µF
10 Farad
- Nano
F 9 nF
10 Farad
- Pico
F 12 pF
10 Farad
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pico Farad‫א‬‫א‬
  102=1000pFW‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 100000pF= 100nF= 0.1µfW‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Plastic Film Type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬
 V ‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢
  W‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣
199
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
M %20
K %10
J %5
H %2.5
1 pF
F ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
200
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1000‫א‬3‫א‬100‫א‬2
 
 ‫א‬
 ٪20 M‫א‬٪10KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬474K63W‫א‬W
 K‫א‬4747‫א‬
= 10000 x 47‫א‬10000‫א‬4‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬0,47‫א‬F‫א‬470000
 10٪‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
201
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 63Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬63‫א‬
  Ceramic Disk Type ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (uF, nF, pF)  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ pF ‫א‬‫א‬
 pF ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
202
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  
‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،K‫א‬0.470.1
473‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬47‫א‬1000 ×47‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
203
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
204
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1µf ‫א‬‫א‬ J
10000Ω‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬EF
‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
205
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KOpen
KShort
‫א‬ (0.5µf‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Short
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Spark Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
206
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L 
 K‫א‬ 1 Mohm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
∞‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   
   
 
 
207
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 1 Mohm‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K∞‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   
   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
208
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Low Pass Filter)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHigh Pass Filter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EBand Pass Filter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
209
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ERC filterF‫א‬‫א‬
 ELow Pass FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
210
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F

 
  (High Pass Filter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F
 (Band Pass Filter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
211
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 
 (Cut off Frequency)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E   ٢FL١Z‫א‬
 ٣{١٤١٥٩Z
 ‫א‬Z
‫א‬‫א‬Z
212
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 K(HENRY)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TypesCoils ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫ﻣﻠﻒ ذو ﻗﻠﺐ هﻮاﺋﻲ‬

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
213
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
214
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2020
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K465A M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  
215
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
216
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Coils‫א‬
 W‫א‬
former‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬ K٢
 Kferrite‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
217
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10^3 J‫א‬KE‫א‬F E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 K J٣
 
218
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬coil‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KShort‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
KEF
 
 
219
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
220
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F Diode ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPF
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬
 
221
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1N4004, 1N914, W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1N4733
 
222
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Logic F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KELED)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(Circuits
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Zener)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(LED)
 WGe Diode‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Bridge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 4001N1 Power DiodeF

 WSe Diode‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
223
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ZENER) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ D C ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 :Zener Voltage Regulator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ODC ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬R‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :Light Emitting Diode (LED)‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬L.E.D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 680  ‫א‬K‫א‬
 LED‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
450‫א‬
555 EF‫א‬
 590EF‫א‬
625EF‫א‬
 655‫א‬
 900‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
930 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
225
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 :Diode Photo‫א‬‫א‬
NP‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
226
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  :Diode Varactor‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N‫א‬،P‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Light
Photo Photo Emitting Gun Varactor Schotky Tunnel Zener General
Diode Diode Diode Diode Diode Diode Diode Diode Diode
LED
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬


‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
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 
227
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
0.7‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.3‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
..‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A -
  ‫א‬B -
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A -
228
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tuninig‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬B -
Tunnel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E -
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬P -
LED‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Q -
Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬ T -
‫א‬ X -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y -
  ‫א‬Z -
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .LED‫א‬‫א‬ Zener
 Analog Voltmeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KEx 10 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
EOpenF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬
229
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEShortF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K2000 Ω
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 600 Ω‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E600 Ω‫א‬
 
  
230
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Digital Voltmeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬EF‫א‬(OL)‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E0.7V0.5VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.3V0.2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(OL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬
 
231
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(600 Ω‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E600 Ω‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.7V0.5V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2V‫א‬‫א‬OLEF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
 
  
 
 
 
232
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
1KΩE F‫א‬ 
  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kvz‫א‬
 
 
 WLED‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
2.51.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬LEDs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬OL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
LED‫א‬1.6 V‫א‬LED ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬، 2.2V‫א‬، 1.8V‫א‬F‫א‬
1.1V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2.7V‫א‬،2.5V
 KEF‫א‬E
 
 
 
 
233
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
W‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOpen Circuit
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  J
E JF‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
234
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  J٢
‫א‬E JF‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.7V‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬(OL)
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
235
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ECOM)‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬OL‫א‬EF‫א‬1.1V‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
236
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢F K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F K٢
K‫א‬E٢F K٣
 L‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 Mohm‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬(B)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬(B)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، A‫א‬ ، A‫א‬
 B ‫א‬ B ‫א‬
D1  ‫א‬ K ohm  K ohm
D2  ‫א‬ K ohm K ohm
ZD1  ‫א‬ K ohm  K ohm
ZD2  ‫א‬ K ohm  K ohm
LED1  ‫א‬ K ohm K ohm
LED2  ‫א‬‫א‬ K ohm  K ohm
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
237
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Transistors ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WCECollectorF ‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬(reverse) ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WBEBaseF‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬(reverse) ،‫א‬ (forward) 
 
 
238
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WEEEmitterFE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣

NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PNP‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
(forward) ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
N‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
P‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PNP)(NPN)
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
239
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
240
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  .‫א‬‫א‬Base‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Base‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Transistor Connection Types‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 :Common Base‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬،Emitter and Base‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Base‫א‬ Base and Collector ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .Common Base‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
241
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Common Collector‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 :Common Emitter‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬،Emitter and Base‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Emitter‫א‬Collector and Emitter‫א‬
 KCommon Emitter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Common Emitter‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 :Common Collector‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬،Collector and Base‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Collector‫א‬Collector and Emitter E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Common ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KCollector
 
