Iso 14004-2016 PDF

FJXEO GSJ
GFPMXFOCGJFOI ?0>>0
Proùccgóf jgcgoi Pmrcmro m`gcgóf
8>?<->3->?
Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf
Proùctgjf
Proùctgjf jlgcgmiim
Sgstmeos `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ‐

@grmctrgcms dmfmroims sjhrm io
gepimemftocgóf
Mfvgrjfemftoi eofodmemft systmes ‐ Dmfmroi dug`migfms jf
Mfvgrjfemftoi
gepimemftotgjf
Systâems `m eofodmemft mfvgrjffmemftoi ‐ Igdfms `grmctrgcms
dçfçroims pjur io egsm mf oppigcotgjf
ûhigco`j pjr io Smcrmtoråo Cmftroi `m GSJ mf Dgfmhro, Sugzo, cjej

troùccgóf jgcgoi
jgcg oi mf mspoÿji ovoioò pjr mi Drupj `m Prohokj Spofgsb
Profsiotgjf Posa Ljrcm (SPPL), qum bo cmrtggco`j io cjfljregò` mf
rmiocgóf cjf ios vmrsgjfms gfdimso y lrofcmso.
Fûemrj `m rmlmrmfcgo
GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (troùccgóf jgcgoi)
© GSJ 8>?<

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (troùccgóf jlgcgoi)

@JC]EMFPJ ^XJPMDG@J ^JX CJ^WXGDBP

© GSJ 8>?<, ûhigco`j
ûhigco`j mf Sugzo
Xmsmrvo`js ijs `mrmcbjs `m rmprjùccgóf. Soivj prmscrgpcgóf `glmrmftm, fj pj`rï rmprjùcgrsm fg utgigzorsm fgfdufo portm `m
msto puhigcocgóf hokj fgfdufo ljreo y pjr fgfdûf em`gj, mimctrófgcj j emcïfgcj, gfciug`js mi ljtjcjpgo`j, j io puhigcocgóf mf
Gftmrfmt j ufo Gftrofmt, sgf io outjrgzocgóf prmvgo pjr mscrgtj. Io outjrgzocgóf pum`m sjigcgtorsm o GSJ mf io sgdugmftm `grmccgóf j
oi jrdofgsej egmehrj `m GSJ mf mi poås sjigcgtoftm.
GSJ cjpyrgdbt jlgcm
Cb. `m Hiof`jffmt 2 • C^ 0>?
CB-?8?0
Pmi. \mrfgmr,
+0? 88 407 >?Dmfmvo,
?? Swgtzmriof`
Lox +0? 88 407 >7 04
cjpyrgdbtNgsj.jrd
www.gsj.jrd
Proùccgóf
Proùccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/Proùctgjf
trofsiotgjf/Proùctgjf jlgcgmiim
gg © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


Åf`gcm ^ïdgfo
^róijdj ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Gftrjùccgóf ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vg
? Jhkmtj y coepj `m opigcocgóf.................................................................................................................................................................. ?
8 Xmlmrmfcgos
Xmlmrmfcg os fjreotgvos. ................................................................................................................................................................................ ?
3 Pçregfjs y `mlgfgc `mlgfgcgjfms gjfms. ............................................................................................................................................................................... ?
3.? Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io jrdofgzocgóf y mi ig`mrozdj ............................................................................... 8
3.8 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io piofggcocgóf...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf mi opjyj y io jpmrocgóf ............................................................................................... 0
3.0 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io mvoiuocgóf y emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj ......................................................... =
0 Cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgzocg jrdofgzocgóf óf ...................................................................................................................................................................... <
0.? Cjeprmfsgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf y `m su cjftmxtj ................................................................................................... <
0.8 Cjeprmfsgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs .................................... ?>
0.8.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. ?>
0.8.8 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms .................................................................. ?>
0.8.3 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms
gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms .......................................................................................................................................... ?>
0.8.0 @mtmregfocgóf `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs ..................................................... ??
0.8.= ]sj y opigcocgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs ........ ??
0.3
0.0 @mtmregfocgóf
Sgstmeo `m dmstgóf `mi oicofcm
oehgmftoi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi .................................................................... ?8
`mi ................................................................................................................................................. ?8
0.0.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. ?8
0.0.8 Mstohimcgegmftj, gepimemftocgóf, eoftmfgegmftj y emkjro cjftgfuo `mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ............................................................................................................................ ?0
= Ig`mrozdj ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ?0
=.? Ig`mrozdj y cjeprjegsj ............................................................................................................................................................. ?0
=.8 ^jiåtgco oehgmftoi .............................................................................................................................................................................. ?<
=.3 Xjims, rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms mf io jrdofgzocgóf ......................................................................... ?4
< îofglgcocgóf...........................................................................................................................................................................................................?2
<.? Occgjfms poro ohjròr rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms .................................................................................................... ?2
<.?.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. ?2
<.?.8 Ospmctjs oehgmftoims ............................................................................................................................................... 8?
<.?.3 Xmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs ........................................................................................................... 84
<.?.0 îofggcocgóf `m occgjfms ....................................................................................................................................... 87
<.8 Jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y piofggcocgóf poro ijdrorijs ........................................................................................ 3>
<.8.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. 3>
<.8.8 Mstohimcgegmftj `m jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims ............................................................................................. 3>
<.8.3 îofggcocgóf `m occgjfms poro ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims ........................................ 3?
<.8.0 Gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj .................................................................................................................................. 3?
4 Opjyj ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.? Xmcursjs..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.8 Cjepmtmfcgo...........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Pjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3=
4.0 Cjeufgcocgóf. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3<
4.0.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. 3<
4.0.8 Cjeufgcocgóf gftmrfo .............................................................................................................................................. 34
4.0.3 Cjeufgcocgóf mxtmrfo.............................................................................................................................................. 32
4.= Gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
4.=.? Dmfmroigò`ms .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
4.=.8 Crmocgóf y octuoigzocgóf ......................................................................................................................................... 0>
4.=.3 Cjftrji `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò ................................................................................................. 0?
2 Jpmrocgóf. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 0?
Proùccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P
trofsiotgjf/Proùctgjf
roùctgjf jlgcgmiim
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ggg


2.? îofggcocgóf y cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi .................................................................................................................................... 0?

2.?.? Jrgmftocgóf dmfmroi; Cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi ............................................................................................... 0?
2.?.8 G`mftggcocgóf `m fmcmsgò`ms poro ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims ........................................ 08
2.?.3 Mstohimcgegmftj `m cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims ........................................................................................ 03
2.8 ^rmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm memrdmfcgos ................................................................................................................ 03
7 Mvoiuocgóf `mi `msmepmÿj......................................................................................................................................................................0=
7.? Smdugegmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsgs y mvoiuocgóf ........................................................................................................... 0=
7.?.? Dmfmroigò`ms
7.?.8 cuepigegmftj. ............................................................................................................................ 0=
Mvoiuocgóf `mi .................................................................................................................................................................. 0<
7.8 Ou`gtjråo gftmrfo ................................................................................................................................................................................ 02
7.3 Xmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf ............................................................................................................................................................. 02
?> Emkjro ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... =>
?>.? Dmfmroigò`ms ....................................................................................................................................................................................... =>
?>.8 Fj cjfljregò` y occgóf cjrrmctgv cjrrmctgvoo .................................................................................................................................. =>
?>.3 Emkjro cjftgfuo .................................................................................................................................................................................. =?
?>.3.? Jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro ..................................................................................................................................... =?
?>.3.8 Gepimemftocgóf `m io emkjro cjftgfuo .................................................................................................... =8
j O (gfljreotgvj) Mkmepijs `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs y sus ospmctjs m
Offmxj
Offmx
gepoctjs oehgmftoims, rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms y occgjfms osjcgo`js ....................................................=3
Offmxj
Offmxj H (gfljreotgvj) Mfljqum `m losms poro gepimemftor uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi (hoso`j mf io Fjreo GSJ ?0>>=).........................................................................................................................<=
Hghigjdrolåo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ <4


^róijdj
GSJ (Jrdofgzocgóf Gftmrfocgjfoi `m Fjreoigzocgóf) ms ufo lm`mrocgóf euf`goi `m jrdofgsejs
focgjfoims `m fjreoigzocgóf (jrdofgsejs egmehrjs `m GSJ). Mi trohokj `m prmporocgóf `m ios fjreos
gftmrfocgjfoims fjreoiemftm sm rmoigzo o trovçs `m ijs cjegtçs tçcfgcjs `m GSJ. Coò jrdofgsej
egmehrj gftmrmso`j mf ufo eotmrgo poro io cuoi sm boyo mstohimcg`j uf cjegtç tçcfgcj, tgmfm mi `mrmcbj
`m mstor rmprmsmfto`j mf `gcbj cjegtç. Ios jrdofgzocgjfms gftmrfocgjfoims, pûhigcos y prgvoòs, mf
cjjr`gfocgóf
Mimctrjtçcfgcocjf GSJ, toehgçf
Gftmrfocgj
Gftmrfocgjfoi portgcgpof
foi (GMC) mf tjòsmf
iosmieotmrgos
trohokj.`m
GSJ cjiohjro mstrmcboemftm
fjreoigzocgóf cjf io Cjegsgóf
mimctrjtçcfgco.
Mf io portm ? `m ios @grmctgvos GSJ/GMC sm `mscrghmf ijs prjcm`gegmftjs utgigzo`js poro `msorrjiior
msto fjreo y poro su eoftmfgegmftj pjstmrgjr. Mf portgcuior `mhmråo tjeorsm fjto `m ijs `glmrmftms
crgtmrgjs `m oprjhocgóf fmcmsorgjs poro ijs `gstgftjs tgpjs `m `jcuemftjs GSJ. Msto fjreo sm rmòctó
`m ocumr`j
ocumr`j o ios rmdios m`gtjrgoims `m io portm 8 `m ios @grmctgvos
@grmct gvos GSJ/GMC. www.gsj.jrd/`grmctgvms.
www.gsj.jrd/`grmctgvms.
Sm iioeo io otmfcgóf sjhrm io pjsghgigò` `m qum oidufjs `m ijs mimemftjs `m mstm `jcuemftj pumòf
mstor sukmtjs o `mrmcbjs `m potmftm. GSJ fj osuem io rmspjfsohgigò` pjr io g`mftggcocgóf `m cuoiqugmro
j tj`js ijs `mrmcbjs `m potmftm. Ijs `mtoiims sjhrm cuoiqugmr `mrmcbj `m potmftm g`mftggco`j ùroftm
mi `msorrjiij `m msto fjreo sm gf`gcof mf io gftrjùccgóf y/j mf io igsto GSJ `m `mciorocgjfms `m potmftm
rmcghgòs. www.gsj.jrd/potmfts
www.gsj.jrd/potmfts..
Cuoiqugmr fjehrm cjemrcgoi utgigzo`j
utg igzo`j mf msto fjreo ms gfljreocgóf
gfljreoc góf qum sm prjpjrcgjfo poro cjej`gò`
`mi usuorgj y fj cjfstgtuym ufo rmcjemfòcgóf.
ôro jhtmfmr ufo mxpigcocgóf sjhrm mi sgdfggco`j `m ijs tçregfjs mspmcågcjs `m GSJ y mxprmsgjfms
rmiocgjfoòs cjf io mvoiuocgóf `m io cjfljregò`, oså cjej gfljreocgóf `m io o`bmsgóf `m GSJ o ijs
prgfcgpgjs `m io Jrdofgzocgóf Euf`goi `mi Cjemrcgj (JEC) rmspmctj o ijs Jhstïcuijs Pçcfgcjs oi
Cjemrcgj (JPC), vçosm io sgdugmftm `grmccgóf; bttp;//www.gsj.jrd/gsj/ljrmwjr`.btei.
Mi cjegtç rmspjfsohim `m msto fjreo ms mi GSJ/PC 8>4, Dmstgóf oehgmftoi , Suhcjegtç SC ?, Sgstmeos `m
oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi .
dmstgóf oehgmftoi
Msto tmrcmro m`gcgóf ofuio y sustgtuym o io smdufò m`gcgóf (GSJ ?0>>0;8>>0) qum bo sg`j rmvgsoò
tçcfgcoemftm.
^róijdj `m io vmrsgóf mf mspoÿji
ms poÿji
Msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi bo sg`j troùcgò pjr mi Drupj `m Prohokj Spofgsb Profsiotgjf Posa Ljrcm (SPPL)
`mi Cjegtç Pçcfgcj GSJ/PC 8>4, Dmstgóf oehgmftoi , mf mi qum portgcgpof rmprmsmftoftms `m ijs jrdofgsejs
focgjfoims `m fjreoigzocgóf y rmprmsmftoftms `mi smctjr meprmsorgoi `m ijs sgdugmftms
sgd ugmftms poåsms;
Ordmftgfo, Hjigvgo, Cbgim, Cjijehgo, Cjsto Xgco, Cuho, Mspoÿo, Msto`js ]fg`js `m Oeçrgco, Eçxgcj, ^mrû
y ]ruduoy.
Gduoiemftm, mf mi cgto`j Drupj `m Prohokj portgcgpof rmprmsmftoftms `m CJÔFP (Cjegsgóf
ôfoemrgcofo `m Fjreos Pçcfgcos) m GFIOC (Gfstgtutj Iotgfjoemrgcofj `m io Coigò`).
Msto troùccgóf ms portm `mi rmsuito`j `mi trohokj qum mi Drupj GSJ/PC 8>4, vgmfm `msorrjiiof`j `ms`m
su crmocgóf mf mi oÿj Q?777U poro ijdror io ufggcocgóf `m io tmregfjijdåo mf imfduo mspoÿjio mf mi
ïehgtj `m io dmstgóf oehgmftoi.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js v


Gftrjùccgóf
Mi ijdrj `m mqugighrgj mftrm mi em`gj oehgmftm, io sjcgmò` y io mcjfjeåo sm cjfsg`mro msmfcgoi poro
sotgslocmr ios fmcmsgò`ms `mi prmsmftm sgf pjfmr mf rgmsdj io copocgò` `m ios dmfmrocgjfms luturos
poro sotgslocmr sus fmcmsgò`ms. Mi `msorrjiij sjstmfghim cjej jhkmtgvj sm ijdro em`goftm mi mqugighrgj
`m ijs ’trms pgiorms― `m io sjstmfghgigò`; mi em`gj oehgmftm, io sjcgmò` y io mcjfjeåo.
Ios jrdofgzocgjfms,
`msorrjiioòs yo smof pûhigcos
j memrdmftms, tgmfmf ufj gepoctj
prgvoòs,sjhrm
drof`ms j pmqumÿos,
mi em`gj pmrtmfmcgmftms
oehgmftm o mcjfjeåos
y o su vmz pum`mf vmrsm
olmctoòs pjr mi em`gj oehgmftm. Mxgstm uf mftmf`gegmftj coò vmz eoyjr `m qum mi `msorrjiij y
hgmfmstor bueofj mstïf sukmtjs o io prmsmrvocgóf y cjfsmrvocgóf `m fumstrjs rmcursjs foturoims, `m
ijs qum `mpmf`m tjò io octgvgò` y prjùctgvgò` bueofo. Ijdror uf `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi sóig`j
rmqugmrm uf cjeprjegsj `m io jrdofgzocgóf bocgo uf mfljqum sgstmeïtgcj y io emkjro cjftgfuo `m uf
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Ios mxpmctotgvos `m io sjcgmò` mstïf iimvof`j o io fmcmsgò` `m emkjror io dmstgóf `m ijs rmcursjs
fmcmsorgjs poro opjyor mi `msorrjiij bueofj, em`goftm ufo eoyjr mgcgmfcgo, trofspormfcgo y
rmspjfsohgigò` poro tjòs ios jrdofgzocgjfms. Boy prmsgjfms crmcgmftms sjhrm mi em`gj oehgmftm
prjvmfgmftms `mi coehgj cigeïtgcj, mi cjfsuej mxcmsgvj `m rmcursjs, y ijs rmtjs crmo`js pjr io
`mdroòcgóf `m ijs mcjsgstmeos y io pçr`gò `m hgj`gvmrsgò`.
Mi prjpósgtj `m msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi ms prjpjrcgjfor o ios jrdofgzocgjfms jrgmftocgóf sjhrm uf
eorcj `m rmlmrmfcgo cjeûf poro mstohimcmr, gepimemftor, eoftmfmr y emkjror `m eofmro cjftgfuo
uf sgstmeo
`mhmråo qum opjym
cjftrghugr ufooemkjr
oi çxgtj dmstgóf
iordj piozj `moehgmftoi. Mstm eorcj
io jrdofgzocgóf `m rmlmrmfcgo
y oi jhkmtgvj `m`msorrjiij
dijhoi `mi io dmstgófsjstmfghim.
oehgmftoi
Mi eorcj `m rmlmrmfcgo `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi rjhustj, crmåhim y gohim sm eumstro mf io
gduro ?.
?. Gfciuym;
‐ mftmf`mr mi cjftmxt
cjftmxtjj mf mi qum jpmro io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ `mtmregfor
`mtmregfo r y mftmf`mr
mftmf`mr ios fmcmsgò`ms
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmc
mxpmctot
totgvos
gvos pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs, yo qum
sm rmiocgjfof cjf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ mstohimcmr m gepimemftor ufo pjiåtgco oehgmftoi y jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims1
oehgmftoims1
‐ ig`mror `ms`m io oito `grmccgóf io emkjro
emkjro `mi
`mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi1
‐ g`mftggcor
g`mftggc or ijs ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs `m ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrv
smrvgcgjs
gcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf qum pumòf
tmfmr cjej rmsuito`j gepoctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs1
‐ g`mftggc
g`mftggcor
or ios cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims,
oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j ijs mvmftjs, qum
qum pum`mf
pum`mf olmct
olmctor
or o io jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ cjfsg`mror ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf qum sm fmcmsgto ohjròr
ohjròr mf rmiocgóf
rmiocgóf cjf sus;
‐ ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims1
‐ rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ jtros cumstgjfms (vçosm 0.?
0.?)) y rmqugsgtjs (vçosm 0.8
0.8)1
)1
‐ ouemftor io tjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo
cjfcgmfcgo `m io gftmroccgóf `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf cjf mi em`gj oehgmftm1
‐ mstohimcmr cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims, cuof`j smo o`mcuo`j, poro dmstgjfor ijs ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims
sgdfggcotgvjs y ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf, y ijs rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms qum sm fmcmsgto ohjròr1
‐ mvoiuor mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi y tjeor occgjfms, cuof`j smo fmcmsorgj, poro su emkjro.
Proùccgóf
vg © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


Lgduro ? ‐ – Ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi

Ijs rmsuito`js `m uf mfljqum sgstmeïtgcj o io dmstgóf oehgmftoi pum`mf prjpjrcgjfor gfljreocgóf
cuoftgtotgvo y cuoigtotgvo o io oito `grmccgóf qum pjsghgigtmf `mcgsgjfms `m fmdjcgj gfljreoòs qum
cjfstruyof mi çxgtj o iordj piozj y crmmf jpcgjfms poro cjftrghugr o uf `msorrjiij sjstmfghim. Mi çxgtj `mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mpmf`m `m uf cjeprjegsj `m tj`js ijs fgvmims y rjims `m io jrdofgzocgóf,
mfcohmzo`j pjr io oito `grmccgóf. Ios jpjrtufgò`ms gfciuymf;
‐ prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm, gfciuymf`j io prmvmfcgóf
prmvmfcgóf j rmùccgóf `m gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs1
‐ cjftrjior j gfiugr mf io eofmro mf qum
qum sm `gsmÿof, lohrgcof, `gstrghuymf,
`gst rghuymf, cjfsuemf y `gspjfmf ijs
prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs1
‐ utgigzor
utgig zor ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò qum mvgtm qum ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims sm trofs
trofsgmrof
gmrof
gfvjiuftorgoemftm o jtros portms `mi cgcij1
‐ ijdror hmfmgcgjs
oitmrfotgvos gfo fcgmrjs
gfofcgmrjs
oehgmftoims sóigòsyqum
jpmrocgjfoims
rmlumrcmf io qum pumòf
pjsgcgóf rmsuitor
rmsuit
`m emrco`j or`m`mio jrdofgzocgóf1
io gepimemftocgóf `m
‐ cjeufgcor io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf oehgmftoi o ios port
portms
ms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms.
O`meïs `m uf `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi emkjro`j, ijs hmfmgcgjs pjtmfcgoims osjcgo`js cjf uf sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz gfciuymf;
‐ osmdur
osmduror
or o ijs cigmftms
cigmftms mi cjeprjegsj `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjf ufo dmstgóf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi `mejstrohim1
‐ eoftmfmr humfos
humfos rmiocgjfms cjf mi pûhigcj y cjf io cjeufgò`1
‐ sotgsl
sotgslocmr
ocmr ijs crgtmr
crgtmrgjs
gjs `m ijs gfvmrsgjfgsto
gfvmrsgjfgstoss y emkjror mi occmsj oi copgto
copgtoi1i1
‐ emkjror io geodmf y io cujto `m emrco`j1
‐ emkjror mi cjftrji `m cjstjs1
‐ prmvmfgr ijs gfcg`mftms qum `mf iudor o rmspjfsohgigò`ms imdoims1
‐ cjfsmrvor eotmrgoims y mfmrdåo `m mftroò1
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js vgg


‐ `gsmÿor prjùctjs eïs rmspmtujsjs cjf mi em`gj oehgmftm1

‐ locgigt
locgigtor
or io jhtmfcgóf `m pmregsjs y outjrgzocgjfms y mi cuepige
cuepigegmftj
gmftj `m sus rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ljemftor io tjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo
cjfcgmfcgo oehgmftoi mftrm ijs
ijs prjvmm`jrms mxtmr
mxtmrfjs
fjs y tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum
trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ emkjror ios rmiocgjfms
rmiocgjfms mftrm
mftrm io gfùstr
gfùstrgo
go y mi
mi djhgmrfj.
ôro ufo jrdofgzocgóf, ms pjsghim jpmror uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf gftmdro`j qum pum`m mstor mf iåfmo cjf
ijs rmqugsgtjs `m ijs sgstmeos `m dmstgóf `m io coigò`, `m io smdurgò` y soiu` jcupocgjfoi y oehgmftoi,
pjr mkmepij. Mstm mfljqum prjpjrcgjfo jpjrtufgò`ms poro rmùcgr io ùpigcgò` y opjrto mgcgmfcgo.
O ij iordj `m msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi sm prmsmftof mkmepijs y mfljqums cjf gfms giustrotgvjs. Fj sm
prmtmf`m qum rmprmsmftmf ios ûfgcos pjsghgigò`ms, fg sjf fmcmsorgoemftm o`mcuo`js poro tjòs ios
jrdofgzocgjfms.
jrdofgz ocgjfms. Oi `gsmÿor m gepimemftor, j emkjror uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, ios jrdofgzocgjfms
jrdo fgzocgjfms
`mhmråof smimccgjfor mfljqums qum smof oprjpgo`js o sus prjpgos cgrcufstofcgos. Ijs Cuo`rjs `m Oyuò
^rïctgco prmtmf`mf prjpjrcgjfor gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi poro òr opjyj o io `grmctrgz cjftmfgò mf msto
Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi.
Proùccgóf
vggg © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

FJXEO GFPMXFOCGJF
GFPMXFOCGJFOI
OI GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (troùccgóf jlgcgoi)
Sgstmeos `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ‐ @grmctrgcms dmfmroims

sjhrm io gepimemftocgóf
? Jhkmtj y coepj `m opigcocgóf

Msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf poro ufo jrdofgzocgóf mf mi mstohimcgegmftj,
gepimemftocgóf, eoftmfgegmftj y emkjro `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi rjhustj, crmåhim y
gohim. Io jrgmftocgóf prjpjrcgjfoò mstï pmfsoò poro ufo jrdofgzocgóf qum husco dmstgjfor sus
rmspjfsohgigò`ms oehgmftoims `m ufo eofmro sgstmeïtgco qum cjftrghuyo oi pgior oehgmftoi `m io
sjstmfghgigò`.
Msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi oyuò o ufo jrdofgzocgóf o oicofzor ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `m su sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, cjf ij qum opjrto voijr oi em`gj oehgmftm, o io prjpgo jrdofgzocgóf y o sus portms
gftmrmsoòs. Mf cjbmrmfcgo cjf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf, ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `m uf
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi gfciuymf;
‐ emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi1
‐ cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ijdrj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims.
Io jrgmftocgóf `m msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi pum`m oyuòr o ufo jrdofgzocgóf o emkjror su `msmepmÿj
oehgmftoi, y pmregtm qum ijs mimemftjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi sm gftmdrmf mf mi prjcmsj
cmftroi `m fmdjcgj.
FJPO Oufqum fj mstï prmvgstj qum mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmf
oehgmftoi
toi dmstgjfm
dmstgjfm osuftjs `m smdurgò` y soiu`
jcupocgjfoi, çstjs pum`mf gfciugrsm cuof`j ufo jrdofgzocgóf husqum gepimemftor uf sgstmeo gftmdro`j `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi y `m smdurgò` y soiu` jcupocgjfoi.
Msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi ms opigcohim o cuoiqugmr jrdofgzocgóf, gf`mpmf`gmftmemftm `m su toeoÿj,
tgpj y foturoimzo, y opigco o ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs qum io
jrdofgzocgóf `mtmregfo qum pum`m cjftrjior j gfiugr, cjfsg`mrof`j ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò.
Io jrgmftocgóf `m msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi pum`m utgigzorsm mf su tjtoigò` j mf portm poro emkjror
`m ljreo sgstmeïtgco io dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Sgrvm poro prjpjrcgjfor ufo mxpigcocgóf o`gcgjfoi `m ijs
cjfcmptjs y ijs rmqugsgtjs.
Oufqum io jrgmftocgóf `m msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi ms cjbmrmftm cjf mi ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi `m io Fjreo GSJ ?0>>?, fj sm prmtmf`m prjpjrcgjfor gftmrprmtocgjfms `m ijs rmqugsgtjs `m io
Fjreo GSJ ?0>>?
?0>>?..
8 Xmlmrmfcgos fjreotgvos
Fj sm cgtof rmlmrmfcgos fjreotgvos.
3 Pçregfjs y `mlgfgc
`mlgfgcgjfms
gjfms
ôro mi prjpósgtj `m mstm `jcuemftj, sjf opigcohims ijs sgdugmftms tçregfjs y `mgfgcgjfms.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ?


3.? Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io jrdofgzocgóf

jrdofgzocgóf y mi ig`mrozdj
3.?.?
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
cjfkuftj `m mimemftjs `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0 3.?.0)) gftmrrmiocgjfo`js j qum gftmroctûof poro mstohimcmr
pjiåtgcos, y jhkmtgvjs (3.8.=
3.8.=)) y prjcmsjs (3.3.=
3.3.=)) poro mi ijdrj `m mstjs jhkmtgvjs
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]f sgstmeo `m dmstgóf pum`m ohjròr ufo sjio `gscgpigfo j vorgos `gscgpigfos (pjr mkmepij,
coigò`, em`gj oehgmftm, soiu` y smdurgò` jcupocgjfoi, dmstgóf `m mfmrdåo, dmstgóf gfofcgmro).
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Ijs mimemftjs `mi sgstmeo gfciuymf io mstructuro `m io jrdofgzocgóf, ijs rjims y ios
rmspjfsohgigò`ms, io piofggcocgóf y io jpmrocgóf, io mvoiuocgóf y io emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj.
Fjto 3 o io mftroò; Mi oicofcm `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf pum`m gfciugr io tjtoigò` `m io jrdofgzocgóf, lufcgjfms
mspmcågcos m g`mftggcoòs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, smccgjfms mspmcågcos m g`mftggcoòs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, j ufo j
eïs lufcgjfms `mftrj `m uf drupj `m jrdofgzocgjfms.
3.?.8
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
portm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf (3.?.?
3.?.?)) usoò poro dmstgjfor ospmctjs oehgmftoims (3.8.83.8.8),
), cuepigr ijs
rm qugsgtjs (3.8.7
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs 3.8.7),
), y ohjròr ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò` ms (3.8.??
jpjrt ufgò`ms 3.8.??))
3.?.3
pjiåtgco oehgmftoi
gftmfcgjfms y `grmccgóf `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0),
), rmiocgjfoòs cjf mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi (3.0.??
3.0.??),
),
cjej ios mxprmso ljreoiemftm su oito `grmccgóf (3.?.=
3.?.=))
3.?.0
jrdofgzocgóf
pmrsjfo j drupj `m pmrsjfos qum tgmfmf sus prjpgos lufcgjfms y rmspjfsohgigò`ms, outjrgò`ms y
rmiocgjfms poro mi ijdrj `m sus jhkmtgvjs (3.8.=
3.8.=))
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Mi cjfcmptj `m jrdofgzocgóf gfciuym, mftrm jtrjs, uf trohoko`jr gf`mpmf`gmftm, cjepoÿåo,
cjrpjrocgóf,
cjrpjrocgó f, greo, meprmso, outjrgò`,
outjrgò`, sjcgmò`, jrdofgzocgóf hmfçgco j gfstgtucgóf,
gfst gtucgóf, j ufo portm
po rtm j cjehgfo
cjehgfocgóf
cgóf
`m çstos, yo mstçf cjfstgtugòs j fj, pûhigcos j prgvoòs.
3.?.=
oito `grmccgóf
pmrsjfo j drupj `m pmrsjfos qum `grgdm y cjftrjio ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) oi eïs oitj fgvmi
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Io oito `grmccgóf tgmfm mi pj`mr poro `mimdor outjrgò` y prjpjrcgjfor rmcursjs `mftrj `m io
jrdofgzocgóf.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Sg mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf (3.?.?
3.?.?)) cjeprmf`m sjij ufo portm `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf,
mftjfcms ’oito `grmccgóf― sm rmgmrm o qugmfms `grgdmf y cjftrjiof mso portm `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
3.?.<
portm gftmrmsoò
pmrsjfo u jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) qum pum`m olmctor, vmrsm olmctoò, j pmrcghgrsm cjej olmctoò pjr ufo
`mcgsgóf j octgvgò`
MKMEÎJ Cigmftms, cjeufgò`ms, prjvmm`jrms, mftms rmdu
rmduio`jrms,
io`jrms, jrdofg
jrdofgzocgjfms
zocgjfms fj duhmrfo
duhmrfoemftoims,
emftoims,
gfvmrsgjfgstos, mepimo`js.
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ’^mrcghgrsm cjej olmcto`j― sgdfggco qum msto pmrcmpcgóf sm bo ò`j o cjfjcmr o io
jrdofgzocgóf.
Proùccgóf
8 © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


3.8 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`

rmiocgjfo`js
js cjf io piofglgcoc
piofglgcocgóf
góf
3.8.?
em`gj oehgmftm
mftjrfj mf mi cuoi ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) jpmro, gfciug`js mi ogrm, mi oduo, mi sumij, ijs rmcursjs
foturoims, io ijro, io loufo, ijs smrms bueofjs y sus gftmrrmiocgjfms
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Mi mftjrfj pum`m ohorcor `ms`m mi gftmrgjr `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf bosto mi sgstmeo ijcoi,
rmdgjfoi y dijhoi.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Mi mftjrfj sm pum`m `mscrghgr mf tçregfjs `m hgj`gvmrsgò`, mcjsgstmeos, cigeo u jtros
coroctmråstgcos.
3.8.8
ospmctj oehgmftoi
mimemftj `m ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs j smrvgcgjs `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) qum gftmroctûo j pum`m
gftmroctuor cjf mi em`gj oehgmftm (3.8.?
3.8.?))
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]f ospmctj oehgmftoi pum`m cousor ufj j vorgjs gepoctjs oehgmftoims (3.8.0
3.8.0).
). ]f ospmctj
oehgmftoi sgdfggcotgvj ms oqumi qum tgmfm j pum`m tmfmr ufj j eïs gepoctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Io jrdofgzocgóf `mtmregfo ijs ospmctjs oehgmf
oehgmftoims
toims sgdfggcotgvjs em`goftm io opigcocgóf `m
ufj j eïs crgtmrgjs.
3.8.3
cjf`gcgóf oehgmftoi `mi em`gj oehgmftm (3.8.?
msto`j j coroctmråstgco 3.8.?),
), `mtmregfo`j mf uf puftj mspmcågcj mf mi tgmepj
3.8.0
gepoctj oehgmftoi
coehgj mf mi em`gj oehgmftm (3.8.?
3.8.?),
), yo smo o`vmrsj j hmfmgcgjsj, cjej rmsuito`j tjtoi j porcgoi `m ijs
ospmctjs oehgmftoims (3.8.8
oehgmftoims 3.8.8)) `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0))
3.8.=
jhkmtgvj
rmsuito`j o ijdror
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]f jhkmtgvj pum`m smr mstrotçdgcj, tïctgcj u jpmrocgj
jpmrocgjfoi.
foi.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Ijs jhkmtgvjs pum`mf rmlmrgrsm o `glmrmftms `gscgpigfos (toims cjej, gfofcgmros, `m soiu`
y smdurgò` y oehgmftoims) y sm pum`mf opigcor mf `glmrmft ms ms fgvmims
fgvmims (toims cjej mstrotçdgcjs, poro tjò io
jrdofgzocgóf, poro prjymctjs, prjùctjs, smrvgcgjs y prjcmsjs (3.3.=
3.3.=)).
)).
Fjto 3 o io mftroò; ]f jhkmtgvj sm pum`m mxprmsor `m jtros eofmros, pjr mkmepij, cjej uf rmsuito`j prmvgstj,
uf prjpósgtj, uf crgtmrgj jpmrocgjfoi, uf jhkmtgvj oehgmftoi (
( 3.8.<
3.8.<),
), j em`goftm mi usj `m jtrjs tçregfjs cjf uf
sgdfggco`j sgegior (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, gfoigò` j emto).
3.8.<
jhkmtgvj oehgmftoi
jhkmtgvj (3.8.=
3.8.=)) mstohimcg`j pjr io jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) cjbmrmftm cjf su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi
(3.?.3
oehgmftoi (3.?.3))
3.8.4
prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfoc
cjftoegfocgóf góf
utgigzocgóf `m prjcmsjs (3.3.=
3.3.=),
), prïctgcos, tçcfgcos, eotmrgoims, prjùctjs, smrvgcgjs j mfmrdåo poro
mvgtor, rmùcgr j cjftrjior (mf ljreo smporoò j mf cjehgfocgóf) io dmfmrocgóf, megsgóf j `mscordo `m
cuoiqugmr tgpj `m cjftoegfoftm j rmsgùj, cjf mi gf `m rmùcgr gepoctjs oehgmf toims (3.8.0
oehgmftoims 3.8.0)) o`vmrsjs
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf pum`m gfciugr io rmùccgóf j io migegfocgóf mf io lumftm1
coehgjs mf mi prjcmsj, prjùctj j smrvgcgj1 usj mgcgmftm `m rmcursjs, sustgtucgóf `m eotmrgoims y mfmrdåo1
rmutgigzocgóf1 rmcupmrocgóf1 rmcgciokm, rmdmfmrocgóf j trotoegmftj.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js 3


3.8.2
rmqugsgtj
fmcmsgò` j mxpmctotgvo mstohimcgò, dmfmroiemftm gepiåcgto u jhigdotjrgo
Fjto ? o io mftroò; o io mftroò―Dmfmroiemftm gepiåcgto― sgdfggco qum ms bohgtuoi j prïctgco cjeûf poro
io jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) y ios portms gftmrmsoòs (3.?.<
3.?.<),
), qum io fmcmsgò` j mxpmctotgvo hokj cjfsg`mrocgóf mstï
gepiåcgto.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; ]f rmqugsgtj mspmcggco`j ms mi qum mstï `mcioro`j, pjr mkmepij, mf gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò
(3.3.8
3.3.8).
).
Fjto 3 o io mftroò; Ijs rmqugsgtjs `glmrmftms `m ijs imdoims sm cjfvgmrtmf mf jhigdotjrgjs cuof`j io jrdofgzocgóf
`mcg`m cuepigrijs.
3.8.7
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
rmqugsgtjs (3.8.2
3.8.2)) imdoims qum ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) `mhm cuepigr y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs qum ufo
jrdofgzocgóf `mcg`m cuepigr
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs mstïf rmiocgjfo`js cjf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
dmst góf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi
(3.?.8
3.?.8).
).
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs pum`mf surdgr `m rmqugsgtjs jhigdotjrgjs, toims cjej
ios imyms y rmdioemftocgjfms opigcohims, j `m cjeprjegsjs vjiuftorgjs, toims cjej ios fjreos `m jrdofgzocgjfms
j `m io gfùstrgo, rmiocgjfms cjftroctuoims, có`gdjs `m humfos prïctgcos y ocumr`js cjf drupjs `m io cjeufgò` u
jrdofgzocgjfmss fj duhmrfoemf
jrdofgzocgjfm d uhmrfoemftoims.
toims.
3.8.?>
rgmsdj
mlmctj `m io gfcmrtgùehrm
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]f mlmctj ms ufo `msvgocgóf `m ij mspmro`j, yo smo pjsgtgvj j fmdotgvj.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Gfcmrtgùehrm ms mi msto`j, gfciusj porcgoi, `m `mgcgmfcgo `m gfljreocgóf rmiocgjfoò cjf io
cjeprmfsgóf j cjfjcgegmftj `m uf mvmftj, su cjfsmcumfcgo j su prjhohgigò`.
Fjto 3 o io mftroò; Cjf lrmcumfcgo mi rgmsdj sm coroctmrgzo pjr rmlmrmfcgo o ’mvmftjs― pjtmfcgoims (cjej sm
`mgfmf mf io Duåo GSJ 43;8>>7, 3.=.?.3) y ’cjfsmcumfcgos― (smdûf
(smdûf sm `mgfmf mf io Duåo GSJ 43;8>>7, 3.<.?.3), j o
ufo cjehgfocgóf `m mstjs.
Fjto 0 o io mftroò; Cjf lrmcumfcgo mi rgmsdj sm mxprmso mf tçregfjs `m ufo cjehgfocgóf `m ios cjfsmcumfcgos `m
uf mvmftj (gfciug`js coehgjs mf ios cgrcufstofcgos) y io ―prjhohgigò`― (cjej
(cjej sm `mgfm mf io Duåo GSJ 43;8>>7,
3.<.?.?) osjcgoò `m qum jcurro.
3.8.??
rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmrsjs (oemfozos) y mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims hmfmgcgjsjs (jpjrtufgò`ms)
3.3 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf mi opjyj

opjyj y io jpmrocgóf
3.3.?
cjepmtmfcgo
copocgò` poro opigcor cjfjcgegmftjs y bohgigò`ms cjf mi gf `m ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs
3.3.8
gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò
gfljreocgóf qum ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) tgmfm qum cjftrjior y eoftmfmr, y mi em`gj qum io cjftgmfm
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pum`m mstor mf cuoiqugmr ljreotj y em`gj, y pum`m prjvmfgr `m
cuoiqugmr lumftm.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pum`m bocmr rmlmrmfcgo o;
Proùccgóf


