48 COORDINATE GEOMETRY. On substituting these values in (1) and (2), we have as the required equations mrtane (yy l=mtana’ "? , m—tana : and Y-Y =F raatan a O7™ EXAMPLES. VI Find the angles between the pairs of straight lines L. a-yJ/8=5 and J3n+y=7. . Band 6e-y=1l. 8, y=8e+7 and 8y—a= 4, (2 /8)a+5 and y=(2+,/3)a-7. 5. mn) y = (n-ne?) 2-8 and (mn+-m2) y= (mn ~ nt) 2-3, 6. Find the tangent of the angle between the lines whose inter- cepis on the axes are respectively a, —b and b, ~a. 7, Prove that the points (2, —1), (0, 2), (2, 3), and (4, 0) are the coordinates of the angular points of a parallelogram and find the angle between its diagonals. Find the equation to the straight line 8, passing through the point (2, 3) and perpendicular to the straight line 4a~8y=10. 9. passing through the point (~6, 10) and perpendicular to the straight line 7x +8y=5. 10, passing through the point (2, ~3) and perpendicular to the straight line joining the points (5, 7) and (—6, 8). 11. passing through the point (~4, —3) and perpendicular to the straight line joining (1, 3) and (2, 7). 12, Find the equation to the straight line drawn at right angles to the straight line = V1 through the point where it meets the axis of a. 13. Find the equation to the straight line which bisects, and is perpendicular to, the straight line joining the points (a, 0) and (a, 0). 14, Prove that the equation to the straight line which passes through the point (acos!é, asin® 0) and is perpendicular to the straight line a sec 0-+y cosec 0=4 is # cos 0~y sin 0=acos 20, 15, Find the equations to the straight lines passing through (:’, 7) and respectively perpendicular to the straight lines ea! + yy! = a2,(Exs. VI] EXAMPLES. 49 ae! oy et and wy tay! 16, Fina the equations to the straight lines which divide, internally and externally, the line joining (—3, 7) to (5, ~ 4) in the ratio of 4:7 and which are perpendicular to this line. 17, Through the point (3, 4) are drawn two straight lines each inclined at 45° to the straight line x-y=2 Find their equations and find also the area included by the three lines. (48, Shew that the equations to the straight lines passing through the point (3, —2) and inclined at 60° to the line Ndat+y=1 are y+2=0 and y—\/30+2+3/3=0. 19, Find the equations to the straight lines which pass through the origin and are inclined at 75° to the straight lino a+y +3 y-2)=4, 20. Find the equations to the straight lines which pass through the point (h, k) and are inclined at an angle tan-tm to the straight line yama-te. 21, Find the angle between the two straight lines 3u=4y+7 and 5y=120+6 and also the equations to the two straight lines which pass through the point (4, 5) and make equal angles with the two given lines. 73. To shew that the point (a, y’) is on one side or the other of the straight line Au+ By+C=0 according as the quantity Aa!’ + By +C is positive or negative. Let LM be the given straight line and P any point @y)- Through P draw PQ, parallel to the axis of y, to meet the given straight line in Q, and let the co- ordinates of Q be (a, y”). Since @ lies on the given line, we have Ast! + By’ +0 =0, Ag+ CO 3: It is clear from the figure that PQ is drawn parallel to the positive or negative direction of the axis of y according as P is on one side, or the other, of the straight line LM, ie, according as y/"is > or (®2y Ya) aNd (55 Ys). Yo~Yo 2 (wa). Boe e-=) ‘The equation to the perpendicular from A on this straight line is The equation to BC is yyy tg~ ty y-n=- 3 (em), yon 7 va 1) ie. YY (Ys Ya) +2 (y~ Ag) =Ys (Ya Ya) +21 (Wy ~*)... So the perpendiculars from B and C on CA and AB are Y Ya Ya) +2 (0 ~ 2) = Yo (Ya — Yo) +a (4 — 29). and Y (Ya ~ Ys) +2 (5 —%)=Ys (Yo~ Ya) +s (a~ 2). On adding these three equations their sum identically vanishes. ‘The straight lines represented by them therefore meet in a point, ‘This point is called the orthocentze of the triangle. 