Common Collector‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
242
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. Emitter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Base ‫א‬ K١
K Collector‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ Emitter ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Base ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ Collector ‫א‬ Emitter‫א‬
   ‫א‬ Forward   Emitter-Base ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٣
Reverse. Collector-Base ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Emitter‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬     ‫ א‬ PNP    ،E ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K Emitter‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ NPN ‫א‬Emitter
 
  NPN‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
243
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.PNP
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
244
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬PNPNPN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
245
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  UJT ‫א‬‫א‬
 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Base2  Base1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬E JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 . 
‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬ Emitter E JF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 Base2  Emitter ‫א‬ ، Base1 Emitter ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEHF‫א‬ EmitterE JF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬ ، Base1 Emitter ‫א‬‫א‬E JF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Base2 Emitter
.
  
246
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKS
  .NPN‫א‬D ‫ أو‬C .PNP‫א‬BA~D....... A
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKC A
 K‫א‬KKKKKKB  D
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬S‫א‬2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SC19232W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
PNP small ‫א‬
A power general
purpose ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
B PNP power

NPN small ‫א‬
C power general
purpose ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
D NPN power

J P-channel FET  
N-channel
K 
FET
..‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬A -
  ‫ א‬B -
 
 
247
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
..W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ C -
‫א‬ J‫א‬D -
‫א‬ J‫א‬F -
  ‫א‬ J‫א‬L -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬OL‫א‬‫א‬PN‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Base‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬NPN‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬
 KPNP‫א‬‫א‬NE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ L٤
 KEF‫א‬0.637V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 KEF‫א‬0.563V‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
248
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
KC‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OL‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬0.7V‫ ــ ـ‬0.4V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬0.3V‫ ــ ـ‬0.2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
   
249
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Ex 10 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬PNP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
250
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 L‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K1 M ohm‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  E~ C~ B~ B~ C~ E~ 
B~ B~ E~ C~ E~ C~ 
TR1 KΩ KΩ KΩ KΩ KΩ KΩ
 
  
251
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KEG‫א‬،K،AF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(OFF)(ON)
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
SCR ‫ א‬  ١
TRIAC ‫ א‬٢
DIAC ‫א‬٣
 W
 ‫א‬
 (SCR)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SCR
‫א‬‫א‬SCR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬
٢٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬SCR‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SCR‫א‬
‫א‬SCR‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
252
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ESCRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F
253
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ESCRF‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KR X 100‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٢
F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٣
KE∞ 
 
254
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٤
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
255
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (TRIAC)‫א‬
‫א‬ET1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KG‫א‬‫א‬ET2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬SCR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬SCR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬SCR‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬SCR‫א‬ ‫א‬SCR
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
256
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KR X 100‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KET1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ET2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٤
KE50 ΩF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K
‫א‬T2‫א‬‫א‬ T1ET2, T1 F K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
257
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬( Diac )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ SCR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Gate ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EPNPF،  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T2،T1،‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 P P
N
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SCR ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KR X 100‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
258
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
259
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  Relay ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
260
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
FEFW‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

261
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(SPST)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
(SPDT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 (DPST)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 (DPDT)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
262
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
263
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (IC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٨٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
264
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢٥~١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬
 cx804 ٢CX K١
  HA1377 HA  K٢
 LC7351 LC.LB.LA  K٣
TDA TCA.TBA.TDA.TA  K٤
 
 
265
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 short‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 open circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 
  K٣
266
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Linear‫ א‬K١
Digital‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K١
 ‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
267
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  555W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  555‫א‬ 
NE555  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬555‫א‬KMC1455‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ground ‫א‬ 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Trigger 2
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ Output ‫א‬ 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Reset ‫ א‬ 4
‫א‬‫א‬
Control Voltage ‫ א‬ 5
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Threshold ‫א‬ 6
٣L٢٣L٢‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
268
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-- Discharge ‫א‬ 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Supply Voltage ‫ א‬ 8
١٥٥‫א‬
 
 W555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EmonostableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬
 KEastable‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 :(monostable)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬F٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
269
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬x ١{١ZE F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬WEastableF‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٦٢‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EfrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬
  555‫א‬
‫א‬555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
270
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:
TTL‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOS‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CMOS‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٣
 K
 
 KV 10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
271
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOperational AmplifiersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬EPolarityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢١‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
272
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٧٤١‫א‬
 (OP AMP 741) 741‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
،EfeedbackF‫א‬‫א‬EGainF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬LE٢F‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
273
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١L٢F JZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬
 E٢H١FLE٢×١FZ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١L٢FH١Z‫א‬
 :(Comparator)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
274
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WESumming AmplifierF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢H١F JZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 :(Difference Amplifier)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E١ J٢FZ‫א‬‫א‬
275
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
276
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
 
 Loud Speaker‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Loud Speaker‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
DRIVE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8Ω 3Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K33Ω
 K‫א‬
 
277
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F
 L‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
10 k ohm.‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K8 ohm ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
278
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
  