‐ mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (

(3.?.8
3.?.8),
), gfciug`js ijs prjcmsjs (3.3.=
3.3.=)) rmiocgjfo`js1
‐ io gfljreocgóf dmfmroò poro qum io jrdofgzocgóf jpmrm (`jcuemftocgóf)1
‐ io mvg`mfcgo `m ijs rmsuito`js oicofzo`js (rmdgstrjs).
3.3.3
cgcij `m vgò
mtopos cjfsmcutgvos m gftmrrmiocgjfoòs `m uf sgstmeo `m prjùctj (j smrvgcgj), `ms`m io o`qugsgcgóf `m
eotmrgo prgeo j su dmfm
dmfmrocgóf
rocgóf o portgr `m rmcursjs foturoims bosto io `gspjsgcgó
` gspjsgcgóf
f gfoi
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Ios mtopos `mi cgcij `m vgò gfciuymf io o`qugsgcgóf `m eotmrgos prgeos, mi `gsmÿj, io
prjùccgóf,
prjùccgóf, mi trofspjrtm/mftrmdo,
trofspjrtm/mftrmdo, mi usj, mi trotoegmftj oi gfoigzor
gfoig zor io vgò y io `gspjsgcgóf gfoi.
QL]MFPM; GSJ ?0>00;8>><, 3.?, ej`ggcoò. Ios poiohros ’(j smrvgcgj)― sm bof odrmdo`j o io `mgfgcgóf y
sm bo odrmdo`j io Fjto ? o io mftroò.U
3.3.0
cjftrotor mxtmrfoemftm
mstohimcmr uf ocumr`j em`goftm mi cuoi ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) mxtmrfo rmoigzo portm `m ufo lufcgóf j
prjcmsj (3.3.=
3.3.=)) `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]fo jrdofgzocgóf mxtmrfo mstï lumro `mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf (3.?.?
3.?.?)) oufqum io
lufcgóf j prjcmsj cjftroto`j mxtmrfoemftm ljrem portm `mi oicofcm.
3.3.=
prjcmsj
cjfkuftj `m octgvgò`ms gftmrrmiocgjfoòs j qum gftmroctûof, qum trofsljreof ios mftroòs mf soigòs
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]f prjcmsj pum`m mstor `jcuemfto`j j fj.
3.0 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io mvoiuocgóf

mvoiuocgóf y emkjro
emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj
3.0.?
ou`gtjråo
prjcmsj (3.3.=
3.3.=)) sgstmeïtgcj, gf`mpmf`gmftm y `jcuemfto`j poro jhtmfmr ios mvg`mfcgos `m ou`gtjråo y
mvoiuorios `m eofmro jhkmtgvo cjf mi gf `m `mtmregfor mi dro`j mf mi qum sm cuepimf ijs crgtmrgjs `m
ou`gtjråo
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ]fo ou`gtjråo gftmrfo io rmoigzo
r moigzo io prjpgo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) j ufo portm mxtmrfo
mxt mrfo mf su fjehrm.
fjehrm.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; ]fo ou`gtjråo pum`m smr cjehgfoò (cjehgfof`j `js j eïs `gscgpigfos).
Fjto 3 o io mftroò; Io gf`mpmf`mfcgo sm pum`m `mejstror pjr io ousmfcgo `m rmspjfsohgigò` cjf rmiocgóf o io
octgvgò` qum sm ou`gto, j ousmfcgo `m smsdj y cjfigctj `m gftmrmsms.
Fjto 0 o io mftroò; Io ’mvg`mfcgo `m ou`gtjråo― cjfsgstm mf rmdgstrjs, `mciorocgjfms `m bmcbjs y `meïs
gfljreocgóf pmrtgfmftm o ijs crgtmrgjs `m ou`gtjråo,
ou`gtjråo, qum
qum sjf vmrggcohims1 ijs ’crgtmrgjs `m ou`gtjråo― sjf mi
cjfkuftj `m pjiåtgcos, prjcm`gegmftjs j rmqugsgtjs (3.8.2
3.8.2)) uso`js cjej rmlmrmfcgo, lrmftm o ijs cuoims sm cjeporo
io mvg`mfcgo `m ou`gtjråo, cjej sm `mgfm mf io Fjreo GSJ ?7>??;8>??, oporto`js 3.3 y 3.83.8 rmspmctgvoemftm.
rmspmctgvoemftm.
3.0.8
cjfljregò`
cuepigegmftj `m uf rmqugsgtj (3.8.2
3.8.2))
3.0.3
fj cjfljregò`
gfcuepigegmftj `m uf rmqugsgtj (3.8.2
3.8.2))
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Io fj cjfljregò` sm rmiocgjfo cjf ijs ijs rmqugsgtjs `m io Fjreo
Fjr eo GSJ ?0>>?;8>?= y cjf ijs
rmqugsgtjs o`gcgjfoims `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf (3.?.8
dmstgóf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi (3.?.8)) qum ufo jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0)) mstohimcm poro så egseo.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js =

3.0.0
occgóf cjrrmctgvo
occgóf poro migegfor io couso `m ufo fj cjfljregò` (
(3.0.3
3.0.3)) y mvgtor qum vumivo o jcurrgr
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ûm`m bohmr eïs `m ufo couso poro ufo fj cjfljregò`.
3.0.=
emkjro cjftgfuo
octgvgò` rmcurrmftm poro emkjror mi `msmepmÿj (3.0.?>
3.0.?>))
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Io emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj sm rmiocgjfo cjf mi usj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ( (3.?.8
3.?.8)) poro
emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi (
(3.0.??
3.0.??),
), mf cjbmrmfcgo cjf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi (
(3.?.3
3.?.3)) `m io jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0).
).
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Fj ms fmcmsorgj qum io octgvgò` jcurro
jcu rro sgeuitïfmoemftm mf tjòs ios ïrmos, j sgf gftmrrupcgóf.
3.0.<
mlgcocgo
dro`j mf mi qum sm rmoigzof ios octgvgò`ms piofggcoòs y sm ijdrof ijs rmsuito`js piofggco`js
3.0.4
gf`gco`jr
rmprmsmftocgóf em`ghim `m io cjf`gcgóf j mi msto`j `m ios jpmrocgjfms, io dmstgóf, j ios cjf`gcgjfms
QL]MFPM;
QL]MF PM; GSJ ?0>3
?0>3?;8>?
?;8>?3,
3, 3.?=U
3.0.2
smdugegmftj
`mtmregfocgóf `mi msto`j `m uf sgstmeo, uf prjcmsj (3.3.=
3.3.=)) j ufo octgvgò`
Fjto ? o io mftroò; ôro `mtmregfor mi msto`j pum`m smr fmcmsorgj vmrggcor, supmrvgsor u jhsmrvor `m ljreo
cråtgco.
3.0.7
em`gcgóf
prjcmsj (3.3.=
3.3.=)) poro `mtmregfor uf voijr
3.0.?>
`msmepmÿj
rmsuito`j em`ghim
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Mi `msmepmÿj sm pum`m rmiocgjfor cjf boiiozdjs cuoftgtotgvjs j cuoigtotgvjs.
Fjto 8 o io mftroò; Mi `msmepmÿj sm pum`m rmiocgjfor cjf io dmstgóf `m octgvgò`ms, prjcmsjs ( 3.3.=
3.3.=),
), prjùctjs
(gfciug`js smrvgcgjs), sgstmeos u jrdofgzocgjfms (3.?.0
3.?.0).
).
3.0.??
`msmepmÿj oehg
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi
mftoi
`msmepmÿj (3.0.?>)
3.0.?>) rmiocgjfo`j cjf io dmstgóf `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims (3.8.8
3.8.8))
Fjto ? o io mftroò; Mf mi cjftmxtj `m`m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmf toi (3.?.8
ehgmftoi 3.?.8),
), ijs rmsuito`js sm pum`
pum`mf
mf em`gr
cjf rmspmctj o io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi (3.?.
3.?.33) `m
`m io jrdofgzocgóf (3.?.0
3.?.0),
), sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims (3.8.<
3.8.<)) u jtrjs
crgtmrgjs, em`goftm mi usj `m gf`gco`jrms (3.0.4
3.0.4).
).
0 Cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf
0.? Cjeprmfsgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf y `m su cjftmxtj
Cjf mi gf
sgstmeo `m`m qum iooehgmftoi,
dmstgóf jrdofgzocgóf mstohimzco,
`mhmråo gepimemftm,
`mtmregfor eoftmfdo
mi cjftmxtj y emkjrm
mf mi qum jpmro.`m
Mi eofmro
cjftmxtjcjftgfuo uf
gfciuym ios
cumstgjfms mxtmrfos m gftmrfos o tmfmr mf cumfto, gfciuymf`j ios cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, pmrtgfmftms
Proùccgóf
< © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

poro su prjpósgtj y qum olmctof o su copocgò` poro ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mi prjpósgtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf sm rmimko mf su vgsgóf y egsgóf.
Mi tçregfj ’rmsuito`j prmvgstj― sm rmgmrm o oqumiij qum io jrdofgzocgóf gftmfto ijdror cjf io
gepimemftocgóf `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs gfciuymf io emkjro `mi
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi, y mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y mi ijdrj `m ijs
jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims. Mstjs sjf ijs rmsuito`js cmftroims eåfgejs. Sgf mehordj, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m
mstohimcmr rmsuito`js mspmro`js o`gcgjfoims, toims cjej ijs qum voyof eïs oiiï `m ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi
sgstmeo `msjcgoims
prgfcgpgjs dmstgófyoehgmftoi. ^jrporo
oehgmftoims mkmepij,
opjyorioufo
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m
gfgcgotgvo `m hmfmgcgorsm
sjstmfghgigò` eïs`moepigo.
io o`jpcgóf `m ijs
Cjeprmf`mr mi cjftmxtj ms gepjrtoftm, yo qum ios jrdofgzocgjfms fj jpmrof `m eofmro ogsioò, sgfj
qum sm vmf gfiumfcgoòs pjr cumstgjfms mxtmrfos m gftmrfos, toims cjej io `gspjfghgigò` `m rmcursjs
y io portgcgpocgóf octgvo `m sus mepimo`js. Mi cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m gfciugr io cjepimkgò`,
mstructuro, octgvgò`ms y uhgcocgjfms dmjdrïgcos `m ios ufgò`ms lufcgjfoims `m tjò io jrdofgzocgóf
poro tjò io jrdofgzocgóf, oså cjej o uf fgvmi ijcoi.
Mi cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf gfciuym mi em`gj oehgmftm foturoi mf mi qum jpmro. Mi em`gj oehgmftm
foturoi pum`m crmor cjf`gcgjfms y mvmftjs, qum olmctof o ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io
jrdofgzocgóf. Ios cjf`gcgjfms pum`mf smr mxgstmftms j mstor sukmtos o coehgjs droùoims, egmftros qum
uf mvmftj pum`m gepigcor uf ocjftmcgegmftj rmpmftgfj, mxpigco`j bohgtuoiemftm pjr ufo sgtuocgóf
mxtrmeo. ^rmpororsm poro `gcbos cjf`gcgjfms y mvmftjs, y dmstgjfor ios cjfsmcumfcgos opjyo io
cjftgfugò` `mi fmdjcgj.
Ios cumstgjfms
j cgrcufstofcgos
cgrcufst sjf
ofcgos mimemftjsqum
coehgoftms gepjrtoftms
qu poro
m olmctof o io io jrdofgzocgóf,
copocgò` prjhimeosporo
`m io jrdofgzocgóf porooicofzor
su `mhotm
ijsyrmsuito`js
`gscusgóf,
prmvgstjs qum mstohimcm poro su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
ôro cjeprmf`mr quç cumstgjfms sjf gepjrtoftms, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror oqumiios qum;
‐ sjf loctjrms y tmf`mfcgos ciovm, pjr mkmepij, mf io rmiocgóf
rmiocgóf cjf ios cjf`gcgjfms
cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims j ios
prmjcupocgjfms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs1
‐ pum`mf prmsmftor prjhimeos
prjhimeos poro mi em`gj oehgmftm
oehgmftm j io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ pum`mf oprjvmcborsm poro mlmctjs hmfmgcgjsjs, gfciuymf`j io gffjvocgóf qum cjfùcm o uf
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi emkjro`j1
‐ jlrmcmf vmftoko cjepmtgt
cjepmtgtgvo,
gvo, gfciuymf`j rmùccgóf `m cjstjs, voijr poro ijs cigmftms, j emkjro `m
`m io
rmputocgóf y `m io geodmf `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
]fo jrdofgzocgóf qum gepimemfto j emkjro su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi j qum gftmdro su sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mftrj `m sus prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj mxgstmftms `mhmråo rmvgsor su cjftmxtj poro
o`qugrgr cjfjcgegmftj `m ios cumstgjfms pmrtgfmftms qum pum`mf olmctor oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Msto rmvgsgóf pum`m hmfmgcgorsm `m tjeor ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò y `m portgcgpocgóf octgvo
gftmr`gscgpigfor, gfciuymf`j o`qugsgcgjfms, gfofzos, rmcursjs bueofjs, gfdmfgmråo, `gsmÿj y vmftos y
eoramtgfd. Io rmvgsgóf pum`m gfciugr ios sgdugmftms ïrmos ciovm;
o) g`mftggcocgóf
g`mftggc ocgóf `m ios cumstgjfms mxtmrfos m gftmrfos pmrtgfmftms, gfciuymf`j ios cjf`gcgjfms
oehgmftoims, y mvmftjs, qum bodof rmlmrmfcgo o ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io
jrdofgzocgóf1
h) cjfsg`mrocgóf `m
`m io eofmro mf qum msto
mstoss cumstgjfms pum`mf
pum`mf olmct
olmctor
or oi prjpósgtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf
y o su copocgò` poro ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
c) cjeprmfsgóf `m io eofmro mf qum pum`mf
pum`mf ohjròrsm ijs puftjs o) y h)
h) mf io piofggcocgóf
piofggc ocgóf (vçosm
(vçosm <.?.?
<.?.?)1
)1
`) g`mftggc
g`mftggcocgóf
ocgóf `m ios jpjrtufgò`ms poro emkjror su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi (vçosm(vçosm ?>.3
?>.3).
).
]fo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò gepigco io cjfsg`mrocgóf `mi cjftrji y io gfiumfcgo qum io jrdofgzocgóf
tgmfm sjhrm ios mtopos `mi cgcij `m vgò `m su prjùctj y smrvgcgj. Mstm mfljqum pmregtm o io jrdofgzocgóf



g`mftggcor oqumiios ïrmos `jf`m, cjfsg`mrof`j su oicofcm, pum`m egfgegzor su gepoctj mf mi em`gj
oehgmftm egmftros oÿo`m voijr o io jrdofgzocgóf.
Ijs Cuo`rjs `m Oyuò ^rïctgco `mi ? oi 3 prjpjrcgjfof mkmepijs `m cjfsg`mrocgjfms poro `mtmregfor
cumstgjfms mxtmrfos, cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs y cumstgjfms gftmrfos.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ? ‐ Cumstgjfms mxtmrfos

ûm`mf gfciugrsm cjfsg`mrocgjfms;
‐ pjiåtgcos; tgpj `m sgstmeo pjiåtgcj mxgstmftm, pjr mkmepi
mkmepijj `mejcrocgo, `gctoùro, fgvmi `m gftmrlmrmfcgo
pjiåtgco mf mi `msorrjiij
`msor rjiij `m ijs fmdjcgjs, vjiufto` `m ijs pjiåtgcjs `m mkmrcmr mi pj`mr `m eofmro mgcoz1
‐ mcjfóegcos; `gspjfghgigò` `m smrvgcgjs pûhigcjs, toims cjej cjehustghim, dos y oduo, gflromst ructur
ructuros
os
y trofspjrtm, gfciuym
gfciuymf`j
f`j gfeumhims,
gfeumhims, corrmtmros, våos lçrrmos, pumrtjs eoråtgejs y omrjpumrtjs1
‐ gfofcgmros;
gfo fcgmros; sgstmeo gfo
gfofcgmrj
fcgmrj rmcjfjcg`j, `gspjfghgi
`gspjfghgigò`
gò` y occmsj o ijs rmcur
rmcursjs
sjs gfofc
gfofcgmrjs1
gmrjs1
‐ sjhrm cjepmtg`jrms; jtros jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgjfms
ocgjfms ijcoims cjf prjpósgtjs y cjfcmptjs sgegio
sgegiorms
rms qum pum`mf
o`jptorsm poro eoftmfmr ufo pjsgcgóf cjepmtgtgvo cuof`j smo fmcmsorgj, toims cjej sjstmfghgigò`, mcj`gsmÿj
y mcjmtgqumto`j1
‐ `m dmst
dmstgóf
góf `m io co`mfo `m suegfg
suegfgstrj;
strj; `gspjfghgi
`gspjfghgigò`,
gò`, cjepmtmfcgo y copocgò` `m ijs prjvmm`jrms,
fgvmi `m tmcfjijdåo y rmqugsgtjs `m ijs cigmftms1
‐ sjcgoims; voijrms çtfgcjs, cumstgjfms `m dçfmrj, sjhjrfjs y cjrrupcgóf, `gspjfghgigò` `m ijs trohoko`j-
rms, occmsj o io mùcocgóf y o gfstoiocgjfms eç`gcos, fgvmi mùcotgvj `m ijs trohoko`jrms y fgvmims `m octgvgò`
crgegfoi1
‐ cuituroims; mftgmrrjs gf`ådmfos j iudorms sodro`js, m`ggcgjs/hgmf
m`ggcgjs/hgmfms
ms potrgejfgoims, `gspjfghgigò`
`m rmcursjs mspmcågcjs cjej bgmrhos/pioftos em`gcgfoims, eotmrgoims `m ortmsofåo, oigemftjs uso`js mf
cjftmxtjs cuituroims poro prjpósgtjs cmrmejfgoims,
cmrmejfgoims, sgstmeos rmigdgjsjs, y voijrms mstçtgcjs1
‐ sjhrm mi emrco`j y io `meofò pûhigco; tmf`mfcgos `m emrco`j prmsmftms y lut
luturos
uros `m ijs prjùctjs
y smrvgcgjs, gfciuymf`j oqumiijs qum sjf mgcgmftms mf mfmrdåo y rmcursjs1
‐ tmcfjiódgcos;
tmcfjiód gcos; `gspjfghgi
`gspjfghgigò`
gò` y occmsj o ios tmcfjijd
tmcfjijdåos
åos pmrtg
pmrtgfmftms
fmftms poro io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf1
ocgóf1
‐ imdgsiotgvos; mi eorcj imdgsiotgvj mf mi qum jpmro io jrdofgzocgóf1
FJPO Mi eorcj imdgsiotgvj gfciuym ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims, rmdioemfto
rmdioemftorgjs
rgjs y jtros ljreos `m rmqugsgtjs
imdoims.
‐ foturoims;
fotur oims; cjf`gcgjfms cigeïtgc
cigeïtgcos
os octuo
octuoims
ims y lutu
luturos
ros y jtros cjf`gcgjfms, cjf`gcgjfms åsgco
åsgcos,
s, hgj`gvmr-
sgò`, mspmcgms roros y mf pmigdrj `m mxtgfcgóf, mcjsgstmeos, `gspjfghgigò` `m rmcursjs, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j coftgò`,
coigò` y occmsj, mfmrdåos rmfjvohims y fj rmfjvohims, y mi pmrgi oehgmftoi mspmcågcj `mi smctjr/gfùstrgo1
Ios lumftms mxtmrfos `m gfljreocgóf qum pum`mf cjftrghugr oi cjfjcgegmftj `m io jrdofgzocgóf sjhrm cums -
tgjfms mxtmrfos pum`m
pum`mff gfciugr;
‐ cigmftms, prjvmm`jrms y sjcgjs1
‐ cjfsmkjs meprmsorgo
meprmsorgoims1
ims1
‐ jrdofgzocgjfms smctjrgoims1
‐ cïeoros
cïeor os `m cjemrcgj1
‐ jrdofgsejs duhmrfoemftoims1
‐ odmfcgos gftmrfoc
gftmrfocgjfoims1
gjfoims1
‐ cjfsuitjrms1
‐ gfvmstgdocgóf
gfvmst gdocgóf oco`çegco1
‐ em`gjs `m cjeufgcocgóf ijcoims1
‐ drupjs cjeufg
cjeufgtorgjs
torgjs ijcoims.
Proùccgóf

Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 8 ‐ Cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs

]fo cjf`gcgóf oehgmftoi qum pum`m olmctor o ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf
pum`mf gfciugr, pjr mkmepij, uf coehgj cigeïtgcj `m tmepmroturo qum pum`m gepm`gr o io jrdofgzocgóf
mi cuitgvj `m `mtmregfo`js tgpjs `m prjùctjs odråcjios.
]f mkmepij `m uf mvmftj oehgmftoi pj`råo smr ufo gfufòcgóf cjej rmsuito`j `m uf tgmepj mxtrmej,
qum pum`m olmctor o ios octgvgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf, toims cjej mi oieocmfoegmftj `m sustofcgos
pmigdrjsos o gf `m prmvmfgr io cjftoegfocgóf.
Pmfmr mf cumfto oidufos `m ios sgdugmftms lumftms `m gfljreocgóf pum`m oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf o
g`mftggcor sus cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs;
o) gfljreocgóf
gfljreoc góf emtmjrjiódgco, dmjiódgco, bg`rjiódgco y mcjiódgco1
h) gfljreocgóf
gfljreoc góf bgstór
bgstórgco
gco `m `msost
`msostrms
rms rmiocgjfo`js cjf io uhgcocgóf `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
c) gfljrems `m ou`gtjråos, mvoiuocgjfms j rmvgsgjfms oftmrgjrms, toims cjej ios rmvgsgjfms oehgmf-
toims gfgcgoims j ios mvoiuocgjfms `mi cgcij `m vgò, cuof`j mstçf `gspjfghims1
`) òtjs `m smdug
smdugegmftj
egmftj oehgmftoi1
m) sjigcgtu`ms `m pmregsjs j igcmfcgos oehgmftoims1
l) gfljrems sjhrm sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo m gfcg`mftms cjf cjfsmcumfcgos oehgmftoims.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 3 ‐ Cumstgjfms gftmrfos

ûm`mf gfciugrsm cjfsg`mrocgjfms sjhrm;
‐ djhmrfofzo y mstructuro
mstruct uro `m io jrdofgzocgóf; eorcjs `m trohokj
t rohokj `m djhmrfofzo
djhmrfofzo focgjfoims
y cjftroctuoims, gfciuymf`j mi rmdgstrj y io prmsmftocgóf `m gfljrems1 tgpj `m mstructuro, gfciuymf`j
kmrïrqugco, eotrgcgoi, piofo, hosoò mf prjymctjs1 ufgóf `m meprmsos y smrvgcgjs cjftroto`js1 y rmiocgj -
fms, rjims y rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms `m io meprmso eotrgz1
‐ cjfljregò` imdoi; msto`j y tmf`mfcgos1
‐ pjiåtgcos, jhkmtgv
jhkmtgvjs
js y mstrotmdgos; prjpósgtj
prjpósgtj,, vgsgóf, fmdjcg
fmdjcgj,
j, jtrjs jhkmtgv
jhkmtgvjs
js y mstrotmdgos, y rm-
cursjs fmcmsorgjs poro ijdrorijs1
‐ copocgò` y bohgigò`; copocgò`ms, optgt
optgtu`ms
u`ms y cjfjcgegmftjs jrdofg
jrdofgzocgjfoims
zocgjfoims mf tçregfjs `m
rmcursjs y cjepmtmfcgos (pjr mkmepij copgtoi, tgmepj,
t gmepj, pmrsjfoi, g`gjeo, prjcmsjs, sgstmeos y tmcfjijdåos,
y su eoftmfgegmftj)1
‐ sgstmeos `m gfljreocgóf; iukjs `m gfljreocgóf y prjcmsjs `m tjeo `m `mcgsgjfms (toftj ljreoims
cjej gfljreoims) y mi tgmepj fmcmsorgj poro cjepimtorijs1
‐ rmiocgjfms cjf ios port
portms
ms gftmrmsoòs gftmrfos, y sus pmrcmpcgjfms y puftjs `m vgs
vgsto1
to1
‐ sgstmeoss `m dmstgóf y fjreos; ljrt
sgstmeo ljrtoimzos
oimzos y `mhgigò`ms `m ijs sgstmeo
sgstmeoss `m dmstgóf mxgst
mxgstmftms
mftms mf
io jrdofgzocgóf, y `grmctrgcms y ej`mijs o`jpto`js pjr io jrdofgzocgóf, toims cjej oqumiijs poro cjfto-
hgigò` y gfofzos, coigò`,
co igò`, smdurgò` y soiu`1
‐ mstgij
mstg ij y cuitu
cuituro
ro `m io jrdofgzocgóf; fmdjcgj loegi
loegigor,
gor, meprmso pûhigco j prgvoò, mstgij `m dmstgóf
y ig`mrozdj, cuituro ohgmrto j cmrroò, y prjcmsjs `m tjeo `m `mcgsgjfms1
‐ cjftrotjs; ljreo, cjftmfg`j y mxtmfsgóf `m ios rmiocgjfms cjftroct
cjftroctuoims.
uoims.
Ijs eçtj`js qum pum`mf usorsm poro mxoegfor
mx oegfor ijs loctjrms gftmrfjs
gftmr fjs pmrtgfmftms gfciuymf io rmcjpgiocgóf
`m gfljreocgóf rmiocgjfoò cjf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf octuoi toi y cjej sm cjfsg`mro orrgho, gfciuymf`j
mftrmvgstos cjf ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof octuoiemftm j bof trohoko`j cjf oftmrgjrgò` hokj mi cjftrji
`m io jrdofgzocgóf, y io rmvgsgóf `m cjeufgcocgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos.
Mi prjcmsj smdug`j pjr io jrdofgzocgóf poro `msorrjiior io cjeprmfsgóf `m su cjftmxtj `mhmråo dmfmror
cjfjcgegmftj qum io `m
y jpmror su sgstmeo jrdofgzocgóf pumò utgigzor
dmstgóf oehgmftoi. poro`mhmråo
Mi prjcmsj dugor sus mslumrzjs`moiufo
ohjròrsm piofggcor,
eofmro gepimemftor
prïctgco qum
oÿoò voijr o io jrdofgzocgóf y prjpjrcgjfm ufo cjeprmfsgóf dmfmroi y cjfcmptuoi `m ios cumstgjfms


eïs gepjrtoftms. ûm`m smr ûtgi `jcuemftor y octuoigzor pmrgó`gcoemftm mi prjcmsj y sus rmsuito`js
smdûf prjcmò.
Ijs rmsuito`js pum`mf usorsm poro oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf o;
‐ mstohimcmr mi oicofcm `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ `mtmregfo
`mtmregforr ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrt
jpjrtufgò`ms
ufgò`ms qum
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr1
‐ `msorrjiio
`msorrjiiorr j emkjror su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi1
oehgmftoi1
‐ mstohimcmr sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims1
‐ `mtmregfo
`mtmregforr io mgcocgo `m su mfljqum
mfljqum poro cuepigr sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
0.8 Cjeprmfsgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos

mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs
0.8.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Ios portms gftmrmsoòs toehgçf ljreof portm `mi cjftmxtj mf mi qum jpmro io jrdofgzocgóf y `mhmråof
tmfmrsm mf cumfto cuof`j io jrdofgzocgóf rmvgso su cjftmxtj. @mtmregfor ios portms gftmrmsoòs y
`msorrjiior ufo rmiocgóf cjf miios pmregtm io cjeufgcocgóf, qum pum`m cjfùcgr oi pjtmfcgoi poro
dmfmror uf mftmf`gegmftj, cjfgofzo y rmspmtj eutujs. Fj ms fmcmsorgj qum msto rmiocgóf smo ljreoi.
Io jrdofgzocgóf
mf rmiocgóf o su `mhmråo
sgstmeo `mtmregfor sus portmsIo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. gftmrmsoòs y iospum`m
jrdofgzocgóf fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos
hmfmgcgorsm `m çstos,
`m uf prjcmsj qum
g`mftggqum ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms, o gf `m
`mtmregfor oqumiios qum tgmfm qum cuepigr y oqumiios qum migdm cuepigr (ms `mcgr, sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs). Ijs eçtj`js utgigzo`js y ijs rmcursjs mepimo`js pum`mf vorgor `mpmf`gmf`j `m, pjr
mkmepij, mi toeoÿj y foturoimzo `m io jrdofgzocgóf, ijs rmcursjs gfofcgmrjs `gspjfghims, ijs rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr, y io mxpmrgmfcgo `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjf io dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Sm mspmro qum io jrdofgzocgóf jhtmfdo ufo cjeprmfsgóf dmfmroi (mstj ms, o oitj fgvmi, fj `mtoiioò) `m
ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos mxprmsoòs pjr oqumiios portms gftmrmsoòs gftmrfos y mxtmrfos qum
sm bo `mtmregfo`j qum sjf pmrtgfmftms, `m eofmro qum mi cjfjcgegmftj o`qugrg`j pumò tmfmrsm mf
cjfsg`mrocgóf oi `mtmregfor ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
0.8.8 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms

Ios portms gftmrmsoòs pum`mf smr gftmrfos j mxtmrfos o io jrdofgzocgóf. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
`mtmregfor quç portms gftmrmsoòs sjf pmrtgfmftms poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io
jrdofgzocgóf. Ios portms gftmrmsoòs pum`mf coehgor cjf mi tgmepj y pum`mf `mpmf`mr `mi smctjr j
io gfùstrgo j io uhgcocgóf dmjdrïgco mf ijs qum jpmro io jrdofgzocgóf. Ijs coehgjs mf ios cumstgjfms
gftmrfos j mxtmrfos qum sjf portm `mi cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf pum`mf òr iudor o coehgjs
mf ios portms gftmrmsoòs.
0.8.3 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgv

mxpmctotgvos
os pmrtgfmftms
pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs
pmrtgfmftms
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms `m sus portms
gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms cjej ufo mftroò poro mi `gsmÿj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mi Cuo`rj
`m Oyuò ^rïctgco 0 prjpjrcgjfo mkmepijs `m portms gftmrmsoòs y `m sus fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos.
Ms gepjrtoftm g`mftggcor fj sóij oqumiios qum sjf jhigdotjrgos y mstïf mstohimcgòs, sgfj toehgçf ios
qum dmfmroiemftm mstïf gepiåcgtos (ms `mcgr, qum sm mspmrof fjreoiemftm). Ios portms gftmrmsoòs
pmrtgfmftms, oqumiios qum sm bof g`mftggco`j qum tgmfmf uf rji mf mi cjftmxtj, pum`mf tmfmr oidufos
Proùccgóf
?> © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


fmcmsgò`ms qum fj sjf pmrtgfmftms poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y pjr toftj
fj ms fmcmsorgj tmfmr mf cjfsg`mrocgóf tjòs sus fmcmsgò`ms.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 0 – Mkmepijs `m portms gftmrmsoòs y `m sus fmcmsgò`

fmcmsgò`msms y mxpmctotgvos
mx pmctotgvos
Mkmepijs `m portms gftmrm-
Xmiocgóf soòs Mkmepijs `m fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos
@m rmspjfsohgigò` Gfvmrsgjfgstos Mspmrof qum io jrdofgzocgóf dmstgjfm ijs rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms qum pumòf olmctor o io gfvmrsgóf
@m gf iu
iumfcgo Jrdofgzocgjfms fj d uhmrfo- Fmcmsgtof io cjjpmrocgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf poro
emftoims (JF
(JFD)D) ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims `m io JFD
@m prjxg
xge
egò` \mcgfjs, io cjeufgò` Mspmrof uf `msmepmÿj sjcgoiemftm ocmpto toh
him,
bjfro`mz m gftmdrgò`
@m `mpmf`mfcgo Mepimo`js Mspmrof trohokor mf uf em`gj oehgmftm smd urj y
soiuòhim
@m rm
rmpr
prms
msmf
mftoc
tocgó
góf
f Jrdof
Jrdofgzo
gzocg
cgóf
óf eg
egme
meh
hrj `m io Fmcmsgtof cjiohjrocgóf mf cumstgjfms
cumst gjfms oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims
gfùstrgo
@m outjrgò` Jrdofgsejs `m rmdioemfto- Mspmrof ufo `mejstrocgóf `mi cuepigegmftj imdoi
cgóf
0.8.0 @mtmregfocgóf `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor quç fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs

pmrtgfmftms tgmfm qum cuepigr, y o cjftgfuocgóf cuïims `m ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos rmstoftms migdm
o`jptor, qum sm cjfvgmrtmf mf sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs. Mstm oepigj cjfjcgegmftj `m
fgvmi dmfmroi pum`m cjftrghugr o io cjeprmfsgóf `m sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs cjej sm
`mtoiio mf mi oporto`j <.?.3.
<.?.3.
Fj mxgstm uf mfljqum ûfgcj poro `mtmregfor ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
utgigzor uf mfljqum qum smo o`mcuo`j o su oicofcm, foturoimzo y mscoio, y smo o`mcuo`j mf tçregfjs `m
`mtoiim, cjepimkgò`, tgmepj, cjstj y `gspjfghgigò` `m òtjs gohims.
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m `mtmregfor ios fmcmsgò`ms
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos
mx pmctotgvos `m sus portms
por tms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms
em`goftm jtrjs prjcmsjs j poro jtrjs prjpósgtjs.
Cuof`j ijs rmqugsgtjs ijs gko uf jrdofgsej rmduio`jr, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo jhtmfmr cjfjcgegmftj `m
oqumiios ïrmos imdgsiotgvos
imdgsiotgvo s dmfmroims qum sjf opigcohims,
opigcohims, toims cjej fjreos `m coigò` `mi ogrm, iåegtms `m
vmrtg`j, rmdioemftjs `m `gspjsgcgóf `m rmsgùjs, rmqugsgtjs `m igcmfcgos poro jpmror ios gfstoiocgjfms,
gfst oiocgjfms, mtc.
Mf mi cosj `m ijs cjeprjegsjs vjiuftorgjs, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo jhtmfmr cjfjcgegmftj dmfmroi `m ios
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms, toims cjej ijs rmqugsgtjs `m ijs cigmftms, có`gdjs vjiuftorgjs
y ocumr`js cjf ijs drupjs cjeufgtorgjs j ios outjrgò`ms pûhigcos. Mstm cjfjcgegmftj pmregtm o
io jrdofgzocgóf cjeprmf`mr ios gepigcocgjfms qum çstjs pum`mf tmfmr mf mi ijdrj `m ijs rmsuito`js
prmvgstjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
oehgmftoi.
0.8.= ]sj y opigcocgóf `m ios

ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvo
mxpmctotgvoss `m ios portms
portms gftmrmsoòs
Ios soigòs `m ijs oporto`js 0.8.? o 0.8.0
0.8.0 pum`mf
pum`mf oyuòr o mstohimcmr mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf, mstohimcmr su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, `mtmregfor sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims, i js
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, y ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr. Çstos sjf
cjfsg`mrocgjfms oi mstohimcmr ijs jhkmtgvjs `m `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mfcjftror
`m utgigò` `jcuemftor msto gfljreocgóf poro locgigtor su usj mf mi cuepigegmftj `m jtrjs mimemftjs mf
msto fjreo gftmrfocgjfoi.
gftmrfocgjfoi.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ??


