Description of Research

In most instances, the term "research" consists of two words.

Studies = Re + Search

'Re' means over and over and 'Search' means figuring something out. Research thus implies studying the
phenomenon again and again from various dimensions. For starters, because of the observation of various
dimensions or phenomena, there are several learning theories. Research is a method in which a person
repeatedly investigates the phenomenon and collects the data on the basis of the phenomenon.

General Characteristics of Research

The following features can be gathered from definitions of "Research"
1. This collects new insights or facts from primary sources.

2. This puts emphasis on the exploration of general values.

3. It is an effective, systematic and precise investigation.

4. It utilizes such valid devices for data collection.

5. Logical and objective, it is.

6. The researcher resists the urge to scan only for evidence that confirms his conclusions.

7. Personal emotions and desires are eliminated by the researcher.

8. It aims to organize knowledge in quantitative terms.
9. Research is careful and unhurried practice.
10. The researcher is able to follow the findings of his procedures, which may be controversial and bring social
disapproval.
11. Work is recorded and documented carefully.
12. Conclusions and generalizations are deliberately and cautiously arrived at.

Research Paradigms
The word paradigm is used in educational research to describe the 'worldview' of a researcher. This worldview
is the viewpoint, or thinking, or school of thought, or collection of common beliefs, which informs research
data's meaning or perception. Or, it describes that the research paradigm inherently represents the assumptions
of the researcher about the world in which he or she lives and wishes to live. It constitutes the abstract beliefs
and values that form how the world is viewed by a researcher and how he / she interpret and behaves in that
world. When we claim that it determines the worldview of the researcher, we mean that the abstract values and
concepts that form how a researcher sees the world and how he / she interprets and behaves within that world
that constitute a paradigm. It is the paradigm that a researcher looks at the world through. In order to decide the
research techniques to be used and how the data will be interpreted, it is the research paradigm through which
the researcher discusses the methodological dimensions of their research project.

Including cultural themes, world views, philosophies and mindsets, Paradigm shows a trend or model or
standard example. A paradigm is the worldview of how an analysis should be performed. The methodology,
strategy, ontology, and epistemology for the conduct of study are included in the paradigm. There can be many
methodologies in one model and the researcher can adopt any of those. These methodologies are research
methods that can allow the researcher to perform a systematic analysis. Paradigms are therefore important since
they include beliefs and dictate a certain influence what should be studied, how it should be studied, and how
the outcomes of the research should be interpreted for scholars in a specific discipline. The model determines
the philosophic orientation of a researcher. And then a theory informs us how meaning can be built on the basis
of our individual experiences ( i.e. where we come from) from the data we obtain. Therefore, when you write
your research proposal, it is very important that you explicitly state the paradigm in which your research is
located.

APA Style
APA stands for American Psychological Association, where it is used in education, psychology and social
sciences to cite sources. In a 1929 article published in the Psychological Bulletin that set out the basic
guidelines, the APA style emerged. The APA Publishing Manual was ultimately extended into these guidelines.
The primary objective of the APA style is to promote scientific communication by encouraging clarity of speech
and by standardizing the arrangement and content of research papers and chapters of books. When you know
what details to present, the order in which to present it, and even the manner in which to present it, it is easier to
write about research. Likewise, when it is described in familiar and anticipated ways, it is simpler to read about
science.

So, in psychology and other social sciences, why is the APA format so important? Researchers and students
writing about psychology can share details about their ideas and experiments in a standardized format with the
use of the APA style. When they read journal articles and other types of psychological writing, sticking to a
consistent style helps readers to know what to look for.

Why do you cite your sources?

1. To prove that you have acknowledged the study of others.
2. To guide readers to supplementary material.
3. As a diligent researcher, to build reputation.
4. To showcase technical integrity and courtesy

Why is it that you need APA Style?

In psychology, nursing, business, communications, engineering, education, and related fields, APA Style covers
the facets of any scholarly writing. It deals primarily with the preparation of draft manuscripts submitted for
publication in a journal and with the preparation of student papers submitted for the assignment of a course.

Research Ethics
Research ethics can also be seen in the conduct of a study and give guidance for responsible data collection
output. In addition, in doing a research to guarantee a decent ethical level, it educates and observes scientists,
researchers, and scholars.

A general overview of ethical standards for doing research is as follows:

1. Honesty--Faithfully and accurately report facts, performance, methods and procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate data, disprove or distort it.
2. Objectivity-Apply to prevent bias in experimental design, data analysis , interpretation of data and other
research aspects.
3. Integrity: The secret is honesty and consistency.
4. Carefulness-avoid mistakes and error.
5. Openness: Be open to new ideas and critics.
6. Intellectual Property—Respect. Do not plagiarize others' job. Do not, without permission, use unpublished
data, methods or results.
7. Privacy-Protect sensitive information and data.
8. Publish just for the sake of public good and not for personal gain. Responsible Publications
9. Responsible mentoring-Educating and empowering students to make their own choices.
11. Social responsibility-Promoting social good through advocacy and research
12. Non-discrimination-Avoid discrimination on the basis of sex and ethnic characteristics against co-
researchers, colleagues, or respondents.
13. Competency-Strong skill thru lifelong education and also the fostering of learning and knowledge.
14. Legality: Make sure to adhere to the laws and policies of the government.
15. Animal Care-for the sake of good outcomes, avoid harming animals.
16. Protection of human subjects-Minimize harms and risks, and increase lifelong benefits when using humans
as a subject.

There are many reasons why commitment to ethical standards in research is necessary. First, norms encourage
research goals, such as awareness, fact, and error avoidance. Prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying , or
misrepresenting research data , for example, encourage the facts and minimize mistakes.

Secondly, since research often requires a high level of communication and teamwork amongst many different
people who come from different disciplines and organizations, ethical principles promote values such as trust,
integrity, mutual respect , and fairness that are integral to collaborative work, such as such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for
authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are
designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to
receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.
Third, all of the ethical principles help to ensure that the public can be held legally responsible for researchers.
For example, in order to assure that researchers who are funded by public funds should be deemed accountable
to the community, federal policies on research fraud, conflicts of interest, human subjects, security, and animal
care and use are significant.

Fourth, in research, ethical standards also serve to create public support for research. If they can trust the
reliability and validity of research, people are more likely to help fund a research project.

Finally, a series of other vital moral and social principles, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal
protection, compliance with the law , and public health and safety, are advocated by several research standards.