A ‫א‬
B ‫א‬
 
 K1 ohm  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
279
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
280
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٢٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
281
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬R1, R2, R3‫א‬
WRt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
282
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. R1= 30 Ω R2 = 70 Ω, R3 = 100 Ω, R4 = 120 Ω
:‫א‬
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 30 + 70 + 100 + 120 = 320 Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
283
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rt R1 R2 R3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬
R1 = 50Ω R2 = 90 Ω R3 = 150 Ω R4 = 450 Ω
 W‫א‬
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Rt R1 R2 R3 R4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Rt 50 90 150 450
1 9+5+3+1 18 450
= = =
Rt 450 450 18
Rt = 25 Ω
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
284
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ XI ‫א‬
‫א‬ V‫א‬ Z V‫א‬
R
 K‫א‬ V‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ Z I‫א‬
R‫א‬
‫א‬
 V‫א‬
 ‫א‬Ω ‫ا‬ Z R‫א‬
I‫א‬
 
 W220 v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:١ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
Rt = 10 + 20 + 30 + 50 = 110 Ω
285
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V
I =
R
 
220
I = = 2A
110
 W٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢٠
 
286
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Rt R1 R2 R3 R4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Rt 10 20 30 60
1 6 + 3 + 2 +1 12 60
= = =
Rt 60 60 12
  
Rt = 5 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬
220
44  = = ‫א‬
5
 W٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
220
22  = = R1‫א‬
10
220
11  = = R2‫א‬
20
220
  7.33  = = R3‫א‬
30
220
  3.67  = = R4‫א‬
60
 
 44 = 3.67 + 7.33 + 11+ 22 Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
287
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬R1 , R2 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ER1 , R2 , R3)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ER1 , R2 , R3 , R4F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1 , R2 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
  K‫א‬‫א‬ R1,R2 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER1 , R2 , R3) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬K o
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
288
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
289
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
R ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E١F‫א‬
 
 
290
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , a)‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 
291
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: R1 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬
E٢F‫א‬
 
292
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
K(b , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬  K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
         R1 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
         ‫א‬‫א‬
 
293
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  R2  R1 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2 , R1 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E٣F‫א‬
 
294
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rt = R1 + R2
 
R1 ‫א‬
R2 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
295
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER3 , R2 , R1)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3 , R2 , R1‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
E٤F‫א‬
 
 
296
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
R1 ‫א‬
R2 ‫א‬
R3‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
297
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER4 , R3 , R2 , R1F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R4 , R3 , R2 R1 ،‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬
 
 
298
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
 R1‫א‬
 R2‫א‬
R3‫א‬
R4‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
299
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬R ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WR‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬W
I = V / R
 
 
 
 
 
 
E٦F‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
          ‫א‬
         ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
300
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬R ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WR‫א‬‫א‬
 V = I * R
 E٧F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 
 
 
          ‫א‬
         ‫א‬
301
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R2 , R1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 WR2 , R1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
.  .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RT = R1 + R2
V=I*R    ‫א‬X‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 
E٨F‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
         R1 ‫א‬
         R2 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
302
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ R2 , R1‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2 , R1 ‫א‬
E٩F‫א‬
303
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٩F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , a)‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1/ Rt = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2

         R1 ‫א‬
         R2 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
304
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER3 , R2 , R1)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3 , R2 R1،‫א‬
E١٠F‫א‬
 
305
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1/Rt = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 +1/ R3
         R1 ‫א‬
          R2 ‫א‬
          R3‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
306
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R2 , R1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
.  K٢
‫א‬ K٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 1
= +
Rt R1 R2
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 It = V / Rt
E١١F‫א‬
 
          R1 ‫א‬
          R2 ‫א‬
         ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
307
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 R3 , R2 , R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
I1 = V / R1
I2 = V / R2
I3 = V / R3
 K‫א‬ K٢
E١٢F‫א‬
 
          R1‫א‬
          R2‫א‬
         R3‫א‬
         I1 ‫א‬
         I ‫א‬
 2
          I3 ‫א‬
308
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :220 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3 , R2 , R1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣F‫א‬
KE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1/Rt = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 +1/ R3
V=I * R    ‫א‬X‫א‬Z‫א‬
          R1‫א‬
         R2‫א‬
         R3‫א‬
         ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
309
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬، ١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wb‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
E١٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
KE١٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KEb , aF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬
310
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١{٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٥F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
KE١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
b F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE , a
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬
311
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
KE١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K(b , a
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
312
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
E١٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
KEb , aF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
313
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٨F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
KE١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KEb , aF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 
314
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٩F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
315
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠F
E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
         R1 ‫א‬
         R2 ‫א‬
         R3‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 
316
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E b a F‫א‬‫א‬
E٢١F‫א‬
E٢١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
            R1 ‫א‬
             R2 ‫א‬
            R3‫א‬
            R4‫א‬
             ‫א‬
             ‫א‬‫א‬
317
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٢F‫א‬
 
E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
KEb , aF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
318
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         R1‫א‬
          R2‫א‬
         R3‫א‬
         R4‫א‬
         R5‫א‬
          ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
319
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
: ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ 
 
 
 W‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
320
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
321
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
322
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
1 1 1
Ct = + +
C1 C2 C3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Ct = C1 + C2 + C3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
323
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C2 , C1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C2 , C1‫א‬
E٢٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 WE٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
Ct = +
C1 C2
C1‫א‬
C2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
324
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C2 , C1‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C2 C1 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C1 , C2‫א‬
٢٤ 
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
         C1‫א‬
         C2‫א‬
         ‫א‬‫א‬
 