82. To find the equation to any straight line which passes through the intersection of the two straight lines + (1) ». (2). qn + by + =0 ne and daft + boy + ¢,=0 ...INTERSECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES. 57 Tf (a, y,) be the common point of the equations (1) and (2) we may, as in Art. 77, find the values of a, and y,, and then the equation to any straight line through it is y-y=m(e- a), where m is any quantity whatever. Aliter. If A be the common point of the two straight lines, then both equations (1) and (2) are satisfied by the coordinates of the point A. Hence the equation ange + Dy +c, +X (agar + Bay + ¢3) = O..00022 (3) is satisfied by the coordinates of the common point 4, where \ is any arbitrary constant. But (3), being of the first degree in « and y, always represents a straight line. Tt therefore represents a straight line passing through A. Also the arbitrary constant \ may be so chosen that (3) may fulfil any other condition, I¢ therefore represents any straight line passing through A. 83. Bx. Find the equation to the straight line which passes through the intersection of the straight lines Qn By4+4=0, Bx+4y-5=0. and is perpendicular to the straight line 6x - Ty +8=0... (2). Solving the equations (1), the coordinates %, y, of their common point are given by +O, 1 (-3(- “ha 4x4 4x3— ox (2B) BREE (=a) so that m= — ty and =H. The equation of any straight line through this common point is, therefore y- Ham (e+). ‘This straight line is, by Art. 69, perpendicular to (2) if mx$=-1, ie. if m=-J. ‘The required equation is therefore y- Ts -b(etyy) ie. 1194 +102y = 125.58 COORDINATE GEOMETRY. Auiter. Any straight line through the intersection of the straight lines (1) is Qu ~ By +440 (Be +4y —5)=0, he. (24+8)) ey (AN- 8) +4 —5A= -(8)- ‘This straight line is perpendicular to (2), if 6 (2+8n) -7(4X-8)=0, (Art. 69) i.e. if A=. =f. The equation (3) is therefore 2 (2435) ty CF 8) +4—ANk=0, ie. 119+ 102y ~ 125=0. Bisectors of angles between straight lines. 84. To find the equations of the bisectors of the angles between the straight lines yet bry += 0 ceeeseereetentens (), and age Day + Cg =O caste eeteseereeee (2). Let the two straight lines be AZ, and AZ, and let the bisectors of the angles between them be Ad, and AJf,. Let P be any point on either of these bisectors and draw PW, and P¥y perpendicular to the given lines, The triangles PAN, and PAN, are equal in all respects, so that the perpendiculars PV, and PW, are equal in magnitude. Let the equations to the straight lines be written so that ¢, and c, are both negative, and to the quantities Ja2+b2 and ,/a,'+b,2 let the positive sign be prefixed,EQUATIONS TO BISECTORS OF ANGLES. 59 If P be the point (4, 4), the numerical values of PI, and PN, are (by Art. 75) ahs dkee yg Ghtbkte ay var +be a+b If P lie on Ad, ie. on the bisector of the angle between the two straight lines in which the origin lies, the point P and the origin lie on the same side of each of the two lines, Hence (by Art. 73, Cor.) the two quantities (1) have the same sign as ¢, and c, respectively. In this case, since ¢, and ¢, have the same sign, the quantities (1) have the same sign, and hence ale Dyk + ey, Ogfe + yl 0 Na? + be Nag+be But this is the condition that the point (f, &) may lie on the straight line age + by +e “Ware bs which is therefore the equation to AW, If, however, P lie on the other bisector A1/,, the two quantities (1) will have opposite signs, so that the equation to AM, will be age + by + Cy The equations to the original lines being therefore arranged so that the constant terms are both positive (or both negative) the equation to the bisectors is ax+by+e,_ ,ax+by+c, epee = + ee, Vaz + by Vag + by the upper sign giving the bisector of the angle in which the origin lies. 85. Ex. Find the equations to the bisectors of the angles between the straight lines Bx —4y+7=0 and 12¢—5y-8=0. Writing the equations so that their constant terms are both positive they are 3e—4y+7=0 and -12r+5y +8=0.60 COORDINATE GEOMETRY. ‘The equation to the bisector of the angle in which the origin lies is therefore N12+5 ” te. 18 (8 — 4y +7) =5 (— 1204 5y +8), ie. 992 -77y +51=0. ‘The equation to the other bisector is Ba-dy+7_— -12: NEE 129452 18 (80 —4y +7) +5 (—120+5y+8)=0, Dee + 2Ty —131=0. 86. It will be found useful in a later chapter to have the equation to a straight line, which passes through a given point and makes a givencangle @ with a given line, in a form different from that of Art. 62. Let A be the given point (I, &) and LAL a straight line through it inclined at an angle 6 to the axis of x. Take any point P, whose coordinates are («, y), lying on this line, and let the distance AP ber. Draw PM perpendicular to the axis of « and AW perpendicular to PM. Then a—-h=AWN= AP cos0=r cos 8, by +8 and y—k= NP = AP sin 0=rsin 6. x-h_ y-k He = = (1). - c080 ~ sind =" () This being the relation holding between the coordinates of any point P on the line is the equation required, Cor. From (1) we have w=h+rcos6 and y=k+rsind, The coordinates of any point on the given line are therefore h+rcos@ and k+rsin6. 