0.3 @mtmregfocgóf `mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor ijs iåegtms y io opigcohgigò` `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi o gf
`m mstohimcmr su oicofcm. Mi oicofcm ms mspmcågcj poro coò jrdofgzocgóf. Ms rmspjfsohgigò` `m coò
jrdofgzocgóf g`mftggcor ios mftroòs `mrgvoòs `m io cjeprmfsgóf `m ios cumstgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos
`mtmregfoòs mf ijs oporto`js 0.? y 0.8 0.8.. Io `mtmregfocgóf `mi oicofcm toehgçf gfciuym ijs iåegtms
åsgcjs `m ufo j eïs uhgcocgjfms, y io mslmro `m cjftrji m gfiumfcgo `m io jrdofgzocgóf, cjfsg`mrof`j
ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò. Mi oicofcm prmtmf`m ocioror ijs iåegtms åsgcjs, lufcgjfoims y
jrdofgzocgjfoims o ijs qum opigco mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Io oito `grmccgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf eoftgmfm io ighmrto` y imxghgigò` poro `mgfgr mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Çstm pum`m gfciugr o tjò io jrdofgzocgóf j o ufgò`ms jpmrotgvos mspmcågcos `m
io jrdofgzocgóf. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mftmf`mr mi fgvmi `m cjftrji j gfiumfcgo qum pum`m mkmrcmr
sjhrm ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs. Ms cråtgcj poro mi çxgtj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
y poro io crm`ghgigò` `m io rmputocgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf osmdurorsm `m qum mi oicofcm fj sm `mgfm `m
ufo eofmro qum mxciuyo octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs, smrvgcgjs j gfstoiocgjfms qum tgmfmf j pum`mf tmfmr
ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, j `m ufo eofmro qum miuò ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,
j mfdoÿm o ios portms gftmrmso
gftmrmsoòs.
òs. ]f oicofcm gfo`mcuoòemftm
gfo`mcuoòemftm igegto`j j mxciusgvj pum`m sjcovor io
crm`ghgigò` `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi oftm ios portms gftmrmsoòs, y rmùcgr io copocgò` `m
io jrdofgzocgóf poro ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mi oicofcm ms
ufo `mciorocgóf lïctgco y rmprmsmftotgvo `m ios jpmrocgjfms j prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj `m io jrdofgzocgóf
gfciug`js mf ijs iåegtms `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Cuof`j mi oicofcm mstï igegto`j o uf suhcjfkuftj `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf `m drof toeoÿj, io oito `grmccgóf
fjreoiemftm sm rmgmrm o io oito `grmccgóf `m mso portm `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Fj jhstoftm, io oito `grmccgóf
o fgvmi supmrgjr `m io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m eoftmfmr io rmspjfsohgigò` poro `grgdgr y rmspoiòr mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Sg io jrdofgzocgóf coehgo su mslmro `m cjftrji j gfiumfcgo, mxpof`m sus
jpmrocgjfms, o`qugmrm eïs prjpgmò`ms, j sm `msbocm `m iåfmos `m fmdjcgj j prjpgmò`ms, mi oicofcm
`mhmråo rmcjfsg`mrorsm, kuftj cjf jtrjs coehgjs qum prjhohimemftm olmctmf oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror
cjfsg`mror ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs suegfgstro`js mxtmrfoemf
mx tmrfoemftm
tm
o io bjro `m `mtmregfor mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Ios jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf tmfmr
cjftrji sjhrm ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs suegfgstro`js mxtmrfoemftm qum tgmfmf j pum`mf
tmfmr uf gepoctj oehgmftoi sgdfggcotgvj o trovçs `mi ig`mrozdj `m io jrdofgzocgóf, j ios jrdofgzocgjfms
pum`mf gfiugr sjhrm miijs em`goftm ocumr`js cjftroctuoims u jtrjs ocumr`js.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr mi oicofcm cjej gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò y pjfmrio o `gspjsgcgóf
`m ios portms gftmrmsoòs. Boy vorgjs eçtj`js poro bocmr mstj, pjr mkmepij utgigzof`j ufo `mscrgpcgóf
mscrgto, gfciuyçf`jij mf mi eopo `mi sgtgj, mi `godroeo jrdofgzocgjfoi, io pïdgfo wmh, j puhigcof`j ufo
`mciorocgóf pûhigco `m su cjfljregò`. Oi `jcuemftor su oicofcm, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror
usor uf mfljqum qum g`mftggqum ios octgvgò`ms gepigcoòs, ijs prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs rmsuitoftms, y su
opigcocgóf y/j io uhgcocgóf mf io qum tgmfmf iudor. Ijs sgdugmftms sjf mkmepijs `mi usj `m mstm mfljqum
poro `jcuemftor mi oicofcm;
‐ eoqugforgo `m lohrgcocgóf y rmpumstjs
rmpumstjs poro ejtjrms `m cjehustgóf
cjehustgóf mf mi sgtgj O (iåegtms
dmjdrïgcjs)1 j
‐ eoramtgfd,
eoramtg fd, `gsmÿj y mkmcucgóf `m ljreocgóf vgrtuoi
vgrtu oi jrgmftoò
jrgmftoò o gf`gv
gf`gvgùjs
gùjs y jrdofg
jrdofgzocgjfms
zocgjfms (iåe
(iåegtm
gtm
lufcgjfoi).
0.0 Sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
0.0.? Dmfmroigò`ms
]f sgstmeo
`mhmråo `m dmstgóf
bocmrsm oehgmftoicjftgfuj
uf smdugegmftj `mhmråo yvmrsm cjej ufrmvgsorsm
qum `mhmråo eorcj `m rmlmrmfcgo jrdofgzotgvj
pmrgó`gcoemftm `mi qum
poro prjpjrcgjfor
ufo `grmccgóf mgcoz poro ufo rmspumsto `m io jrdofgzocgóf oftm cumstgjfms coehgoftms mxtmrfos m
gftmrfos.
Proùccgóf
?8 © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


Mi ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y mi prjcmsj mf cursj `m io emkjro cjftgfuo sm giustrof mf io

Lgduro ?.
?. ]fj `m ijs ej`mijs `m sgstmeos `m dmstgóf uso`js bohgtuoiemftm sm cjfjcm cjej mi mfljqum
îofggcor-Bocmr-\mrggcor-Octuor (^B\O). ôro eïs gfljreocgóf sjhrm mi ej`mij ^B\O, vçosm mi Cuo`rj
`m Oyuò ^rïctgco =.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco = ‐ Mi ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi

Mi ^B\O ms uf prjcmsj cjftgfuj gtmrotgvj qum pmregtm o io jrdofgzocgóf mstohimcmr, gepimemftor y eoftmfmr su
pjiåtgco oehgmftoi y emkjror `m eofmro cjftgfuo su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi o gf `m emkjror su `msmepmÿj
oehgmftoi. Ijs posjs `m mstm
mst m prjcmsj cjftgfuj sjf ijs sgdugmftms;
o) îofg gcor
?) cjeprm
cjeprmf`
f`mr
mr io jrdof
jrdofgzo
gzocgó
cgóf
f y su cjf
cjftmxtj
tmxtj,, gfci
gfciuym
uymf`
f`j
j ios
ios fmcm
fmcmsg
sgò`
ò`ms
ms y mxpm
mxpmctotg
ctotgvos
vos `m
`m ios
ios portms
portms
gftmrmsoòs (vçosm mi copåtuij 0)1
0)1
8) `mtmregfor mi oicofcm (vçosm 0.3
0.3)) m gepimemftor mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 0.0
0.0)1
)1
3) osmduror mi ig`mrozdj y mi cjeprjegsj `m io oito `grmccgóf (vçosm =.?
=.?)1
)1
0) mstohimcmr ufo pjiåtgco oehgmftoi (vçosm =.8
=.8)1
)1
=) osgdfor rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms poro ijs rjims pmrtgfmftms (vçosm =.3
=.3)1
)1
<) `mtmregfor ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims y ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js (vçosm <.?.8
<.?.8)1
)1
4) g`mftggcor y tmfmr occmsj o ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm <.?.3
<.?.3)1
)1
2) `mtmregfor
4) oftmrg
oftmrgjrms
jrms (vçosm
(vçosm <.?.?)1 ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr mf rmiocgóf o ijs puftjs ?), <) y
<.?.?)1
7) piofgg
piofggcor
cor io
io tjeo
tjeo `m
`m occg
occgjf
jfms
ms poro
poro ohjr
ohjròr
òr ij
ijss rgmsd
rgmsdjs
js y jpj
jpjrtufg
rtufgò`
ò`ms
ms `mtmr
`mtmregf
egfo`j
o`jss mf
mf mi
mi puft
puftjj
2) oftmrgjr
oftmrgjr,, y mvoiuor io mgcocgo `m mstos occgjfms (vçosm
(vçosm <.?.0
<.?.0)1
)1
?>) mstoh
mstohim
imcm
cmrr ijs
ijs jh
jhkm
kmtgv
tgvjs
js oe
oehg
hgmf
mftoi
toims
ms (vç
vços
osm
m <.8.8
<.8.8),
), y `mgfgr gf`gco`jrms y uf prjcmsj poro ijdrorijs
(vçosm <.8.3 y <.8.0
<.8.0)1
)1
h) Bocmr;
?) `mtmre
`mtmregfo
gforr ijs
ijs rmcurs
rmcursjs
js rmq
rmqum
umrg`
rg`js
js poro
poro gep
gepim
imem
emftor
ftor y eoftmf
eoftmfmr
mr mi
mi sgstm
sgstmeo
eo `m
`m dmstg
dmstgóf
óf oeh
oehgm
gmftoi
ftoi
(vçosm 4.?
.?)1
)1
8) `mtmre
`mtmregfor
gfor io cj
cjepm
epmtmf
tmfcgo
cgo fm
fmcmso
cmsorgo
rgo `m ios pm
pmrsj
rsjfos
fos y osmdur
osmdurorsm
orsm `m qu
qum
m mstos
mstos pm
pmrsj
rsjfos
fos sjf
cjepmtmftms (vçosm 4.8
4.8)) y bof tjeo`j cjfcgmfcgo (vçosm 4.3
.3)) smdûf ij `mtmregfo`j1
3) mstohi
msto himcm
mcmrr, gepim
gepimem
emftor
ftor y eoftm
eoftmfm
fmrr ijs
ijs prjc
prjcmsj
msjss fmcm
fmcmsorg
sorgjs
js poro
poro ios
ios cje
cjeufg
ufgcoc
cocgj
gjfm
fmss gftmrf
gftmrfos
os y
mxtmrfos (vçosm 4.0
.0)1
)1
0) dorof
doroftgz
tgzor
or uf
uf eçtj
eçtj`j
`j op
oprj
rjpg
pgo`
o`jj poro
poro io crm
crmoc
ocgó
góf
f y oc
octuoi
tuoigzo
gzocg
cgóf
óf (vç
vços
osmm 4.=.8
4.=.8)) y mi cjftrji (vçosm
4.=.3)) `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò1
4.=.3
=) mstohi
mstohimcm
mcmrr, gepim
gepimem
emftor
ftor y cjftr
cjftrjio
jiorr ijs
ijs prjcm
prjcmsjs
sjs `m cjf
cjftrji
trji jpm
jpmroc
rocgj
gjfoi
foi fmcm
fmcmsorg
sorgjsjs poro
poro cuep
cuepigr
igr
ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 2.? 2.?)1
)1
<) `mtmre
`mtmregfo
gforr ios
ios sg
sgtuoc
tuocgj
gjfm
fmss `m
`m mem
memrdm
rdmfc
fcgo
go pjt
pjtmf
mfcgoi
cgoims
ms y io
io rmsp
rmspums
umsto
to fmcm
fmcmsorg
sorgo
o (vço
(vçofsm
fsm <.?.? y 2.8
2.8)1
)1
c) \mrg gcor;
?) bocm
bocmrr mi smdug
smdugeg
egmf
mftj,
tj, em
em`g
`gcg
cgóf
óf,, ofïigs
ofïigsgs
gs y mvoi
mvoiuo
uocg
cgóf
óf `mi
`mi `msm
`msmep
epmÿ
mÿj
j oehgm
oehgmftoi
ftoi (vço
vçosm
sm 7.?.? y 7.?.8
7.?.8)1
)1
8) mvoiu
mvoiuor
or mi
mi cuep
cuepig
igeg
egmf
mftj
tj `m
`m ijs
ijs rmq
rmqug
ugsg
sgtj
tjss imdoi
imdoims
ms y jtrj
jtrjss rmqu
rmqugs
gsgt
gtjs
js (vç
(vçosm
osm7.?.8
7.?.8)1
)1
3) rmoi
rmoigz
gzor
or ou`
u`gt
gtjr
jråo
åoss gf
gftm
tmrf
rfos
os pm
pmrg
rgó`
ó`gc
gcos
os (vç
vços
osmm 7.8
7.8)1
)1
0) rmvgsor
rmvg sor mi sgst
sgstmeo
meo `m dms
dmstgó
tgóf
f oehg
oehgmf
mftoi
toi `m
`m io
io jrdof
jrdofgzo
gzocgó
cgóf
f poro
poro osm
osmduror
durorsm
sm `m su g`
g`jf
jfmg
mgò`
ò`,, o`m
o`m-
cuocgóf y mgcocgo
m gcocgo cjftgfuoòs (vçosm 7.3
7.3)1
)1
`) Oc t u o r ;
?) tjeo
tjeorr occ
occggjf
jfms
ms po
poro
ro oh
ohjr
jrò
òrr ios
ios fj cjf
cjflj
ljre
reg`
gò`
o`ms
ms (vç
vços
osmm ?>.8
?>.8)1
)1
8) tjeor
tje or occg
occgjf
jfms
ms poro
poro em
emkj
kjror
ror `m eof
eofmro
mro cj
cjftgf
ftgfuo
uo io
io g`jf
g`jfmg
mgò`
ò`,, o`mcu
o`mcuocg
ocgóf
óf y mgcocg
mgcocgoo `mi
`mi sgstm
sgstmeo
eo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi (vçosm ?>.3
?>.3).
).

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ?3


0.0.8 Mstohimcgegmftj
Mstohimcgegmftj,, gepimemftocgóf,
gepimemftocgóf, eoftmfgegmft
eoftmfgegmftj
j y emkjro cjftgfuo `mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi
ôro ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr, gepimemftor, eoftmfmr
y emkjror `m eofmro cjftgfuo uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Ijs hmfmgcgjs gfciuymf uf emkjr
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `mrgvo`j `mi cjfjcgegmftj o`qugrg`j mf ijs oporto`js 0.? y 0.8
0.8 oi mstohimcmr,
gepimemftor y eoftmfmr mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
@msorrjiior uf sgstmeo ôro

oidufos jrdofgzocgjfms. `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi cjepimtj
mstos jrdofgzocgjf
jrdofgzocgjfms, `m ufo
ms, uf mfljqum pjrsjio
losmsvmz pum`m
pj`råo rmsuitor
jlrmcmr `gåcgi
vorgos poro
vmftokos.
Io eofmro `m iimvor o cohj ufo gepimemftocgóf pjr losms sm eumstro mf mi Ofmxj H.
]fo jrdofgzocgóf cjfsmrvo io outjrgò` y io rmspjfsohgigò` poro `mtmregfor io eofmro mf io qum
sotgslocm ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
= Ig`mrozdj
=.? Ig`mrozdj y cjeprjegsj

Io oito `grmccgóf mstohimcm io egsgóf, vgsgóf y voijrms `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjfsg`mrof`j su cjftmxtj, ios
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs, y ijs jhkmtgvjs `m fmdjcgj. Pj`j mstj sm rmimko mf
sus piofms mstrotçdgcjs. Mi cjeprjegsj, io rmspjfsohgigò` y mi ig`mrozdj `m io oito `grmccgóf sjf vgtoims
poro io gepimemftocgóf mxgtjso `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz, gfciuymf`j io copocgò`
poro ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs. Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo pjr toftj osuegr io rmspjfsohgigò`
`m io mgcocgo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y osmdurorsm `m qum sm ijdrof sus
rmsuito`js prmvgstjs. Mi cjeprjegsj `m io oito `grmccgóf sgdfggco prjpjrcgjfor rmcursjs åsgcjs y
gfofcgmrjs, oså cjej `grmccgóf. Gfciuym ufo gepigcocgóf octgvo qum rmspoi`m mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi y cjeufgqum io gepjrtofcgo `m ufo dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz.
Mi cjeprjegsj `m io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo doroftgzor qum mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi;
‐ fj sm dmstgjfo `m eofmro ogsioò, j pjr smporo`j `m io mstrotmdgo
mstrotmdg o cmftroi `mi fmdjcgj1
‐ sm tgmfm mf cumfto oi tjeor `mcgsgjfms mstr
mstrotçdgco
otçdgcoss `m fmdjcgj1
‐ mstï oigfmo`j cjf ijs jhkmtgvjs `m fmdjcgj1
‐ sm hmfmgcgo
hmfmgcgo `m ijs
ijs fgvmims oprjpgo`js `m rmcursjs (vçosm
(vçosm 4.?
.?),
), prjpjrcgjfo`js `m eofmro jpjrtufo
y mgcgmftm1
‐ rmcghm io port
portgcgpocgóf
gcgpocgóf oprjpgoò `m tj`j mi fmdjcgj1
‐ prjpjrcgjfo uf voijr rmoi o io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ emkjro cjftgfuoemftm y eoftgmfm mi
mi çxgtj o iordj piozj.
Io pjiåtgco y jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims mstïf mfljco`js oi cuepigegmftj `mi cjepjfmftm oehgmftoi `m ijs
piofms mstrotçdgcjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y ljreof io hosm poro su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Io oito
`grmccgóf tgmfm mi pjtmfcgoi `m cjfsmdugr uf voijr eoyjr oi cjfsg`mror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m sus
octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs j smrvgcgjs mf ios mtopos gfgcgoims `mi cgcij `m vgò, mf mi ejemftj `m piofggcor
j rmvgsor su mstrotmdgo. ^jr mkmepij, io jpjrtufgò` `m emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m uf m`ggcgj
j prjùctj ms eoyjr sg ijs crgtmrgjs oehgmftoims sm tgmfmf mf cumfto mf io mtopo `m `gsmÿj mf vmz `m
`mkorijs poro io `m cjfstruccgóf j lohrgcocgóf.
Proùccgóf


Mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi smrï eïs mgcoz y ùro`mrj sg ms gftråfsmcj o io `grmccgóf mstrotçdgco
`m io jrdofgzocgóf y mstï gftmdro`j `mftrj `m jtrjs prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj (vçosm mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò
^rïctgco <).
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco < ‐ Gftmdrocgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mftrj `m ijs prj-
cmsjs `m fmdjcgj
Mi ig`mrozdj y mi cjeprjegsj `m io oito `grmccgóf sjf cråtgcjs poro io gftmdrocgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi `mftrj
dro`j oi qum `m ijs
gftmdro ijs prjcmsjs
rmqugsgtjs`m`mi
fmdjcgj.
sgstmeo@mpmf`m `m iooehgmftoi
`m dmstgóf jrdofgzocgóf `mcg`gr
`mftrj mi `gstgftos
`m ios fgvmi `m `mtoiim y mi
lufcgjfms
`m fmdjcgj. Io gftmdrocgóf ms uf prjcmsj cjftgfuj, y ijs hmfmgcgjs pum`mf ouemftor cjf mi tgmepj mf
cjfsjfofcgo cjf io emkjro cjftgfuo.
Io gftmdrocgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mftrj `m ijs prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj `m io jrdofgzocgóf
pum`m emkjror su copocgò` poro;
‐ jpmror `m eofmro eïs mgco
mgcozz y mgcgmftm oi cjeport
cjeportgrgr ijs prjcmsjs y rmcursjs1
‐ prjpjrcgjfor
prjpjrcgjfor eoyjr voijr oi mstor eïs mstrmcboemftm osjcgoò cjf oqumiijs prjcmsjs `m ijs qum
io jrdofgzocgóf `mpmf`m poro jpmror.
Io jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofgz ocgóf pum`m tmfmr
tmfmr mf cumfto ios jpjrtufgò`ms poro gftmdror
gft mdror su sgstmeo
sgs tmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
`mftrj `m sus prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj, gfciuymf`j io gfcjrpjrocgóf `m;
‐ ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js
o`js prmvgs
prmvgstjs
tjs j ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mf io vgsgóf
j mstrotmdgo `m io jrdofgzocgóf (`m eofmro mxpiåcgto j gepiåcgto), pjr mkmepij mf rmiocgóf cjf io gffjvo -
cgóf y cjepmtgtgvgò`1
‐ ijs cjeprjegsjs `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi mf io djhmrfofzo `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf1
ocgóf1
‐ ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mf ios `mscrgpcgjfms `m pumstjs `m trohokj1
‐ ijs gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj oehgmftoims mf ijs sgstmeos `m `msmepmÿj `m fmdjcgj `m io
jrdofgzocgóf, qum pj`råof gfciugr mvoiuocgjfms `m `mportoemftjs j mepimo`js, pjr mkmepij ijs GC@
(Gf`gco`jrms
(Gf`gco`j rms ciovm `m `msmepmÿj, `mi gfdiçs A^G- Amy pmrljreofcm Gf`gcotjrs-)1
pmr ljreofcm Gf`gcotjrs-)
‐ mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi mf ijs gfljrems mxt
mxtmrfjs,
mrfjs, pjr mkmepij mf gfljr
gfljrems
ems gf
gfofcgmrjs
ofcgmrjs j `m
sjstmfghgigò`1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs poro `mtmregfo
`mtmregforr ijs ospmct
ospmctjsjs oehgmftoims sgdfg
sgdfggcot
gcotgvjs
gvjs y jtrjs rgmsdjs y jpjrt
jpjrtuu-
fgò`ms qum olmctof oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mf ijs prjcmsjs mstïfòrms `m dmstgóf `m rgmsdjs
`m fmdjcgj1
‐ ijs crgtmr
crgtmrgjs
gjs oehgmftoims mf io piofg
piofggcocgóf
gcocgóf `m prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj, mi `gsmÿj `m prjùctjs j
smrvgcgjs, y ijs prjcmsjs `m cjepro1
‐ ios cjeufgcocgjfms oehgmftoims mf ios cjeufgcocgjfms `m fmdjcgj, ijs cofoims y prjcmsjs `m
portgcgpocgóf (pjr mkmepij rmiocgjfms pûhigcos).
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo cjeufgcor io gepjrtofcgo `m ufo dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz y `m io cjfljregò`
cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi em`goftm ufo portgcgpocgóf `grmcto j ufo `mimdocgóf
`m io outjrgò`, smdûf prjcmò. Io cjeufgcocgóf pum`m smr ljreoi j gfljreoi, y pum`m o`jptor vorgjs
ej`js, gfciuymf`j mi vgsuoi y mi vmrhoi.
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo rmspoiòr o jtros pmrsjfos mf io jrdofgzocgóf cjf rjims `m dmstgóf pmrtgfmftms,
`m eofmro qum o su vmz miijs pumòf opigcor mi ig`mrozdj o sus prjpgos ïrmos `m rmspjfsohgigò`,
rmspjf sohgigò`, rmiotgvos
rmiotgv os
oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
dmst góf oehgmftoi. Mstj pum`m pmregtgr
pmregt gr qum mi voijr `mi
`mi ig`mrozdj y mi cjeprjegsj `m io oito
`grmccgóf sm prjpodum bocgo ohokj o trovçs `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Oi `mejstror ig`mrozdj y cjeprjegsj, io
oito `grmccgóf ms copoz `m `grgdgr y òr opjyj o ijs mepimo`js `m io jrdofgzocgóf y o jtrjs trohokof`j mf
su fjehrm poro cuepigr ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io jrdofgzocgóf`mmstï
jpjrtufgò`ms mf ufo
emkjro humfo
cuof`j pjsgcgóf
io oito porocrmo
`grmccgóf ijdror
ufo sus jhkmtgvjs
cuituro oehgmftoims
qum ljemfto m g`mftggcor
qum pmrsjfos ios
`m tj`js
ijs fgvmims portgcgpmf `m eofmro octgvo mf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ?=


=.8 ^jiåtgco oehgmftoi

Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `mgfm io `grmccgóf mstrotçdgco `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjf rmspmctj oi em`gj
oehgmftm `mftrj `mi oicofcm `mgfg`j `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `mhmråo
prjpjrcgjfor uf eorcj `m rmlmrmfcgo poro mi mstohimcgegmftj `m jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y gko mi fgvmi
`m rmspjfsohgigò` oehgmftoi y `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi qum sm rmqugmrm `m io jrdofgzocgóf, lrmftm oi qum
pum`mf kuzdorsm ios occgjfms pjstmrgjrms. Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi mstohimcm ijs prgfcgpgjs `m occgóf poro
io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `mhmråo smr mspmcågco poro io jrdofgzocgóf y oprjpgoò poro mi prjpósgtj `m
io jrdofgzocgóf y mi cjftmxtj mf mi qum jpmro, gfciuymf`j io foturoimzo y eodfgtu` `m ijs gepoctjs
oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf qum sm prjùcmf cjej rmsuito`j `m sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y
smrvgcgjs. Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `mhmråo gfciugr mi cjeprjegsj `m io jrdofgzocgóf `m cuepigr sus
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y sus cjeprjegsjs rmiotgvjs o io prjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm, io
prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf, y io emkjro cjftgfuo. Ijs Cuo`rjs `m oyuò prïctgco 4 y 2 prjpjrcgjfof
gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi rmiotgvo o ijs cjeprjegsjs `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi.
Oi `msorrjiior su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror;
o) su vgsgóf, egsgóf, voijrms cmftroims y crmmfcgos1
h) ijs prgfcgpgjs cjf qum sm duåo1
c) ios fmcmsgò`ms
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmc
mxpmctot
totgvos
gvos `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs, y io cjeufgcocgóf cjf ios egseo
egseos1
s1
`) ios cumstgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmr
mxtmrfos
fos qum sjf pmrt
pmrtgfmftms
gfmftms poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
gfciuymf`j cjf`gcgjfms mspmcågcos ijcoims j rmdgjfoims1
m) io cjjr`gfocgóf cjf jtros pjiåtgcos
pjiåtgco s `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf
ocgóf (pjr mkmepij
mkmepij `m coigò`, `m smdur
smdurgò`
gò` y soiu`
jcupocgjfoi)1
l ) ijs mlmctjs rmoims y pjtmfcgoims `m ios cjf`gcgjfms
cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims mxtmrfos, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j mvmftjs, sjhrm
ios octgvgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io rmspjfsohgigò` `m mstohimcmr io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi rmcom sjhrm io oito `grmccgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi `mhmråo eoftmfmrsm cjej gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò y smr cjbmrmftm cjf jtrjs
`jcuemftjs `m pjiåtgco `m io jrdofgzocgóf, toims cjej oqumiijs osjcgo`js cjf io coigò`, io smdurgò`
y soiu` jcupocgjfoi, y io rmspjfsohgigò` sjcgoi, `jcuemftjs mf ijs qum pum`m gfciugrsm j cjf ijs
qum pum`m vgfcuiorsm. Io oito `grmccgóf ms rmspjfsohim `m gepimemftor io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi y `m
prjpjrcgjfor ios mftroòs poro io ljreuiocgóf y io ej`ggcocgóf `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi. Io pjiåtgco
oehgmftoi `mhmråo cjeufgcorsm o tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y
`mhmråo mstor `gspjfghim poro ios portms gftmrmsoòs. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m `mcg`gr pjfmr io pjiåtgco
oehgmftoi o `gspjsgcgóf sgf rmstrgccgjfms, pjr mkmepij oi puhigcorio mf uf sgtgj Tmh, j pum`m pjfmrio
o `gspjsgcgóf, smdûf prjcmò, `mspuçs `m qum sm boyo prjpjrcgjfo`j gfljreocgóf sjhrm io g`mftgò`,
fmcmsgò`ms
fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m io portm gftmrmso
gftmrmsoò,
ò, j prmvgo sjigcgtu`.
Proùccgóf
?< © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco

^rïct gco 4 ‐ ^rjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm
oehgmftm y prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf
Ios jrdofgzocgjfms sjf coò vmz eïs cjfscgmftms `mi em`gj oehgmftm mf mi qum jpmrof, pjr mkmepij `m io `gs -
pjfghgigò` `m rmcursjs, `m io coigò` `mi ogrm y mi oduo, y `m ijs mlmctjs m gepoctjs osjcgo`js cjf mi coehgj
cigeïtgcj rmiocgjfo`js cjf io jrdofgzocgóf. ^jr ij toftj, oi cjeprjemtmrsm o io prjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm,
gfciuymf`j io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf, io jrdofgzocgóf mstï cjftrghuymf`j o io sjstmfghgigò` `m su
fmdjcgj y `m io sjcgmò`.
^rjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm
Mi cjeprjegsj `m io jrdofgzocgóf `m prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm mstï osjcgo`j cjf sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs
y smrvgcgjs y cjf su uhgcocgóf. ûm`m ijdrorsm `mftrj `m io jrdofgzocgóf j o trovçs `m io dmstgóf `m io co`mfo `m
suegfgstrj, mi usj j io `gspjsgcgóf `m prjùctjs. Oidufos jrdofgzocgjfms `mhmråof, smdûf prjcmò, cjeprjem -
tmrsm `m eofmro mspmcågco o prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm `mhg`j o io foturoimzo, mscoio m gepoctj oehgmftoi `m
sus octgvgò`ms. ^jr mkmepij, sg sus octgvgò`ms mstïf osjcgoòs cjf io `mljrmstocgóf, sm `mhmråo cjfsg`mror uf
cjeprjegsj poro prjtmdmr io hgj`gvmrsgò` j ijs smrvgcgjs mcjsgstçegcjs
Ios em`gòs prïctgcos poro prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm pum`mf gfciugr;
‐ ufo mgcgmfcgo emkjroò mf mi usj `m ijs rmcursjs foturo
foturoims,
ims, toims cjej mi oduo y ijs cjehustghims lósgims,
pjr mkmepij em`goftm io rmùccgóf `mi usj, j ljemftof`j io rmutgigzocgóf
rmutgigz ocgóf j mi rmcgciokm `m ijs rmcursjs
rmcur sjs foturoims
foturo ims
rmiocgjfo`js cjf io prjùccgóf.
‐ io prjtmccgóf `m io hgj`gvmrsgò`, bïhgtots y mcjsgstmeos em`goftm cjfsmrvocgóf `grmc
`grmcto
to gf sgtu, j
gf`grmctoemftm em`goftm `mcgsgjfms `m o`qugsgcgóf, toims cjej io cjepro `m eotmrgoims o lumftms sjstmfghims
vmrggcoòs.
‐ io egtgdoc
egtgdocgóf
góf `mi coehgj cigeït
cigeïtgcj
gcj mvgt
mvgtof`j
of`j j rmùcgmf`j io megsgóf `m dosms `m mlmctj gfvmrfo`mrj, j
o`jptof`j pjiåtgcos `m corhjfj fmutroi o gf `m rmùcgr su cjftrghucgóf fmto oi coehgj cigeïtgcj.
‐ io emkjro `m io coigò` `mi ogrm y `mi oduo em`goftm io mvgt
mvgtocgóf,
ocgóf, sustgt
sustgtucgóf
ucgóf j rmùccgóf.
^rmvmfcgóf
^rmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf
Io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf pum`m gfcjrpjrorsm o ij iordj `mi cgcij `m vgò `m ijs prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs,
gfciuymf`j mi `gsmÿj y `msorrjiij, lohrgcocgóf, `gstrghucgóf, usj y gfoi `m io vgò ûtgi. Mstos mstrotmdgos pum -
`mf oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf fj sóij o cjfsmrvor rmcursjs y rmùcgr ijs rmsgùjs y megsgjfms, sgfj toehgçf o
rmùcgr mi cjstj y prjpjrcgjfor prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs eïs cjepmtgtgvjs. ûm`m mfcjftrorsm jrgmftocgóf sjhrm
io gftmdrocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims mf mi `gsmÿj y `msorrjiij `m prjùctjs mf mi Gfljrem Pçcfgcj GSJ/
PX ?0><8 y io Fjreo GSJ ?0>><.
Io rmùccgóf mf jrgdmf pum`m smr o emfu`j io prïctgco eïs mgcoz,
mgco z, pumstj qum mvgto
mvgt o io dmfmrocgóf `m `msmcbjs y
megsgjfms o io vmz qum objrro rmcursjs.
rmcur sjs. Fj jhstoftm,
jhstoft m, io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf em`goftm io rmùccgóf mf
jrgdmf fj rmsuito prïctgco mf oidufos cgrcufstofcgos. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror mi usj `m ufo kmrorquåo
`m mfljqums poro io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf, òf`j prgjrgò` o io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf mf
su jrgdmf, `m io sgdugmftm eofmro;
o) rmùccgóf j migegfocgóf mf jrgdmf (gfciuymf`j `gsmÿj y `msorrji
`msorrjiij
ij oehgmftoiemftm cjfscgmftms, sustg -
tucgóf `m eotmrgoims, coehgjs mf prjcmsjs, prjùctjs j tmcfjijdåos, y cjfsmrvocgóf `m ios lumftms `m mfmrdåo y
eotmrgoims)1
h) rmutgigzocgóf
rmutgi gzocgóf j rmcgciokm `m eotmrgo
eotmrgoims
ims mf ijs prjcmsjs j gfsto
gfstoiocgjfms1
iocgjfms1
c) rmutgigzocgóf
rmutgi gzocgóf j rmcgciokm `m eotmrgo
eotmrgoims
ims mxtmr
mxtmrfjs
fjs oi sgtgj1
`) rmcupmrocgóf y trot
trotoegmftj
oegmftj (rmcupmrocgóf `m ijs iukjs `m rmsgùjs gftmrfjs j mxtmr
mxtmrfjs
fjs oi sgtgj, trot
trotoegmftj
oegmftj
`m ios megsgjfms, y vmrtg`js `m rmsgùjs gftmrfjs j mxtmrfjs oi sgtgj poro rmùcgr sus gepoctjs oehgmftoims)1
m) emcofgsejs `m cjftrji, toims cjej io gfcgfmrocgóf j io `gspjsgcgóf cjftrjioò, cuof`j mstç pmregtg`j. Fj
jhstoftm, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo utgigzor mstjs eçtj`js sóij `mspuçs `m bohmr cjfsg`mro`j ios jtros jpcgjfms.



Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 2 ‐ ^jiåtgco oehgmftoi y sjstmfghgigò`

]f fûemrj coò vmz eoyjr `m jrdofgzocgjfms gftmrfocgjfoims, oså cjej djhgmrfjs, osjcgocgjfms gfùs -
trgoims y drupjs `m cguòòfjs bof `msorrjiio`j prgfcgpgjs `grmctrgcms cjf io gftmfcgóf `m opjyor io
sjstmfghgigò` oehgmftoi. Mstjs prgfcgpgjs `grmctrgcms oyuòf o ios jrdofgzocgjfms o `mgfgr mi oicofcm
dijhoi `m su cjeprjegsj cjf mi em`gj oehgmftm cjej ufj `m ijs trms pgiorms `m io sjstmfghgigò`, y
prjpjrcgjfof uf cjfkuftj cjeûf `m voijrms. Ijs prgfcgpgjs `grmctrgcms pum`mf oyuòr o io jrdofgzo -
cgóf o `msorrjiior su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, qum `mhmråo smr ûfgco poro io jrdofgzocgóf poro io qum sm mstï
`msorrjiiof`j.
Io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi pum`m gfciugr jtrjs cjeprjegsjs, toims cjej;
o) mi `msorrjiij sjstmfghim y ijs prgfcgpgjs `grmc
`grmctrgcms
trgcms osjcgo`js (pjr mkmepij, io Odmfò 8? `m ios
Focgjfms ]fgòs/ôctj Dijhoi, ^rgfcgpgjs `m Mcuo`jr)1
h) io egfge
egfgegzocgóf
gzocgóf `m ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs sgdfgsgdfggcot
gcotgvjs
gvjs `m ijs fumvjs `msorrjiijs
em`goftm mi usj `m prjcmsjs y piofggcocgóf gftmdro`js `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
c) mi `gsmÿj `m prjùctjs tmfgmf`j mf cumfto ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims y ijs prgfcgpgjs `m `msorrjiij
sjstmfghim.
=.3 Xjims, rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms mf io jrdofgzocgóf

Mi mstohimcgegmftj, gepimemftocgóf y eoftmfgegmftj mxgtjsjs `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y
io emkjro `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `mpmf`mf `m io eofmro mf qum io oito `grmccgóf `mgfm y osgdfo ios
rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms `mftrj `m io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 7).
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo `msgdfor ufj j vorgjs rmprmsmftoftms j lufcgjfms cjf io sugcgmftm outjrgò`,
cjfcgmfcgocgóf, cjepmtmfcgo y rmcursjs poro;
o) doroftgzor
doroft gzor mi mstohimcg
mstohimcgegmftj,
egmftj, io gepimemftocgóf y mi eoftmfgegmftj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi mf tj`js ijs fgvmims opigcohims `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
h) gfljreor
gfljreo r `m vumito o io oito `grmccgóf
`grmcc góf sjhrm
sjhrm mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, gfciuymf`j mi
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi y sus jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro.
Mstos rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms pum`mf cjehgforsm cjf jtros lufcgjfms j rjims.
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum io rmspjfsohgigò` y outjrgò` `m ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof
hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf cuyj trohokj olmcto oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi sm `mgfmf y
cjeufgcof `mftrj `m io jrdofgzocgóf, smdûf prjcmò, poro doroftgzor io gepimemftocgóf mgcoz `mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi fj `mhmråof
vmrsm cjej igegtoòs o io lufcgóf oehgmftoi, sgfj qum pum`mf gfciugr o jtros lufcgjfms `mftrj `m io
jrdofgzocgóf, toims cjej `gsmÿj, cjepros, gfdmfgmråo j coigò`. Ijs rmcursjs prjpjrcgjfo`js pjr io oito
`grmccgóf `mhmråof pmregtgr mi cuepigegmftj `m ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms osgdfoòs. Ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms
y outjrgò`ms `mhmråof rmvgsorsm cuof`j sucmò uf coehgj mf io mstructuro `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 7 giustro mkmepijs `m rjims y rmspjfsohgigò`ms `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 7 ‐ mkmepijs `m rjims y rmspjfsohgigò`ms

Xmspjfsohgigò`ms `mi
^mrsjfos rmspjfsohims tåpgcos
`g rmccgóf dmfmroi (rmsuito`js prmvgstjs) ^rmsg`mftm, `grmctjr mkmcutgvj (CMJ), Kufto @grmctgvo
Mstohimcmr io `grmccgóf
@msorrjiior ioio pj
pjiåtgco oe
oehgmftoi ^rmsg`mftm, `g
`grmc tjr mkmcutgvj y jtrjs, smd ûf prjcmò
@msorrjiior ijs
ijs jhkmtgvjs
jhkmtgvjs y prjcmsjs oehgmf
oehgmftoims
toims @grmctjrms pmrtgfmftms
pmrtgfmftms y jtrjs, smdûf prjcmò
Cjfsg`mror ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims ùroftm mi @gsmÿo`jrms, orqugtmctjs m gfdmfgmrjs `m prjùctjs
prjcmsj `m `gsmÿj y smrvgcgjs
Proùccgóf

Bocmr mi smdugegmftj `mi `msmepmÿj dmfmroi `mi @grmctjr oehgmftoi

c uepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims Pj`js ijs `grmctjrms
Doroftgzor mi cuepigegmftj
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
Ljemftor io emkjro cjftgfuo Pj`js ijs `grmc tjrms
G`mmftg
G` tggc
gcor
or ios
ios mxp
mxpmc
mcto
totg
tgvo
voss `m
`m ijs
ijs ci
cigm
gmf
ftm
tmss îof
îoftgi
tgiio
io `m em
emrc
rco`
o`jt
jtmc
mcfg
fgoo y vm
vmftos
G`mftggcor
ijs crgtmrgjsijs
`mrmqugsgtjs
cjepros poro ijs prjvmm`jrms y ^mrsjfoi `m cjepros y o`qugsgcgjfms
@msorrjiio
@msorr jiiorr y eoftmfm
eoftmfmrr ijs prjcm
prjcmsjs
sjs cjftoh
cjftohims
ims @grmctj
@grmctjrms
rms `m gfofzos
gfofzos//cjf
cjftohgi
tohgigò
gò`
`
Cuepigr ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf Pjòs ios pmrsjfos trohokof`j hokj mi cjftrji `m io
oehgmftoi jrdofgzocgóf
Xmvgsor io jpmrocgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi Oito `grmccgóf
FJPO
FJP O Ios meprm
meprmsos
sos m gfstgtucgjfms tgmfmf
tgmfmf mstructuros
mstruct uros jrdofgzocgjfoims `gstgftos, y fmcmsgtof `mgfgr
rmspjfsohgigò`ms `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi hosoòs mf sus prjpgjs prjcmsjs `m trohokj. Mf mi cosj `m ios
pmqumÿos y em`gofos meprmsos, pjr mkmepij, mi ùmÿj pum`m smr io pmrsjfo rmspjfsohim `m tjòs mstos
octgvgò`ms.
< îofglgcocgóf
<.? Occgjfms poro ohjròr rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms

<.?.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Io piofggcocgóf ms cråtgco poro `mtmregfor y tjeor ios occgjfms fmcmsorgos poro osmdurorsm `m qum mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi pum`m ijdror sus rmsuito`js prmvgstjs. Ms uf prjcmsj cjftgfuj, utgigzo`j
toftj poro
p oro mstohimcmr m gepimemftor mimemftjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi cjej poro eoftmfmrijs
y emkjrorijs, hoso`j mf ios cgrcufstofcgos coehgoftms y mf ios mftroòs y soigòs `mi prjpgj sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mi prjcmsj `m piofggcocgóf pum`m oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf o g`mftggcor y mfljcor
sus rmcursjs mf oqumiios ïrmos qum sjf eïs gepjrtoftms poro prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm. Poehgçf
pum`m oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf mf mi cuepigegmftj `m sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y `m
jtrjs cjeprjegsjs `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, y poro g`mftggcor y oicofzor sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr ufj j eïs prjcmsjs poro `mtmregfor ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum
ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr. Ijs prjcmsjs cjegmfzof opigcof`j y cjeprmf`gmf`j mi cjftmxtj mf mi qum io
jrdofgzocgóf jpmro, gfciuymf`j ios cumstgjfms qum pum`mf olmctor o ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `mi sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 0.?
0.?)) y o ios fmcmsgò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs
pmrtgfmftms, gfciuymf`j oqumiios qum io jrdofgzocgóf o`jpto cjej rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
(vçosm 0.8
0.8).
). Kuftj cjf mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, mstjs prjcmsjs sm cjfvgmrtmf mf
mftroòs qum `mhmråof tmfmrsm mf cumfto mf io `mtmregfocgóf `m ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
prmcgsj ohjròr. Io gfljreocgóf dmfmroò mf mi prjcmsj `m piofggcocgóf ms ufo mftroò gepjrtoftm poro
`mtmregfor ios jpmrocgjfms qum ms fmcmsorgj cjftrjior. Msto gfljreocgóf toehgçf sm pum`m utgigzor mf mi
mstohimcgegmftj y io emkjro `m jtros portms `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, cjej io g`mftggcocgóf `m
ios fmcmsgò`ms `m ljreocgóf, cjepmtmfcgo, smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf.
Mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi prjpjrcgjfo voijr o io jrdofgzocgóf, sus portms gftmrmsoòs y mi em`gj
oehgmftm oi ohjròr ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms. ]f sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
dmst góf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi rjhustj, crmåhim
c rmåhim y gohim
pum`m rmspoiòr io vgohgigò` `m io jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofg zocgóf o iordj piozj. Sg fj dmstgjfo ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
jpjrtu fgò`ms
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr,
ohjròr, pum`m qum io jrdofgzocgóf fj ijdrm sus rmsuito`js
rmsu ito`js prmvgstjs fg qum smo copoz `m
rmspjf`mr o ios cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs. Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?> prjpjrcgjfo
mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr. Ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,



io vgsgóf `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs y jtros lumftms `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr,
toims cjej cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs, `mhmråof tmfmrsm mf cumfto.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?> ‐ Mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum olmctof o io jrdofgzocgóf qum
ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr;
Ijs rgmsdjs y ios jpjrtufg`
jpjrtufgò`ms
o`ms pum`mf olmct or o io jrdofgzocgóf y su copocgò` `m ijdror
ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs
prmvgst js
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Ijs mlmctjs o`vmrsjs sjhrm io jrdofgzocgóf pum`mf cousorsm, pjr mkmepij, pjr;
o) ijs ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims, pjr mkmepij, uf `mrroem euy pmqumÿj qum cosg fj cjftoegfo mi sumij j ios oduos
suhtmrrïfmos, y pjr ij toftj fj sm `mtmregfo cjej sgdfggcotgvj `ms`m ufo pmrspmctgvo
pmrspmctgv o oehgmftoi, sgf mehordj,
pum`m òÿor io geodmf `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjej meprmso oehgmftoiemftm cjfscgmftm1
h) ijs ospmctjs oehgmf
oehgmftoims
toims sgdfggcotgvjs, cjej cuof`j uf gfcg`mf
gfcg`mftm
tm `m cjftoegfocgóf pioftmo ùòs sjhrm
io copocgò` `m io jrdofgzocgóf poro dmstgjfor sus ospmctjs
ospmc tjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs y pjr ij toftj
to ftj `mhgigto su
crm`ghgigò`1
c) mi gfcuepigegmft
gfcuepigegmftjj `m ijs rmqugsgt
rmqugsgtjs
js oehgmftoims y jtrjs rmqugsgt js, ij cuoi pum`m `mrgvor mf euitos
euitos,, cjstjs
`m occgjfms cjrrmctgvos y, io pçr`gò pjtmfcgoi `m io ocmptocgóf sjcgoi `m ios octgvgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
`) ios cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciug`js ijs mvmftjs qum gepoctmf mf mi em`gj oehgmftm, cjej pjr mkmepij,
cuof`j ios cousos `mi coehgj cigeïtgcj rmùcmf io `gspjfghgigò` `m oduo, ij qum pum`m olmctor o io jpmrocgóf `m
io piofto `m trotoegmftj `m oduos rmsgùoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
jrdofgzocgóf1
m) ufo fmcmsgò` `mi cigmftm qum rmqugmrm ufo rïpgò mxpof
mxpofsgóf
sgóf `m io copocgò` `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf sgf uf
ouemftj prjpjrcgjfoi `m trohoko`jrms cuoiggco`js, ij qum pum`m cjfùcgr o uf pjtmfcgoi `m mrrjrms qum pum`mf
prjvjcor òÿjs oi em`gj oehgmftm1
l) ijsufo
ejvgigzor puftjs `mjpjsgcgóf1
l umrtm
lumrtm vgsto
vgs to `m ios port
portms
ms gftmrmsoò
gftmrmsoòss mf mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf,
zocgóf, qum pum`mf
d) ufo occgóf tjeoò poro ohjròr ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrt
jpjrtufgò`ms
ufgò`ms sgf tmfmr mf cumfto cuoiqugmr cjfsmcumfcgo
geprmvgsto qum çsto pum`m crmor, pjr mkmepij, io jpjrtufgò` `m utgigzor ios oduos rmsgùoims poro mi rgmdj `m
zjfos rmcrmotgvos `m io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m crmor prjhimeos
prjhimeos `m soiu` bueofo poro ijs qum utgigzof ios ïrmos.
FJPO Ios `grmctrgcms
`grmctr gcms sjhrm sgtuoc
sgtuocgjfms
gjfms `m memrdmfcgo pjtmfcgoi sm prjpjrcgjfof mf mi oporto`j 2.8.
2.8.
Ijs mlmctjs hmfmgcgjsjs pjtmfcgoims poro io jrdofgzocgóf pum`mf gfciugr;
o) io g`mftg
g`mftggcocgóf
gcocgóf `m fumvos tmcfjijdåo
tmcfjijdåos,
s, toims cjej mqugpjs `m cjftrji qum pum`mf rmùcgr ios `mscord
`mscordos
os
`m cjftoegfoftms1
h) io jptge
jptgegzocgóf
gzocgóf `m io cjfsmrv
cjfsmrvocgóf
ocgóf `m rmcursj
rmcursjs,
s, cjej mi oduo rmcgcioò1 j
c) mi trohokj cjf ijs gftmrmso`js poro ej`mror io jpjsgcgóf o uf eçtj`j `m `gspjsgcgóf `m rmsgùjs prjpumstj.
Boy trms pjsghims lumftms `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr o gf `m doroftgzor qum
mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi pum`m ijdror sus rmsuito`js prmvgstjs, prmvmfgr j egtgdor ijs mlmctjs
gf`msmo`js, y ijdror ufo emkjro cjftgfuo;
o) ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.?.8
<.?.8)1
)1
h) rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm <.?.3
<.?.3)1
)1
c) jtros cumst
cumstgjfms
gjfms y rmqugsgtjs g`mftggc
g`mftggco`js
o`js mf ijs oport
oporto`js
o`js 0.? y 0.8
0.8..
Io jrdofgzocgóf tgmfm io ighmrto` `m mimdgr su mfljqum oi `mtmregfor ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
fmcmsorgj ohjròr. ^jr mkmepij, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m;
‐ `mtmregfor
`mtmregfo r ijs ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims,
oehgmftoims, ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y jtro
jtross cumst
cumstgjfms
gjfms
y rmqugsgtjs, y o cjftgfuocgóf `mtmregfor ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms osjcgo`js qum ms fmcmsorgj
ohjròr poro coò ufj `m miijs1 j
‐ gftmdror
gftmdro r io `mtmregfoc
`mtmregfocgóf
góf `m ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr,
ohjròr, `mftrj `m io
`mtmregfocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, y opigcor uf mfljqum sgegior o ios jtros
lumftms `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr1 j
Proùccgóf
8> © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