325
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
326
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦٦FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K١
 K K٢
K K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K( Data Show ) K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
327
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
470‫א‬½  16 V J33µF EF
1‫א‬½ 16V J1000µF  
2.2 ‫א‬½ 16V–100µF  
4.7‫א‬½ 16V–47µF VOLUME
10‫א‬½ 25V–10µF  
1‫א‬½ 50V–3.3µF ON / OFF 
680‫א‬½ 50V–1µF  
270‫א‬½ 10V–25µF  
220‫א‬½ 50V–4.7µF BUZZER
100‫א‬½ 25V–104nF‫א‬  
47‫א‬½ 47nF‫א‬  L
33‫א‬½ 22nF‫א‬  IN60 
22‫א‬½ 10nF‫א‬  1N4148
100‫א‬¼ 5nF‫א‬ A 101‫א‬
1‫א‬¼ 1nF‫א‬  B714‫א‬
22‫א‬¼ 220PF‫א‬ C1816‫א‬
CDS 100PF‫א‬ A1015‫א‬
C945‫א‬‫א‬ 2200PF‫א‬ C945‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7400PF‫א‬ 2N6565
 LM386
ELS-546 AP‫א‬ TUNNER  
UM66‫א‬ 10‫א‬½  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 100‫א‬½  RFC
 ١ 220‫א‬½  L
 ٩ 10‫א‬½ –470µF
16V
328
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EKKKKKIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
KEon / off F‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫ א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
EonF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EoffF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
329
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
: ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
330
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OFF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K٢    K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K٩‫א‬K٤K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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331
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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332
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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333
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K47kΩ‫א‬K٤     K‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٦     3v‫א‬K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
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334
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
335
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K33kΩ‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
 K3vK٤50kΩ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
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336
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
337
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 E٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10kΩ‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
100MF‫א‬K٤    K3vK٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦     K‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
338
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   
339
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ct‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ct = C1 + C2  ‫א‬‫א‬
C1 X C2
Ct =  ‫א‬‫א‬
C1 + C2
1 1 1 1
= + + C  ‫א‬‫א‬
Ct C1 C2 3
 
SW2‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬SW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SW2‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬
 K‫א‬SW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٥
 
 
 
340
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10kΩ‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
 K100MF‫א‬‫א‬K٤     3vK٣
    K‫א‬K٦  K470MF‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨    K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 KK٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
341
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
LED E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ،E‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
 K3vK٤K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K100Ω‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 LEDE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
342
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
343
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
344
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FK١
 K‫א‬K٤    K2SC945NPN‫א‬K٣
3vK٦     50kΩ‫א‬‫א‬K٥
1kΩ‫א‬K٨      K10kΩ‫א‬K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
345
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢    K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٤    K‫א‬K٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦  K10MF‫א‬K٥ 
 K‫א‬K٧ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
346
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
347
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬TR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR2TR1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٤    K9v K٣ 
 K50kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬K٦  K0.01MFE٢FK٥ 
NPN‫א‬‫א‬E٢FK٨ K10kΩ ‫א‬K٧ 
 K1kΩ E٢FK٩  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
348
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
349
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2SC945‫א‬‫א‬E٢FK٢  K E٢) K١
 KMF100E٢FK٤   KΩ٢٢٠E٢FK٣
v٣K٦  kΩ٢٢E٢FK٥
 K‫א‬K٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
350
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
  
351
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100Ω‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٤      K9vK٣ 
 K‫א‬K٦  KLED‫א‬‫א‬K٥ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
352
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
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 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
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 
 
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 
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353
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ON
OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬

  
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100Ω‫א‬K٢     LED‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K3vK٤      K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
354
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
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 
 
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355
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،LED‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢    LED‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K٣K٤      K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K ‫א‬K٦      K‫א‬K٥
1KΩE٢FK٨      K100Ω ‫א‬K٧
 220Ω‫א‬K٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
356
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
357
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٩‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   

     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 A , B , C , D , E , F , G , DPW‫א‬
١‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬B , C ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
358
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢    KE٨FK١
 K‫א‬K٤    K9vK٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 1)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
359
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
7 Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
7 Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬A , B , E , D , G‫א‬٢‫א‬،
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
     
 
360
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KA , F , E , D , G ‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢    KE٨FK١
 K‫א‬K٤     K9vK٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ )‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
361
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ A , B , C , D , G‫א‬٣‫א‬ 
KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ B , C , F , G‫א‬٤‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ A, C , D , F , G‫א‬٥‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ A , C , D , F , G‫א‬٦‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A , B , C ‫א‬٧‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬E٠F‫א‬ 
 KON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
362
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  7 Segment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
 
363
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢    K1KΩE٨FK١
 K‫א‬K٤     K9vK٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Segment
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
364
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
 K0.05MFt ‫א‬K٤   0.1MF‫א‬K٣
 K3vK٦     K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K 47KΩ‫א‬K٨    K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 .2SC945‫א‬‫א‬K١٠   K50KΩ‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
365
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
   
