Urinary calcium is enhanced if there is phosphate deprivation.

Ingested phosphate is absorbed in the

jejunum and the remaining excreted mostly as insoluble calcium compounds. Absorption is increased in
association with low dietary calcium.

+3 or +4 sulkowitch test results indicate hypercalcemia, seen in patients with calcium stones. They have
calciuria due to increased calcium in urine.

Phosphates cause false (+) results in Esbach’s method since it also precipitates like calcium. To resolve
phosphate interference, acetic acid is added to dissolve it.

A 24-hour urine specimen, acidified with 6M HCl is the specimen of choice for Albumin-Calcium tests.

Upon addition of Ehrilch-Aldehyde reagent, a positive result may show maybe due to both urobilinogen
or porphobilinogen, for both with react with the E-A reagent forming a cherry red complex.

Sodium acetate intensifies the color of aldehyde and prevents color of indole and skatole to be formed.

Reagent strip method may be used to specifically detect urobilinogen in urine. The principle of this
method incorporated an azo-coupling (diazo) reaction using I CANT READ THIS PART

Bilirubin acted upon bacterial enzymes form urobilinogen. Increased bilirubin means increased
urobilinogen. If bilirubin is absent in the GUT, like in complete obstructive jaundice, urobilinogen would
also be absent. So, both would serve as early detection of liver disease, hemolytic anemia, and hepatic
cirrhosis.