87. Lo find the length of the straight line drawn through a given point in a given direction to meet a given straight line.EXAMPLES. 61 Let the given straight line be Aa + By + 0= Over Lot the given point A be (h, &) and the given direction one making an angle @ with the axis of «. Let the line drawn through A meot the straight line (1) in P and let AP be 7. By the corollary to the last article the coordinates of P are h+rcos@ and k+rsin 6. Since these coordinates satisfy (1) we have A(h+7r cos 6) + B(k+rsin6)+0=0. Ah+ Bk+C °=—Feos0a Bano (2), giving the length AP which is required. Cor. From the preceding may be deduced the length of the perpendicular drawn from (h, k) upon (1). For the “m” of the straight line drawn through A is tan @ and the “m” of (1) is — 5. This straight line is perpendicular to (1) if A tan 0x (-5)=—1, ie, if ton d=4, cos 6 _ sin sue 1 so that LB ae and hence At+ B? Acos 0+ Bsin 0= = NB. VAl + B Substituting this value in (2) we have the magnitude of the required perpendicular. EXAMPLES. VIII. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the straight lines whose equations are 1, 2a 8y4+5=0 and Ta+4y=3.62 COORDINATE GEOMETRY, (Exs, eye ove Q Z4Fa1 and [4+ 0=1, mye my" a 8. yame tt and y 4, «cos ¢,+y sin ¢,=a4 and « cos $.+y sin p.=a. Two straight lines cut the axis of x at distances a and —aand the axis of y at distances b and b’ respectively ; find the coordinates of their point of intersection. 6. Find the distance of the point of intersection of the two straight lines 2x —By+5=0 and 8x+4y=0 from the straight line Ba—2y=0, 7. Show that the perpendicular from the origin upon the straight line joining the points (acosa, asin a) and (a cos 8, asin 8) bisects the distance between them. 8, Find the equations of the two straight lines drawn through the point (0, a) on which the perpendiculars let fall from the point (2a, 2a) are each of length a. Prove also that the equation of the straight line j of these perpendiculars is y+2e=5a. ing the feet 9. Find the point of intersection and the inclination of the two lines Av+By=A+B and A(w-y)+B(c+y)=2B. 10, Find the coordinates of the point in which the line 2y - 82+7=0 meets the line joining the two points (6, -2) and (~8, 7). Find also the angle between them. 11, Find the coordinates of the feet of the perpendiculars let fall fromthe point (5, 0) upon the sides of the triangle formed by joining the three points (4, 8), (~4, 8), and (0; —5); prove also that the points so determined lie on a straight line. 12. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the straight lines Qn By=1 and 5y-«=3, and determine also the angle at which they cut one another. 13, Find the angle between the two lines Bct+y+12=0 and #+2y-1=0. Find also the coordinates of their point of intersection and the equations of lines drawn perpendicular to them from the point GB, -VOL] EXAMPLES, 63 Prove that the points whose coordinates are respectively & i (1, -1), and (11, 4) lie on a straight line, and find its intercepts m the axes, Prove that the following sets of three lines meet in a point. 15, 2e-8y=7, 3e-4y=13, and 8a -1ly=33. 16. 3r+4y+6=0, 6e-+5y+9=0, and 3¢+3y+5=0. =1, and y=e. 18, Prove that the three straight lines whose equations are Lx —18y +1=0, 12¢+10y-3=0, and 6x +66y-11=0 all meet in a point, Shew also that the third line bisects the angle between the other two. 19, Find the conditions that the straight lines YRMo+a, Y=mgct dg, and y=Mgr+ as may meet in a point. Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of the triangles whose angular points are 20. (0,0), (2, -1), and (-1, 3). 21, (1,0), (2 4), and (- 5, -2). 22, In any triangle ABC, prove that (1) the biseotors of the angles 4, B, and C meet in a point, (2) the medians, i.e, the lines joining each vertex to the middle point of the opposite side, meet in a point, and (8) the straight lines through’ the middle points of the sides perpendicular to the sides mect in a point. Find the equation to the straight line passing through 23, the point (3, 2) and the point of intersection of the lines Qe +8y=1 and Bx—dy=6, 24, the point (2, —9) and the intersection of the lines 2a-+5y-8=0 and 3x -4y=35, 25, the origin and the point of intersection of x-y—4=0 and Te+y+20=0, proving that it bisects the angle between them, 26. the origin and i point of intersection of the lines +4 ¥ +5= =1 and > tbat. 27, the point (a, ye and the intersection of the same two lines. 