366
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢     K‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬0.1‫א‬K٤    K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K2SC945‫א‬‫א‬K٦  K 0.05MF‫א‬K٥
  100MF‫א‬‫א‬K٨   K1KΩ‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٠   K100KΩ‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٢    K3vK١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
367
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
368
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK٢      K‫א‬K١
0.01MFKK٤    K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٦   0.05MFE2FK٥
470MF‫א‬‫א‬K٨     K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K1KΩ‫א‬K١٠    K10KΩ‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٢     K9vK١١
 K50KΩ‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
369
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
370
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢      K‫א‬K١
 K9vK٤    K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K0.1MF‫א‬K٦     K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K10KΩ‫א‬K٨   K10MF‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K 100MF‫א‬‫א‬K١٠    K202KΩ‫א‬K٩
 K50KΩ‫א‬‫א‬K١٢    K‫א‬K١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
371
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
372
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬TR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٣٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢        K‫א‬K١
 K0.05MF‫א‬K٤    K0.1MF ‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦      K‫א‬‫א‬E2FK٥
 4.7KΩ‫א‬K٨      K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K1KΩ‫א‬K١٠      K50KΩ‫א‬K٩
 K220KΩ‫א‬K١٢    K10MF‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬K١٤      K3vK١٣
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
373
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   
374
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬TR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3vK٢     K‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K100Ω‫א‬K٤   K2SC945 ‫ان‬‫א‬E2FK٣
 K4.7KΩ‫א‬K٦    K10KΩ‫א‬K٥
 KE2FK٨     K220Ω‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٠    K47KΩ‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
375
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
376
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢KLED‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K9vK٤K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KE2FK٦K2SC945‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K10KΩ‫א‬K٨K50KΩ‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٠K2SC945 ‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٢K1KΩ‫א‬K١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
377
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 





378
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K( Data Show ) J
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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379
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
K‫א‬
380
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Decimal System ‫א‬‫א‬L١

‫א‬‫א‬E10‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،10
(9 ~ 0)‫א‬‫א‬
8‫א‬238‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2‫א‬‫א‬30‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬
 K238‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8+30+200‫א‬200‫א‬
 K 19.8510  347610 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬

  347610  3000  400  70  6  
 
 Binary System‫א‬‫א‬L٢
،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 0,1 )‫א‬‫א‬
Kbit‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬0, 1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬F10011
 
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3 ‫א‬
‫א‬

 16 8 4  2 1 ‫א‬ 0.5 0.25 0.125
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
           K      
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
  
381
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 100112 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 2
4
2
3
 2
2
2
1
2
0
 ‫א‬
 16 8  4 2 1 ‫א‬
1 0  0 1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
10011 2  1 * 16  0 * 8  0 * 4  1 * 2  1 * 1
   16  2  1
 19 10
  19 10 ‫א‬‫א‬ 100112 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 101110 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 2
5
 2
4
 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
 ‫א‬
32  16  8 4 2 1 ‫א‬
 1  0  1 1 1 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 10111 2  1 * 32  0 *16  1 * 8  1 * 4  1 * 2  0 *1
   32  8  4  2
   46 10
  4610 ‫א‬‫א‬ 101110 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
382
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ 1110 .101 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤‫א‬

W‫א‬
 
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0 ‫א‬ 2
1
2
2
2
3  ‫א‬
 8  4  2 1 ‫א‬ 0.5 0.25 0.125 ‫א‬
 1  1  1  0  K 1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1110 .1012  1 * 8  1 * 4  1 * 2  0 * 1  1 * 0.5  0 * 0.25  1 * 0.125

 
 8  4  2  0.5  0.125
 14.62510
  14 . 625 10 ‫א‬‫א‬1110 .101 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K 8710 ‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬

‫א‬
87  2  43 ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
43  2  21 287‫א‬
21  2  10 1‫א‬43‫א‬
10  2  5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5  22
2  2 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 2 0 ‫א‬(LSB)
87 10  1010111 2  K‫א‬
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
 
 
 
 
383
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 5 .625 10 ‫א‬‫א‬L٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
5  22
2  2 1
1 2 0
1 0 1 . 1 0 1
0.625 * 2  1.25
0.25 * 2  0.50
0.5 * 2  1.00
 5.62510  101 .1012
 
 
 
 
 
384
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Binary Addition‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

0+0 =  0 -  ‫א‬‫א‬
 0 + 1 =  1 -  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 + 0 =  1 -  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 + 1 =  0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬(1+1=10)‫א‬‫א‬
E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
385
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 1 1
1 0 0 4 1 0 1 5
+ 0 1 0 + 2 + 3
0 1 1 +
1 1 0‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬ 6 8
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬ 1 0 0 0‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
1 1

1 1 3
1+1+1=1 ‫א‬ =1 + 3
1 1 +
6
1 1 0‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
 Binary Subtraction ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

0-0 =  0 -  ‫א‬‫א‬
 0 - 1 =  1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 - 0 =  1 -  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 - 1 =  0 -  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1‫?א‬‫א‬`1`
 K‫א‬‫א‬`0``2`
 W‫א‬
386
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 10 10 2
 ‫א‬ - 0 1 - 1
‫א‬ 0 1 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
10 10 0 10
‫א‬ 1 0 0 1 0 1
37
 ‫א‬ 1 0 1 0 - - 10
‫א‬ 1 1 0 1 1 27
‫א‬‫א‬
   
387
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
  7 10 ,  910 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 7 10 0111 1 1000
 9 10 1001 1 0110
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬( 1 )‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬H1
  710 ,  510 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬( 1 ) W 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 7 10 -111 1000 1000+1=1001
 5 10 -101 1010 1010+1=1011
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
388
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 9  0  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
10 F A ‫א‬ 15 10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 14 ‫א‬  D13 ‫א‬ C12 ‫א‬ B11 ‫א‬ A 
 KF15‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 79 ‫א‬ 0111 1001 ‫א‬‫א‬
 B6DF‫א‬ 1011 0110 1101 1111  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   
 0  0000  0 8 1000  8
 1  0001  1 9 1001  9
2  0010  2 10 1010  A
3 0011  3 11 1011  B
4 0100  4 12 1100  C
5 0101  5 13 1101  D
6 0110  6 14 1110  E
7 0111  7 15 1111  F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ،   2B6  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
512 Z 2*256256‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬
 6‫א‬K 176 Z16*11 11 B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،6 Z1*6E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 K (694)10(2B6)16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
389
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 162  161 160 16
 256  16  1  ‫א‬
 2  B 6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
256*2=512 16*11=176  1*6=6  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬ (A3F.C) 16 ‫א‬
 162  161  160 16-1 16
 256  16  1 0.0625  ‫א‬
 A  3  F C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
256*10=2560 16*3=48 1*15=15 0.0625*12=0.75  ‫א‬‫א‬
(A3F.C) 16 = (2560+48 +15+ 0.75) 10 = (2623.75)10
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4510 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 ‫א‬   16    4510 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،16 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 13‫א‬F 13‫א‬
16   ‫א‬   E2F ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  LSB
 2 ‫א‬   ، 2 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬13  
45  16  2
 