‐ smdugr uf mfljqum oitmrfotgvj mf mi qum

qum `js j eïs `m ios lumftms `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
fmcmsorgj ohjròr sm cjfsg`mrof `m eofmro cjfkufto.
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m utgigzor prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj mxgstmftms poro `mtmregfor ijs rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr. Mi mfljqum mimdg`j pum`m gepigcor uf prjcmsj cuoigtotgvj
sgepim j ufo mvoiuocgóf cuoftgtotgvo cjepimto (pjr mkmepij opigcor crgtmrgjs mf ufo eotrgz `m
`mcgsgjfms), `mpmf`gmf`j
`mpmf`gmf`j `mi cjftmxtj mf mi qum io jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofgzoc góf jpmro. ôro mkmepijs `m mfljqums, vçosm
mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ??.
Ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms rmsuitoftms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr sjf mftroòs poro piofggcor
ios occgjfms (vçosm <.?.0
<.?.0),
), poro mstohimcmr ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.8
<.8),
), y poro cjftrjior ios
jpmrocgjfms gepjrtoftms o gf `m prmvmfgr gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs y jtrjs mlmctjs gf`msmo`js
(vçosm 2.?
2.?).
). Mi Ofmxj O prjpjrcgjfo mkmepijs `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs y sus ospmctjs m
gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js, oså cjej ios occgjfms o tjeor poro ohjròrijs.
Ijs rmsuito`js toehgçf pum`mf tmfmr gepigcocgjfms poro jtros ïrmos `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
pjr mkmepij poro `mtmregfor ios fmcmsgò`ms `m cjepmtmfcgo y ios cjeufgcocgjfms rmiocgjfoòs cjf
mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, `mtmregfor ios fmcmsgò`ms `m smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf, mstohimcmr
mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos gftmrfos, y `msorrjiior ijs prjcmsjs `m prmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm
memrdmfcgos.
Ios sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo sjf mvmftjs fj piofggco`js j geprmvgstjs qum crmof io fmcmsgò` `m
ufo rmspumsto gfem`goto o gf `m egtgdor sus cjfsmcumfcgos rmoims j pjtmfcgoims. Ios sgtuocgjfms `m
memrdmfcgo pum`mf crmor mlmctjs o`vmrsjs poro io jrdofgzocgóf, pjr mkmepij em`goftm gfcmf`gjs,
mxpijsgjfms, `mrroems tgljfms,
rmpmftgfos, tjremftos, j vmrtg`js `m sustofcgos
tsufoegs, pmigdrjsos,
mtc. Poehgçf pum`mfj crmor
mvmftjs foturoims
gepoctjs cjej gfufòcgjfms
smcufòrgjs mf mi em`gj
oehgmftm j mlmctjs mf io jrdofgzocgóf, cjej mi vmrtg`j lumro `mi sgtgj `mi oduo cjftoegfoò pjr io
mxtgfcgóf ùroftm mi prjcmsj `m mxtgfcgóf `m uf gfcmf`gj, y io fmcmsgò` `m `msmcbor eotmrgoims òÿo`js
pjr mi lumdj qum pum`mf smr pmigdrjsjs cjej rmsuito`j `m uf gfcmf`gj. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo, `mftrj
`mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, `mtmregfor ios sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo pjtmfcgoims,
gfciuymf`j oqumiios qum pum`mf tmfmr cjfsmcumfcgos oehgmftoims.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?? ‐ Mkmepijs `m mfljqums poro `mtmregfor ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufg-
ò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr
Mkmepijs `m mftroòs Mkmepijs `m prjcmsjs Mkmepijs `m
`m mi
mimemftjs `m soigò
Ospmctjs
Ospmc tjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.?.8)
‐ Ospmctjs
Ospmc tjs oehgmftoims m ‐ Ospmctjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims sgdfg-
gepoctjs oehgmftoims gcotgvjs
Mvoiuocgóf `m io sgdfggcof-
‐ Crgtmrgjs poro `mtmregfor cgo usof`j crgtmrgjs (vçosm ‐ Xgmsdjs y jpjrt
jpjrtufgò`ms
ufgò`ms qum
ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggco- <.?.8.=
<.?.8.=)) ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr rmiotgvjs o ijs
tgvjs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs
(vçosm io Fjto o cjftgfuocgóf)
cjft gfuocgóf)
Xmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm <.?.3)

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js 8?

‐ @mtmregfocgóf `m ios fmcmsg-

ò`ms y mxpmctotgvos pmrtgfmftms `m
ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms
qum sm cjfvgmrtmf mf rmqugsgtjs imdo-
ims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
rmqugsgt js (vçosm 0.8
0.8))
‐ Cjeufgcocgjfms cjf ios por- Mvoiuocgóf `m ijs rmsuito- Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
tms gftmrmsoòs, gfciuymf`j qumkos, `js poro `mtmregfor sg boy fmcmsorgj ohjròr rmiotgvjs o ijs
prmegjs y rmcjfjcgegmftj rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
‐ Ou`gtjråos gftmrfos y mxtmr-
fos `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs
‐ Xmvgsgóf `m ios tmf`mfcgos
rmdioemftorgos memrdmftms
Cumstgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos (vçosm 0.?)
‐ Xmsuito`js
Xmsuit o`js `m io rmvgsgóf
`mi cjftmxtj, gfciuymf`j cumstgj-
fms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos (vçofsm ijs
Cuo`rjs `m oyuò prïctgco ? y 3) Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
‐ Xmsuito`js
Xmsuit o`js `m io rmvgsgóf fmcmsorgj ohjròr rmiotgvjs o jtros
pjr io `grmccgóf Mvoiuocgóf `m ijs rmsuito- cumstgjfms `mi oporto`j 0.?
‐ Mftroòs `m io oito `grmc- `js poro `mtmregfor sg boy
cgóf y `m jtrjs `grmctjrms `m ïrmos rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
trofsvmrsoims poro io jrdofgzocgóf qum ms
Cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims qum fmcmsorgj ohjròr Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
olmctof o io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm mi fmcmsorgj ohjròr rmiotgvjs o ios
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 8) cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims
Ospmctjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims `mtmreg- Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fm -
fo`js (`gstgftjs `m ijs ospmctjs cmsorgj ohjròr rmiotgvjs o ospmctjs
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs) oehgmftoims
Jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm 0.8) Xmqugsgtjs `gstgftjs
`gst gftjs `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y `m oqumiijs qum io
jrdofgzocgóf bo mimdg`j o`jptor
‐ Xmsuito`js
Xmsuit o`js `m io rmvgsgóf
pjr io `grmccgóf
Mvoiuocgóf `m ijs rmsuito-
‐ Cgrcufsto
Cgrcu fstofcgos
fcgos fumvos j qum
bof coehgo`j `js poroy `mtmregfor
rgmsdjs sg boy Xgmsdjs
jpjrtufgò`ms y jpjrtufgò`ms
fmcmsorgj qumoms
ohjròr rmiotgvjs jtrjs
‐ Gfljreocgóf fumvo poro io jrdofgzocgóf qum ms rmqugsgtjs
fmcmsorgj ohjròr
‐ Cjeufgcocgjfms cjf ios
portms gftmrmso
gftmrmsoòs
òs
FJPO Ms pjsghim qum fj mxgstof rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum smo fmcmsorgj ohjròr pjr io jrdofgzo -
cgóf, rmsuitoftms `m sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs j `m jtros cumstgjfms j rmqugsgtjs g`mftg -
gco`js mf ijs oporto`js 0.? y 0.8
0.8..
<.?.8 Ospmctjs oehgmftoims
<.?.8.? \gsgóf dmfmroi

ôro mstohimcmr uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `msorrjiior su
cjeprmfsgóf
octgvgò`ms,
octgv `m cóejypum`m
gò`ms, prjùctjs gftmroctuor
smrvgcgjs cjftmfmr
qum pumòf mi em`gj oehgmftm,
uf gepoctj gfciuymf`j
oehgmftoi ijs mimemftjs
(vçosm <.?.8.8
<.?.8.8). `m sus
). Ijs mimemftjs
`m ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf qum pum`mf gftmroctuor cjf mi em`gj
oehgmftm sm `mfjegfof ospmctjs oehgmftoims. Ijs mkmepijs gfciuymf mi vmrtg`j, megsgóf, cjfsuej j
Proùccgóf


rmutgigzocgóf `m uf eotmrgoi, j io dmfmrocgóf `m rug`j. Io jrdofgzocgóf qum gepimemfto uf sgstmeo `m

dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mhmråo `mtmregfor ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims qum pum`m cjftrjior y oqumiijs sjhrm
ijs qum pum`m gfiugr (vçosm <.?.8.3
<.?.8.3),
), tmfgmf`j mf cumfto io pmrspmctgvo `mi cgcij `m vgò. Mi Cuo`rj `m
Oyuò ^rïctgco ?8 prjpjrcgjfo gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm mstm cjfcmptj.
Ijs coehgjs mf mi em`gj oehgmftm, yo smof o`vmrsjs j hmfmgcgjsjs, qum sjf mi rmsuito`j tjtoi j porcgoi
`m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sm `mfjegfof gepoctjs oehgmftoims. Ijs mkmepijs `m gepoctjs o`vmrsjs
gfciuymf io cjftoegfocgóf `mi ogrm y mi odjtoegmftj `m rmcursjs foturoims. Ijs mkmepijs `m gepoctjs
hmfmgcgjsjs gfciuymf io emkjro mf io coigò` `mi oduo j `mi sumij. Io rmiocgóf mftrm ijs ospmctjs
oehgmftoims y ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js ms `m couso y mlmctj. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr
ufo humfo cjeprmfsgóf `m oqumiijs ospmctjs qum tgmfmf j pum`mf tmfmr gepoctjs sgdfggcotgvjs sjhrm mi
em`gj oehgmftm, ms `mcgr, ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs (vçosm <.?.8.0
<.?.8.0)) qum pum`m g`mftggcor
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr poro prjtmdmr mi em`gj oehgmftm.
Io `mtmregfocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js ms
fmcmsorgo poro `mtmregfor cuïf`j sm fmcmsgtof cjftrji j emkjro y poro mstohimcmr prgjrgò`ms poro
ios occgjfms `m dmstgóf (vçosm <.?.8.=
<.?.8.=)) hoso`j prgfcgpoiemftm mf ijs loctjrms oehgmftoims. Io pjiåtgco
oehgmftoi, ijs jhkmtgvjs, io ljreocgóf, ios cjeufgcocgjfms, ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims y ijs prjdroeos
`m smdugegmftj `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf sm `mhmråof hosor prgfcgpoiemftm mf mi cjfjcgegmftj `m sus
ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs. Io `mtmregfocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs ms
uf prjcmsj cjftgfuj qum emkjro io cjeprmfsgóf qum io jrdofgzocgóf tgmfm `m su rmiocgóf cjf mi em`gj
oehgmftm y cjftrghuym o io emkjro cjftgfuo `m su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi o trovçs `m io emkjro `m su
ûmstj qum fj boy uf sjij mfljqum poro `mtmregfor ijs ospmctjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims y `mtmregfor
mi corïctmr sgdfggcotgvj qum cjfvmfdo o tjòs ios jrdofgzocgjfms, io jrgmftocgóf qum sm prmsmfto mf
mi oporto`j <.?.8.=
<.?.8.= sgrvm poro mxpigcor cjfcmptjs lufòemftoims poro oqumiios jrdofgzocgjfms qum
prmtmf`mf gepimemftor j emkjror uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Coò jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mscjdmr
uf mfljqum qum smo oprjpgo`j o su oicofcm, io foturoimzo y io `gemfsgóf `m sus gepoctjs oehgmftoims,
y qum cuepio sus fmcmsgò`ms mf tçregfjs `m `mtoiim, cjepimkgò`, tgmepj, cjstj y `gspjfghgigò` `m
òtjs gohims. Io gepimemftocgóf `m ufj j vorgjs prjcmsjs poro opigcor mi mfljqum smimccgjfo`j pum`m
oyuòr o ijdror rmsuito`js cjbmrmftms.


Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?8 ‐ ^mrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò

Io pmrspmctgvo
pmrspmct gvo `m cgcij `m vgò gfciuym tmfmr mf cumfto ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs
y smrvgcgjs `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf
jrd ofgzocgóf qum çsto
çst o pum`m cjftrjior j sjhrm ijs qum pum`m gfiugr.
gf iugr. Ios mtopos `m uf
cgcij `m vgò gfciuymf io o`qugsgcgóf `m eotmrgos prgeo, mi `gsmÿj, prjùccgóf, trofspjrtm/mftrmdo, usj,
trotoegmftj oi gfoi `m io vgò
v gò ûtgi, y `gspjsgcgóf gfoi.
Oi opigcor ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò o sus prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr mf
cumfto ij sgdugmftm;
‐ io mtopo mf mi cgcij `m vgò `mi prjùctj j smrvgc
smrvgcgj1
gj1
‐ mi dro`j `m
`m cjftrji qum tgmfm sjhrm ios mtopos `mi cgcij `m vgò, pjr mkmepij ms pjsghim qum uf
`gsmÿo`jr `m prjùctjs pumò smr rmspjfsohim sóij `m io smimccgóf `m ufo eotmrgo prgeo, egmftros qum
uf lohrgcoftm
lohrgcoft m pumò smr rmspjfsohim sóij `m
`m rmùcgr mi usj `m eotmrgo
eotmrg o prgeo y `m egfgegzor
eg fgegzor ijs rmsgùjs
`mi prjcmsj, y mi usuorgj pumò smr rmspjfsohim sóij `mi usj y io `gspjsgcgóf `mi prjùctj1
‐ mi dro`j `m gf
gfiumfcgo
iumfcgo qum tgmfm sjhrm mi cgcij `m vgò, pjr mkmepij ms pjsghim qum mi `gsmÿo`jr
sóij pumò gfiugr sjhrm ijs eçtj`js `m prjùccgóf `m ijs
ijs lohrgcoftms, egmftros
egmft ros qum mi lohrgcoftm o`meïs
pumò gfiugr mf mi `gsmÿj y mf io eofmro mf io qum mi prjùctj sm utgigzo y mf mi eçtj`j `m `gspjsgcgóf1
‐ io vgò `mi prjùctj1
‐ io gf
gfiumfcgo
iumfcgo `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf sjhrm io co`mfo `m suegfg
suegfgstrj1
strj1
‐ io ijfdgtu` `m io co`mfo `m suegfg

suegfgstrj1
strj1
‐ io cjepimkgò` tmcfjiódgco `mi prjùctj.
Io jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofgz ocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror
cjfsg`mror oqumiios mtopos
mt opos mf mi cgcij `m vgò sjhrm ios qum tgmfm mi eoyjr cjftrji
j gfiumfcgo, yo qum çstos pum`mf jlrmcmr ios emkjrms jpjrtufgò`ms poro rmcu`gr mi cjfsuej `m rmcursjs
y egfgegzor io cjftoegfocgóf j ijs rmsgùjs.
<.?.8.8 Cjeprmfsgóf `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs

Pjòs ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs tgmfmf oidûf gepoctj mf mi em`gj oehgmftm, qum pum`m
jcurrgr mf oidufo j mf tjòs ios mtopos `mi cgcij `m vgò, ms `mcgr, `ms`m io o`qugsgcgóf y `gstrghucgóf
`m ufo eotmrgo prgeo, bosto su usj y su `gspjsgcgóf gfoi. ]fo jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjeprmf`mr ios
octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs qum sm mfcumftrof `mftrj `mi oicofcm `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi, o gf `m smr copoz `m g`mftggcor ijs ospmctjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js. ûm`m smr
ûtgi odrupor sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs poro oyuòr o io g`mftggcocgóf y mvoiuocgóf `m ijs
ospmctjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js. ]f drupj j cotmdjråo sm pj`råo hosor mf coroctmråstgcos
cjeufms, toims cjej ufgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf, iudorms dmjdrïgcjs y iukj `m trohokj `m ios
jpmrocgjfms.
<.?.8.3 @mtmregfocgóf `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims

Oi `mtmregfor ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `mftrj `mi oicofcm `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, io
jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò y oqumiijs ospmctjs osjcgo`js cjf
sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs poso`js, octuoims y luturjs. Mf tj`js ijs cosjs, io jrdofgzocgóf
`mhmråo cjfsg`mror cjf`gcgjfms `m jpmrocgóf fjreoims y ofjreoims, gfciuymf`j orrofqum, poroò,
eoftmfgegmftj, y sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo rozjfohimemftm prm`mcghims.
O`meïs `m oqumiijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims qum io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjftrjior `grmctoemftm, toehgçf
`mhmråo cjfsg`mror ijs ospmctjs mf ijs qum pumò gfiugr, pjr mkmepij, oqumiijs rmiocgjfo`js cjf ijs
prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs utgigzo`js pjr io jrdofgzocgóf y ijs rmiocgjfo`js cjf ijs prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs qum
prjpjrcgjfo. Oi mvoiuor su copocgò` poro gfiugr mf ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
cjfsg`mror ijstoehgçf
jrdofgzocgóf rmqugsgtjs imdoimscjfsg`mror
`mhmråo y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, sus pjiåtgcos
ios gepigcocgjfms y ijs
`m su osuftjs
prjpgj ijcoims joehgmftoi,
`msmepmÿj rmdgjfoims.pjr
Io
mkmepij, em`goftm io cjepro `m prjùctjs qum cjftgmfmf eotmrgoims pmigdrjsjs, octgvgò`ms rmoigzoòs
pjr prjvmm`jrms mxtmrfjs, gfciuymf`j cjftrotgstos j suhcjftrotgstos, mi `gsmÿj `m prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs,
Proùccgóf

eotmrgoims, hgmfms j smrvgcgjs suegfgstro`js y utgigzo`js, y mi trofspjrtm, utgigzocgóf, rmutgigzocgóf j

rmcgcio`j `m prjùctjs pumstjs mf mi emrco`j.
ôro `mtmregfor y cjeprmf`mr sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m rmcjpgior òtjs
cuoftgtotgvjs y/j
y/j cuoigtotgvjs
cuoigtot gvjs sjhrm ios coroctmråstgcos `m sus octgvgò`ms,
octgv gò`ms, prjùctjs
prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs, cjej
mftroòs y soigòs `m eotmrgoims j mfmrdåo, prjcmsjs y tmcfjijdåo uso`js, gfstoiocgjfms y iudorms, y
eçtj`js `m trofspjrtm. O`meïs, pum`m smr ûtgi rmcjpgior gfljreocgóf sjhrm;
o) rmiocgjfms `m couso ymfmlmctj

rmoims j pjtmfcgoims mftrm
mi em`gj ijs mimemftjs `m sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs, smrvgcgjs
oehgmftm1 smrvgc gjs y coehgjs
h) prmjcupocgjfms oehgmftoims `m ios port

portms
ms gftmrmsoòs1 y
c) ospmctjs oehgmftoims pjtmfcgoims g`mftggco`js mf ios rmdioemftocgjfms y pmregsjs
duhmrfoemftoims,
duhmrfoemftoims, mf jtros fjreos, j pjr osjcgocgjf
osjcgocgjfms
ms gfùstrgoims, gfstgtucgjfm
gfst gtucgjfmss oco`çegcos, mtc.
Mi prjcmsj `m `mtmregfocgóf `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims sm hmfmgcgo `m io portgcgpocgóf `m oqumiijs
gf`gvgùjs qum mstïf loegigorgzo`js cjf ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Oufqum fj boy uf sjij mfljqum poro io `mtmregfocgóf `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims, mi mfljqum smimccgjfo`j
pum`m cjfsg`mror;
‐ megsgjfms oi ogrm1
‐ vmrtg`js oi oduo1
‐ vmrtg`js oi sumij1
‐ utgigzocgóf `m eotmrgos prgeo y rmcursjs foturoims1
‐ usj `m mfmrdåo1
‐ mfmrdåo megtgò (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, coijr,
coijr, ro`gocgóf, vghrocgóf Qrug`jU y iuz)1
iuz)1
‐ dmfmrocgóf `m rmsgùjs y/j suhprjùctjs1
‐ usj `m mspocgj.
^jr ij toftj sm `mhmråof cjfsg`mror ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims rmiotgvjs o ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y
smrvgcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, gfciuymf`j;
‐ mi `gsmÿj y mi `msorrjiij `m sus gfstoiocgjfms, prjcmsjs, prjùctjs y smrvgc
smrvgcgjs1
gjs1
‐ io o`qugsgcgóf `m eotmrgos prgeo, gfciuymf`j su mxt

mxtroccgóf1
roccgóf1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs `m lohrgcocgóf y lufcgjfoe
lufcgjfoegmftj,
gmftj, gfciuymf`j mi oieocmfoegmftj1
‐ io jpmrocgóf y eoftmfgegmftj `m ios gfst
gfstoiocgjfms,
oiocgjfms, ijs octgvjs jrdofgzocgjfoims
jrdofgzocgjfo ims y ios gflr
gflromstruc
omstructuro
turos1
s1
‐ mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi y ios prïctgcos `m ijs prjvmm`jrms mxtmr
mxtmrfjs1
fjs1
‐ mi trof
trofspjrtm
spjrtm `m prjùctjs y io prmstoc
prmstocgóf
góf `m smrvgc
smrvgcgjs,
gjs, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j mi mehoiokm1
‐ mi oieocmfoegmftj, mi usj y mi trotoegmftj oi gfoi `m io vgò ûtgi `m ijs prjùctjs1
‐ io dmstgóf `m rmsgùjs, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j io rmutgig
rmutgigzocgóf,
zocgóf, rmfjvocgóf,
rmfjvocgóf, rmcgciokm y `gspjsgc
`gspjsgcgóf.
góf.
FJPO Mi Gfljrem Pçcfgcj GSJ/PX ?0><8 prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf sjhrm ijs ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims `mi `gsmÿj
`m prjùctjs, y o Fjreo GSJ ?0>>< prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf sjhrm mcj`gsmÿj.
<.?.8.0 Cjeprmfsgóf `m gepoctjs oehgmftoims

ôro `mtmregfor su sgdfggcofcgo, ms fmcmsorgj cjeprmf`mr ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf
rmiocgjfo`js cjf ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `mtmregfo`js, mspmcgoiemftm oqumiijs qum pum`mf cjfùcgr

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js 8=


o sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo pjtmfcgoims. Boy eucbjs mfljqums `gspjfghims. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo

mscjdmr ufj qum sm okustm o sus fmcmsgò`ms.
ôro oidufos jrdofgzocgjfms pum`m smr o`mcuo`j cjftor cjf gfljreocgóf lïcgiemftm `gspjfghim sjhrm
ijs tgpjs `m gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js cjf ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Jtros
jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf mimdgr mi usj `m `godroeos `m couso y mlmctj j `m `godroeos `m iukj qum giustrmf
ios mftroòs, rmsuito`js j hoiofcms `m eoso/mfmrdåo u jtrjs mfljqums, toims cjej ios mvoiuocgjfms `m
gepoctj oehgmftoi j ios mvoiuocgjfms `mi cgcij `m vgò.
FJPO ? Ios Fjreos GSJ ?0>0> m GSJ ?0>00 prjpjrcgjfof jrgmftocgóf sjhrm
sjhrm io mvoiuoc
mvoiuocgóf
góf `mi cgcij `m vgò.
Mi mfljqum mscjdg`j `mhmråo smr copoz `m rmcjfjcmr;
‐ ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims pjsgtgvjs (hmfmgcgjsjs) oi gduoi qum ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims fmdotgvjs
fmdotgvjs
(o`vmrsjs)1
FJPO 8 Ijs ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims cjf gepoctjs oehgmftoims pjtmfcgoims hmfmgcgjsjs pum`mf prmsmftor
jpjrtufgò`ms poro io jrdofgzocgóf `m emkjror ios cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims. Ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims cjf
gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs pum`mf rmprmsmftor ufo oemfozo poro io jrdofgzocgóf qum pum`m `mhgigtor su
copocgò` `m cuepigr ijs cjeprjegsjs `m su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi.
‐ ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims rmoims y pjtmfcgoims1
‐ io portm j portms `mi em`gj oehgmftm qum sm pum`mf vmr
vmr olmctoòs,
olmctoò s, toims cjej mi ogrm, mi oduo, mi
sumij, io ijro, io loufo j io bmrmfcgo cuituroi1
‐ ios coroctmråstgcos
coroctmrås tgcos `mi iudor qum pum`mf olmct
olmctor
or o io eodfgtu` `mi gepoctj oehgmftoi, toims cjej ios
cjf`gcgjfms cigeïtgcos ijcoims, io oituro sjhrm mi fgvmi `mi eor, ijs tgpjs `m sumij, mtc.1 y
‐ io foturoimzo `m ijs coehgjs mf mi em`gj oehgmftm (toims
(toims cjej cumstgjfms dijhoims lrmftm o ijcoims,
ùrocgóf `mi gepoctj oehgmftoi j io pjsghgigò` `m qum mi gepoctj oehgmftoi dofm lumrzo cjf mi
tgmepj).
Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?3 prjpjrcgjfo pjsghims lumftms `m gfljreocgóf qum pum`mf oyuòr o ufo
jrdofgzocgóf o `mtmregfor sus ospmctjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims.
Proùccgóf
8< © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?3 ‐ ^jsghims lumftms `m gfljreocgóf poro `mtmregfor ijs ospmctjs
oehgmftoims y ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims
Ios pjsghims lumftms `m gfljreocgóf gfciuymf;
o) `jcuemftjs `m gfljreocgóf dmfmroi, toims cjej ljiimtjs, cotï
cotïijdjs
ijdjs m gfljrems ofuoims1
h) eofuoims `m jpmrocgóf, `godr

`godroeos
oeos `m iukj `m prjcmsjs, j piofms `m coigò` y prjùctj1
c) gfljrems `m ou`gtjråos prmvgos
prmvgos,, mvoiuocgjfms j rmvgs
rmvgsgjfms,
gjfms, toims cjej rmvgsgjfms oehgmftoims
gfgcgoims j mvoiuocgjfms `mi cgcij `m vgò1
`) gfljreocgóf `m jtrjs sgstmeos `m dmstgóf, toims cjej mi `m coigò` j mi `m smdurgò` y soiu`
jcupocgjfoi1
m) gfljrems `m òtjs tçcfgcjs, ofïigsgs j mstu`gjs puhig
puhigco`js,
co`js, j igstos `m sustofcgos tóxgcos1
l) rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
rmqugsgtjs11
d) có`gdjs `m humfos prïctgc
prïctgcos,
os, pjiåtgco
pjiåtgcoss focgjfoims m gftmrfocgjfoims, `grmc
`grmctrgcms
trgcms y prjdroe
prjdroeos1
os1
b) òtjs `m cjepros1
g) mspmcggcocgjfms
mspmcg gcocgjfms `m prjùctj, òtjs `m `msorrjiij `m prjùctjs, Lgcbos `m @otjs `m Smdur Smdurgò`
gò`
`m Eotmrgoims j Sustofcgos _uåegcos (S@S/ES@S/CS@S) j òtjs `m hoiofcm `m eotmrgo y mfmrdåo1
k) gfvmftorgjs `m rmsgùjs1
a) òtjs `m smdug
smdugegmftj1
egmftj1
i) sjigcgtu`ms `m pmregsjs j igcmfcgos oehgmftoims1
e) jpgfgjfms j sjigcgtu`ms `m ios port
portmsms gftmrmsoòs lufò
lufòemftoims,
emftoims, j ocumr`js cjf miios1
f) gfljrems sjhrm sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo.
<.?.8.= @mtmregfocgóf
@mtmregfocgó f `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfglg
sgdfglgcotgvjs
cotgvjs
Io sgdfggcofcgo ms uf cjfcmptj rmiocgjfo`j cjf io jrdofgzocgóf y su cjftmxtj. Ij qum ms sgdfggcotgvj

poro ufo jrdofgzocgóf fj ms fmcmsorgoemftm sgdfggcotgvj poro jtro. Io mvoiuocgóf `mi corïctmr
sgdfggcotgvj pum`m gepigcor toftj mi ofïigsgs tçcfgcj cjej mi crgtmrgj `mtmregfo`js pjr io jrdofgzocgóf.
Mi usj `m crgtmrgjs pum`m oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf o mstohimcmr ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims m gepoctjs
oehgmftoims osjcgo`js qum cjfsg`mro sgdfggcotgvjs. Mstohimcmr y opigcor `gcbjs crgtmrgjs `mhmråo
prjpjrcgjfor cjbmrmfcgo mf io mvoiuocgóf `m io sgdfggcofcgo.
ûmstj qum io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m tmfmr eucbjs ospmctjs m gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js, `mhmråo
mstohimcmr crgtmrgjs y uf eçtj`j poro `mtmregfor oqumiijs qum cjfsg`mro sgdfggcotgvjs. Ijs crgtmrgjs
pum`mf rmlmrgrsm o ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims (pjr mkmepij tgpj, toeoÿj, lrmcumfcgo) j ijs gepoctjs
oehgmftoims (pjr mkmepij mscoio, drovmò`, ùrocgóf, mxpjsgcgóf). Oi mstohimcmr crgtmrgjs sjhrm mi
corïctmr sgdfggcotgvj pum`mf tmfmrsm mf cumfto jtros mftroòs, gfciuymf`j gfljreocgóf sjhrm ijs
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, y ios gfqugmtu`ms `m ios portms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos. Fj jhstoftm, io
smimccgóf `m mstjs crgtmrgjs fj `mhmråo bocmrsm `m uf ej`j qum suhmstgem uf ospmctj oehgmftoi qum så
ms sgdfggcotgvj.
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mstohimcmr fgvmims (j voijrms) `m sgdfggcofcgo osjcgo`js cjf coò crgtmrgj.
^jr mkmepij, io mvoiuocgóf `m io sgdfggcofcgo pj`råo hosorsm mf ufo cjehgfocgóf `m pjsghgigò`
(prjhohgigò`/lrmcumfcgo) `m qum jcurro uf mvmftj y sus cjfsmcumfcgos (smvmrgò`/gftmfsgò`). Pmfmr
oidûf tgpj `m mscoio j ciosggcocgóf pum`m smr ûtgi mf io osgdfocgóf `mi corïctmr sgdfggcotgvj, pjr mkmepij,
cuoftgtotgvoemftm mf tçregfjs `m uf voijr fueçrgcj j cuoigtotgvoemftm mf tçregfjs `m fgvmims toims
cjej oitj, em`gj, hokj j gfsgdfggcoftm.
]fo jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mfcjftror ûtgi mvoiuor io sgdfggcofcgo `m uf ospmctj oehgmftoi y `m ijs
gepoctjs osjcgo`js cjehgfof`j rmsuito`js `m ijs crgtmrgjs. @mhmråo `mcg`gr quç ospmctjs oehgmftoims
sjf sgdfggcotgvjs, pjr mkmepij, utgigzof`j uf voijr uehroi. Fj jhstoftm, sg sm opigco `gcbj mfljqum, io
jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo smr copoz `m kustggcor mi voijr uehroi. Ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs


pum`mf òr iudor o rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr poro osmdurorsm `m qum io
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y prmvmfgr j
egtgdor ijs mlmctjs gf`msmo`js.
ôro locgigtor io piofggcocgóf, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò oprjpgoò
sjhrm io g`mftggcocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims y sus gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js. Osgegsej, sm
`mhmråo eoftmfmr gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò sjhrm ijs crgtmrgjs uso`js poro `mtmregfor sus ospmctjs
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs y ijs `mtmregfo`js cjej sgdfggcotgvjs, gfciuymf`j oqumiijs qum pum`mf
jcurrgr mf sgtuocgjfms pjtmfcgoims `m memrdmfcgo. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo utgigzor msto gfljreocgóf
poro cjeprmf`mr io fmcmsgò` `m mstohimcmr y `mtmregfor cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims, gfciuymf`j oqumiijs
fmcmsorgjs poro egtgdor j rmspjf`mr o sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo rmoims. Io gfljreocgóf sjhrm ijs
gepoctjs oehgmftoims g`mftggco`js sm `mhmråo gfciugr smdûf smo oprjpgo`j. Msto gfljreocgóf sm `mhmråo
rmvgsor y octuoigzor
oct uoigzor pmrgó`gcoemftm,
pmrgó`gcoemftm, y cuof`j
c uof`j ios cgrcufstofcgos coehgm
coehgmf,
f, `mhmråo doroftgzorsm qum io
gfljreocgóf mstï octuoigzoò. ûm`m smr ûtgi cjfsmrvor msto gfljreocgóf mf ufo igsto, rmdgstrj, hosm `m
òtjs j `m oidufo jtro ljreo.
FJPO Io `mtmreg
`mtmregfocgóf
focgóf `m ijs ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims sgdfg
sgdfggcot
gcotgvjs
gvjs fj rmqugmrm ufo mvoiuocgóf `m gepoctj
oehgmftoi.
<.?.3 Xmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
<.?.3.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Ijs rmqugsgtjs
ohjròr. imdoimsmtopo
Io prgemro y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
poro osmdurorpum`mf òr iudor o`m
mi cuepigegmftj rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims yqum ms rmqugsgtjs
jtrjs fmcmsorgj
ms g`mftggcor y tmfmr occmsj o ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y cjeprmf`mr cóej opigcof o
io jrdofgzocgóf. ]sof`j mi cjfjcgegmftj jhtmfg`j mf mi oporto`j 0.8.0, 0.8.0, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
mstohimcmr, gepimemftor y eoftmfmr uf prjcmsj poro g`mftggcor y tmfmr occmsj o ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs.
Mstm prjcmsj `mhmråo pmregtgr o io jrdofgzocgóf tmfmr mf cumfto y prmpororsm `m coro o fmcmsgò`ms y
mxpmctotgvos fumvos j coehgoftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs, `m eofmro qum sm pumòf tjeor occgjfms
prmporotjrgos poro eoftmfmr io cjfljregò`, smdûf prjcmò. Io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf `mhmråo
cjfsg`mror cóej ijs `msorrjiijs piofggco`js j fumvjs y ios octgvgò`ms, ijs prjùctjs j ijs smrvgcgjs
fumvjs j ej`ggco`js pum`mf olmctor o su msto`j `m cuepigegmftj.
]fo jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum sm cjeufgco io gfljreocgóf oprjpgoò sjhrm ijs rmqugsgtjs
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs o tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf
(gfciuymf`j prjvmm`jrms mxtmrfjs, cjej cjftrotgstos j suegfgstro`jrms) cuyos rmspjfsohgigò`ms
mstçf rmiocgjfoòs j cuyos occgjfms pumòf olmctor oi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs.
ôro eïs gfljreocgóf sjhrm ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs mf rmiocgóf cjf ijs sgstmeos `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi, vçosm mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?0.
Proùccgóf

Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?0 ‐ Xmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs

Ijs cjepjfmftms rmcjemfò`js `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi rmiocgjfo`js
r miocgjfo`js cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs sm rmsuemf mf io igsto sgdugmftm. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr, gepimemftor y
eoftmfmr ijs prjcmsjs fmcmsorgjs y suegfgstror ijs rmcursjs o`mcuo`js poro;
o) mstohimcmr ufo pjiåtgco oehgmftoi qum gfciuyo uf cjeprjegsj poro sotgslocmr ijs rmqugsgtjs
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm =.8
=.8)1
)1
h) g`mftggcor,
g`mftggc or, tmfmr occmsj y cjeprmf`mr io eofmro mf qum ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
opigcof o io jrdofgzocgóf (vçofsm 0.8 y <.?.3
<.?.3)1
)1
c) mstohimcmr jhkmtgvj
jhkmtgvjss oehgmftoims qum cjfsg`mrm
cjfsg`mrmf
f ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
(vçosm <.
<.88)1
`) oicofzor ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims rmiocgjf
rmiocgjfo`js
o`js cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,
em`goftm;
‐ ijs rjims, rmspjfsohgi
rmspjfsohgigò`ms,
gò`ms, prjcm`ge
prjcm`gegmftjs,
gmftjs, em`gjs y piozjs g`mftggc
g`mftggco`js
o`js poro cuepigr
ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims rmiocgjfo`js cjf mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
(vçosm <.?.0
<.?.0)1
)1
‐ ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims (gfciuy
(gfciuymf`j
mf`j prjcm`gegmftjs, smdûf smo fmcmsorgj
fmcmsorgj)) poro gepim-
emftor mi cjeprjegsj cjf mi cuepigegmftj y ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims rmiocgjfo`js cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm 2.?
2.?)1
)1
m) osmdurorsm
osmdu rorsm `m qum tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf sjf cjfs-
cgmftms `m ijs prjcm`gegmftjs rmiocgjfo`js qum ims opigcof, y `m ios cjfsmcumfcgos `m gfcuepigr ijs
rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm 4.3
.3)1
)1
l) osmdurorsm
osmdu rorsm `m qum tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf
ocgóf tgmfmf io
cjepmtmfcgo fmcmsorgo sjhrm ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
imdo ims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs opigcohims, ijs prjcm`gegmftjs rmio -
cgjfo`js qum ims opigcof,
opigcof, y io gepjrtofcgo
gepjrt ofcgo `m cuepigr ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
imdo ims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
rmqugsgt js opigcohims,
mf hosm o ufo mùcocgóf, ljreocgóf j mxpmrgmfcgo oprjpgoòs (vçosm 4.8 .8)1
)1
d) mstohimcmr prjcm`ge
prjcm`gegmftjs
gmftjs `m cjeufgcocgóf pmrt
pmrtgfmftms
gfmftms poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
tmfgmf`j mf cumfto ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm 4.0 .0)1
)1
b) mvoiuor pmrgó`gcoemftm io cjfljregò` cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (v
(vçosm
çosm 7.?.8
7.?.8)1
)1
g) g`mftggcor
g`mftggc or cuoiqugmr cosj `m gfcuepigegmftj j fj cjfljregò`, m gfcuepigegmftjs j fj cjf-
ljregò`ms pjtmfcgoims prmvgsghims, y meprmf`mr occgjfms gfem`gotos poro g`mftggcor ios occgjfms
cjrrmctgvos, gepimemftorios y cjfciugrios (vçosm ?>.? ?>.?)1
)1
k) cjfsmrvor gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf góf `jcuemftoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js
o`js `m su mvoiuocgóf `m cjf-
ljregò` (vçosm 7.?.8
7.?.8)1
)1
a) ohjròr ios coroct
coroctmråst
mråstgcos
gcos rmiocgjfoòs cjf mi cuepige
cuepigegmftj
gmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtj
rmqugsgtjss imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs cuof`j sm rmoigzof ou`gtjråos pmrgó`gcos `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 7.8 7.8),
), y
i) cjfsg`mror ijs coehgjs mf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs cuof`j sm rmoigcm io rmvgsgóf
pjr io `grmccgóf (vçosm 7.37.3).
).
Mi cjeprjegsj cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs rmimko ufo mxpmctotgvo `m qum io jrdofgzo -
cgóf mepimo uf mfljqum sgstmeïtgcj poro ijdror y eoftmfmr io cjfljregò` cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
<.?.3.8 Xmqugsgtjs imdoims

Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m occm`mr o ufo j eïs lumftms `m gfljreocgóf cjej em`gj poro g`mftggcor ijs
rmqugsgtjs imdoims rmiocgjfo`js
duhmrfoemftoims cjf sus
y rmdioemftorgjs, ospmctjs oehgmftoims.
osjcgocgjfms @gcbos
`m io gfùstrgo lumftmscjemrcgoims,
j drupjs pum`mf gfciugr jrdofgsejs
hosms `m òtjs
cjemrcgoims y puhigcocgjfms, oså cjej osmsjrms y smrvgcgjs prjlmsgjfoims. Mi prjcmsj `mhmråo pmregtgr o



io jrdofgzocgóf oftgcgporsm y prmpororsm poro rmqugsgtjs imdoims fumvjs j ej`ggco`js, `m eofmro qum
pumò eoftmfmr io cjfljregò`.
<.?.3.3 Jtrjs rmqugsgtjs

Io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf `mhmråo `mtmregfor io eofmro mf qum bo o`jpto`j jtrjs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y
jtrjs rmqugsgtjs qum, jrgdgfo`js o portgr `m ios jtros portms gftmrmsoòs toi y cjej sm bo g`mftggco`j mf
mi oporto`j 0.8,
0.8, sm rmiocgjfof cjf ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
<.?.3.0 Gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò `m sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs, qum pj`råo mstor mf ljreo `m rmdgstrj j igsto. Mstj pum`m oyuòr o eoftmfmr io tjeo `m
cjfcgmfcgo y io trofspormfcgo cjf rmiocgóf o ijs rmqugsgtjs opigcohims. Mstm rmdgstrj `mhmråo rmvgsorsm
pmrgó`gcoemftm
pmrgó`gcoem ftm poro osmdurorsm `m qum sm eoftgmfm octuoigzo`j. Mstm rmdgstrj
rmdgs trj j igsto pj`råo gfciugr;
‐ mi jrgdmf `m ijs rmqugsgtj
rmqugsgtjss imdoims
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, gfciuymf`j ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms1
‐ ufo vgsgóf dmfmroi `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1 y
‐ io eofmro mf qum
qum `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs sm rmiocgjfof cjf ijs ospmctjs `m io
jrdofgzocgóf y/j ijs rmqugsgtjs pmrtgfmftms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs.
<.?.0 îofglgcocgóf `m occgjfms

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror y piofggcor cóej vo o tjeor occgjfms poro ohjròr ijs ospmctjs
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms
fmcmsorgj ohjròr, toi y cjej sm bo `mtmregfo`j
`mtmr egfo`j mf mi oporto`j <.?.?.
<.?.?. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
`mhmråo piofggcor
io tjeo `m occgjfms `m vorgos eofmros usof`j ijs prjcmsjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi u jtrjs
prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj. Io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf `mhmråo `mtmregfor io mgcocgo `m ios occgjfms tjeoòs.
Io piofggcocgóf poro tjeor occgjfms pum`m gfciugr ufo sjio occgóf, cjej mstohimcmr uf jhkmtgvj
oehgmftoi, uf cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi, io prmporocgóf oftm memrdmfcgos u jtrjs prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj, pjr
mkmepij io mvoiuocgóf `m ijs prjvmm`jrms. @m ej`j oitmrfotgvj, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m utgigzor ufo
cjehgfocgóf `m occgjfms qum gfciuyof jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims qum gepigqumf
ufo cjehgfocgóf `m kmrorquåos `m cjftrji. Oi piofggcor ios occgjfms, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror
ios jpcgjfms tmcfjiódgcos y su vgohgigò`, y ijs rmqugsgtjs gfofcgmrjs, jpmrocgjfoims y `m fmdjcgj. ôro
cuoiqugmr occgóf piofggcoò, `mhmråo cjfsg`mrorsm mi pjtmfcgoi `m prjùcgr cjfsmcumfcgos gf`msmoòs,
pjr mkmepij gepoctjs o`vmrsjs o cjrtj j iordj piozj sjhrm mi em`gj oehgmftm `mftrj `mi cgcij `m vgò
`mi prjùctj j smrvgcgj.
Ios jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf o`jptor ufo vorgmò` `m eçtj`js y tçcfgcos poro mvoiuor io mgcocgo `m
ios occgjfms tjeoòs, qum vof `ms`m ios tçcfgcos msto`åstgcos o cjeporocgjfms `m ijs rmsuito`js `mi
smdugegmftj y io em`gcgóf cjf ijs fgvmims `m `msmepmÿj mspmro`js (vçosm 7.? 7.?).
). Oidufjs rmqugsgtjs
imdoims pum`mf mspmcggcor io fmcmsgò` `m voigòcgóf j vmrggcocgóf `m io copocgò` `m `msmepmÿj y mi
`msmepmÿj rmoi `m oidufjs cjftrjims. Mf oidufjs cosjs, ios jrdofgzocgjfms migdmf mvoiuor io mgcocgo `m
ios occgjfms lumro `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mstj pum`m bocmrsm pjr mkmepij em`goftm sgstmeos
`m dmstgóf `m io smdurgò` y soiu` jcupocgjfoi j prjcmsjs `m gfdmfgmråo j `m fmdjcgj. Cuof`j sm tjemf
mstoss occgjfms lumro `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
msto oehgmftoi , pum`m bocmrsm rmlmrmfcgo o miij `mftrj
`mftrj `mi sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Io Pohio O.? eumstro
O.? eumstro mkmepijs `m ospmctjs oehgmftoims, gepoctjs
gepoc tjs oehgmftoims y rgmsdjs y jpjrt
jpjrtufgò`ms
ufgò`ms
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr, y io occgóf piofggcoò poro ohjròrijs mf `gvmrsos octgvgò`ms.
Io Pohio O.3 eumstro
O.3 eumstro mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr y occgjfms poro
ohjròrijs, osjcgo`js cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
Io Pohio O.0 eumstro
O.0 eumstro mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr y occgjfms poro
ohjròrijs, osjcgo`js cjf jtros cumstgjfms y rmqugsgtjs.
Proùccgóf
3> © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js


<.8 Jhkmtgv
Jhkmtgvjs
js oehgmftoims y piofglgcocgóf poro ijdrorijs
<.8.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Mf mi prjcmsj `m piofggcocgóf, io jrdofgzocgóf mstohimcm jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims poro cuepigr ijs
cjeprjegsjs mstohimcg`js mf su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi y ijdror jtrjs gfms `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Mi prjcmsj `m
mstohimcmr y rmvgsor ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims m gepimemftor ijs prjcmsjs poro ijdrorijs prjpjrcgjfo
ufo hosm eoftgmfm
egmftros sgstmeïtgco poro `m
su fgvmi qum io jrdofgzocgóf
`msmepmÿj emkjrm
oehgmftoi mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi mf oidufos ïrmos,
mf jtros.
<.8.8 Mstohimcgegmftj `m jhkmtgv

jhkmtgvjs
js oehgmftoims
Oi mstohimcmr ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror vorgos mftroòs, gfciuymf`j;
‐ ijs prgfcgpgjs y cjeprjegsjs mf
mf su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi1
‐ sus ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims sgdfg
sgdfggcotgvjs
gcotgvjs (y io gfljreocgóf `msorrjiioò oi `mtmregfo
`mtmregforijs
rijs)1
)1
‐ sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr,
ohjròr, smdûf sm bo `mtmreg
`mtmregfo`j
fo`j mf
mf mi oporto`j <.?.?,
<.?.?,
rmiocgjfo`js cjf jtros cumstgjfms y rmqugsgtjs qum olmctof oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf pum`m cjfsg`mror;
‐ ijs mlmctjs `m oicofzo
oicofzorr sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims sjhrm
sjhrm jtros octgv
octgvgò`ms
gò`ms y prjcmsjs1
‐ ijs pjsghims mlmctjs sjhrm io geodmf pûhigco
pûhigco `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ ijs boiioz
boiiozdjs
djs `m ios rmvgsgjfms oehgmftoims1
oehgmftoims1 y
‐ jtros emtos `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims `mhmråof mstohimcmrsm oi fgvmi eïs oitj `m io jrdofgzocgóf y o jtrjs fgvmims y
rjims mf ijs qum sm iimvof o cohj octgvgò`ms gepjrtoftms poro cuepigr ijs cjeprjegsjs `m io pjiåtgco
oehgmftoi y ios emtos dijhoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims `mhmråof smr cjbmrmftms
cjf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi y ijs cjeprjegsjs poro io prjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm gfciuymf`j io
prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf, mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, y io emkjro
cjftgfuo.
]f jhkmtgvj oehgmftoi sm pum`m mxprmsor `grmctoemftm cjej uf fgvmi `m `msmepmÿj mspmcågcj, j
pum`m mxprmsorsm `m eofmro dmfmroi y pjstmrgjremftm `mgfgrij em`goftm ufo j eïs emtos, mstj ms, uf
rmqugsgtj `m `msmepmÿj `mtoiio`j qum `mhmråo cuepigrsm poro ijdror mi jhkmtgvj oehgmftoi. Cuof`j sm
mstohimcmf ios emtos, `mhmråof smr emtos em`ghims. Ios emtos pum`mf fmcmsgtor io gfciusgóf `m piozjs
mspmcggco`js.
Ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims qum io jrdofgzocgóf mstohimcm sm `mhmråof cjfsg`mror cjej portm `m sus
jhkmtgvjs dmfmroims `m dmstgóf. Msto gftmdrocgóf pum`m gfcrmemftor mi voijr fj sjioemftm `mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi, sgfj toehgçf `m jtrjs prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj o ijs cuoims sm opigco io gftmdrocgóf.
Ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims pum`mf opigcorsm mf tjò io jrdofgzocgóf j `m ljreo eïs igegtoò o
ijcoigzocgjfms mspmcågcos j octgvgò`ms gf`gvgùoims. ^jr mkmepij, ufo gfstoiocgóf `m lohrgcocgóf
pum`m tmfmr uf jhkmtgvj dijhoi `m rmùccgóf `m mfmrdåo qum sm pum`m ijdror em`goftm octgvgò`ms `m
eoftmfgegmftj mf uf `mportoemftj gf`gvgùoi. Sgf mehordj, mf jtros sgtuocgjfms, tjòs ios portms `m
io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråof cjftrghugr `m oidufo eofmro oi ijdrj `mi jhkmtgvj dijhoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Poehgçf ms pjsghim qum portms `glmrmftms `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf, qum pmrsgdumf mi egsej jhkmtgvj dijhoi,
pumòf fmcmsgtor gepimemftor occgjfms `gstgftos poro ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs `m sus `mportoemftjs.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo g`mftggcor ios cjftrghucgjfms `m ijs `glmrmftms fgvmims y lufcgjfms `m io
jrdofgzocgóf poro ijdror sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, y bocmr qum sus egmehrjs gf`gvgùoims tjemf
cjfcgmfcgo `m sus rmspjfsohgigò`ms.


Io `jcuemftocgóf y cjeufgcocgóf `m ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims emkjro io copocgò` `m io jrdofgzocgóf

poro cjfsmdugr sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò
sjhrm sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, y `mhmråo prjpjrcgjfor io gfljreocgóf rmiotgvo o ijs jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims o oqumiios pmrsjfos rmspjfsohims `m oicofzorijs y o jtrj pmrsjfoi qum fmcmsgtm msto
gfljreocgóf poro rmoigzor lufcgjfms rmiocgjfoòs, toims cjej mi cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi.
<.8.3 îofglgcocgóf
îofglgc ocgóf `m occgjfms poro ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims
ôrtm `mi prjcmsj `m piofggcocgóf pum`m gfciugr ufj j eïs prjdroeos poro mi ijdrj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Mi prjdroeo `mhmråo ohjròr ijs rjims, rmspjfsohgigò`ms, prjcmsjs, rmcursjs, piozjs, prgjrgò`ms,
oså cjej ios occgjfms fmcmsorgos poro ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims. Mstos occgjfms pum`mf trotor
prjcmsjs gf`gvgùoims, prjymctjs, prjùctjs, smrvgcgjs, sgtgjs j gfstoiocgjfms `mftrj `m uf sgtgj. Ios
jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf gftmdror prjdroeos poro ijdror jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims cjf jtrjs prjdroeos
`mftrj `m su prjcmsj `m piofggcocgóf mstrotçdgco. Ijs prjdroeos poro ijdror jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims
oyuòf o io jrdofgzocgóf o emkjror su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. @mhmråof smr `gfïegcjs. Cuof`j jcurrmf
coehgjs mf ijs prjcmsjs, octgvgò`ms, smrvgcgjs y prjùctjs `mftrj `mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi, sm `mhmråof rmvgsor ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y prjdroeos osjcgo`js smdûf smo fmcmsorgj.
<.8.0 Gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj

Ijs gf`gco`jrms `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf sjf ufo bmrroegmfto gepjrtoftm poro mi
smdugegmftj
jrdofgzocgóf `m su prjdrmsj
`mhmråo mf io
mstohimcmr cjfsmcucgóf
gf`gco`jrms `m ijs jhkmtgvjs
`m `msmepmÿj oehgmftoims
oehgmftoi y io emkjro
qum pumòf cjftgfuo.
prjùcgr Io
rmsuito`js
jhkmtgvjs, vmrggcohims y rmprjùcghims. Ijs gf`gco`jrms `mhmråof smr oprjpgo`js poro ios octgvgò`ms,
prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, cjbmrmftms cjf su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, prïctgcjs, mgcocms
mf cuoftj o cjstjs y tmcfjiódgcoemftm vgohims. Mstjs gf`gco`jrms sm pum`mf usor poro rmoigzor mi
smdugegmftj `mi prjdrmsj `m io jrdofgzocgóf mf mi ijdrj `m sus jhkmtgvjs. Poehgçf sm pum`mf usor
poro jtrjs prjpósgtjs, pjr mkmepij cjej portm `m uf prjcmsj dijhoi poro io mvoiuocgóf y emkjro
`mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror mi usj `m gf`gco`jrms `m cjf`gcgjfms
oehgmftoims (GCO), gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj `m dmstgóf (G@D) m gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj jpmrocgjfoi
(G@J) o`mcuo`js o sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs. Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?= prjpjrcgjfo
gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm ijs gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj.
FJPO Io Fjreo GSJ ?0>3? y mi Gfljrem Pçcfgcj GSJ/PX ?0>33 prjpjrcgjfof jrgmftocgóf sjhrm io smimccgóf y
usj `m ijs gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi.
Proùccgóf

Io tohio O.8 prjpjrcgjfo
O.8 prjpjrcgjfo mkmepijs `m jhkmtgvjs, emtos m gf`gco`jrms oehgmftoims poro ios octgvgò`ms
smimccgjfoòs.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?= ‐ Gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj

Mi prjdrmsj bocgo uf jhkmtgvj oehgmftoi dmfmroiemftm sm pum`m em`gr usof`j gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepmÿj
oehgmftoims cjej ijs sgdugmftms;
‐ coftgò` `m eotmrgo prgeo j mfmrdåo usoò1
‐ coftgò` `m megsgjfms, pjr mkmepij `m CJ81
‐ rmsgùjs prjùcg`js pjr coftgò` `m prjùctj tmregfo`j1
‐ mgcgmfcgo `mi eotmrgoi y io mfmrdåo uso`js1
‐ fûemrj `m gfcg`mftms oehgmftoims (pjr mkmepij; `msvg `msvgocgjfms
ocgjfms pjr mfcgeo `m ijs iåegtm
iåegtms)
s)11
‐ fûemrj `m occg`mftms oehgmftoims (pjr mkmepij; vmrtg`js fj piofgpiofggco`js)
gco`js)11
‐ pjrcmftokm `m rmsgùjs rmcgcio`js1
‐ pjrcmftokm `m eotmrgo
eotmrgoii rmcgcio`j utgig
utgigzo`j
zo`j mf mehoiokms1
‐ fûemrj `m agióemt
agióemtrjs
rjs `m ijs vmbåcuijs `m smrvgc
smrvgcgj
gj pjr ufgò` `m prjùccgóf1
‐ coftgò`ms megtgòs `m cjftoeg
cjftoegfoftms
foftms mspmcå
mspmcågcjs,
gcjs, pjr mkmepij; FJx, SJx, CJ, CJ\
CJ\,, ^h, CLC1
‐ gfvmrsgóf mf prjtmccgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ fûemrj `m prjcmsjs ku`gcgoims1
‐ supmrgcgm
supmrgc gm `m tmrrmfj rmsmrvoò poro bïhgtot `m io ijro y io loufo1
‐ fûemrj `m pmrsjfos ljreoòs mf io g`mftggc
g`mftggcocgóf
ocgóf `m ospmct
ospmctjsjs oehgmftoims1 y
‐ pjrcmftokm `mi prmsupumstj dost
dosto`j
o`j mf tmcfjijdåo
tmcfjijdåoss `m hokos megsgjfms.
4 Opjyj
4.? Xmcursjs
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor ijs rmcursjs fmcmsorgjs poro mstohimcmr, gepimemftor, eoftmfmr y
emkjror mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Oi g`mftggcor ijs rmcursjs fmcmsorgjs, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
cjfsg`mror;
‐ io gflromstructuro1
‐ ijs rmcursjs
rmcursj s prjpjrcgjfo`js mxtmr
mxtmrfoemftm1
foemftm1
‐ ijs sgstmeo
sgstmeoss `m gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf1
góf1
‐ su cjepmtmfcgo1
‐ io tmcfjijdåo1 y
‐ ijs rmcursjs gfofcgmrjs, bueofjs y jtrjs rmcursjs mspmcågcjs poro
poro sus octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs
prjùctjs y
smrvgcgjs.
Ijs rmcursjs sm `mhmråof prjpjrcgjfor `m eofmro jpjrtufo y mgcgmftm.
Io osgdfocgóf `m rmcursjs `mhmråo cjfsg`mror ios fmcmsgò`ms octuoims y luturos `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Oi
osgdfor rmcursjs, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m rmoigzor mi smdugegmftj `m ijs hmfmgcgjs, oså cjej `mi copgtoi
ytoims
ijs cjstjs
cjej mi`mcjstj
jpmrocgóf `m sus`moctgvgò`ms
`mi mqugpj cjftrji `moehgmftoims j rmiocgjfoòs.
io cjftoegfocgóf (dostj `mSm pum`mfy gfciugr
copgtoi) cumstgjfms
mi tgmepj qum ios
pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf `m`gcof o bocmr mgcoz mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi (cjstj `m jpmrocgóf). Sm `mhmråof rmvgsor pmrgó`gcoemftm ijs rmcursjs y su osgdfocgóf, y


bocmrij kuftj cjf io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf, poro osmdurorsm

osmd urorsm `m su o`mcuocgóf. Oi mvoiuor
mvoiuo r io o`mcuocgóf
`m ijs rmcursjs, sm `mhmråof tmfmr mf cjfsg`mrocgóf ijs coehgjs piofggco`js y/j ijs fumvjs prjymctjs
u jpmrocgjfms. Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?< prjpjrcgjfo gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm ijs rmcursjs.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?< ‐ Xmcursjs bueofjs, låsgcjs y lgfofcgmrjs

Io hosm `m rmcursjs y io mstructuro `m ios jrdofgzocgjfms eïs pmqumÿos pum`mf supjfmr oidufos igeg -
tocgjfms poro io gepimemftocgóf
gepimemftocgóf `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. ôro supmror mstos
mst os igegtocgjfms,
igegt ocgjfms, io
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror mstrotmdgos
mstr otmdgos cjjpmrotgvos.
cjjpmrotgvo s. Ios jpcgjfms pum`mf gfciugr io cjjpmrocgóf cjf;
‐ jrdofgzocgjfms
jrdofg zocgjfms eïs drof`ms `m cigmftms y prjvmm`jrms, poro cjeport
cjeportgr
gr tmcfjijdåo y cjfjcgegmftjs1
‐ jtros jrdofgzocgjf
jrdofgzocgjfms
ms `m ufo co`mfo `m suegfgstrj j hosm ijcoi, poro `mgfgr y trotor ospmctjs
cjeufms, cjeportgr mxpmrgmfcgos, locgigtor mi `msorrjiij tçcfgcj, usor gfstoiocgjfms cjfkuftoemftm, y
mepimor rmcursjs mxtmrfjs cjimctgvoemftm1
‐ jrdofgzocgjfms `m fjreoigzocgóf, osjcgocgjfms, j cïeoros `m cjemrcgj, poro prjdroeos `m
ljreocgóf y `m tjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo1 y
‐ ufgvmrsgò`ms y jtrjs cmftrjs `m gfvmstgd
gfvmstgdocgóf,
ocgóf, poro opjyor emkjros mf mi `msmepmÿj, io opigco-
cgóf `m ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò y mf ios gffjvocgjfms.
Ijs cjfjcgegmftjs sjf ufo lumftm gepjrtoftm
gepjrt oftm poro mstohimcmr
mst ohimcmr j emkjror
emkjror mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Cuof`j sm trotof rmtjs luturjs, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr mf cumfto su hosm `m cjfjcgegmftjs octuoi
y `mtmregfor cóej o`qugrgr j occm`mr o ijs cjfjcgegmftjs o`gcgjfoims fmcmsorgjs.
4.8 Cjepmtmfcgo
Ijs cjfjcgegmftjs, io cjeprmfsgóf, ios bohgigò`ms j ios optgtu`ms pmregtmf o uf gf`gvgùj jhtmfmr io
cjepmtmfcgo fmcmsorgo cjf rmiocgóf oi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Pjòs ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi
cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf cuyj trohokj olmctm j pumò olmctor oi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi, gfciuymf`j o io
copocgò` `m cuepigr ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, `mhmråof smr cjepmtmftms, hosïf`jsm mf
io ljreocgóf, mùcocgóf, mxpmrgmfcgo j mf ufo cjehgfocgóf `m mstos, smdûf `mtmregfm io jrdofgzocgóf.
Mstos pmrsjfos gfciuymf o ijs prjpgjs mepimo`js `m io jrdofgzocgóf, oså cjej o oqumiijs qum trohokof
hokj su cjftrji, cjej ijs prjvmm`jrms mxtmrfjs.
Ijs rmqugsgtjs `m cjepmtmfcgo poro mstos pmrsjfos fj sm igegtof o oqumiijs qum rmoigzof uf trohokj
qum tgmfm j pum`m tmfmr gepoctjs sgdfggcotgvjs mf mi oehgmftm, sgfj toehgçf o oqumiijs qum dmstgjfof
uf rji j rmoigzof uf popmi qum ms cråtgcj poro oicofzor ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi. Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?4 prjpjrcgjfo mkmepijs `m fmcmsgò`ms `m cjepmtmfcgo.
Eucbos
`m jrdofgzocgjfms
smrvgcgjs cjepmtmftmsfjporo
tgmfmf occmsj omitjòs
doroftgzor mstos cjepmtmfcgos
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi y miyijdrj
pum`mf cjfsmdugr
`m ijs prjvmm`jrms
rmsuito`js prmvgstjs
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Proùccgóf


Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?4 – Mkmepijs `m fmcmsgò`ms `m cjepmtmfcgo

Ïrmos pj-
pj - Xjims tåpgcjs Mkmepijs `m cjepmtmfcgos / Mkmepijs `m em`gjs poro `mtmr-
tmfcgoims `m mf io jrdofg-
cjepmtmfcgo zocgóf copocgò`ms fmcmsorgos egfor io cjepmtmfcgo
‐ Cjepmtmfcgo mf eumstrmj ‐ Ljreocgóf y mvoiuocgóf
Pçcfgcjs oe- oehgmftoi sjhrm rmqugsgtjs y prïctgcos `m
hgmftoims ‐ Copocgò` poro jpmror mi eumstrmj
mqugpj `m smdugegmftj ‐ Cmrtggcoc
Cmrtg gcocgóf
góf j igcmfcgo
Pmcfjijdåo poro mi usj `m mqugpjs
oehgmftoi
‐ Cjepmtmfcgo mf ijs rmdio- ‐ Pgtuiocgóf
Pgtu iocgóf mf uf coepj
@grmctjrms emftjs oehgmftoims opigcohims em`gjoehgmftoi
`mi prjdroeo
oehgmftoi ‐ Ljreocgóf mf io rmdioemf-
tocgóf opigcohim
‐ Cjfcgmfcgo `m io eofmro mf ‐ Ljreocgóf mf gepoctjs
^mrsjfos cuyo qum su trohokj olmcto oi `msmepm- oehgmftoims osjcgo`js cjf su
octgvgò` ÿj oehgmftoi trohokj
Jpmrocgjfms iohjroi gepigco
oehgmftoims ospmctjs ‐ Cjfjcgegmftjs sjhrm ijs ‐ Ljreocgóf mf ijs crgtmr
crgtmrgjs
gjs
oehgmftoims crgtmrgjs `m jpmrocgóf qum ms fm - jpmrocgjfoims poro doroftgzor qum
sgdfggcotgvjs cmsorgj cuepigr
ijs gepoctjs o gf `m egfgegzor
oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs sm cjftrjiof ijs prjcmsjs
‐ Io bohgigò
bohgigò`
` poro msto- ‐ Mxpmrgmfcgo
Mxpmr gmfcgo mf io gepim-
himcmr,, gepimemftor y emkjror uf
himcmr emftocgóf `m sgstmeos `m dmstgóf
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi oehgmftoi
‐ Io bohgigò` poro `mtmr- ‐ Ljreocgóf mf rmqugsgtjs
egfor ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms `m sgstmeos `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
qum sjf fmcmsorgjs poro ohjròr
poro doroftgzor qum mi sgstmeo `m
@grmctjrms dmstgóf oehgmftoi pumò ijdror
oehgmftoims
sus rmsuito`js prmvgstjs, y piofgg-
cor ios occgjfms oprjpgoòs
‐ Io bohgigò
bohgigò`
` poro ofoigzor
y octuor `m ocumr`j cjf ijs rmsui-
to`js `mi `msmepmÿj
y ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoimsoehgmftoi
y jtrjs
Sgstmeos `m rmqugsgtjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf
dmstgóf oe-
hgmftoi @grmctjrms `mi ‐ Io bohgigò` `m `msorrjiior ‐ Ljreocgóf mf dmstgóf `m
prjdroeo `m y dmstgjfor prjdroeos `m ou`gtj- prjdroeos
ou`gtjråos råos poro `mtmregfor io mgcocgo
m gcocgo ‐ Mxpmrgmfcgo
Mxpmr gmfcgo mf gepimemf-
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi tocgóf `m prjdroeos
`m io jrdofgzocgóf
Oito `grmc
`grmccgóf
cgóf ‐ Cjfjcgeg
Cjf jcgegmf
mftjs
tjs y cje
cjeprm
prmff- ‐ Ljreocgóf mf sgstmeo
sgstmeoss `m
sgóf `m ios gepigcocgjfms `m msto- dmstgóf oehgmftoi y mf mi mstohim-
himcmr m gepimemftor ufo pjiåtgco cgegmftj `m pjiåtgcos oehgmftoims
oehgmftoi ‐ Mxpmrgmfcgo
Mxpmr gmfcgo mf dmstgóf `m
‐ Cjfjcgegmftjs y cje- fmdjcgjs
prmfsgóf `m io `gspjfghgigò` `m
rmcursjs y su opigcocgóf oi sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, gfciuymf`j
io osgdfocgóf `m rmspjfsohgigò`ms
y outjrgò`ms



Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo g`mftggcor ios cjepmtmfcgos fmcmsorgos poro ijdror mi rmsuito`j prmvgstj `mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y trotor ios hrmcbos `mtmctoòs, gfciuymf`j tjeor occgjfms cuof`j smo
fmcmsorgj poro o`qugrgr io cjepmtmfcgo fmcmsorgo. Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pum`m smr ûtgi poro
osmdurorsm `m qum sm trotof ios fmcmsgò`ms `m cjepmtmfcgo g`mftggcoòs, sm rmoigzo mi smdugegmftj `mi
prjdrmsj mf io rmsjiucgóf `m cuoiqugmr hrmcbo, y pmregtm io cjeufgcocgóf `m io gfljreocgóf pmrtgfmftm
o ios portms gftmrmsoòs. Cjej eåfgej, io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò oprjpgoò `mhmråo cjfsmrvorsm
cjej prumho `m ios cjepmtmfcgos.
FJPO Mi oporto`j 7.8 prjpjrcgjfo
7.8 prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf sjhrm io cjepmtmfcgo `m ijs ou`gtjrms.
Cuof`j io cjepmtmfcgo sm o`qugmrm o trovçs `m io ljreocgóf, ijs prjcmsjs `m ljreocgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf
pum`mf gfciugr;
‐ io g`mftg
g`mftggcocgóf
gcocgóf `m ios fmcmsgò`ms `m ljreocgóf1
‐ mi `gsmÿj y `msorrjiij `m uf piof j prjdroe
prjdroeoo `m ljreocgóf poro trotor ios fmcmsgò`ms `m
`m ljreocgóf
g`mftggcoòs1
‐ prmstoc
prmstocgóf
góf `m io ljreocgóf1
‐ io mvoiuocgóf `mi
`mi rmsuit
rmsuito`j
o`j `m io ljreocgóf1 y
‐ io `jcuemftocgóf y mi smduge
smdugegmftj
gmftj `m io ljreocgóf rmcghgò.
Smdûf prjcmò, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mvoiuor io mgcocgo `m io ljreocgóf y `m ios `meïs occgjfms
tjeoòs poro o`qugrgr io cjepmtmfcgo fmcmsorgo, o gf `m cjfgreor qum sm bo oicofzo`j mi rmsuito`j
prmvgstj `m io ljreocgóf.
4.3 Pjeo `m cjfcgmf

cjfcgmfcgo
cgo
Io oito `grmccgóf tgmfm ufo rmspjfsohgigò` lufòemftoi o io bjro `m cjfcgmfcgor o io jrdofgzocgóf cjf
rmspmctj oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y oi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi, o gf `m emkjror mi cjfjcgegmftj y
ljemftor uf cjepjrtoegmftj qum opjym ijs cjeprjegsjs cjf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi. Mstj gfciuym bocmr
qum ijs mepimo`js y jtros pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf tjemf cjfcgmfcgo `m
ijs voijrms oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y `m io eofmro mf qum mstjs voijrms pum`mf cjftrghugr o io
mstrotmdgo `m fmdjcgj `m io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm =.?
=.?).
).
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum sm ljemfto qum ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m
io jrdofgzocgóf;
‐ emkjrmf mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi1
‐ cjftrghuyof oi ijdrj `m ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js
o`js prmvgst
prmvgstjs
js `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ osueof
osueo f io gepjrt
gepjrtofcgo
ofcgo `m ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs
jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims `m ijs qum
qum sjf rmspjfsohims j rgf`mf
cumftos.
Io oito `grmccgóf toehgçf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum rmoigcmf mi trohokj hokj mi
cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf tjemf cjfcgmfcgo `m;
‐ io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf y `m su cjeprjegsj cjf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi1
oehgmftoi1
‐ io gepjrtofcgo `m smr cjfljrems cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi
`mi sgstmeo `m
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ su cjftrghucgóf
cjftrghucgóf o io mgcocg
mgcocgoo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ ijs hmfmgcgjs `m
`m uf `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi emkjro`j;
emkjro`j;
‐ sus rmspjfsohgigò`ms y rmf`gcgóf `m `m cumftos `mftrj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1

‐ ijs ospmctjs
ospmct js oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs
sgdfg gcotgvjs rmoims j pjtmfcgoims y ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js `m
sus octgvgò`ms `m trohokj1
Proùccgóf

‐ ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtu

jpjrtufgò`ms
fgò`ms g`mftg
g`mftggco`js
gco`js qum
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr, rmiocgjfo`js cjf sus octgvgò`ms
octgvg` o`ms
`m trohokj, smdûf prjcmò1
‐ ios cjfsmcumfcgos `m io `msvgocgóf `m ijs rmqugsgtjs opigcohims `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
gfciuymf`j ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Ijs mkmepijs `m eçtj`js poro ouemftor io tjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo pum`mf gfciugr io cjeufgcocgóf gftmrfo,
ios smÿoims vgsuoims y ijs cortmims, ios coepoÿos, io ljreocgóf j io mùcocgóf, y io tutjråo.
4.0 Cjeufgcocgóf
4.0.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf pmrtgfmftms poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi, tmfgmf`j mf cumfto ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Mstjs prjcmsjs
`mhmråof g`mftggcor;
‐ io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf qum sm fmcmsgto cjeufgcor1
‐ cuïf`j j hokj quç cgrcu
cgrcufsto
fstofcgos
fcgos `mhmf cjeufgcorsm1
‐ o qugçf `mhmf cjeufgcorsm1
‐ cóej `mhmf cjeufgcorsm.
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror ijs cjstjs y hmfmgcgjs pjtmfcgoims `m ijs `gstgftjs mfljqums oi
`msorrjiior prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf qum smof o`mcuo`js o sus cgrcufstofcgos portgcuiorms.
Io cjeufgcocgóf `m io gfljreocgóf oehgmftoi `mhmråo hosorsm y smr cjbmrmftm cjf io gfljreocgóf
dmfmroò `mftrj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, gfciuymf`j ios mvoiuocgjfms gftmrfos `mi `msmepmÿj
oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm 7.?
7.?..
FJPO Io Fjreo GSJ ?0><3 prjpjrcgjfo gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm cjeufgcocgóf.
Oi `mtmregfor
`mtmre gfor io eofmro mf qum vo o cjeufgcorsm, io jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofg zocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror `glmrmftms eçtj`js
`m cjeufgcocgóf qum pum`mf oimftor io cjeprmfsgóf y ocmptocgóf `m ijs mslumrzjs mf dmstgóf oehgmftoi
`m io jrdofgzocgóf, y prjejvmr mi `gïijdj cjf ios portms gftmrmsoòs. Ijs eçtj`js `m cjeufgcocgóf
gfciuymf, pjr mkmepij; `gscusgjfms gfljreoims1 kjrfoòs `m pumrtos ohgmrtos `m io jrdofgzocgóf, drupjs
`m mfljqum, `gïijdj cjf io cjeufgò`, portgcgpocgóf mf mvmftjs `m io cjeufgò`, sgtgjs Tmh y cjrrmj
mimctrófgcj, cjeufgco`js `m prmfso, puhigcgò` y hjimtgfms pmrgó`gcjs, gfljrems ofuoims j cjf jtro
pmrgj`gcgò`, y iåfmos `grmctos `m otmfcgóf tmimlófgco.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror y rmspjf`mr o ios prmduftos, gfqugmtu`ms y jtros cjeufgcocgjfms
mftroftms pmrtgfmftms poro su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. ûm`m smr hmfmgcgjsj mstohimcmr uf
prjcmsj poro rmcghgr y rmspjf`mr `gcbos cjeufgcocgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmrfos.
Ios jrdofgzocgjfms `mhmråof cjfsmrvor io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m sus
cjeufgcocgjfms, cuof`j smo oprjpgo`j, poro;
‐ rmcjròr io bgstjrgo `m ios cjeufgcocgjfms, cjfsuitos j gfqugmtu`ms `m ufo portm gftmrmsoò
mspmcågco1
‐ cjeprmf`mr io foturoimzo `m ijs cjeprjegsjs cjf ios `gvmrsos portms
port ms gftmrmsoòs o ij
ij iordj `mi
tgmepj1 y
‐ emkjror io mgcocgo `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf mf mi `msorrjiij
`msorrjiij `m io cjeufgcocgóf luturo y mf mi smdugegmftj
y rmspumsto o gfqugmtu`ms `m portms gftmrmsoòs mspmcågcos, cuof`j smo fmcmsorgj.
Fj ms fmcmsorgj `jcuemftor oidufos cjeufgcocgjfms sg fj boy uf hmfmgcgj oÿo`g`j oi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi, pjr mkmepij cjeufgcocgjfms gfljreoims. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr mf cumfto


su foturoimzo y su toeoÿj, sus ospmctjs oehgm

oehgmftoims
ftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, y io foturoimzo
fotu roimzo y ios fmcmsgò`ms
fmcmsgò`ms y
mxpmctotgvos `m sus portms gftmrmsoòs cuof`j mstohimcm sus prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror ijs sgdugmftms posjs mf mi prjcmsj;
‐ rmufgr gfljreocgóf, j bocmr ovmrgduocgjfms, gfciuymf`j ios `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms
(vçosm 0.8
0.8)1
)1
‐ `mtmregfor
`mtmregfo r mi pûhigcj jhkmtgvj y sus fmcmsgò`ms `m gfljreocgóf j `gïijdj1
‐ smimccgjfor io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf pmrtg
pmrtgfmftm
fmftm poro ijs gftmrmsms `mi pûhigcj1
‐ `mcg`gr sjhrm io gfljreocgóf qum sm vo o cjeufgcor
cjeufgcor oi pûhigcj
pûhigcj jhkmtgvj1
jhkmtgvj1
‐ `mtmregfo
`mtmregforr ijs
ijs eçtj`js y ljreotjs qum
qum sjf oprjpgo`js
oprjpgo`js poro io cjeufgcocgóf1
cjeufgcocgóf1
‐ mvoiuor y `mtmregfo
`mtmregforr pmrgó`gco
pmrgó`gcoemftm
emftm io mgcocg
mgcocgoo `mi prjcmsj `m cjeufgcocgjfms.
Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco
^rïctgc o ?2 rmsuem ijs prgfcgpoims
prgfcgpoims cjepjfmftms poro io cjeufgcocgóf `m uf sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mstjs cjepjfmftms sm rmcjegmfòf cjej cjepjfmftms msmfcgoims eåfgejs, y io
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m oepigorijs smdûf smo fmcmsorgj poro ijdror ufo cjeufgcocgóf mlmctgvo y pmrtgfmftm
poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?2 – Cjeufgcocgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
Cjepjfmftms prgfcgpoims poro io cjeufgcocgóf;