28, the intersection of the lines 2 2y-a=0 and «-+3y-2a=064 COORDINATE GEOMETRY. [Exs. and parallel to the straight line 3a-+4y=0. 29, the intersection of the lines e42y+3=0 and 8e+4y4+7=0 and perpendicular to the straight line y-e=8. 80, the intersection of the lines 8x ~4y +1=0 and 5e-+y-1=0 and cutting off equal intercepts from the axes. 31, the intersection of the lines Qn 8y=10 and x-+2y=6 and the intersection of the lines 16x ~ 10y=33 and 120-+14y+29=0. 32, If through the angular points of a triangle straight lines be drawn parallel to the sides, and if the intersections of these lines be joined to the opposite angular points of the triangle, shew that the joining lines so obtained will mect in a point. 33, Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the point of intersection of the straight lines Ac+By+C=0 and A’e+Bly+C'=0 and (1) passing through the origin, (2) parallel to the axis of y, (8) cutting off a given distance a from the axis of y, and (4) passing through a given point (2', y'). 34, Prove that the diagonals of the parallelogram formed by the four straight lines N3a+y=0, /3y+e=0, J/Be-+y=1, and J3yte=1 are at right angles to one another. 85, Prove the same property for the parallelogram whose sides are . @ Ys Yay, & atgnh ptath 36, One side of a square is inolined to the axis of « at an angle a and one of its extremities is at the origin; prove that the equations to its diagonals are y (cos a—sin a) =2 (sin +008 a) and y (sin a-+c0s a) +2 (cos a—sin a) =a. Find the equations to the straight lines bisecting the angles between the following pairs of straight lines, placing first the bisector of the angle in which the origin lies. 87, ct+yJ3=6+42,/3 and «-yr/i zy ey Yeo, , and 5 +H 6-2,/3.VIL] EXAMPLES. 65 38, 12e-+-5y-4=0 and 3x+4y+7=0. 39, 4a+3y-7=0 and 2404 Ty-31=0. 40, 2x-+y=4 and y+30=5. Find the equations to the bisectors of the internal angles of the triangles the equations of whose sides are respectively 42, 8u+4y=6, 12c-5y=3, and 4x-3y+12=0. 43, 38x+5y=15, e+y=4, and 2x +y=6, 44, Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the foot of the perpendicular from the point (h, ) upon the straight line 4Av+By+C=0 and bisecting the angles between the perpendicular and the given straight line, 45. Find the direction in which a straight line must be drawn through the point (1, 2), so that its point of intersection with the line x+y=4 may be at a distance },/6 from this point.CHAPTER V. THE STRAIGHT LINE (continued). POLAR EQUATIONS. OBLIQUE COORDINATES. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS. LOCI. 88. To find the general equation to « straight line in polar coordinates. Let p be the length of the perpendicular OY from the origin upon the straight line, and let this perpendicular make an angle a with the initial line, Let P be any point on the line and let its coordinates be 7 and 6. The equation required will then be the relation between 7, 8, p, and a. From the triangle OYP we have p=r cos YOP =rcos (a~ 6) =1 cos (9 =a). The required equation is therefore rc0s (8—a) =p. [On transforming to Cartesian coordinates this equation becomes the equation of Art. 53.] 89. To find the polar equation of the straight line joining the points whose coordinates are (r,, 6) and (1,5 63).THE STRAIGHT LINE, OBLIQUE COORDINATES. 67 Let A and B be the two given points and P any point on the line joining them whose coordinates are * and Then, since AAOB= A AOP + A POB, we have dr sin AOB=}ryrsin AOP + rr, sin POB, ie. ryrasin (0.—6,) =ryr sin (6 — 0,) + rr_sin (6,— 8), i sin (@~6,)_ sin (0-6) | sin (0,~9) r T, r OBLIQUE COORDINATES. \ 90. In the previous chapter we took the axes to be rectangular, In the great majority of cases rectangular axes are employed, but in some cases oblique axes may be used with advantage. In the following articles we shall consider the proposi- tions in which the results for oblique axes are different from those for rectangular axes. The propositions of Arts. 50 and 62 are true for oblique, as well as rectangular, coordinates, 91. To find the equation to a straight line referred to aces inclined at an angle w. Let LPL’ be a straight line which cuts the axis of Y at a distance c from the origin and is inclined at an angle 6 to the axis of a. Let P be any point on the straight line. Draw PNM parallel to the axis of y to meet OX in M, and let it meet the straight line through C parallel to the axis of a: in the point W. Let P be the point («, y), so that CN=O0M=a, and NP=MP-OC=y-c¢.