2  16  0
 
 
  4510 = 2D16 
2 D

390
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ E250.25F10‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
250 1615
‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
 
15 16 0
 
 
F A. 4  
0.25 * 16  4.00  
 
0.00 * 16  0.00
 
(250.25)10 = ( FA.4)16
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE3B9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4bit‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 3 B 9
 0011 1011 1001
3B916 =1110111001 2
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4  7 . F E
0100 0111 . 1111 1110
47.FE16 = 1000111.11111112
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 101010000101 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
391
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1010 1000 0101 .

 A 8 5 .
 
 1010100001012=A8516
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   10010.011011
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1100  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    0001
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0001 0010 . 0110 1100

 1  2 . 6 C
 10010.0110112=126C16
  
392
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
100101102‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 15010‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BCD‫א‬‫א‬
 K90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BCD ‫א‬
 
 BCD
 8 4 2 1
 0  0 0 0 0
 1  0 0 0 1
 2  0 0 1 0
 3  0 0 1 1
 4  0 1 0 0
 5  0 1 0 1
 6  0 1 1 0
 7  0 1 1 1
8  1 0 0 0
9  1 0 0 1
 WBCD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EBCDF     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬EBCDF،‫א‬
 BCD18010‫א‬‫א‬W
1 8 0 .
 0001 1000 0000 .
BCD 
‫א‬‫א‬ BCD
 BCD   43.72 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 01000011.01110010 
393
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
4  3 . 7 2
 0100  0011 . 0111 0010
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬       BCD    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
571001010111 BCD
0111 .
0101
 5
7 .
BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BCD‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 0111000100001000BCD‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
0111  0001 0000
 
. 1000
 7  1 . 0 8
394
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 (a) 79 (b) 146 (c) 218 (d) 391 (e) 504
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 (a) 0.674 (b) 0.462 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.5 (e) 0.125
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
(a) 10101011 (b) 1000111100 (c) 1100001011 (d) 110101100 (e)
 1111000010
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
(a) 0.1011 (b) 0.0110 (c) 0.1110 (d) 0.1001 (e) 0.0010
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
(a) D5216 (b) D3.E16 (c) ABCD16 (d) 9F16 (e) 888.B16
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
(a) 256010 (b) 300010 (c) 631.2510 (d) 810 (e) 204.12510
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
(a) A6416 (b) 1F.C16 (c) 234.416 (d) 1C16 (e) B16
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 (a) 10000.12 (b) 110101.0110012 (c) 1001.11112 (d) 10000001.11012
 
‫؟‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
(a) 1010BCD (b) 10000110BCD (c) 00010111BCD (d) 00110010.10010100BCD
‫؟‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
(a) 610 (b) 99.910 (c) 145.610 (d) 21.00110
 
 
395
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
396
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K AND GateEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K  OR GateEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K  NOT GateE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K( Data Show ) J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
397
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
398
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬ETURN OFFF‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 K‫א‬
 
399
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Logic states W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬
 EF    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Logic 1 ?1?‫א‬‫א‬
 Logic 0?0?‫א‬‫א‬
Bit‫א‬?0??1?
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Positive Logic?+ve?‫א‬‫ א‬K١
Negative Logic?-ve?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
   
400
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Positive Logic?+ve?‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬?0??1?
 KLogic 0‫א‬‫א‬Logic 1 
 
 K ?1?
 K ?0?
 
 E١F‫א‬
+5V “1”
 
 ٠V  “0”
 
 E٢F‫א‬
+5V “1”  
-5V “0”
 
“1”  
+5V  
OV    E٣F‫א‬
 J5V  
“0”
 
 
 
 
 
401
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Negative Logic ?-ve?‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
 ?? ?1?
 ?? ?0?
+5V “0”
 
OV “1”  E١F
 
+5V “0”  E٢F
 J5V  “1”  
 
"0"
 
+5V
 E٣F
OV J
 
5V "1"  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
402
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ Data sheet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 KTTL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬
 
 W
 ViL max = ?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
  ViH min = ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 VoL max = ?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
  VoH min = ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  
403
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(logic gate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(logic gate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(HIGH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
“1”‫א‬‫א‬(HIGH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LOW)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬“0”‫א‬‫א‬(LOW)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K0
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(NOT gate)?‫?א‬‫א‬(OR gate)??‫א‬(AND gate)??‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ?AND gate –?‫א‬–١

A B L

 


 


 
  
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
 
404
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ??‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
?AND?‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬OnA & B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
?1?‫א‬AND??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n 2nZ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 n=3‫א‬22=4‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 23 = 8 ‫א‬
 W?AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
 