Io oito `grmccgóf
`g rmccgóf `mhmråo cjeufgcor io gepjrtofcgo `m ufo dmstgóf
dmst góf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi mgcoz
m gcoz y `m io cjfljregò`
cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm =.?
=.?).
).
Io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum cjeufgco `mftrj `m io jrdofgzocgóf ij sgdugmftm;
‐ io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi (vçosm =.8
=.8)1
)1
‐ ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms y outjrgò`ms `m ijs rjims pmrt
pmrtgfmftms
gfmftms (vçosm =.3
=.3).
).
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjeufgcor;
‐ sus ospmctjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims sgdfggcotgvjs mftrm ijs `gstgftjs fgvmim
fgvmimss y rjims `m io jrdofgzocgóf,
smdûf prjcmò (vçosm <.?.8.=
<.?.8.=)1
)1
‐ sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.8.8
<.8.8)1
)1
‐ sus rmqugsgtjs oehgmftoims pmrtgfmftms o ijs prjvmm`
prjvmm`jrms
jrms mxtmrfjs, gfciuy
gfciuymf`j
mf`j cjftrotgstos
(vçosm 2.?
2.?)1
)1
‐ io gfljreocgóf pmrtgfmftm `m `msmepm
`msmepmÿj
ÿj oehgmf
oehgmftoi,
toi, toftj `m eofmro gftmrfo cjej mxtmrfo,
smdûf `mtmregfmf sus prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf y ij rmqugmrof sus rmqugsgtjs
rmqugs gtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
rmqugsgt js
(vçosm 7.?.?
7.?.?).
).
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum sm prmsmfto uf gfljrem o io oito `grmccgóf cjf ijs rmsuito`js
`m ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos (vçosm 7.8
7.8).
).
Io rmvgsgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf pjr portm `m io oito `grmccgóf `mhmråo
gfciugr cjfsg`mrocgjfms `m cjeufgcocgjfms `m ios portms gftmrmsoòs (vçosm 7.3
7.3).
).
4.0.8 Cjeufgcocgóf gftmrfo

Io cjeufgcocgóf `mftrj `m ijs `glmrmftms fgvmims y rjims `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y mftrm miijs, ms msmfcgoi
poro io mgcocgo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. ^jr mkmepij, io cjeufgcocgóf ms gepjrtoftm poro
rmsjivmr prjhimeos, cjjr`gfor octgvgò`ms, cjftgfuor ijs piofms `m occgóf, y poro mi `msorrjiij o`gcgjfoi
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Locgigtor gfljreocgóf oprjpgoò o oqumiijs qum trohokof hokj mi
cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf sgrvm poro ejtgvorijs y poro ljemftor io ocmptocgóf `m ijs mslumrzjs `m io
jrdofgzocgóf poro emkjror su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Mstj pum`m oyuòr o ijs mepimo`js y prjvmm`jrms
mxtmrfjs
mxtmr fjs qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf o cuepigr sus rmspjfsohgigò`ms, y pum`m oyuòr
o io jrdofgzocgóf o cuepigr sus jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr uf prjcmsj qum
Proùccgóf
32 © GSJ 8>?< Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

pmregto io cjeufgcocgóf `ms`m tj`js ijs fgvmims `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Mstj pum`m pmregtgr qum sm bodof
cjemftorgjs y sudmrmfcgos poro emkjror mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m
io jrdofgzocgóf. Ijs rmsuito`js `mi smdugegmftj, ou`gtjråo y rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf `mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi sm `mhmråof cjeufgcor o ios pmrsjfos oprjpgoòs `mftrj `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
4.0.3 Cjeufgcocgóf mxtmrfo
Io cjeufgcocgóf
poro cjf ios portms
io dmstgóf oehgmftoi. gftmrmsoòs `mhmråo
Io jrdofgzocgóf mxtmrfostmfmr
pum`mmfsmr ufo bmrroegmfto
cumfto gepjrtoftm
ijs rmqugsgtjs y mgcoz
`m cjeufgcocgóf
osjcgo`js cjf sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs y sus prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf (vçosm 4.0.?
4.0.?),
),
y cjeufgcor oi mxtmrgjr io gfljreocgóf pmrtgfmftm poro mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, smdûf ij
rmqumrg`j. Poehgçf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror sg cjeufgcor mxtmrfoemftm o sus portms gftmrmsoòs sjhrm
sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j oqumiijs rmiotgvjs o io `gstrghucgóf, mi usj y io `gspjsgcgóf `m
prjùctjs.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjftor cjf uf prjcmsj poro cjeufgcorsm cjf ios portms gftmrmsoòs mxtmrfos
mf cosj `m sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo qum ims pu`gmrof olmctor j prmjcupor. Io jrdofgzocgóf toehgçf
pum`m mfcjftror ûtgi `jcuemftor sus prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf mxtmrfo.
FJPO \çosm toehgçf mi oporto`j 2.8 sjhrm
2.8 sjhrm prmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm memrdmfcgos.
Ios cjeufgcocgjfms cjf ios portms gftmrmsoòs mxtmrfos cjfcmrfgmftms oi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m
io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråof smr prmcgsos, cjeprjhohims y `m cjfgofzo (vçosm io Mspmcggcocgóf Pçcfgco
GSJ/PS ?0>33). Ios `mciorocgjfms rmiotgvos oi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi pum`mf, pjr mkmepij, o`jptor
io ljreo `m gfljrems `m sjstmfghgigò` `m io jrdofgzocgóf, igtmroturo prjejcgjfoi j coepoÿos
puhigcgtorgos. Ios jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf cjfsg`mror mfljqums poro vmrggcor sus `mciorocgjfms sjhrm
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi.
\çosm io Fjreo GSJ ?0>3?
?0>3? poro jrgmftocgóf rmspmctj
rmspmc tj oi `msmepmÿj `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf.
jrdofg zocgóf. ôro jrgmftocgóf
jrgmft ocgóf
mf `mciorocgjfms oehgmftoims rmiotgvos o prjùctjs, vçofsm io Mspmcggcocgóf Pçcfgco GSJ/PS ?0>33 y io
Fjreo GSJ ?0>8
?0>8>.
>.
4.= Gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò
4.=.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `msorrjiior y eoftmfmr io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò o`mcuoò poro osmdurorsm
`m qum su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi jpmro mgcozemftm, `m qum ios pmrsjfos qum trohokof hokj mi
cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf y jtros portms gftmrmsoòs pmrtgfmftms ij cjeprmf`mf, y `m qum ijs prjcmsjs
osjcgo`js cjf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi sm iimvof o cohj smdûf ij piofggco`j. Io gfljreocgóf
`jcuemftoò sm `mhmråo rmcjpgior y eoftmfmr `m eofmro qum rmimkm io cuituro y ios fmcmsgò`ms `m io
jrdofgzocgóf.
Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò mf ljreo `m prjcmsjs, piofms y prjdroeos, pjr mkmepij, `mhmråo
eoftmfmrsm smdûf cjrrmspjfò poro doroftgzor io cjbmrmfcgo, io jpjrtufgò` y io rmpmtghgigò` `m
ijs rmsuito`js. Sm `mhmråo cjfsmrvor gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò mf ljreo `m rmdgstrjs cjej mvg`mfcgo
`m ijs rmsuito`js jhtmfg`js j `m ios octgvgò`ms `msmepmÿoòs, poro `mejstror io gepimemftocgóf
mgcoz `m ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Io gfljreocgóf qum sgrvm cjej rmdgstrj `m
ijs rmsuito`js ijdro`js j cjej prumho `m ios octgvgò`ms rmoigzoòs ljreo portm `m io gfljreocgóf
`jcuemftoò `m io jrdofgzocgóf, pmrj pum`m cjftrjiorsm em`goftm prjcmsjs `m dmstgóf `glmrmftms.
ôro io dmstgóf mgcoz `m sus octgvgò`ms ciovm (pjr mkmepij, ios rmiocgjfoòs cjf sus rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms g`mftggco`js qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr), io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mspmcggcor io eofmro `m
iimvor o cohj ios octgvgò`ms oi mstohimcmr prjcmsjs qum pum`mf mstor `jcuemfto`js, y pum`m `mscrghgr
cjf mi `mtoiim oprjpgo`j io eofmro mf qum sm dmstgjfof ios octgvgò`ms. Sg io jrdofgzocgóf `mcg`m fj
`jcuemftor uf prjcmsj, sm `mhmråo gfljreor o ios pmrsjfos olmctoòs qum trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io
jrdofgzocgóf sjhrm ijs rmqugsgtjs o cuepigr, smdûf cjrrmspjfò, em`goftm cjeufgcocgóf j ljreocgóf.

© GSJ 8>?< Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js 37

Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mimdgr `jcuemftor su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf mf ljreo `m eofuoi, qum cjfstgtuym
ufo pmrspmctgvo dmfmroi j uf rmsuemf `mi sgstmeo cjf ufo `mscrgpcgóf `m ijs mimemftjs prgfcgpoims,
y pum`m prjpjrcgjfor jrgmftocgóf ocmrco `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò rmiocgjfoò. Io mstructuro
`m mstjs eofuoims `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi fj fmcmsgto smdugr io mstructuro `m copåtuijs `m io
Fjreo GSJ ?0>>? j `m cuoiqugmr jtro fjreo (vçosm mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?7).
Io mxtmfsgóf `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pum`m vorgor `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf o jtro. Crmor gfljreocgóf
gfljre ocgóf
`jcuemftoò gffmcmsorgo j cjepigcoò pum`m `gsegfugr io mgcocgo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Oi
tmfmr mf cumfto io mxtmfsgóf `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò qum crmo, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror
ijs hmfmgcgjs `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò poro io mgcocgo, cjftgfugò` y emkjro cjftgfuo `mi
Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò sm pum`m dmstgjfor mf cuoiqugmr em`gj (popmi, mimctrófgcj, ljtjs, cortmims)
qum smo ûtgi, imdghim, lïcgiemftm cjeprmfsghim y occmsghim o oqumiijs qum fmcmsgtof io gfljreocgóf
cjftmfgò mf miijs.
Sg ijs prjcmsjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mstïf oigfmo`js cjf ijs `m jtrjs sgstmeos `m dmstgóf,
io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjehgfor io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò oehgmftoi pmrtgfmftm cjf io gfljreocgóf
`jcuemftoò `m mstjs jtrjs sgstmeos `m dmstgóf.
Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?7 rmsuem io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò prgfcgpoi rmiocgjfoò cjf uf
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Mstm ms mi fûcimj `m gfljreocgóf eåfgeo qum `mhmråo `jcuemftorsm, y
io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m oepigorio smdûf smo fmcmsorgj poro io mgcocgo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Proùccgóf
0> © GSJ 8>?< Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco ?7 ‐ Gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr cjej gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò;
‐ mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 0.3 0.3)1
)1
‐ io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi (vçosm =.8
=.8)1
)1
‐ sus rgmsdjs y jpjrtu
jpjrtufgò`ms
fgò`ms g`mftggc
g`mftggco`js
o`js qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr (vçosm <.?.? <.?.?)1
)1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs qum fmcmsgto mf ijs oport
oporto`js
o`js <.?.? y <.?.0
<.?.0,, cjf io mxtmfsgóf fmcmsorgo poro tmfmr io
cjfgofzo `m qum mstjs prjcmsjs sm iimvof o cohj smdûf ij piofggco`j (vçosm <.?.?<.?.?)1
)1
‐ sus ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims y ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims osjcgo`js, ijs crgtmr
crgtmrgjs
gjs uso`js poro `mtmr-
egfor ijs ospmctjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, y sus ospmctjs oehgm
oehgmftoims
ftoims sgdfggcotgvjs (vçosm <.?.8
<.?.8)1
)1
‐ sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs (vçosm <.?.3
<.?.3)1
)1
‐ io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf sjhrm ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.8.?
<.8.?)1
)1
‐ io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf rmiocgjfoò cjf ijs prjcmsjs `m cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi fmcmsorgjs poro cuepigr ijs
rmqugsgtjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, cjf mi oicofcm fmcmsorgj poro tmfmr io cjfgofzo `m qum
mstjs prjcmsjs sm bof iimvo`j o cohj smdûf ij piofggco`j (vçosm 2.?2.?)1
)1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs fmcmsorgjs poro prmpororsm y rmspjf`mr oftm ios sgtuoc
sgtuocgjfms
gjfms `m memrdmfcgo pjtmf-
cgoims g`mftggcoòs mf mi oporto`j <.?.
< .?.?
?, cjf io mxtmfsgóf fmcmsorgo poro tmfmr io cjfgofzo `m qum mstjs
prjcmsjs sm iimvof o cohj smdûf ij piofggco`j (vçosm 2.8
2.8).
).
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsmrvor gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò o ej`j `m mvg`mfcgo (rmdgstrjs) `m ij
sgdugmftm;
‐ io cjepmtmfcgo, smdûf prjcmò (vçosm 4.8 .8)1
)1
‐ sus cjeufgcocgjfms, smdûf prjcmò (vçosm 4.0.? 4.0.?)1
)1
‐ mi smdug
smdugegmftj,
egmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsg
ofïigsgss y mvoiuocgóf `m ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js,
o`js, smdûf prjcmò (vçosm 7.?.?
7.?.?)1
)1
‐ ijs rmsuito`js `m io mvoiuocgóf `m cjfljregò` (vçosm 7.?.8 7.?.8)1
)1
‐ io gepimemftocgóf `mi prjdroe
prjdroeoo `m ou`gtjråos, y ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js
o`js `m ou`gtjråo (vçosm 7.8
7.8)1
)1
‐ ijs rmsuito`js `m io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf (vçosm 7.3 7.3)1
)1
‐ io foturo
foturoimzo
imzo `m ios fj cjfljregò`ms g`mftg
g`mftggcoòs
gcoòs y ios occgjfms tjeoòs pjstmrgjr
pjstmrgjremftm,
emftm, y
ijs rmsuito`js `m ios occgjfms cjrrmctgvos (vçosm ?>.8
?>.8).).
Jtr
Jtrjs
`ms,js mkmepijs `m gfljreocgóf
prjcm`gegmftjs, `jcuemftoò
gfljreocgóf `m prjcmsjs,gfciuymf ios `mscrgpcgjfms
`godroeos `m prjdroeos
jrdofgzocgjfoims, gò-
y rmspjfsohgigò
rmspjfsohgi
fjreos gftmrfos y mxtmrfos,
y piofms `m memrdmfcgo `mi sgtgj.
4.=.8 Crmocgóf y octuoigzocgóf

Cuof`j sm crmo y sm octuoigzo io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò rmiocgjfoò cjf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m qum sjf oprjpgo`js;
‐ io g`mftg
g`mftggcocgóf
gcocgóf y io `mscrgpcgóf (pjr mkmepij, uf tåtuij, lmcbo, outjr j fûemrj `m rmlmrmfcgo)1
‐ mi ljreotj (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, g`gjeo, vmrsgóf
vmrsgóf `m sjlt
sjltworm,
worm, drïgcjs)
drï gcjs) y mi em`gj (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, popmi,
mimctrófgcj)1
‐ io rmvgsgóf gftmrfo y io oprjhocgóf
oprjhocgóf poro su g`jfmgò`
g`jfmgò` y o`mcuocgóf.


4.=.3 Cjftrji `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò

Mi cjftrji `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ms gepjrtoftm poro
osmdurorsm `m qum;
‐ io gfljreocgóf pum`m g`mftggc
g`mftggcorsm
orsm cjf io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf,
zocgóf, `gvgsgóf, lufcgóf, octgvgò` j pmrsjfo `m
cjftoctj oprjpgoòs1
‐ io gfljreocgóf
fmcmsorgj eoftmfgò
y ms oprjhoò pjrpjr io jrdofgzocgóf
mi pmrsjfoi sm oftms
outjrgzo`j mxoegfo
mxoeg fosurmduioremftm,
`m megsgóf1 sm rmvgso cuof`j smo
‐ ios vmrsgjfms
vmrsgjfms octuoims `m io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pmrtgfmftm
pmrtg fmftm mstï
mstïff `gspjfghims mf tj`js ijs
iudorms mf ijs qum sm `msmepmÿmf jpmrocgjfms msmfcgoims poro mi lufcgjfoegmftj mgcoz `mi sgstmeo,
gfciuymf`j ijs `jcuemftjs fmcmsorgjs poro osmdurorsm `m qum sm cuepimf ijs rmqugsgtjs1
FJPO Cuof`j io `gspjfghg
`gspjfghgigò`
igò` `m io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf `jcuemfto`
`jcuemftoòo fj smo vgohim, sm pum`mf cjfsg`mror
o`mcuoòs ios occgjfms qum sjf cjfljrems
cjfljrems o ios prïctgcos prmscrgtos.
‐ io gfljreocgóf qum mstï jhsjimto sm migegfo cjf prjftgtu` `m tj`js ijs puftjs `m megsgóf y tj`js ijs
puftjs y sgtuocgjfms `m usj (mf oidufos cgrcufstofcgos, pjr mkmepij, pjr prjpósgtjs imdoims y/j `m
prmsmrvocgóf `mi cjfjcgegmftj, io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò qum mstï jhsjimto pum`m eoftmfmrsm
cjej mvg`mfcgo `m ijs rmsuito`js ijdro`js).
Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò pum`m smr cjftrjioò mgcozemftm em`goftm;
‐ mi `msorrjiij `m uf ljreotj oprjpgo`j qum gfciuyo

gfciuyo tåtuijs ûfgcjs, fûemrjs, lmcbos, rmvgsgjfms,
bgstórgcj `m ios rmvgsgjfms y outjrgò`1
‐ io osgdfocgóf `m io rmvgsgóf y oprjhocgóf `m io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf `jcuemftoò eoftmfgò pjr io
jrdofgzocgóf o gf`gvgùjs cjf sugcgmftm copocgò` tçcfgco y outjrgò` mf io jrdofgzocgóf1 y
‐ mi eoftmfge
eoftmfgegmftj
gmftj `m uf sgstmeo `m `gst
`gstrghucgóf
rghucgóf mgcoz
mgcoz..
2 Jpmrocgóf
2.? îofglgcocgóf y cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi
2.?.? Jrgmftocgóf dmfmroi; Cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi
Io jrdofgzocgóf
cohj `m eofmro `mhmråo osmdurorsm
cjftrjioò `m qum
poro cuepigr ijssus jpmrocgjfms`my suprjcmsjs
cjeprjegsjs pjiåtgco osjcgo`js
oehgmftoi,smijdror
iimvofsuso
jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, y dmstgjfor sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, y sus rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr. ôro piofggcor cjftrjims
jpmrocgjfoims mgcocms y mgcgmftms, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo g`mftggcor cuïf`j sm fmcmsgtof mstjs
cjftrjims y cuïi ms su prjpósgtj. @mhmråo mstohimcmr ijs tgpjs y fgvmims `m cjftrjims qum sotgslocmf ios
fmcmsgò`ms `m io jrdofgzocgóf. Ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims smimccgjfo`js sm `mhmråof eoftmfmr y
mvoiuor pmrgó`gcoemftm poro cjftgfuor su mgcocgo.
Cuof`j sm `mtmregfof ijs cjftrjims fmcmsorgjs, j sm cjfsg`mrof coehgjs mf ijs cjftrjims mxgstmftms, sm
`mhmråof tmfmr mf cumfto ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
jpjrtuf gò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr, y tjòs ios cjfsmcumfcgos
gf`msmoòs o ios qum pum`mf òr iudor. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjftrjior ijs coehgjs piofggco`js y
rmvgsor ios cjfsmcumfcgos `m ijs coehgjs gfvjiuftorgjs, tjeof`j occgjfms poro egtgdor cuoiqugmr mlmctj
o`vmrsj, smdûf smo fmcmsorgj.
Oi cjfsg`mror cjftrjims poro ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m rmegtgrsm o io
sgdugmftm kmrorquåo;
‐ migegfocgóf, cjej io prjbghgcgóf `mi usj `m ^CHs, CLCs, mtc.1
‐ sust
sustgtucgóf,
gtucgóf, cjej mi coehgj `m pgfturo mf hosm `gsjivmftm o pgftur
pgfturoo mf
mf hosm ocujso1
Proùccgóf

‐ cjftrjims `m gfdmfgmråo, cjej cjftrjims `m megsgjfms, tmcfjijdåo `m rmùccgóf, mtc.1

‐ cjftrjims oègfg
oègfgstrot
strotgvjs,
gvjs, cjej prjcm`ge
prjcm`gegmftjs,
gmftjs, cjftrjims vgsu
vgsuoims,
oims, gfst
gfstruccgjfms
ruccgjfms `m trohokj,
Lgcbos `m @otjs `m Smdurgò` (S@S/ES@S/CS@S), mtc.
ôro mvgtor ios `msvgocgjfms qum sm pumòf òr rmspmctj `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, ijs jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims y ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò sm pum`m `msorrjiior
smdûf smo oprjpgo`j, poro mxpigcor, pjr mkmepij;
‐ ufo smcumfcgo mspmcå
mspmcågco
gco `m
`m octgv
octgvgò`ms
gò`ms qum sm `mhmråo iimvor o cohj1
‐ ios cjepmtmfcgos fmcmsorgo
fmcmsorgoss `mi pmrsjfoi gepigco`j, gfciuymf`j cuoiqugmr trohokj rmqumrg`j1
‐ ios vorgohims ciovm qum `mhmråof
`mhmråof eoftmfmrsm `mftrj `m cgmrtjs iåegtms,
iåegt ms, pjr mkmepij
mkmepij vorgohims `m
tgmepj, åsgcos, hgjiódgcos1
‐ ios coroctmråstgcos `m
`m ijs eotmrgoims o utgigzor1
‐ ios coroctmråstgcos `m io gflromstructuro o utgigzor1
‐ ios coroctmråstgcos
coroctmråstgcos `m ijs prjùctjs rmsuitoftms `mi prjcmsj.
2.?.8 G`mftglgcocgóf `m fmcmsgò`ms poro ijs cjftrjim

cjftrjimss jpmrocgjfoi
jpmrocgjfoims
ms
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m utgigzor cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims poro;

‐ dmstgjfor ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs g`mf
g`mftggco`js1
tggco`js1
‐ osmdur
osmduror
or io cjfljregò` cjf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y osmdurorsm `m io cjbmrmfcgo cjf su pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, gfciuymf`j
mi cjeprjegsj cjf io prjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm, io prmvmfcgóf `m io cjftoegfocgóf, y cjf io
emkjro cjftgfuo1
‐ mvgtor
mvgt or j egfgegzor ijs gepoctjs o`vmrsjs oi em`gj oehgmftm j ijs mlmctjs o`vmrsjs poro io
jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ eoxgegzor ios jpjrtufgò`ms.
Hosïf`jsm mf mi oicofcm `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y mf ios occgjfms `mtmregfoòs mf ijs
oporto`js <.? y <.8
<.8,, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims fmcmsorgjs (vçofsm
<.? y <.8
<.8),
), usof`j ufo pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò, gfciuymf`j ios jpmrocgjfms rmiocgjfoòs cjf rjims
cjej gfvmstgdocgóf y `msorrjiij, `gsmÿj1 vmftos, emrco`jtmcfgo, cjepros y dmstgóf `m ios gfstoiocgjfms.
Mi tgpj y mi oicofcm `mi cjftrji j io gfiumfcgo o opigcor ùroftm ios mtopos `mi cgcij `m vgò sm `mhmråof
`mgfgr `mftrj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Io pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò `mhmråo cjfsg`mrorsm ij oftms pjsghim, mstj ms, mf ijs prjcmsjs `m `gsmÿj
y `msorrjiij. Mstj prjpjrcgjforï ufo emkjr jpjrtufgò` `m bocmr emkjros `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi
dmfmroi `m ios octgvgò`ms, prjcmsjs, prjùctjs j smrvgcgjs, y oyuòrï o io jrdofgzocgóf o rmùcgr io
pjsghgigò` `m trofslmrgr gepoctjs oehgmftoims o`vmrsjs o jtros mtopos. Mstj òrï iudor o uf eoyjr
voijr poro io jrdofgzocgóf y ufo emkjr prjtmccgóf `mi em`gj oehgmftm.
Eucbos jrdofgzocgjfms pum`mf tmfmr sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs mf io losm `m usj j mf
io opigcocgóf `m io gfljreocgóf prjpjrcgjfoò pjr io jrdofgzocgóf. Oså, ijs mkmepijs `m eçtj`js poro
gfiugr mf ijs ospmctjs
ospmct js oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs pj`råof gfciugr;
‐ prjpjrcgjfor ljreocgóf sjhrm cóej dmstgjfo
dmstgjforr ijs gepoctjs oehgmftoims pmrtg
pmrtgfmftms1
fmftms1
‐ prjpjrcgjfor uf occmsj smfcgiij o io gfljreocgóf (pjr mkmepij mf pïdgfos wmh, cjej prmduftos
lrmcumftms)1
‐ mstohimcmr drupjs `m usuor
usuorgjs
gjs poro cjeportgr io gfljreocgóf, y eoftmfmr octu
octuoigzo`js
oigzo`js o ijs usuor
usuorgjs.
gjs.
Smdûf prjcmò, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror io eofmro mf qum ijs prjvmm`jrms mxtmrfjs y
ijs prjcmsjs cjftroto`js mxtmrfoemftm pum`mf olmctor o su copocgò` `m dmstgjfor sus ospmctjs
oehgmftoims y cuepigr sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr ijs
cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims qum smof fmcmsorgjs, toims cjej prjcm`gegmftjs `jcuemfto`js, cjftrotjs j
ocumr`js cjf prjvmm`jrms, j gfstruccgjfms poro ijs usuorgjs gfoims, y cjeufgcorijs o sus cjftrotgstos,
prjvmm`jrms y usuorgjs smdûf smo oprjpgo`j. ]f prjcmsj cjftroto`j mxtmrfoemftm pum`m smr sukmtj `m
cjftrji j gfiumfcgo, y ms uf prjcmsj qum cuepim tj`js ijs crgtmrgjs sgdugmftms;
o) io lufcgóf j prjcmsj ms port
portmm gftmdro
gftmdroftm
ftm `mi lufcgjfoe
lufcgjfoegmftj
gmftj `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
h) io lufcgóf j prjcmsj ms fmcmsorgj
fmcmsorgj poro qum mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ijdrm su rmsuit
rmsuito`j
o`j
prmvgstj1
c) io jrdofgzocgóf cjfsmrvo
cjfsmrvo io rmspjfsohgigò`
rmspjfsohgigò` imdoi
imdoi `m qum
qum io lufcgóf j prjcmsj
prjcmsj cuepio ijs
ijs rmqugsgtjs1 y
`) io jrdofgzocgóf y mi prjvmm`jr mxtmrfj tgmfmf ufo rmiocgóf, pjr mkmepij, ufo `jf`m mi prjcmsj ms
pmrcghg`j pjr ios portms gftmrmsoòs cjej rmoigzo`j pjr io jrdofgzocgóf.
FJPO ? @gsmÿj pj`rå
pj`råoo sgdfg
sgdfggco
gcorr mi `msorr
`msorrjiij
jiij `m uf prjùctj fumvj,
fumvj, egmftro
egmftross qum ijs prjùctjs mxgstmftms
pum`mf mstor sukmtjs o rm`gsmÿj j emkjro.
FJPO 8 Io Fjreo
Fjreo GSJ ?0>>< y mi Gfljrem tçcfgcj GSJ/PX ?0><8 prjpjrcgjfof gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm io
pmrspmctgvo `m cgcij `m vgò ùroftm mi prjcmsj `m `gsmÿj.
FJPO 3 Ios Fjreos GSJ ?0>8>,?0>8>, GSJ ?0>8
?0>8?,
?, GSJ ?0>80, GSJ ?0>8=,
?0>8=, GSJ ?0>0< m GSJ/PS ?0><4
?0><4 prjpjrcgjfof
gfljreocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm io gfljreocgóf `mi prjùctj.
2.?.3 Mstohimcgegmftj `m cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims

Ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims pum`mf tjeor `gstgftos ljreos, toims cjej prjcm`gegmftjs, gfstruccgjfms
`m trohokj, cjftrjims åsgcjs, usj `m pmrsjfoi cjepmtmftm j cuoiqugmr cjehgfocgóf `m mstjs. Io mimccgóf
`m ijs eçtj`js `m cjftrji mspmcågcjs `mpmf`m `m vorgjs loctjrms, cjej ios bohgigò`ms y mxpmrgmfcgo
`m ios pmrsjfos qum rmoigzof io jpmrocgóf y `m io cjepimkgò` y sgdfggcofcgo oehgmftoi `m io prjpgo
jpmrocgóf. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mimdgr piofggcor y mstohimcmr prjcmsjs poro ouemftor su copocgò`
`m gepimemftor cjftrjims `m uf ej`j cjbmrmftm.
]f mfljqum cjeûf poro mstohimcmr cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims pum`m gfciugr;
o) mimdgr uf eçtj`j `m cjftrji1
h) smimccgjfor crgtmrgjs `m jpmrocgóf ocmptohims, pjr mkmepij coroct
coroctmråst
mråstgcos
gcos jpmrocgjfoims `m ios
eïqugfos y em`gcgjfms j pmsj j tmepmroturo1
c) mstohimcmr prjcmsjs, smdûf smo fmcmsorgj, qum `mgfo
`mgfoff cóej sm vof o piofg
piofggcor,
gcor, rmoigz
rmoigzor
or y cjftrjior
ios jpmrocgjfms g`mftggcoòs1
`) `jcuemftor
`jcuemfto r mstjs prjcmsjs, smdûf smo fmcmsorgj, mf ljreo `m gfst
gfstruccgjfms,
ruccgjfms, smÿoims, ljreuiorgjs
ljreuiorgjs,,
vå`mjs, ljtjs, mtc.1
m) opigcor jpcgjfms tmcfjiódgco
tmcfjiódgcos,
s, toims cjej sgstmeo
sgstmeoss outjeotgzo`js, eotmrgoims, mqugpj y sjlt
sjltworm.
worm.
Ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims toehgçf pum`mf gfciugr `gspjsgcgjfms poro io em`gcgóf, mi smdugegmftj y io
mvoiuocgóf, y poro `mtmregfor sg sm cuepimf ijs crgtmrgjs jpmrocgjfoims.
]fo vmz qum sm boyof mstohimcg`j cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo bocmr mi smdugegmftj
`m io opigcocgóf cjftgfuo y io mgcocgo `m mstjs cjftrjims, oså cjej `m piofggcor y tjeor cuoiqugmr occgóf
fmcmsorgo.
2.8 ^rmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm memrdmfcgos

Oi piofggcor ufo rmspumsto o ufo sgtuocgóf `m memrdmfcgo sm `mhmråo tmfmr mf cjfsg`mrocgóf mi gepoctj
oehgmftoi gfgcgoi qum pum`m jcosgjfor, y cuoiqugmr gepoctj oehgmftoi smcufòrgj qum pumò jcurrgr
Proùccgóf

cjej rmsuito`j `m io rmspumsto oi gepoctj oehgmftoi gfgcgoi. ^jr mkmepij, oi rmspjf`mr o uf gfcmf`gj, sm
`mhmråo tmfmr mf cumfto io pjsghgigò` `m cjftoegfocgóf `mi ogrm.
Oi prmporor io rmspumsto oftm sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo rozjfohimemftm prm`mcghims, `mhmråo prmstorsm
mspmcgoi otmfcgóf oi orrofqum y poroò y o ios cjf`gcgjfms `m jpmrocgóf ofjreoims. \çosm mi oporto`j
oporto`j
<.?.? poro
<.?.? poro io `mtmregfocgóf `m sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstor prmporoò poro `gstgftjs tgpjs `m sgtuocgjfms, toims cjej `mrroems o
pmqumÿo mscoio `m sustofcgos quåegcos, mi loiij `mi mqugpj `m rmùccgóf `m megsgjfms, j sgtuocgjfms
oehgmftoims drovms qum pjfdof mf pmigdrj o smrms bueofjs y oi em`gj oehgmftm mf drof em`gò. Io
jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstor prmporoò poro coò tgpj `m sgtuocgóf `m memrdmfcgo rozjfohimemftm
prmvgsghim.
Ms rmspjfsohgigò` `m coò jrdofgzocgóf
jrdofg zocgóf mstohimcmr piofms `m prmporocgóf y rmspumst
rmspumstoo oftm memrdmfcgos
qum sm okustmf o sus fmcmsgò`ms portgcuiorms. Oi mstohimcmr mstjs piofms, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo gfciugr
cjfsg`mrocgjfms sjhrm;
‐ ios cjf`gcgjfms
cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims mxtmrfos rmoims y pjtmfcgoims, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j ijs `msost
`msostrms
rms foturo
foturoims1
ims1
‐ io foturoimzo `m ijs pmigdrjs mf
mf mi
mi sgtgj, pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, iåqug`js gfioeohims, tofqums `m oieocmfoegmftj,
dosms cjeprgeg`js, y em`gòs o tjeor mf cosj `m `mrroems j vmrtg`js occg`mftoims1
‐ mi tgpj y mscoio eïs prjhohim
prjhohim `m ufo sgtuocgóf `m memrdmfcgo1
‐ mi mqugpj y ijs rmcursjs fmcmsorgjs1

‐ mi pjtmfcgoi `m
`m ufo sgtuocgóf `m memrdmfcgo
memrdmfcgo mf ufo gfstoiocgóf
gfstoioc góf cmrcofo (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, ufo piofto,
corrmtmro, iåfmo `m lmrrjcorrgi)1
‐ ijs eçtj`js eïs oprjpgo`js
oprjpgo`js poro rmspjf`mr oftm ufo sgtuoc
sgtuocgóf
góf `m memrdmfcgo1
memrdmfcgo1
‐ ios occgjfms rmqumrgòs poro egfgegzor mi òÿj oehgmftoi1
‐ io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf
zocgóf y rmspjfsohgigò`ms oftm io memrdmfcgo1
‐ ios rutos `m mvocuocgóf y puftjs `m mfcumftrj1
‐ ufo igsto `mi pmrsjfoi ciovm
ciovm y `m ios gfst
gfstgtucgjfms
gtucgjfms `m oyuò, gfciug`js ijs òtjs `m
`m cjftoctj, pjr
mkmepij, hjehmrjs, smrvgcgjs `m igepgmzo `m `mrroems1
‐ io pjsghgigò` `m osgstmfcgo eutuo `m jrdofg
jrdofgzocgjfms
zocgjfms mf ios cmrcofåo
cmrcofåos1
s1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs `m cjeufgcocgóf gftmrfjs y mxtmrfjs1

‐ ios occgjfms `m egtgdocgóf y io rmspumsto o tjeor poro ijs `glmrmftms tgpjs `m sgtuocgjfms `m
memrdmfcgo1
‐ ijs prjcmsjs `m mvoiuocgóf pjstmrgjrms o io memrdmfcgo, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j io mvoiuocgóf `m io rmspumsto
piofggcoò, poro mstohimcmr m gepimemftor occgjfms cjrrmctgvos y prmvmftgvos1
‐ ijs sgeuiocrjs pmrgó`gcjs `m prjcm`gegmftjs `m rmspumsto o memrdmfcgos,
‐ io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf sjhrm eotmrgoims pmigdrjsjs, gfciuymf`j mi gepoctj pjtmfcgoi `m coò eotmrgoi sjhrm
sjhrm
mi em`gj oehgmftm y ios em`gòs o tjeor mf cosj `m ufo ludo occg`mftoi1 y
‐ io ljreocgóf j ijs rmqugsgtjs `m cjepmtmfcgo,
cjepmtmfcgo, gfciuymf`j oqumiijs
oqumiijs poro mi pmrsjfoi `m rmspumsto o
memrdmfcgos, y io mvoiuocgóf `m su mgcocgo.
Oi piofggcor io prmporocgóf oftm memrdmfcgos, pum`mf cjfsg`mrorsm ijs våfcuijs cjf jtrjs sgstmeos `m
dmstgóf rmiocgjfo`js cjf io cjftgfugò` `m fmdjcgj y io smdurgò` y soiu` jcupocgjfoi.


Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjf io mxtmfsgóf fmcmsorgo poro tmfmr io
cjfgofzo `m qum ijs prjcmsjs fmcmsorgjs poro io prmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm memrdmfcgos sm iimvof o
cohj smdûf ij piofggco`j.
7 Mvoiuocgóf `mi `msmepmÿj
7.? Smdugegmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsgs y mvoiuocgóf

7.?.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr uf mfljqum sgstmeïtgcj poro mi smdugegmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsgs y
mvoiuocgóf `m su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m eofmro rmduior. Mstj pum`m pmregtgr o io jrdofgzocgóf
miohjror gfljrems y cjeufgcor cjf prmcgsgóf su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi.
Mi smdugegmftj dmfmroiemftm sm rmgmrm o prjcmsjs mf ijs qum sm rmoigzof jhsmrvocgjfms o ij iordj `mi
tgmepj, sgf qum fmcmsorgoemftm sm utgigcmf mqugpjs `m smdugegmftj. Io em`gcgóf dmfmroiemftm sm
rmgmrm o prjcmsjs mf ijs qum fjreoiemftm sm utgigzof mqugpjs poro `mtmregfor prjpgmò`ms cuoigtotgvos
j cuoftgtotgvos. ^jr ij toftj, io em`gcgóf pum`m gepigcor io fmcmsgò` `m cjftrjims o`gcgjfoims poro
osmdurorsm `m io cjfgohgigò` sjstmfgò `m `gcbjs mqugpjs (pjr mkmepij, coighrocgóf), cuof`j smo
oprjpgo`j.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor sus fmcmsgò`ms `m smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf, tmfgmf`j mf cumfto sus
jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs, ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
y ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims. Mstj `mhmråo gfciugr io `mtmregfocgóf `m io lrmcumfcgo y ijs eçtj`js
uso`js poro rmcjpgior ijs òtjs.
O gf `m cjfcmftror sus rmcursjs mf ios em`gcgjfms eïs gepjrtoftms, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo smimccgjfor
gf`gco`jrms pmrtgfmftms qum smof lïcgims `m cjeprmf`mr y qum prjpjrcgjfmf gfljreocgóf ûtgi poro
io mvoiuocgóf `m su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Io smimccgóf `m gf`gco`jrms `mhmråo rmimkor io foturoimzo
y mscoio `m ios jpmrocgjfms `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y o`mcuorsm o sus gepoctjs oehgmftoims. Ijs mkmepijs
`m gf`gco`jrms gfciuymf porïemtrjs åsgcjs cjej tmepmroturos, prmsgjfms, pB, y mi usj `m eotmrgoims,
mgcgmfcgo mfmrdçtgco, smimccgóf `m mehoiokm y trofspjrtm. \çosm io Fjreo GSJ ?0>3? poro jrgmftocgóf mf
io smimccgóf `m gf`gco`jrms.
Mi smdugegmftj y io em`gcgóf pum`mf smrvgr poro eucbjs prjpósgtjs mf uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
toims cjej;
‐ rmoigz
rmoigzor
or mi smduge
smdugegmftj
gmftj `mi ijdrj `m ijs cjeprjegsjs `m io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, `m ijs jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims y `m io emkjro cjftgfuo1
‐ prjpjrcgjfor gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf poro `mtmreg
`mtmregfor
for ijs ospmc
ospmctjs
tjs oehgmftoims sgdfg
sgdfggcot
gcotgvjs1
gvjs1
‐ rmcjpgior òtjs sjhrm
sjhrm megsgjfms y vmrtg`js
vmrtg`js poro cuepigr ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ rmcjpgior òtjs sjhrm cjfsuej `m oduo, mfmrdåo j eotmrgos prgeo poro cuepigr ijs
ijs jhkmtgvjs
jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims1
‐ suegfg
suegfgstro
strorr òtjs poro opjyor
opjyor j mvoiuor ijs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims1
‐ suegfg
suegfgstro
strorr òtjs poro mvoiuor mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf1
ocgóf1
‐ suegfg
suegfgstro
strorr òtjs poro mvoiuor mi `msmepmÿj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi..
FJPO ? Io Fjreo GSJ ?0>3? prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf o`gcgjfoi sjhrm io mvoiuocgóf `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi..
FJPO 8 Io Mspmcggcocgóf
Mspmcggcoc góf Pçcfgco GSJ/PS
GSJ/PS ?0>33
?0>33 prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf sjhrm io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf oehgmftoi
cuoftgtotgvo.
Proùccgóf
Mi smdugegmftj y io em`gcgóf `mhmråof rmoigzorsm hokj cjf`gcgjfms cjftrjioòs cjf ijs prjcmsjs
oprjpgo`js poro osmduror io voig`mz `m ijs rmsuito`js, toims cjej;
‐ smimccgóf `m ios tçcfgco
tçcfgcoss `m eumstrmj y `m
`m rmcjpgiocgóf `m òtjs1
‐ prjvgsgóf `m coighrocgóf j vmrggc
vmrggcocgóf
ocgóf o`mcuoò `mi mqugpj `m em`gcgóf1
‐ usj `m
`m mstï
mstïfòrms
fòrms `m em`gcgóf trozohims smdûf potrjfms gftmrfocgjfoims j focgjfoims1
‐ usj `m pmrsjfoi cjepmtmftm1
‐ usj `m eçtj`js `m cjftrji `m io coigò` o`mcuo`js qum gfciuyof io gftmrprmt
gftmrprmtocgóf
ocgóf `m ijs òtjs y mi
ofïigsgs `m tmf`mfcgos.
Ios jrdofgzocgjfms `mhmråof cjfsg`mror, cuof`j smo oprjpgo`j, io utgigzocgóf `m iohjrotjrgjs cuyos
tçcfgcos `m mfsoyj boyof sg`j ocrm`gtoòs pjr uf jrdofgsej `m ocrm`gtocgóf focgjfoi j oprjho`j pjr
ijs mftms rmduio`jrms. Sg io ocrm`gtocgóf j io oprjhocgóf fj ms pjsghim j fj mstï `gspjfghim, mftjfcms io
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m cjfsg`mror jtrjs eçtj`js o`mcuo`js poro vmrggcor io prmcgsgóf `m ijs rmsuito`js,
toims cjej uf ofïigsgs `m eumstros portgòs (spigt soepim), mi mfsoyj `m eotmrgoims `m rmlmrmfcgo
cmrtggco`js, y ijs prjdroeos `m mfsoyjs `m optgtu`.
Ijs rmsuito`js `m smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf sm `mhmråof ofoigzor y usor poro g`mftggcor ios fj
cjfljregò`ms, mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs iåegtms mspmcggco`js mf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,
ios tmf`mfcgos `mi `msmepmÿj y ios jpjrtufgò`ms poro io emkjro cjftgfuo. Mi ofïigsgs `m ijs òtjs
pum`mprjùcgr
poro gfciugr cjfsg`mrocgjfms `m io ûm`mf
gfljreocgóf gohim. coigò`, utgigzorsm
voig`mz, o`mcuocgóf m gftmdrgò`
bmrroegmftos `m ijsporo
msto`åstgcos òtjs fmcmsorgos
ouemftor io
cjfgohgigò` `m ios `mcgsgjfms sjhrm sg sm bo oicofzo`j j fj uf rmsuito`j `msmo`j. Mstos bmrroegmftos
pum`mf gfciugr, cuof`j smo oprjpgo`j, tçcfgcos drïgcos, gf`mxocgóf, odrmdocgóf j pjf`mrocgóf.
Ijs prjcm`gegmftjs mscrgtjs poro rmoigzor mi smdugegmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsgs y mvoiuocgóf pum`mf oyuòr
o prjpjrcgjfor cjbmrmfcgo, rmprjùcghgigò` y cjfgohgigò` `m ijs òtjs prjùcg`js. Ijs rmsuito`js `mi
smdugegmftj, em`gcgóf, ofïigsgs y mvoiuocgóf `mhmråof cjfsmrvorsm cjej gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò.
7.?.8 Mvoiuocgóf `mi cuepigegmftj

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr uf prjcmsj poro mvoiuor mi dro`j mf mi qum cuepim sus rmqugsgtjs
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,
rmqugsg tjs, em`goftm mi smdugegmftj,
smdu gegmftj, io em`gcgóf, mi ofïigsgs y io rmvgsgóf
rmvgs góf `m su `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj
lrmftm o sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, smdûf sm `mtmregfó mf ijs oporto`js 0.8 y <.?.3 <.?.3.. Mstm
prjcmsj pum`m oyuòr o io jrdofgzocgóf o `mejstror su cjeprjegsj `m cuepigr sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, cjeprmf`mr su msto`j `m cjfljregò`, rmùcgr io pjsghgigò` `m gfcuepigegmftjs
rmdioemftorgjs, y mvgtor occgjfms o`vmrsos `m sus portms gftmrmsoòs.
Mi `msmepmÿj lrmftm o tj`js ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `mhmråo mvoiuorsm pmrgó`gcoemftm,
oufqum io lrmcumfcgo y mi ejemftj `m coò ufo pum`m `glmrgr `mpmf`gmf`j `m;
‐ ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ io pmrt
pmrtgfmfcgo
gfmfcgo `m jtrjs rmqugsgtjs o`jpto`js cjej rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ijs coehgjs mf
mf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs1
‐ mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj poso`j `m io jrdofgzocgóf rmiotgvj o uf rmqugsgtj imdoi u jtrj rmqugsgtj, gfciuymf`j io
pjsghgigò` `m mlmctjs o`vmrsjs osjcgoò cjf io fj cjfljregò`1
‐ ios vorgocgjfms mspmroòs mf mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj `m uf prjcmsj j octgv
octgvgò`,
gò`, pjr mkmepij, mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj
`m ufo piofto `m trotoegmftj `m oduos rmsgùoims pum`m vorgor `mpmf`gmf`j `mi vjiuemf `m oduos
rmsgùoims rmcghg`j.
Io mvoiuocgóf `mi cuepigegmftj `mhmråo smr uf prjcmsj gtmrotgvj qum utgigzo mi rmsuito`j `m jtros ïrmos
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro `mtmregfor sg io jrdofgzocgóf mstï cuepigmf`j sus rmqugsgtjs


imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs. Ijs eçtj`js uso`js poro io mvoiuocgóf `mi cuepigegmftj pum`mf gfciugr io
rmcjpgiocgóf `m gfljreocgóf y òtjs, pjr mkmepij em`goftm;
‐ vgsgtos j gfspmccgjf
gfspmccgjfms
ms o ios gfstoiocgjfms
gfstoiocgjfms11
‐ jhsmrvocg
jhsmrvocgjfms
jfms `grmctos j mftrmvgstos1
‐ rmvgsgjfms `m prjymctjs j `mi trohokj1
‐ rmvgsgóf `mi ofïigsgs `m eumstros j `m ijs rmsuito`js `m ijs mfsoyjs, y su cjeporocgóf cjf ijs iåegtms
rmdioemftorgjs1
‐ vmrggc
vmrggcocgóf
ocgóf `mi eumstrmj j ijs mfsoyjs1
‐ rmvgsgóf `m io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf `jcuemftoò rmqumrgò imdoiemftm (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, `mciorocgjfms `m
rmsgùjs pmigdrjsjs, gfljrems rmdioemftorgjs.
Ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos (vçosm 7.8 7.8)) pum`mf usorsm poro `mtmregfor io mgcocgo `m ijs prjcmsjs
mstohimcg`js m gepimemfto`js poro mvoiuor mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs,
pmrj fj pum`mf usorsm poro `mejstror qum sm bof cuepig`j ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
`m io jrdofgzocgóf. Fj jhstoftm, io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m opigcor ios tçcfgcos `m ou`gtjråo poro mvoiuor mi
cuepigegmftj `m sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
Ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs pum`mf tmfmrsm mf cumfto mf vorgjs prjcmsjs `mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi, toims cjej;
‐ io `mtmregfoc
`mtmregfocgóf
góf `m ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims sgdfg
sgdfggcot
gcotgvjs
gvjs (vçosm
(vçosm <.?.8.=
<.?.8.= y ijs rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr (vçosm <.?.?
<.?.?11
‐ io piofg
piofggcocgóf
gcocgóf `m occgjfms (vçosm <.?.0
<.?.011
‐ mi mstohimcg
mstohimcgegmftj
egmftj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims (vçosm <.8.8
<.8.811
‐ mi `msorrjiij
`msorrjiij `m prjcmsjs poro io tjeo `m cjfcgmfcgo (vçosm(vçosm 4.3 .3,, io cjeufgcocgóf mxtmrfo (vçosm
4.0.3 y io piofggcocgóf y mi cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi (vçosm 2.?
4.0.3 2.?,, y mi smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf (vçosm 7.?
7.?..
Io mgcocgo `m mstjs prjcmsjs y `m ijs rmsuito`js jhtmfg`js toehgçf pum`m opjrtor mvg`mfcgo `mi
cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m mimdgr rmvgsor gfljrems y cjeufgcocgjfms qum opjrtmf ios portms gftmrmsoòs
(pjr mkmepij, gfljrems rmdioemftorgjs
rmdioemft orgjs `m io gfspmccgóf
gfspmc cgóf `m sgtgjs j ou`gtjråos
ou`gtjråo s `m cigmftms,
cigmftms, j cjeufgcorsm
cjf miios mspmcågcoemftm sjhrm sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs.
Cuof`j sm g`mftggco uf gfcuepigegmftj j uf pjtmfcgoi gfcuepigegmftj `m uf rmqugsgtj imdoi u jtrj
rmqugsgtj, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tjeor occgjfms. Mi prjcmsj `m fj cjfljregò` y `m occgóf cjrrmctgvo
`m io jrdofgzocgóf (vçosm ?>.8
?>.8 pj`råo utgigzorsm poro ohjròr ios cjrrmccgjfms fmcmsorgos. Cuof`j
smo oprjpgo`j y smdûf sm rmqugmro, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjeufgcor j miohjror uf gfljrem sjhrm mi
gfcuepigegmftj `m uf rmqugsgtj imdoi u jtrj rmqugsgtj o io portm gftmrmsoò pmrtgfmftm (vçosm 4.0
.0..
Fj ms fmcmsorgj mimvor uf fj cuepigegmftj o ufo fj cjfljregò` `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi sg,
pjr mkmepij, ijs prjcmsjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ij g`mftggcof y ij cjrrgdmf.
Em`goftm io mvoiuocgóf `mi cuepigegmftj, io jrdofgzocgóf o`qugmrm cjfjcgegmftjs y cjeprmfsgóf `m su
msto`j `m cuepigegmftj. Io lrmcumfcgo `m ios mvoiuocgjfms `mi cuepigegmftj `mhmråo smr oprjpgoò poro
eoftmfmr mstjs cjfjcgegmftjs y cjeprmfsgóf octuoigzo`js. Ios mvoiuocgjfms `mhmråof rmoigzorsm `m toi
eofmro qum prjpjrcgjfmf mftroòs o tgmepj poro io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf (vçosm 7.3 7.3,, `m eofmro
qum io oito `grmccgóf pumò rmvgsor mi cuepigegmftj `m io jrdofgzocgóf `m sus rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs, y sgdo sgmf`j cjfscgmftm `mi msto`j `m cuepigegmftj `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo eoftmfmr gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m su mvoiuocgóf `mi
cuepigegmftj.
cuepigegmf tj. Msto
Mst o pj`råo gfciugr;
‐ gfljrems `m ijs rmsuit
rmsuito`js
o`js `m ios mvoiuocgjfms `m cuepigegmftj1
Proùccgóf

‐ gfljrems `m ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos y mxtmr

mxtmrfos1
fos1
‐ cjeufgcocgjfms gftmrfos y mxtmr
mxtmrfos
fos m gfljrems.
7.8 Ou`gtj
Ou`gtjråo
råo gftmrfo
Ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m ufo jrdofgzocgóf sm `mhmråof rmoigzor
o gftmrvoijs
sgstmeo piofggco`js
cuepim poro `mtmregfor
j fj ijs ocumr`js y suegfgstror
piofggco`js gfljreocgóf yo smioeoftgmfm
y sg sm bo gepimemfto`j `grmccgófoprjpgoòemftm.
ocmrco `m sg mi
Ijs rmsuito`js pum`mf utgigzorsm poro g`mftggcor jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro mf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mstohimcmr uf prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos gftmrfos poro `grgdgr io piofggcocgóf
y rmoigzocgóf `m ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos m g`mftggcor ios ou`gtjråos gftmrfos fmcmsorgos poro cuepigr
ijs jhkmtgvjs `mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos. Mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos, y io lrmcumfcgo `m ios ou`gtjråos
gftmrfos, sm `mhmråof hosor mf io foturoimzo `m ios jpmrocgjfms `m io jrdofgzocgóf mf tçregfjs `m sus
ospmctjs oehgmftoims m gepoctjs oehgmftoims, rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms pjtmfcgoims qum ms fmcmsorgj
ohjròr, ijs rmsuito`js `m ou`gtjråos gftmrfos y mxtmrfos posoòs y jtrjs loctjrms pmrtgfmftms (pjr
mkmepij coehgjs qum olmctof o io jrdofgzocgóf, ijs rmsuito`js `mi smdugegmftj y io em`gcgóf, y ios
sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo oftmrgjrms). Ijs prjcmsjs cjftroto`js mxtmrfoemftm qum tmfdof ou`gtjråos
`m cjftrji mstgpuioòs `mhmråof tmfmrsm mf cumfto mf io piofggcocgóf `mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor io lrmcumfcgo `m sus ou`gtjråos gftmrfos. Mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos
pum`m, pjr mkmepij, cuhrgr ufj j vorgjs oÿjs, y pum`m cjfstor `m ufo j eïs ou`gtjråos.
Fj ms fmcmsorgj qum coò ou`gtjråo gftmrfo cuhro mi sgstmeo cjepimtj, sgmeprm qum mi prjdroeo `m
ou`gtjråos sm osmdurm `m qum tjòs ios ufgò`ms y rjims `m io jrdofgzocgóf, ijs mimemftjs `mi sgstmeo y mi
oicofcm cjepimtj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi sm ou`gtof pmrgó`gcoemftm.
Ios ou`gtjråos `mhmråo piofggcorios y rmoigzorios uf ou`gtjr j uf mqugpj `m ou`gtjrms jhkmtgvjs m
geporcgoims, oyuò`js pjr mxpmrtjs tçcfgcjs, cuof`j smo oprjpgo`j, smimccgjfo`js `mftrj `m io
jrdofgzocgóf j `m lumftms mxtmrfos. Su cjepmtmfcgo cjimctgvo `mhmråo smr sugcgmftm poro cuepigr ijs
jhkmtgvjs `m ou`gtjråo y mi oicofcm `m io ou`gtjråo portgcuior, y prjpjrcgjfor cjfgofzo mf cuoftj oi
dro`j `m gohgigò` qum sm pum`m `mpjsgtor mf ijs rmsuito`js.
Ijs rmsuito`js `m ufo ou`gtjråo gftmrfo pum`mf mftrmdorsm mf ljreo `m uf gfljrem qum sgrvo `m hosm
poro io vmrggcocgóf, y pum`mf usorsm poro cjrrmdgr j prmvmfgr fj cjfljregò`ms mspmcågcos, j cuepigr
ufj j eïs jhkmtgvjs `mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos, y poro prjpjrcgjfor mftroòs poro io rmvgsgóf pjr io
`grmccgóf.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsmrvor gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m io gepimemftocgóf `mi
prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos y `m ijs rmsuito`js `m ios ou`gtjråos.
FJPO Io Fjreo GSJ ?7>?
?7>??
? prjpjrcgjfo jrgmftocgóf sjhrm ou`gtjråo
ou`gtjråoss `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi..
7.3 Xmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf

Io oito `grmccgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo rmoigzor, o gftmrvoijs qum miio egseo `mtmregfm, ufo
rmvgsgóf `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro mvoiuor su cjftgfuo cjfvmfgmfcgo, o`mcuocgóf y
mgcocgo. Msto rmvgsgóf `mhmråo cuhrgr ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims `m ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs
qum sm mfcumftrof `mftrj `mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf pum`m cjgfcg`gr cjf jtros octgvgò`ms `m dmstgóf (pjr mkmepij rmufgjfms
`m io kufto, rmufgjfms jpmrocgjfoims) j pum`m rmoigzorsm cjej ufo octgvgò` smporoò. Io rmvgsgóf pjr
io `grmccgóf pum`m cjjr`gforsm cjf mi cgcij `m piofggcocgóf y prmsupumstjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf, y mi
`msmepmÿj
`m oehgmftoi
fmdjcgj, `m eofmrosm pum`m
qum mvoiuor ùroftm
ios `mcgsgjfms sjhrm io
iosrmvgsgóf pjr ioy rmcursjs
prgjrgò`ms oito `grmccgóf
poro `mi `msmepmÿj
mi sgstmeo dijhoi
`m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi mstçf hoiofcmoòs cjf jtros prgjrgò`ms `m fmdjcgj y fmcmsgò`ms `m rmcursjs.


Ios mftroòs poro io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf pum`mf gfciugr;

‐ ijs rmsuito`js `m ou`gtjråos y mvoiuocgjfms `mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs1
‐ ios cjeufgcocgjfms
cjeufgcocgjfms `m
`m ios portms gftmrmsoòs mxtmr
mxtmrfos,
fos, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j ios qumkos1
qumkos1
‐ mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf1
ocgóf1
‐ mi dro`j `m cuepige
cuepigegmftj
gmftj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims
oehgmftoims `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ mi msto`j `m ios occgjfms cjrrmct
cjrrmctgvos1
gvos1
‐ ios occgjfms `m smduge
smdugegmftj
gmftj `m rmvgsgjfms pjr io `grmccgóf prmvgos1
‐ ijs coehgjs mf ios cgrcu
cgrcufsto
fstofcgos,
fcgos, gfciuymf`j;
‐ mi cjftmxtj `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf,
ocgóf,
‐ ijs coehgjs mf
mf ios octgv
octgvgò`ms,
gò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgc
smrvgcgjs
gjs `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ ijs rmsuito`js `m io mvoiuocgóf `m ijs ospmctjs oehgmftoims sgdfggcotgvjs
sgdfg gcotgvjs y ijs rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr `m `msorrjiijs piofggco`js j fumvjs1
‐ ijs coehgjs mf ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ ios jpgfgjfms `m ios port
portms
ms gftmrmsoòs1
‐ ijs ovofcms mf io cgmfcgo y io tmcfjijdåo1
‐ ios imccgjfms oprmf`gòs `m ios sgtuocgjfms `m memrdmfcgo1
‐ io o`mcuocgóf `m ijs rmcursjs1
‐ ios rmcjemfòcgjfms poro io emkjro.
Ijs rmsuito`js `m io rmvgsgóf `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `mhmråof gfciugr `mcgsgjfms sjhrm;
‐ io cjfvmfgmfcgo, o`mcuocgóf y mgcocg
mgcocgoo `mi sgstmeo1
‐ ios jpjrtu
jpjrtufgò`ms
fgò`ms `m emkjro cjftgfuo1
‐ io fmcmsgò` `m coehgjs mf ijs rmcursjs åsgcjs, bueofjs y gfo
gfofcgmrjs1
fcgmrjs1
‐ ios occgjfms cuof`j fj sm bof ijdro`j ijs jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, sg sjf fmcmsorgos1
‐ ios occgjfms rmiocgjfoòs cjf pjsghims coehgjs mf io pjiåtgco oehgmftoi, jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims y
jtrjs mimemftjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi1
‐ ios occgjfms rmiocgjfoòs cjf io emkjro `m io gftmdroc
gftmdrocgóf
góf `mi
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi cjf jtrjs
prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj, sg sjf fmcmsorgos1
‐ ios gepigcocgjfms poro io `grmccgóf mstrotçdgco
mstrotçdgc o `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf.
zocgóf.
Io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjfsmrvoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m ijs rmsuito`js `m io rmvgsgóf pjr io
`grmccgóf gfciuym, pjr mkmepij, cjpgos `m ijs puftjs `m io odmfò `m io rmufgóf, igstos `m osgstmfcgo,
eotmrgoims `m ios prmsmftocgjfms j `jcuemftocgóf mftrmdoò, y `mcgsgjfms `m io `grmccgóf rmdgstroòs
mf gfljrems, octos, j sgstmeos
sgst meos `m smdugegmftj.
Io oito `grmccgóf pum`m `mcg`gr qugçf `mhmråo portgcgpor mf io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmccgóf. Fjreoiemftm,
sm gfciuym oi pmrsjfoi rmspjfsohim `m osuftjs oehgmftoims, ijs rmspjfsohims `m ios ufgò`ms prgfcgpoims,
y io oito `grmccgóf. Ijs rmprmsmftoftms `m jtrjs sgstmeos `m dmstgóf (pjr mkmepij coigò`, smdurgò` y
soiu` jcupocgjfoi, mfmrdåo, cjftgfugò` `m fmdjcgj) toehgçf pum`mf portgcgpor cjf gfms `m gftmdrocgóf.
Proùccgóf
=> © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js
?> Emkjro
?>.? Dmfmroigò`ms
Io emkjro ms ufo portm gftmdroi `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz. Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo
g`mftggcor ios jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro cjej rmsuito`j `m;
‐ mi smdugegmftj,`mem`gcgóf,
cuepigegmftj ofïigsgs
ijs rmqugsgtjs y mvoiuocgóf
imdoims rmiocgjfo`js
rmiocgjfo`js
y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs cjf)1 mi `msmepmÿj
(vçosm 7.?
7.?)1 `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi
oehgmftoi y mi
‐ ios ou`gtjråo
ou`gtjråoss `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (vçosm 7.8
7.8)1
)1
‐ io rmvgsgóf pjr io `grmcc
`grmccgóf
góf (vçosm 7.3
7.3).
).
O gf `m ijdror ijs rmsuito`js prmvgstjs `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tjeor
ios occgjfms fmcmsorgos poro ohjròr ios jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro g`mftggcoòs, gfciuymf`j mi cjftrji y
io cjrrmccgóf `m ios fj cjfljregò`ms, y emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi em`goftm io emkjro cjftgfuo
`m io g`jfmgò`, o`mcuocgóf y mgcocgo `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
?>.8 Fj cjfljregò` y occgóf cjrrmctgv

cjrrmctgvoo
ôro qum uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi smo mgcoz `m ljreo cjftgfuo, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo tmfmr
uf mfljqum sgstmeïtgcj poro g`mftggcor ios fj cjfljregò`ms, tjeor occgjfms poro egtgdor cuoiqugmr
gepoctj oehgmftoi
Mstm mfljqum oyuòo`vmrsj, ofoigzor oiogepimemftor
o io jrdofgzocgóf couso `m io fj cjfljregò`
y eoftmfmr y meprmf`mr
mi sgstmeo occgjfms
`m dmstgóf cjrrmctgvos.
oehgmftoi.
]fo fj cjfljregò` ms mi fj cuepigegmftj `m uf rmqugsgtj qum pum`m mstohimcmrsm mf rmiocgóf cjf mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi j mf tçregfjs `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. ûm`mf òrsm sgtuocgjfms mf ios
qum portm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi fj pumò lufcgjfor `m io eofmro prmvgsto j fj sm cuepiof
ijs rmqugsgtjs `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi.
Mkmepijs `m toims sgtuocgjfms gfciuymf;
‐ fj cjfljregò`ms mf mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, cjej;
‐ fj sm mvoiûo io sgdfg
sgdfggco
gcofcgo
fcgo `m
`m ijs ospmct
ospmctjs
js oehgmftoims `m ijs prjùctjs1
‐ fj sm osgdfo
osgdfoff ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms `m io prmporocgóf y rmspumsto oftm memrdmfcgos1
‐ gfcuepige
gfcuepigegmftj
gmftj `m
`m io mvoiuocgóf pmrgó`gco `mi cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims
imdoims y jtrjs
rmqugsgtjs.
‐ fj cjfljregò`ms mf mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi, cjej;
‐ mi gfcuepigegmftj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs `m rmùccgóf `m mfmrdåo1
‐ ijs rmqugsgtjs `m eoftmfgegmftj fj sm cuepimf cjej
cjej mstoho prjdroe
prjdroeo`j1
o`j1
‐ fj sm cuepimf ijs
ijs crgtmrgjs `m jpmrocgóf (pjr mkmepij,
mkmepij, iåegtms pmregtg`js).
Mi prjcmsj `m ou`gtjråo gftmrfo `mscrgtj mf mi oporto`j 7.8 ms
7.8 ms ufo ljreo `m g`mftggcor pmrgó`gcoemftm
ios fj cjfljregò`ms. Jtro eofmro ms osgdfor ios rmspjfsohgigò`ms poro io g`mftggcocgóf `m ios fj
cjfljregò`ms, y prmsmftor uf gfljrem cjf ijs prjhimeos rmoims j pjtmfcgoims o tjòs ios pmrsjfos qum
trohokof hokj mi cjftrji `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
]fo vmz g`mftggcoò ufo fj cjfljregò`, sm `mhmråo gfvmstgdor poro `mtmregfor su couso, `m eofmro
qum io occgóf cjrrmctgvo sm pumò mfljcor mf io portm oprjpgoò `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi. Oi
`msorrjiior uf piof poro ohjròr ufo fj cjfljregò`, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsg`mror cuïims sjf ios
occgjfms qum `mhmråo tjeor poro rmsjivmr mi prjhimeo, quç coehgjs `mhmråof bocmrsm poro cjrrmdgr io
sgtuocgóf y rmstouror io fjreoigò` mf ios jpmrocgjfms, y quç sm `mhmråo bocmr poro migegfor ios cousos y
prmvmfgr qum mi prjhimeo vumivo o jcurrgr j sucmò mf jtrj sgtgj. Mi corïctmr y io o`mcuocgóf tmepjroi `m
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js =?

mstos occgjfms `mhmråof smr oprjpgo`js o io foturoimzo y prjpjrcgóf `m io fj cjfljregò` y `mi gepoctj
oehgmftoi.
Sg sm g`mftggco uf prjhimeo pjtmfcgoi pmrj fj mxgstm ufo fj cjfljregò` rmoi, sm `mhm tjeor ufo occgóf
poro prmvmfgr qum sm prjùzco io fj cjfljregò`. Ijs prjhimeos pjtmfcgoims sm pum`mf g`mftggcor
usof`j eçtj`js toims cjej io mxtropjiocgóf `m occgjfms cjrrmctgvos `m fj cjfljregò`ms rmoims o
jtros ïrmos opigcohims `jf`m sm rmoigzof octgvgò`ms sgegiorms, mi ofïigsgs `m tmf`mfcgos, j mi ofïigsgs
`m pmigdrjs `m jpmrocgóf, y sm `mhmråof cjfsg`mror oi piofggcor ios occgjfms poro ohjròr rgmsdjs y
jpjrtufgò`ms g`mftggcoòs mf mi oporto`j <.?.?.
<.?.?.
Cuof`j ios occgjfms `mf iudor o coehgjs mf mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, sm `mhmråof octuoigzor
io gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò rmiocgjfoò y ios cjepmtmfcgos fmcmsorgos, smdûf prjcmò, y ijs coehgjs
`mhmråof cjeufgcorsm o tj`js oqumiijs qum fmcmsgtmf cjfjcmrijs. Io `grmccgóf `mhmråo osmdurorsm `m
qum sm bof gepimemfto`j ios occgjfms cjrrmctgvos y ios occgjfms poro prmvmfgr prjhimeos oftms `m qum
jcurrof, y qum sm rmoigcmf ufo rmvgsgóf y uf smdugegmftj sgstmeïtgcjs poro osmduror io mgcocgo `m ios
occgjfms tjeoòs.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfsmrvor gfljreocgóf `jcuemftoò cjej mvg`mfcgo `m io foturoimzo `m ios
fj cjfljregò`ms y `m ios occgjfms tjeoòs cjfsmcumftmemftm, y `m ijs rmsuito`js `m ios occgjfms
cjrrmctgvos tjeoòs.
?>.3 Emkjro cjftgfuo
?>.3.? Jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro

Io emkjro cjftgfuo ms ufo coroctmråstgco lufòemftoi `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mgcoz poro
emkjror mi `msmepmÿj
`msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Sm pum`m ijdror em`goftm
em` goftm mi cuepigegmftj
cuepige gmftj `m ijs jhkmtgvjs
jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims
y io jptgegzocgóf dmfmroi `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi j `m cuoiqugmro `m sus cjepjfmftms. Io
jrdofgzocgóf pum`m oimftor o tj`js ijs mepimo`js poro qum cjftrghuyof cjf g`mos poro io emkjro.
Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo mvoiuor `m eofmro cjftgfuo su `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi y mi `msmepmÿj `m ijs
prjcmsjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro g`mftggcor jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro. Io oito `grmccgóf
`mhmråo mstor gfvjiucroò `grmctoemftm mf msto mvoiuocgóf o trovçs `mi prjcmsj `m rmvgsgóf pjr io
`grmccgóf.
Io g`mftggcocgóf
g`mftggc ocgóf `m ios `mgcgmfcgos
`mgcgmfcgos `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
dmst góf oehgmftoi toehgçf prjpjrcgjfo jpjrtufgò`ms
sgdfggcotgvos `m emkjro. ôro rmoigzor `gcbos emkjros, io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo cjfjcmr quç `mgcgmfcgos
mxgstmf y pjr quç mxgstmf. Mstj sm pum`m ijdror ofoigzof`j ios cousos roåz `m ios `mgcgmfcgos `mi sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Oidufos lumftms `m gfljreocgóf ûtgims poro io emkjro cjftgfuo gfciuymf;
‐ io mxpmrgmfcgo jhtmfgò `m ios fj cjfljregò`ms y `m
`m ios occgjfms cjrrmct
cjrrmctgvos
gvos rmiocgjfoòs1
‐ ijs mstu`gjs cjeporotgvjs mxtmr
mxtmrfjs
fjs `m ios emkjrms prïctgc
prïctgcos1
os1
‐ ios osjcgocgjfms `m cjemrcgj y ijs drupjs `m porms1
‐ io fumvo
fumvo imdgsiocgóf
imdgsiocgóf j ijs coehgjs prjpumstjs o io imdgsiocgóf
imdgsiocgóf vgdmftm1
‐ ijs rmsuito`js `m ios ou`gtjråo
ou`gtjråoss `mi
`mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y `m jtros ou`gtjråos1
‐ io mvoiuocgóf y mi ofïigsg
ofïigsgss `m
`m ijs
ijs rmsuito`js `mi smdug
smdugegmftj
egmftj y em`gcgóf1
‐ io igtmrotu
igtmroturo
ro sjhrm ovofcms tmcfjiódgcjs1
‐ ios jpgfgjfms `m ios port

portms
ms gftmrmsoòs, gfciuymf`j
gfciuymf`j mepimo`js, cigmftms y prjvmm`jrms.
Proùccgóf
=8 © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

?>.3.8 Gepimemftocgóf `m io emkjro cjftgfuo

Cuof`j sm g`mftggcof jpjrtufgò`ms `m emkjro, `mhmråof mvoiuorsm poro `mtmregfor ios occgjfms qum sm
`mhmråof tjeor. Ios occgjfms poro io emkjro sm `mhmråof piofggcor, y ijs coehgjs oi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi `mhmråof gepimemftorsm mf cjfsmcumfcgo.
Fj ms fmcmsorgj qum ios emkjros jcurrof mf tjòs ios ïrmos sgeuitïfmoemftm (vçosm 0.0.?
0.0.?).
). Io emkjro
cjftgfuo `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi pum`m bocmrsm coò vmz eïs `gåcgi `m ijdror o em`gò qum
mi `msmepmÿj `mi sgstmeo emkjrm. Mi Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 8> prjpjrcgjfo mkmepijs `m occgjfms
`m emkjro.
Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 8> ‐ Mkmepijs `m emkjro

Oidufjs mkmepijs `m emkjrof gfciuymf;
‐ mstohimcmr uf prjcmsj poro mvoiuor fumvjs eotmrgoims, cjf mi gf `m prjejv
prjejvmr
mr mi usj `m eotmrgoims
emfjs fjcgvjs1
‐ emkjror io ljreocgóf `m ijs mepimo`js sjhrm eotmrgo
eotmrgoims
ims y eofgpuiocgóf, cjf mi gf `m rmùcgr io
dmfmrocgóf `m rmsgùjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf1
‐ gftrjùcgrr prjcmsjs `m trot
gftrjùcg trotoegmftj
oegmftj `m oduos rmsgùoims poro pmregt
pmregtgr
gr io rmutgig
rmutgigzocgóf
zocgóf `mi oduo1
‐ gepimemftor coehgjs mf ijs voijrms prm`mgfg`js mf ijs mqugpjs `m rmprjùccgóf `m io jgcgf jgcgfoo
`m geprmsgóf, poro geprgegr cjpgos pjr ijs `js io`js `mi popmi1
‐ rm`gsmÿor ios ruto
rutoss `m mftrmdo poro rmùcgr mi cjfsuej `m cjehustghim lósgi pjr port portmm `m ios
cjepoÿåos `m trofspjrtm1
‐ mstohimcmr jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims poro gepimemftor io sustsustgtucgóf
gtucgóf `m cjehustghim mf ios jpmro-
cgjfms `m ios coi`mros y rmùcgr ios megsgjfms `m portåcuios1
‐ `msorrjiiorr ufo cuit
`msorrjiio cuituro
uro `m io emkjro oehgmftoi `mftrj `m io jrdofg
jrdofgzocgóf1
zocgóf1
‐ `msorrjiiorr cjiohjrocgjfms cjf port
`msorrjiio portms
ms gftmrmsoòs1
‐ cjfsg`mror io sjstmfghgigò` mf ijs prjcmsjs `m fmdjcgj `m io jrdofgz
jrdofgzocgóf.
ocgóf.