 A . B = Y
 Y=A and B Y‫א‬BA
405
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1  
0
1
0
1
0
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬AND??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
406
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
٣ ‫א‬ E١F  ‫א‬

AND Gate E  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KETEST BORDF ‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬L٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LED J S1,S2‫ א‬J DC 5V ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
IC 74LS08 J ‫א‬ J R =150Ω J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
407
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ANDEF‫א‬ 
 L١
 KEB ,AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 INPUT‫א‬ OUTPUT‫א‬
 
 B A Y
 
 0 0  
 0 1    
 1 0    
 1 1    
 
 E١F‫א‬
 Y=……………
 
408
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
 74LS08‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
INPUT‫א‬
 OUTPUT
C B A  Y
0 0 0  
0 0 1  
0 1 0  
0 1 1  
1 0 0  

1 0 1  
1 1 0  
1 1 1  
Y =…………
 
 
 
409
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 OR gate??‫א‬–٢
A B  L

 

  
  
    
 ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣F‫א‬
 
 ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 
 ??‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
? OR?‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOn EB & A) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
 ?1?‫א‬‫א‬
 WOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A + B = Y      
 
 A OR B = Y Y BA
  
410
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬off‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 WOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(OR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
1  
0 ‫א‬A
1
0 ‫א‬B
1
0 ‫א‬Y
 A + B = Y‫א‬‫א‬OR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
411
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
٣ ‫א‬ E٢F ‫א‬

OR Gate E   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
ETEST BORDF ‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC 74LS32 J LED J  DC 5V‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
R =150Ω J ‫א‬ J S1,S2 ‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

  
412
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OREF‫א‬ 
 L١
 KEB ,A) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 W‫א‬
 INPUT‫א‬ OUTPUT‫א‬  
 B  A Y  
 0  0    
 0  1  
 
 1  0  
 
 1  1  
 
   
413
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
 74LS32‫א‬

INPUT‫א‬ OUTPUT‫א‬
C B A  Y
0 0 0  
0 0 1  
0 1 0  
0 1 1  
1 0 0  
1 0 1   
1 1 0  
1 1 1  
 
 
 
 
 
414
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 NOT gate‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A Y
0 1
1 0
 K‫א‬NOT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬ ?1?‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WNOT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Y= A
 
A A A or A  
0 1 0
 W‫א‬
 
A=0  A=1 A=1
 WNOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1
0
1
0
 
 
   
415
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
٣ ‫א‬ E٣F ‫א‬

NOT GateE‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  NOT E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
K  
(TEST BORD) ‫א‬L١
K‫א‬‫א‬L٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC 74LS04 J LED J DC 5V ‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬
R =150Ω J ‫א‬ J S1,S2 ‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬
 
 
416
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬NOTEF‫א‬ 
 L١
 KA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 
 W‫א‬
 
INPUT‫א‬  OUTPUT‫א‬  
 A Y  
 0    
 1  
 0  
 1  
417
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ?AND - OR gates??–?

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 
 Y = A . B + C .D + E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K?–?‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K? J?‫א‬
 
 
 
 
418
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬ NOT‫א‬‫א‬L٤
  A  B  C  D  A  C  Y W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 KBE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 B = 1  J١
 B = 0  J٢
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 ‫؟‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
419
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
420
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KNAND gate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K NOR gate ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K EXOR‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KEXNOR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K( Data Show ) J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
421
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
K‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
422
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬ETURN OFFF‫א‬‫א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 K‫א‬
 
423
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??,??‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNAND gate ‫א‬ J١

 
A B Output
0 0  1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ANDENOT ANDF‫א‬ NAND
‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 
 NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Y = A . B      
   
424
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(TURN OFF)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
   
٣ ‫א‬ E١F ‫א‬

KNAND gate E  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
NAND gate   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
(TEST BORD)‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٢
LED J  ‫א‬ J  R =150Ω J
 ‫א‬
IC 74LS00 J S1,S2‫א‬ J DC 5V‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
425
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENANDF‫א‬ 
 L١
 K( B , A ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 W‫א‬
 
 INPUT‫א‬  OUTPUT‫א‬  
 B  A Y
 
 0  0  
 
 0  1  
 1  0    
 1  1    
 
 Y = ( )  
 E١F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 INPUT‫א‬  OUTPUT‫א‬
 B  A  L1 =F L2 = Y
 0  0    
 0  1     Y=( )
 1  0    
   
 
1  1
426
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 NOR gate ??‫א‬ J٢

??‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EB,A )‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
?____?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K(B+ A)
 (NOR)???‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A B L
0 0  1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
 ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
?KE٢F‫א‬? ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬?
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 Y = A + B 
   
427
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
   
 ٣ ‫א‬ E٢F ‫א‬

NOR gate E  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
NOR gate ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
K 
(TEST BORD)‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٢
IC 74LS02 LED S1,S2‫א‬ R =150Ω
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ DC 5V‫א‬
 W‫א‬
428
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENORF‫א‬ 
 L١
 KE B ,A F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 
 
 W‫א‬
INPUT‫א‬ OUTPUT‫א‬
B A Y Y=( )
0 0
0 1  
1 0  
1 1
 
E٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
INPUT‫א‬ OUTPUT‫א‬
B A L1 =F  L2 =Y
0 0  
0  1
1 0
1 1
429
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Exclusive OR gate = EXOR‫א‬??‫א‬–٣

 
A B Z
0 0  0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
 ‫א‬EXOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?   
 KE٣F‫א‬ XOR‫א‬
 
 WEXOR‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Y= A . B + A . B Y=A  B
 
 NOTORAND‫א‬XOR‫א‬
 
 
 EXOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 
430
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150Ω
 3 ‫א‬
   
٣ ‫א‬ E٣F ‫א‬

EXOR ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫?א‬? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
EXOR
K (TEST BORD)‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٢
IC 74LS86 J  LED J DC 5V‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ J S1,S2‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
XOR Gate
74LS86
431
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬ 
 K١
 KE B , A F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 
 W‫א‬
 INPUT‫א‬‫א‬  Out Put‫א‬
 A  B Y
 0  0  
 0  1  
 1  0  
 1  1  
 E٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Y = ( )
 
432
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EXNOR ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
AB AB=Y B A Y
A
B 0 0 1
0 1 0
A AB=Y
1 0 0
B
1 1  1
 ‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 
 ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ? ‫א‬   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 K ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEXNOR ‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Y = ABHAB
 
 NOTORAND‫א‬XNOR‫א‬
 
EXNOR?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
433
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
٣ ‫א‬ E٤F ‫א‬

EXNOR ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
KEXNOR
 (TEST BORD)‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬L٢
R=330Ω J LED J DC 5V‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
IC 74LS266 J ‫א‬ J S1,S2‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
434
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXNOR‫א‬‫א‬ 
 L١
 K
 K(B , A F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 KY ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 
 W‫א‬
 INPUT‫א‬‫א‬  Out Put‫א‬
 A  B Y
 0  0  
 0  1  
 1  0  
 1  1  
 E٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Y = ( )
435
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ? ? ‫א‬  ?? ‫א‬         K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Ic func  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
H Z NOR   H Z NAND
 
H Z NAND   H Z AND

H Z OR   H Z NOR

H Z AND H   Z OR

‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   Ic func
H H Z OR
  
H H Z AND
  
H H Z NOR
  
H H Z NAND
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬
436
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?AND - OR gates ??–?–١
 ?NAND gates ???–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = A.B + C.D + E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K?–?‫א‬W
 K??‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬
 K? J?‫א‬–١
F=A.B + C.D+E
 ??‫א‬–٢
 NAND??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Y = A.B + C.D + E
437
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(NAND)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K‫א‬‫א‬(NOR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬(EXOR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬(EXNOR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 K‫א‬
 KC‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
  ‫א‬C = 1  J١ 
  ‫א‬C = 0  J٢ 
 
‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 ‫؟‬E١١F
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬E١١F‫א‬
 
 A  B  C  A  B  C  A  B  C  Y  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ٧
 K‫א‬??‫א‬??‫א‬،‫א‬
 
438
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
439
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K١
 K K٢
K K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K( Data Show ) K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
440
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
  
441
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Short‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٨
K ‫א‬
442
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 
443
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

25W– 40W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 E١F‫א‬
 
 
 
444
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٢F‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬
 
 E٣F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٤F‫א‬
   
445
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥F
 
 E٥F‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٧
 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧F‫א‬
446
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٨F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
‫א‬
 KE٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩F‫א‬
  
 
447
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬off ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 EMULTIMETERSF‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠F‫א‬
 
 E١٠F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 
 
 
 
448
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٣
  
 
 
 
 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
449
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 
 
 
450
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬heat sink‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Stray ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Capacitance
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
451
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
5A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.5A‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
452
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 KEExpress PCBF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
KEeagleF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 
 K
 
453
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
 
  
 
454
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
455
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
456
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬
457
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨


١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

 
 
458
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

 
 
 
 
 
 
459
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣

 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤

 
 
 
 
 
460
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
461
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
462
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ AC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١٤٢٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٢١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٢١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٩‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٩‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٩‫א‬‫א‬
463
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
١٤٢٩‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       W  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٥٠
 ١٩٩٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٨٧  K‫א‬‫א‬
   NIDA Corporation
 ١٤٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٩ F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٢ ‫א‬E‫ א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

١٦٣ ‫א‬E‫ א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٩٩  Capacitor or Condenser‫א‬

‫א‬ ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

F 5000,000,000  

‫א‬ ‫ א‬

  

 DC 

E shell type core F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬AC ~ V ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Batteries( Dry Cells) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ DC V‫א‬

E120F B‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬R

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬،Electronic Switches

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 SCR & Triacs‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

Capacitor or Condenser ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Plastic Film Type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 (Band Pass Filter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ ذو ﻗﻠﺐ هﻮاﺋﻲ‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F Diode ‫א‬‫א‬

 :Light Emitting Diode (LED)‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WEEEmitterFE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٣

 Transistor Connection Types‫א‬‫א‬

 :Common Base‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 :Common Emitter‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢

Common Emitter‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

 :Common Collector‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

Common Collector‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

: R1 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ R2 , R1‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R2 , R1‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬Rt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Decimal System ‫א‬‫א‬L١

 K 19.8510  347610 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬

 ‫؟‬ 1110 .101 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤‫א‬

1110 .1012  1 * 8  1 * 4  1 * 2  0 * 1  1 * 0.5  0 * 0.25  1 * 0.125

 K 8710 ‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬

 K 5 .625 10 ‫א‬‫א‬L٢

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Binary Subtraction ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

1010 1000 0101 .

0001 0010 . 0110 1100

  Logic states W‫א‬‫א‬

Positive Logic?+ve?‫א‬‫ א‬K١

Negative Logic?-ve?‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 Negative Logic ?-ve?‫א‬‫א‬W 

  ViH min = ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 VoL max = ?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  VoH min = ?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 