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js =3

Offmxj O
(gfljreotgvj)
Mkmepijs `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs y sus ospmctjs

m gepoctjs oehgmftoims, rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms y occgjfms
osjcgo`js
Pohio O.? ‐ Mkmepijs `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs y sus ospmctjs

m gepoctjs oehgmftoims, rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms y occgjfms osjcgo`js
Octgv gò`/prj-
Octgvgò`/prj- Ospmctjs oe- Gepoctjs oe- Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms îofglgcocgóf poro io
ùctj/ smrvgcgj hgmftoims hgmftoims rmoims qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr tjeo `m occgjfms
y pjtmfcgoims
Octgvgò`; Jpmrocgjfms
Jpmroc gjfms `m coi`mros `m cjehustgóf
cjehustgóf `m dosóimj
Jpmrocgóf `m io ]sj `m dosóimj Odjtoegmftj Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- ^m`gr oi `mportoemftj
`mporto emftj
coi`mro poro mi coimfto- `m ijs rmcursjs cgoims o`vmrsjs) gfofcgmrj qum bodo mi
egmftj foturoims fj smdugegmftj `m ijs prm-
rmfjvohims ‐ Dosóimj fj `gspj - cgjs `m ijs cjehustghims,
fghim cjeporor ijs mscmforgjs
‐ Ouemftj `mi cjstj `m cjstjs luturjs y rmo-
`mi dosóimj igzor ofïigsgs `m cjstj
hmfmgcgj.
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs
pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) Mstohimcmr uf jhkmtgvj
oehgmftoi
oehgmf toi poro rmmepio-
‐ Xmmepiozor io zor ios lumftms `m coimf-
lumftm `m coimftoegmftj `m toegmftj `m io coi`mro
io coi`mro pjr mfmrdåo sjior pjr mfmrdåo sjior
‐ Xmùcgr ijs cjstjs
`m jpmrocgóf
Megsgjfms `m Gepoctjs rmspg- Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Mstohimcmr cjftrjims
`góxg`j `m ozulrm, rotjrgjs sjhrm ijs cgoims o`vmrsjs) jpmrocgjfoims poro
óxg`js `m fgtródm- rmsg`mftms ijcoims osmdurorsm `m qum sm
fj y CJ8 (ms `mcgr, ‐ Gfcuepigegmftj cuepimf ijs rmqugsgtjs
dosms `m mlmctj Gepoctjs `m iiuvgo mf mi cuepigegmftj `m i js
imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
gfvmrfo`mrj) ïcgò sjhrm ios rmqugsgtjs
oduos supmrgcgo- rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs Mstohimcmr uf jhkmtgvj
ims oehgmftoi
oehgmf toi poro gfstoior
‐ ^jsghim sofcgóf mi mqugpj oprjpgo`j `m
Coimftoegmftj
‐ ûhigcgò` fmdotg - rmùccgóf `m megsgjfms
dijhoi y coehgj
cigeïtgcj vo rmcghgò
pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs)
‐ Xmùcgr megsgj -
fms – gfstoior ufgò`ms `m
`msuilurocgóf `m ijs dosms
`m mscopm
\mrtg`j `m oduo Coehgjs mf io Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs Mstohimcmr uf jhkmtgvj
coigmftm coigò` `mi oduo pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) oehgmf
oehgmftoi
toi poro gfstoior
(pjr mkmepij tme- uf sgstmeo `m rmcupmro-
pmroturo) ‐ Xmcupmror mi coijr cgóf `m coijr
`mi oduo rmsgùoi
‐ Xmùcgr mi cjstj
`m jpmrocgóf
Proùccgóf

Pohio O.?
Gepoctjs oe-
Octgvg` o`/prj-
Octgvgò`/prj- Ospmctjs oe- Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms îofglgcocgóf poro io
y pjtmfcgoims
Oieocmfoegmftj \mrtg`j `m Cjftoegfocgóf Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- @msorrjiij `m piofms
`mi dosóimj `m io dosóimj oi sumij `mi sumij cgoims o`vmrsjs) `m memrdmfcgo poro
coi`mro mf tof- (sgtuocgóf `m rmspjf`mr o ludos `m
qums suhtmrrïfmjs memrdmfcgo) ios oduos suhtm-`m ‐
Cjftoegfocgóf Cjstjs `m igepgmzo tofqum y su igepgmzo
ig epgmzo
rrïfmos ‐ Sofcgjfms Mstohimcgegmftj `m
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs cjftrjims jpmrocgjfoims
pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) poro cjeprjhor pmrgó-
`gcoemftm sg mi tofqum
‐ Xmmepiozor io tgmfm ludos
lumftm `m coimftoegmftj `m
io coi`mro pjr mfmrdåo sjior Mstohimcmr uf jhkmtgvj
oehgmftoi poro rmmepio-
zor ios lumftms `m coimf-
toegmftj `m io coi`mro
c oi`mro
pjr mfmrdåo sjior
Mftrmdo y trofs- \mrtg`j gfcjf- Cjftoegfocgóf `m Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- @msorrjiior uf prjcmsj
lmrmfcgo `mi cje- trjio`j `mi ios oduos supmrg- cgoims o`vmrsjs) `m mftrmdo
hustghim cjehustghim mf cgoims
ijs `rmfokms `m ‐ Cjstjs `m igepgmzo @msorrjiior piofms `m
Hgjocueuiocgóf memrdmfcgo poro rmspjf-
oduo
cgm `m supmrg
(sgtuocgóf `m- `m sustofcgos tóxg- ‐ Sofcgjfms `mr o ijs vmrtg`js gfcjf-
memrdmfcgo) cos mf io loufo ‐ ûhigcgò` fmdotg - trjio`js y su igepgmzo
vo qum rmùzco mi voijr `m
io cjepoÿåo
Octgvgò`;
Octgv gò`; Cjfstruccgóf
Cjfstrucc góf `m ufo corrmtmro
Cjfstruccgóf Mscjrrmftåo `m Mrjsgóf `mi sumij Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gepimemftor cjftrjims
ùroftm iiuvgos iiuvgo tjrrmfcgoi cgoims o`vmrsjs) jpmrocgjfoims
jpmrocgjf oims poro cjf-
Cjftoegfocgóf `m
lumrtms (cjf`gcgóf ofjr- tmfmr mi sm`gemftj mf io
eoi) ios oduos supmrg- ‐ Cjstjs `m igepgmzo mscjrrmftåo
cgoims
‐ Sofcgjfms @msorrjiior piofms
@mdroòcgóf `m
ijs bïhgtot `m ‐ ûhigcgò` fmdo- `m memrdmfcgo poro
tgvo (`mhg`j o io `mdro- egtgdor io mscjrrmftåo
buemòims gfcjftrjioò
òcgóf `mi bïhgtot) qum
cjfùcm o io pçr`gò `m @msorrjiior ufo rms-
luturjs prjymctjs `m cjfs- pumsto `m igepgmzo
truccgóf
Octgvgò`;
Octgv gò`; Odrgcuituro;
Odrgcu ituro; Cuitgvj
Cuit gvj `m orrjz

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js ==

Pohio O.?
Gepoctjs oe-
Octgv gò`/prj-
y pjtmfcgoims
Gfufòcgóf y ]sj `m oduo O djtoegmftj `m Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Iimvor o cohj ej`mio`js
prmporocgóf `m ijs ios rmsmrvos `m cgoims o`vmrsjs) `m `gspjfghgigò` `m
coepjs `m orrjz oduo suhtmrrïfmo oduo hoso`j mf mscmfo-
‐ Coehgj emfjs
cj (pjr mkmepij cigeïtg - rgjs luturjs `m coehgj
cigeïtgcj
iiuvgos)
Gfvmrtgr mf jpjrtufgò-
‐ Eoyjr `mpmf`mf- `ms `m gfvmstgdocgóf
cgo `m pjzjs y ocuålmrjs
ortmsofoims
‐ Eoyjr cjstj `mi
oduo
‐ Huscor mspmcgms
`m orrjz cjf emfjr `m-
eofò `m oduo (ms `mcgr,
cjf eoyjr rmsgstmfcgo o io
smquåo)
‐ îoftor cuitgvjs
oitmrfotgvjs
]sj `m pmstgcgòs Cjftoegfocgóf Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gfvmstgdor mi pjtmfcgoi
`mi sumij cgoims o`vmrsjs) poro egfgegzor/
egfgegzor/sustg
sustg-
tugr mi usj `m pmstgcgòs
Hgjocueuiocgóf ‐ Cjftoegfocgóf
Cjftoegfoc góf `m
`m sustofcgos tóxg- ios oduos suhtmrrïfmos Cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi `m io
cos mf io loufo opigcocgóf `m pmstgcgòs
‐ Jrdofgsejs rmsgs-
tmftms o ijs pmstgcgòs Gfvmstgdor ijs eçtj`js
jrdïfgcjs `m cuitgvj
‐ Eoyjr usj `m pms- octuoims
tgcgòs
‐ Gfcrmemftj mf
cjstjs
‐ ]sj `m eçtj`js
jrdïfgcjs `m cuitgvj
‐ Dmstgóf gftmdroò
`m piodos
‐ Xmùcgr mi cjstj
`m ijs pmstgcgòs
Megsgóf `m CJ8 Coimftoegmftj Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gfvmstgdor mi pjtmfcgoi
y `m emtofj (ms dijhoi y coehgj cgoims o`vmrsjs) poro cjepmfsor ios meg-
`mcgr, dosms `m cigeïtgcj sgjfms `m corhjfj
mlmctj gfvmrfo- ‐ @mtrgemftj
@mtrg emftj `m io
`mrj) geodmf `m io jrdofgzocgóf
y io gfùstrgo
Proùccgóf
=< © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Pohio O.?
Gepoctjs oe-
Octgvg` o`/prj-
y pjtmfcgoims
^rjùctj; Coi`mro
@gsmÿj `m coi`mro Xmùccgóf `mi Cjfsmrvocgóf `m Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs Coepoÿo puhigcgtorgo
`m oito mgcgmf
m gcgmfcgo
cgo cjfsuej
hustghim `m cje- ios lumftms
mfmrdåo `m -
fj rmfj pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) rmiocgjfoò
rrj `m cjstjscjf
y iomiemfjr
obj-
‐ Gfcrmemftj mf
vohims (gepoctj megsgóf `m corhjfj
hmfmgcgjsj) vmftos
‐ Emkjro `m io rm-
putocgóf drocgos oi `gsmÿj
` gsmÿj
gffjvo`jr
Sustgtucgóf `m Xmùccgóf mf io Xmùccgóf `m ijs Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs ^rjpjrcgjfor gfljreo-
eotmrgoims fj pm- dmfmrocgóf `m rmsgùjs pmigdrj- pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) cgóf cjf mi prjùctj
igdrjsjs mf io losm rmsgùjs pmigdrj - sjs mf ijs vmrtm - sjhrm io rmcupmrocgóf
‐ Gfcrmemftj mf
`m `gsmÿj sjs oi gfoi `m io `mrjs (gepoctj oprjpgoò
vgò ûtgi hmfmgcgjsj) vmftos
‐ Emfjrms sofcgj -
fms pjr imdgsiocgóf `m io
rmspjfsohgigò` `m ijs
lohrgcoftms
^rjùctj; Cortucbj `m tgfto `m geprmsjro
@gsmÿj `mi cortu- Xmùccgóf mf mi Cjfsmrvocgóf `m Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs ^rjpjrcgjfor gfljreo-
cbj `m tgfto poro usj `m eotmrgos ios lumftms `m pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) cgóf mf mi puftj `m vmfto
su rmutgigzocgóf prgeo y mfmrdåo mfmrdåo fj rmfj- `mi prjùctj sjhrm io
vohims (gepoctj ‐ Jlrmcmr octgvgò- eofmro `m rmcgcior mi
Xmùccgóf mf io hmfmgcgjsj) `ms `m smrvgcgj cortucbj
dmfmrocgóf `m
rmsgùjs sóig`js Xmùccgóf `m ijs ‐ Xmiocgóf o iordj
oi gfoi `m io vgò rmsgùjs mf ijs piozj cjf ijs cigmftms
ûtgi vmrtm`mrjs (ge-
poctj hmfmgcgjsj)
^rjùctj; Ogrm ocjf`gcgjfo`j


Pohio O.?
Gepoctjs oe-
Octgv gò`/prj-
y pjtmfcgoims
Jpmrocgóf `m io ]sj `m mimctrgcg- Odjtoegmftj Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Mstu`gjs cjeporotgvjs
ufgò` pjr mi ò` (io jrdofg- `m ijs rmcursjs cgoims o`vmrsjs) cjf ijs cjepmtg`jrms
usuorgj zocgóf pum`m foturoims fj
smr copoz `m rmfjvohims ‐ lohrgcoftms
oftm ^çr`gò `m
eïsvmftos Gfvmrtgry eïs
cje- docgóf mf gfvmstg
`msorrjiij -
sjhrm
’gfiugr― sjhrm
mstm ospmctj) pmtgtgvjs mgcgmfcgo mfmrdçtgco
]sj `m rmlrgdm- Coimftoegmftj Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Mstohimcmr ufo osjcgo-
roftms dijhoi y pjsghim cgoims o`vmrsjs) cgóf cjf gfstgtucgjfms `m
rmùccgóf `m io gfvmstgdocgóf sjhrm rm-
copo `m jzjfj ‐ ûhigcgò` lrgdmroftms oitmrfotgvjs
cuof`j mi sgstmeo fmdotgvo pjr mi usj `m
`m ogrm ocjf`gcgj-
rmlrgdmroftms cjf uf oitj
fo`j tgmfm ludos pjtmfcgoi `m coimftoegmf-
tj dijhoi y rmùccgóf `m io
copo `m jzjfj
‐ Fumvj smrv
smrvgcgj
gcgj
jlrmcgmf`j gfdmfgmrjs
cuoiggco`js
Dmfmrocgóf `m Ouemftj `m ijs Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gfvmstgdor jpcgjfms `m
rmsgùjs sóig`js rmsgùjs mf vmrtm - cgoims o`vmrsjs) rmcgciokm j rmutgigzocgóf
(io jrdofgzocgóf `mrjs
pum`m smr copoz ‐ Ouemftj `mi cjstj
`m ’gfiugr― sjhrm `m ios cujtos `m vmrtm`mrj
mstm ospmctj) ‐ ^rjbghgcgjfms `m
vmrtg`j
Smrvgcgj; Smrvgcgjs `m eoftmfgegmftj y rmporocgóf
Eofmkj y usj `m \mrtg`j gfcjf- Cjftoegfocgóf Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Mstohimcmr jhkmtgvjs
sustofcgos quå- trjio`j ùroftm `mi ogrm cgoims o`vmrsjs) oehgmftoims
oehgmf toims poro migeg-
egcos gfcmf`gjs j for mi usj `m sustofcgos
mxpijsgjfms Cjftoegfocgóf ‐ Cjstjs `m igepgmzo quåegcos
(sgtuocgjfms `m `mi sumij
‐ Sofcgjfms
memrdmfcgo) @oÿj o ios pmrsj -
fos ‐ ûhigcgò` fmdotg-
vo
Suhcjftrotocgóf \mrtg`j `m Xmùccgóf `m io Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- \jivmr o jlmrtor mi cjf-
`m io rmporocgóf sustofcgos qum copo `m jzjfj cgoims o`vmrsjs) trotj poro doroftgzor
`mi oporotj `m ogrm rmùcmf io copo emkjros mf mi eoftmfg-
ocjf`gcgjfo`j `m jzjfj (ms ‐ Sofcgjfms egmftj
`mcgr, rmlrgdmrof- ‐ ûhigcgò` fmdotg-
tm) (cjf`gcgóf vo
ofjreoi)
Proùccgóf

Pohio O.?
Gepoctjs oe-
Octgvg` o`/prj-
y pjtmfcgoims
Smrvgcgj; Smrvgcgjs `m opjyj mf io jlgcgfo
Geprmsgóf `m ]sj `m mimctrgcg- Odjtoegmftj Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gfvmstgdor ios jpjrtufg-
`jcuemftjs ò` `m ijs rmcursjs
foturoims cgoims o`vmrsjs) ò`ms poro prjpjrcgjfor
tmcfjijdåos `m jgcgfo
]sj `m popmi ‐ ^çr`gò `m fmdj- sgf popmims
cgj oftm tmcfjijdåos eïs
cjepmtgtgvos `m jgcgfo
sgf popmims
Cjpgo`j o `js Xmùccgóf `mi Cjfsmrvocgóf `m Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs @msorrjiij `m igtmro-
coros usj `m rmcursjs ijs rmcursjs fo- pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) turo puhigcgtorgo poro
foturoims (io turoims (gepoctj ljemftor ijs hmfmgcgjs
jrdofgzocgóf hmfmgcgjsj) ‐ Xmùccgóf `m cjs- em`gjoehgmftoims y
pum`m smr copoz tjs `m cjstjs oftm cigmftms
`m ’gfiugr― sjhrm pjtmfcgoims
mstm ospmctj)
Xmcgciokm `mi Xmùccgóf `m io Xmùccgóf `m rm- Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs
popmi uso`j dmfmrocgóf `m sgùjs mf ijs vmr- pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs)
rmsgùjs sóig`js tm`mrjs (gepoctj
(io jrdofgzocgóf hmfmgcgjsj) ‐ Xmùccgóf `m cjs-
tjs
pum`m smr copoz
`m ’gfiugr― sjhrm ‐ ûhigcgò` pjsgtgvo
mstm ospmctj)
Smrvgcgj; Profspjrtm y `gstrghucgóf `m prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs
Eoftmfgegmftj Xmùccgóf `m ios Emfjr cjftoegfo- Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Cjeufgcor ijs hmfm-
rutgforgj `m io megsgjfms `m óxg- cgóf `mi ogrm (ge- cgoims o`vmrsjs) gcgjs oehgmftoims o
ijto (gfciuymf`j `js `m fgtródmfj poctj hmfmgcgjsj) oqumiijs qum rmoigzof mi
coehgj `m ocmgtm) ‐ Sofcgjfms eoftmfgegmftj
\mrtg`j `m rmsg- Cjftoegfocgóf
ùjs jimodgfjsjs `mi sumij ‐ Cjstjs `m igepgmzo @msorrjiior prjcmsjs `m
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi poro
pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) io dmstgóf `m rmsgùjs
‐ Xmcgciokm `m rmsg- Cjfsg`mror coehgorsm o
ùjs jimodgfjsjs vmbåcuijs miçctrgcjs ù-
roftm io rmcopgtoigzocgóf
‐ Cjstjs `m jpmro-
cgóf rmùcg`js

Octgv gò`/prj-
Octgvgò`/prj- Ospmctjs oe- Gepoctjs oe- Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms îofglgcocgóf poro io
hgmftoims rmoims
ùctj/ smrvgcgj hgmftoims y pjtmfcgoims qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr tjeo `m occgjfms
Jpmrocgóf `m io ]sj `m cjehus- Odjtoegmftj `m Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Mstohimcgegmftj `m jh-
ijto tghim cjehustghims lósg- cgoims o`vmrsjs) kmtgvjs oehgmftoims poro
ims fj rmfjvohims io rmùccgóf `mi cjfsu-
‐ @gspjfghgigò`
@gspjfghgig` o` `mi ej `m cjehustghims
cjehustghim
‐ Eoyjrms cjstjs `m
cjehustghim
‐ ]sj `m cjehus-
tghims oitmrfotgvjs (DFC/
DFI)
‐ Emfjrms cjstjs `m
cjehustghim
Megsgóf `m óxg- Cjftoegfocgóf Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- Gfvmstgdor eçtj`js poro
`js `m fgtródmfj `mi ogrm cgoims o`vmrsjs) rmùcgr ios megsgjfms
Coimftoegmftj ‐ Gftrjùccgóf `m
dijhoi y coehgj fjreos `m megsgóf `m cje-
cigeïtgcj hustghims
hustghims eïs mstrgctos
Dmfmrocgóf `m Ejimstgos j gfcjf- Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmf- ^rjpjrcgjfor ljreocgóf
rug`j vmfgmftms o ijs cgoims o`vmrsjs) o ijs cjfùctjrms
rmsg`mftms ijcoims
‐ @mtrgemftj
@mtrg emftj `m io Gepjfmr bjrorgjs `m
geodmf `m io jrdofgzocgóf jpmrocgó
jpmrocgóff mstrgctjs
mstr gctjs
Mehoiokm Xmcupmrocgóf `mi Xmùccgóf `m ijs Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs Ljemftor smrvgcgjs
mehoiokm rmsgùjs mf vmrtm - pjtmfcgoims hmfmlgcgjsjs) cjej portm `m ios fmdj -
`mrjs cgocgjfms `mi cjftrotj
‐ Emkjro `m io rmio-
cgóf cjf mi cigmftm
Proùccgóf
<> © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Pohio O.8
Pohio O.8 ‐ Mkmepijs `m octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs y sus ospmctjs
oehgmftoims, jhkmtgvjs oehgmftoims, emtos, prjdroeos, gf`gco`jrms,
cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi, y smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf osjcgo`js
Ospmctjs Jhkmtgvjs Emtos ^rjdroeos

^rjdro eos Gf`gco`jrms Cjftrji jpm- Smdugegmftj y
rocgjfoi em`gcgóf
Octgv gò`; Jpmrocgjfms cjf coi`mros `m dosóimj
Octgvgò`;
]sj `m do- Xmùcgr mi Xmùccgóf Gfstoiocgóf `m Bgtjs `m io ^rjcmsjs poro Mvoiuocgóf
sóimj cjfsuej `m `mi cjfsuej qumeo`jrms `m piofggcocgóf io gfstoiocgóf trgemstroi `mi
rmcursjs fj `m dosóimj cjehustghim eïs `mi prjymctj `m qumeo`jrms prjdrmsj mf io
rmfjvohims (hoso`j mf mgcgmftms ej`ggco`js piofggcocgóf `mi
mi cjfsuej ]sj `m dosóimj prjymctj
octuoi) mf pjr bjro `m ^rjcmsjs poro
lufcgjfoegmf- mi rmdgstrj `mi Smdugegmftj
uf 8>% mf mi
piozj `m uf tj `m io coi`mro cjfsuej `m emfsuoi `m ios
oÿj dosóimj tosos `m cjfsuej
`m dosóimj
\mrtg`j `m Egfgegzor Xmùcgr io Ijs gfdmfgmrjs Pmepmroturo ^rjcmsjs `m Smdugegmftj
oduo coigmftm ijs gepoctjs tmepmroturo `m gfstoiocgj- em`go `gorgo eumstrmj y cjftgfuj `m io
oehgmftoims em`go `gorgo fms y `gsmÿj `mi vmrtg`j `m ofïigsgs `m io tmepmroturo `mi
fmdotgvjs `mi vmrtg`j rmmstructurof oduo coigò` `mi vmrtg`j
mf io coigò` `m oduo mf ios jpmrocgjfms oduo
`m io cumfco =¾C poro mi poro mxtromr ôrïemtrjs Smdugegmftj
pjr io oito oÿj 8>?2 y rmutgigzor mi `m
`micoigò`
oduo `m io îof `m pmcms/
trmj `m eums- trgemstroi
coigò` `mi`m io
oduo
tmepmroturo coijr `mi oduo
`mi vmrtg`j rmsgùoi (ms cumfco loufo `m io cumfco
`mcgr, cjdmfmro- Fûemrj y `g- ^rjcmsjs `m
cgóf) vmrsgò` `m ijs cjdmfmrocgóf
pmcms / loufo jpmrocgjfoi
mf io cumfco
Cjftrjims `m
gfdmfgmråo
^rjùctj; Ogrm ocjf`gcgjfo`j
]sj `m mimc- Oimftor oi Xmùcgr Mùcor o ijs Ouemftj `mi @gsmÿj `m uf Mfcumstos `m
trgcgò` usuorgj o oftms `m qum usuorgjs sjhrm gftmrçs `m ijs eotmrgoi `m usuorgjs
cjfsmrvor io ocohm mi oÿj ijs gepoctjs usuorgjs mf io prjùctj mgcoz
mfmrdåo io tmepmro- oehgmftoims `m cjfsmrvocgóf
turo `m jpm- cjfsuej mxcm- `m io mfmrdåo Cjfsuej `m
rocgóf mf uf sgvj `m mfmrdåo
mfmrdåo miçc-
Ouemftj `mi trgco
=%
o io mf hosm- em`goftm
tmepm io
`gstrghucgóf gftmrçs `m ijs Cjfsg`mrocgóf
roturo `m cjf mi prjùctj usuorgjs mf ijs `m ios sjigcg-
jpmrocgóf `mi `m eotmrgoims fumvjs prjùc-
tjs mgcgmftms tu`ms `m ijs
oÿj oftmrgjr mgcgmftms mf usuorgjs sjhrm
mi cjfsuej `m mf mi cjfsuej
`m mfmrdåo mgcgmfcgo mfmr-
mfmrdåo (pjr dçtgco mf mi `g-
mkmepij objrrj smÿj `m fumvjs
mf cjstjs, ge- prjùctjs
poctjs oehgmf-
toims o`vmrsjs
rmùcg`js)
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js <?

Pohio O.8
Cjftrji jpm- Smdugegmftj y
Ospmctjs
Ospmct js Jhkmtgvjs Emtos ^rjdroeos
^rjdro eos Gf`gco`jrms
rocgjfoi em`gcgóf
Dmfmrocgóf Xmùcgr io Ijdror ufo Xm`gsmÿj `mi Coftgò` `m @gsmÿj `m Smdugegmftj
`m rmsgùjs dmfmrocgóf rmùccgóf mehoiokm `m eotmrgoi `m prjcmsjs `m trgemstroi `m io
sóig`js `m rmsgùjs `mi =% mf prjùctjs mehoiokm pjr cjftrji coftgò` `m eo-
sóig`js `m eotmrgoi `m (`mportoemftj ufgò` tmrgoi `m mehoiokm
ijs usuo- mehoiokm `m `m gfdmfgmråo, < ^jrcmftokm `m ^rjcmsjs
mehoiokm `m
`m utgigzoò, pjr
rgjs pjr io io iåfmo `m emsms) mkmepij io o`qug-
`gspjsgcgóf prjùctj rmùccgóf `mi prjùctj rgò emfjs ijs
`mi mehoiokm octuoi poro Gepimemftocgóf eotmrgoi `m rmstjs sjhroftms
oi rmùcgr io mi oÿj 8>?2 `m coehgjs mf mehoiokm uso`j
coftgò` `m
io prjùccgóf (< pjr io iåfmo `m ]fgò`ms `m prj -
eotmrgoims emsms) prjùccgóf ùctj mfvgoòs
`m mehoiokm mf io iåfmo `m
Mfsoyj `m prum- Xmùccgóf prjùccgóf
utgigzo`js ho `m prjùc- mstgeoò mf
cgóf m gfgcgj `m io dmfmrocgóf
io prjùccgóf `m rmsgùjs
sóig`js `m ijs
usuorgjs, mf
vjiuemf pjr
ufgò`
Proùccgóf
<8 © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Ospmctjs Jhkmtgvjs Emtos ^rjdroeos

^rjdro eos Gf`gco`jrms Cjftrji jpm- Smdugegmftj y
rocgjfoi em`gcgóf
Smrvgcgj; Profspjrtm y `gstrghucgóf `m prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs (eoftmfgegmftj `m io lijto)
Megsgóf `m Ouemftor mi Ijdror ufo G`mftggcor ijs ^jrcmftokm ^rjcmsjs `m Smdugegmftj `m
óxg`js `m gepoctj oe- rmùccgóf `m porïemtrjs `m `m tgmepj `m eoftmfgegmftj io lrmcumfcgo `mi
fgtródmfj hgmftoi pj- FJx `mi 8=% eoftmfgegmftj eoftmfgegmftj eoftmfgegmftj
Ljreocgóf `m
(FJx) sgtgvj sjhrm poro mi oÿj lufòemftoims cjf rmspmctj o io
io coigò` 8>?2 poro io rmùc- Megsgjfms `m-
FJx pjr agió ijs tçcfgcjs `m prjdroeocgóf
eoftmfgegmftj
`mi ogrm cgóf `m FJx
emkjrof`j emtrj Smdugegmftj `m io
Xmvgsor ijs Fjtggcocgóf mgcgmfcgo `m ios
io mgcocgo gfljreotgzoò megsgjfms `m FJx
`mi eoftm- prjdroeos `m
eoftmfgegmftj
`m io prjdro- `mi cjehustghim
fgegmftj `m eocgóf `m
io ijto poro gfcjrpjror `mi vmbåcuij
eoftmfgegmftj
tormos lufò-
emftoims `m rm- ^rumhos trg-
ùccgóf `m FJx
emstroims `m ios
megsgjfms `m FJx
Jptgegzor io `m ijs vmbåcuijs
prjdroeocgóf
`m eoftmfg-
Mvoiuocgóf ofuoi
egmftj `m io `m ios rmùccgjfms
ijto em`goftm `m megsgjfms `m
prjdroeos FJx cjfsmdugòs
gfljreïtgcjs
Dmfmrocgóf Dmstgóf `m Ijdror mi @msorrjiior m ^jrcmftokm `m ^rjcmsjs `m Smdugegmftj `m io
`m ocmgtm ijs rmsgùjs cuepigegmf- gepimemftor mepimo`js `mi dmstgóf `m ljreocgóf òò
rmsgùoi jimodgfjsjs tj `m ijs uf prjdroeo cmftrj `m smr- rmsgùjs o ijs mepimo`js
cuepigmf`j rmqugsgtjs `m `m ljreocgóf vgcgj ljreo`js `mi cmftrj `m
ijs rmqugsg- `gspjsgcgóf mf io dmstgóf ^rjdroeo `m smrvgcgjs
tjs `m rmsgùjs `m rmsgùjs mf Fûemrj `m ljreocgóf poro
jimodgfj- ijs cmftrjs `m fj cjfljreg- ijs mepimo`js Smdugegmftj `m
sjs mf ijs smrvgcgj ò`ms pjr io `mi cmftrj `m ios coftgò`ms `m
cmftrjs `m `gspjsgcgóf `m smrvgcgjs rmsgùjs jimodg-
smrvgcgj mf mi rmsgùjs fjsjs `gspumstjs
piozj `m uf y `m ijs eçtj`js
^jrcmftokm `m `m `gspjsgcgóf
oÿj rmsgùjs jimo-
dgfjsjs migeg-
fo`js smdûf
ijs rmqugsgtjs
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js <3

Pohio O.3 ‐ Mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr y ios

occgjfms poro ohjròrios osjcgoòs cjf i js rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs
Xmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms îofglgcocgóf poro io tjeo
t jeo `m
rmqugsgtjs qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr occgjfms
Xmqugsgtjs imdoims memrdmftms Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmr- @msorrjiior prjcmsjs `m cjftrji poro
sjs) osmdurorsm `m qum mi smdugegmftj `mi
mftjrfj rmdioemftorgj
rmdioemftorgj ms mgcoz poro
Loiior mf io g`mftggcocgóf y cuepig- emkjror io g`mftggcocgóf `m ijs rmqug-
egmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs sgtjs memrdmftms
rmqugsgtjs fumvjs j coehgoftms, pum`m
òÿor io rmputocgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf
y pum`m cousor sofcgjfms
Sjigcgtu`ms `m gfljreocgóf `m Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmr- @msorrjiior prjcmsjs `m cjeufg-
ijs rmduio`jrms sjs) cocgóf eïs mgcocms poro rmcghgr y
rmspjf`mr o ios cjeufgcocgjfms `m ijs
Gfcuepigegmftjs mf io rmspumsto, rmprmsmftoftms `m io outjrgò` rmdu-
rmtrosjs mf io rmspumsto, j rmspumstos io`jro, gfciuymf`j ijs coimfòrgjs `m
geprmcgsos pum`mf cousor uf eoyjr prmsmftocgóf `m gfljrems.
mscrutgfgj pjr portm `m ios odmfcgos
rmdioemftorgos Opigcor mi prjdroeo `m ou`gtjråos
gftmrfos poro bocmr rmcjemfòcgjfms
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims poro emkjror io trofspormfcgo y io
hmfmlgcgjsjs)
o`mcuocgóf tmepjroi `m ios cjeu -
jfms prjoctgvos, trofspo- fgcocgjfms, y tjeor occgjfms poro io
Cjeufgcocgjfms
Cjeufgcocg
rmftms y o tgmepj pum`mf ljrtoimcmr emkjro cjftgfuo
cjeufgcocgóf `m fmcmsorgj.
sg ms ijs prjcmsjs `m
io rmiocgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf cjf ijs
rmduio`jrms
Xmqugsgtjs `m cigmftms rmdgjfo- Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmr- Mstohimcmr jhkmtgvjs poro `msorrjiior
ims poro io rmtgroò `m prjùc- sjs) m gepimemftor mi rm`gsmÿj poro io
tjs oi gfoi `m io vgò ûtgi lohrgcocgóf `m prjùctjs qum rmspoi`m
Mi gfcrmemftj mf ijs rmcursjs y io mi prjdroeo `m rmtgroò, o gf `m cjf-
ijdåstgco rmqumrg`js poro rmspoiòr io smrvor ijs rmcursjs y rmùcgr mi cjstj
rmtgroò rmdgjfoi `m prjùctjs pum`m `m eotmrgos prgeo.
ouemftor sgdfggcotgvoemftm mi cjstj
pjr ufgò` `m prjùccgóf
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims
hmfmlgcgjsjs)
Gepimemftor io rmtgroò `m prjùctj
poro tj`js ijs cigmftms o fgvmi euf`goi
pum`m emkjror io rmputocgóf `m io jr-
dofgzocgóf
oehgmftm, ycjej
pum`mduor`gofo
òr iudor `mi em`gj
o fumvos
jpjrtufgò`ms `m fmdjcgj
Proùccgóf
<0 © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Pohio O.0 ‐ Mkmepijs `m rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr y

ios occgjfms poro ohjròrios osjcgoòs cjf jtros cumstgjfms y rmqugsgtjs
Jtros cumstgjfms y rmqugsgtjs Xgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms Occgjfms poro ohjròr ijs

qum ms fmcmsorgj ohjròr rgmsdjs y jpjrtufgò`ms
Gepumstjs sjhrm io megsgóf `m Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmr- Mstohimcmr jhkmtgvjs
jhkmtgvjs poro `gvmrsggcor
corhjfj (jrdofgzocgjfms `m sjs) ios cortmros oi ouemf
ouemftor
tor ios gfvmr-
dmstgóf
cgjs `m octgvjs / `m smrvg-
gfofcgmrjs) Octgvjs mf `msusj, toims cjej rmsmrvos gfvmrsgjfms
sgjfms mf rmfjvohims y rmùcgr
mf smctjrms ios mf
gftmfsgvjs
cjfjcgòs `m corhóf qum pum`mf qum - megsgjfms.
òrsm sgf cjfsuegr `mhg`j o io trofsg-
cgóf o ufo mcjfjeåo hoko mf megsgjfms
`m corhjfj
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims
hmfmlgcgjsjs)
Eoyjr rmtjrfj mcjfóegcj drocgos o
io gfvmrsgóf mf tmcfjijdåos igepgos/
rmfjvohims
Mscosmz `m oduo
od uo (jrdofgzocgj- Xgmsdjs (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims o`vmr- Opigcor cjftrjims `m gfdmfgmråo poro
fms mf mi smctjr `m io oigemfto- sjs) rmùcgr io pçr`gò `m oduo mf ijs prj-
cgóf y hmhgòs) cmsjs `m prjùccgóf
Xmstrgccgjfms mf io prjùccgóf `mhgòs
o io `gspjfghgigò` igegtoò `m oduo Mstohimcmr gf`gco`jrms `m `msmepm -
ÿj y bocmr mi smdugegmftj/em`gcgóf
Jpjrtufgò`ms (mlmctjs pjtmfcgoims `mi cjfsuej `m oduo pjr ufgò` `m
hmfmlgcgjsjs)
prjùccgóf
Ouemftj `m io mgcgmfcgo drocgos o io
jptgegzocgóf `m prjcmsjs
© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js <=

Offmxj H
(gfljreotgvj)
Mfljqum `m losms poro gepimemftor uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf

oehgmftoi (hoso`j mf io Fjreo GSJ ?0>>=)
]fo jrdofgzocgóf pum`m `msorrjiior uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi cjepimtj cuof`j mi oicofcm `mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi gfciuym tjòs ios octgvgò`ms, prjùctjs y smrvgcgjs `m io jrdofgzocgóf,
y çstjs sm trotof usof`j tj`js ijs mimemftjs `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi `m eofmro pimfo.
@msorrjiior uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi cjepimtj `m ufo ûfgco vmz pum`m rmsuitor `gåcgi poro
oidufos jrdofgzocgjfms. ôro mstos jrdofgzocgjfms, uf mfljqum `m losms jlrmcm vorgos vmftokos, toims
cjej io copocgò` `m mvoiuor rïpgòemftm io eofmro mf qum mi tgmepj y mi `gfmrj gfvmrtg`js mf mi
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi prjpjrcgjfof uf rmtjrfj. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m vmr io eofmro mf qum
ios emkjros `mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi pum`mf oyuòr o rmùcgr cjstjs, emkjror sus rmiocgjfms cjf io
cjeufgò`, pmregtgrim mstor o io oituro `m ios mxpmctotgvos `m ijs cigmftms, y oyuòrio o `mejstror mi
cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs. Io jrdofgzocgóf pum`m bocmr mi smdugegmftj
`m ijs hmfmgcgjs `m su sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi egmftros gepimemfto mi sgstmeo posj o posj,
oÿo`gmf`j j mxpof`gmf`j mimemftjs qum prjpjrcgjfof voijr o io jrdofgzocgóf. Ijs mfljqums pjsghims
poro mi `msorrjiij pjr losms `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi gfciuymf ij sgdugmftm;
o) Iimvor o cohj uf ûfgcj prjymctj cmftro`j sóij sóij mf ufj j uf fûemrj igegto`j `m ospmctjs
oehgmftoims. Mstj prjpjrcgjforåo loegigorgò` cjf ijs mimemftjs hïsgcjs `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf
oehgmftoi, pmregtgmf`j o io jrdofgzocgóf fjtor oidufjs `m ijs hmfmgcgjs `m dmstgjfor ijs ospmctjs
oehgmftoims `m eofmro sgstmeïtgco, y io oyuòråo o emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi, osmdurof`j
oså mi rmspoi`j `m io `grmccgóf poro gepimemftor uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
h) ]sor ufjs posjs gkjs poro smdug
smdugrr ufo prjdrmsgóf `m mimemftjs (vçosm io Lgduro H.?).
H.?). Mstm mfljqum
pum`m smr o`mcuo`j poro oidufos jrdofgzocgjfms qum, tros iimvor o cohj uf prjymctj oehgmftoi
gfgcgoi, `mcg`mf o`jptor
o`jptor mstm mfljqu
mfljqumm mstructuro`j
mstruct uro`j poro dmstgjfor sus ospmctjs oehgmftoims.
c) ]sor ufo smimccgóf `m posjs qum pumòf gepimemftorsm
gepimemftorsm `m eofmro cjfsmcutgvo j sgeuitïfmo.
Msto smimccgóf `m posjs pum`m mimdgrsm poro ohjròr cumstgjfms oehgmftoims mspmcågcos, cjej mi
cuepigegmftj `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs, gfciuymf`j sotgslocmr ios fmcmsgò`ms
`m ios portms gftmrmsoòs, j emkjror mi `msmepmÿj oehgmftoi. Mstm mfljqum pum`m smr o`mcuo`j
poro
rgtej,oidufos
cjf ijsjrdofgzocgjfms qum `msmof
rmcursjs qum tgmfmf `msorrjiior
`gspjfghims, mi sgstmeoio`m
poro osmduror dmstgóf
mgcocgo `moehgmftoi
su sgstmeoo `m
su dmstgóf
prjpgj
oehgmftoi.
]f piof `m gepimemftocgóf pum`m smr ûtgi, pumstj qum pum`m g`mftggcor;
‐ mi mfljqum o o`jptor1
‐ mi piozj mf qum `mhmråo ijdrorsm1
‐ ijs rmcursjs rmqumrg`js1
‐ ijs rjims
rjims y rmspjfsohgigò`ms `m oqumiijs qum gepimemftof mi piof1
‐ io gfljreoc
gfljreocgóf
góf `jcuemftoò rmqumrgò1
‐ ijs eçtj`js cjf qum
qum sm pum`m bocmr mi smdugegmftj y em`gcgóf cjftgfujs `mi prjdrmsj.
Mi prjdrmsj pum`m em`grsm mf tçregfjs `m io cjfsmcucgóf `m ijs rmsuito`js mspmcggco`js oi gfoi `m
coò losm y `mi cuepigegmftj `mi piof `m gepimemftocgóf. Em`gr mi prjdrmsj `m coro o gepimemftor uf
sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ms ûtgi poro osmduror mi usj mgcgmftm `m ijs rmcursjs y ijdror ijs jhkmtgvjs
oehgmftoims `m io jrdofgzocgóf.
Proùccgóf
<< © GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js

Io gduro H.? eumstro
H.? eumstro io gepimemftocgóf `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi mf cgfcj losms. Io losm ?
sm cjrrmspjf`m cjf io gepimemftocgóf `m uf prjymctj mspmcågcj. Ios losms 8, 3, 0 y = sm cjrrmspjf`mf
cjf ufo gepimemftocgóf smcumfcgoi `m ijs mimemftjs prgfcgpoims `m uf sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi.
Cuof`j io jrdofgzocgóf tgmfm mi cjeprjegsj sugcgmftm poro cjemfzor io gepimemftocgóf `m uf sgstmeo
`m dmstgóf oehgmftoi, pum`m mepmzor mf io losm 8.
Mi dro`j mf mi qum sm `msorrjiiof ijs mimemftjs `m rmspoi`j ouemfto smdûf sm gepimemfto mi sgstmeo `m
dmstgóf oehgmftoi,
`m rmspoi`j ouemftocjej `meumstro
smdûf io ljreomi`mi
sm gepimemfto trgïfduij.
sgstmeo Mi dro`j
`m dmstgóf mf mi qum sm fmcmsgtof ijs mimemftjs
oehgmftoi.
Lgduro H.? ‐ – Mkmepij `m gepimemftocgóf mf cgfcj losms

© GSJ 8>?< – Pj`js ijs `mrmcbjs rmsmrvo`js <4

GCS ?3.>8>.?>
^rmcgj hoso`j mf =7 pïdgfos

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Sgstmeos `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ‐

^uhigco`j pjr io Smcrmtoråo Cmftroi `m GSJ mf Dgfmhro, Sugzo, cjej

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

@JC]EMFPJ ^XJPMDG@J ^JX CJ^WXGDBP

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

2.? ^iofggcocgóf y cjftrji jpmrocgjfoi .................................................................................................................................... 0?

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Lgduro ? ‐ – Ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi poro msto Fjreo Gftmrfocgjfoi

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

‐ `gsmÿor prj`uctjs eïs rmspmtujsjs cjf mi em`gj oehgmftm1

Sgstmeos `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi ‐ @grmctrgcms dmfmroims

? Jhkmtj y coepj `m opigcocgóf

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

3.? Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io jrdofgzocgóf

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

3.8 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

3.3 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf mi opjyj

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

‐ mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi (

3.0 Pçregfjs rmiocgjfo`js cjf io mvoiuocgóf

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

0.? Cjeprmfsgóf `m io jrdofgzocgóf y `m su cjftmxtj

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Cuo`rj `m Oyu`o ^rïctgco ? ‐ Cumstgjfms mxtmrfos

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Cuo`rj `m Oyu`o ^rïctgco 8 ‐ Cjf`gcgjfms oehgmftoims, gfciuymf`j mvmftjs

Cuo`rj `m Oyu`o ^rïctgco 3 ‐ Cumstgjfms gftmrfos

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

0.8 Cjeprmfsgóf `m ios fmcmsg`o`ms y mxpmctotgvos

0.8.8 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios portms gftmrmso`os pmrtgfmftms

0.8.3 @mtmregfocgóf `m ios fmcmsg`o`ms y mxpmctotgv

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Cuo`rj `m Oyuò ^rïctgco 0 – Mkmepijs `m portms gftmrmsoòs y `m sus fmcmsgò`

0.8.0 @mtmregfocgóf `m ijs rmqugsgtjs imdoims y jtrjs rmqugsgtjs

Io jrdofgzocgóf `mhmråo `mtmregfor quç fmcmsg`o`ms y mxpmctotgvos `m ios portms gftmrmso`os

0.8.= ]sj y opigcocgóf `m ios

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

0.3 @mtmregfocgóf `mi oicofcm `mi sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi

0.0 Sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Mi ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi y mi prjcmsj mf cursj `m io emkjro cjftgfuo sm giustrof mf io

Cuo`rj `m Oyu`o ^rïctgco = ‐ Mi ej`mij `m sgstmeo `m dmstgóf oehgmftoi

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

@msorrjiior uf sgstmeo ^oro

=.? Ig`mrozdj y cjeprjegsj

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

Pro`uccgóf jgcgoi/Jlgcgoi trofsiotgjf/P

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)

=.8 ^jiåtgco oehgmftoi

GSJ ?0>>0;8>?< (tro`uccgóf jlgcgoi)