Sly nie ee] Ree ColleDiagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills. Take the Quick Check below. QuickCheck Simplify. (Lesson 0-4) 1. (3x2)4- 2x3 2. (3b3)(2b4) 7 1\3 3.4 4. (3) y 2a cfd (2n?)* 5. eg - Ta 7. The length of a bedroom carpet can be represented by 2a meters and the width by 5a? meters. Determine the area of the carpet.@ You identified, e graphed, and described several parent functions. NewVocabulary algebraic function transcendental function exponential function natural base continuous compound interest Evaluate, analyze, and @ Worldwide water « graph exponential over the last seve! functions. water is used for é population has re: demand. The incr modeled using an Solve problems involving exponential growth and decay. Previc functions. These are examples of all adding, subtracting, multiplying, or div independent variable to a rational pow functions. These are considered to be terms of algebraic operations. In effect, Consider functions f(x) = x° and 8%) = power function, the base is a variable ar the exponent is a variable. Functions of [ KeyConcept Exponential Functi An exponential function with base b has the fonStudyTip Negative Exponents Notice that fx) = (3) and g(x) = b~* are equivalent because x =") or b™. Example 1 Sketch and analyze the graph end behavior, and where the f a. fy =3* Evaluate the function for s¢ of these ordered pairs. Domain: (—0e, 00) y-Intercept: 1 End behavior: lim. f@) =! Increasing: (—°e, c0) b. g@)=2~ m= [ = - mete Domain: (—°¢, 00) y-Intercept: 1 End behavior: lim. gs~= Decreasing: (—99, 00)The same techniques that you used to t graphs of exponential functions. Use the graph of f(x) = 2* to descrit Then sketch the graphs of the funct a gx) = 2°41 This function is of the form g(x) = J (x) = 2* translated 1 unit to the | b. h(x) =2~* This function is of the form h(x) = reflected in the y-axis (Figure 2.1. c. jx) =—3(2) This function is of the form j(x) = reflected in the x-axis and expan¢ Ly StudyTip Analyzing Graphs Notice that the transformations of f(x) given by Ha00 =2xt! g(x), A(x), and j(x) do not affect the location of the horizontal Flx) asymptote, the x-axis. However, the transformations given by h(x) ° z and g(x) do affect the y-intercept of the graph. Figure 2.1.1 =2"ReadingMath Base e Expressions with base e are read similarly to exponential expressions with any other base. For example, the expression e** is read as e to the four x. Use the graph of f(x) = e* to c Then sketch the graphs of the Ax a. a(x) =e This function is of the form f(x) = e* compressed horiz b. b(x) =e* +3 This function is of the form f(x) = e* reflected in the y- « cx) = Ser This function is of the form f(x) = e* compressed vertic alx) =e J | Th 4 i 1 | Fx) = e* | oO x | i] Figure 2.1.5 GuidedPracticeTo allow for quarterly, monthly, or even compounded each year. Then * the rate per compounding z isa fract * the number of compoundings after f Replacing r with z and t with nt in the compound interest. KeyConcept Compound Interest If a principal P is invested at an annual interest r account after t years is given by ety fae} FINANCIAL LITERACY Khadija invests other deposits or withdrawals. Wha is compounded: a. semiannually? For semiannually compounding, : A=P(1+7)" Com _ 0.06220) _ = 300(1 + 228) p= = 978.61 Simp With semiannual compounding, |The table below shows the amou balance is increasing, the amount amount tends towards a value clc sem qu Suppose the interest were compo interest payments. We can derive manipulate the regular compoun: 4\"t A= a! + 2| Compound 7 =P(i1+3)” Letx=2a = A(t 3 a] Power Prop The expression in brackets shoul and x= 4, x coasn — ov. Tht lirIn addition to investments, populations material can also change at an exponen situation where growth is proportional KeyConcept Exponential Growtt If an initial quantity Ny grows or decays at an ex by the following formulas. Exponential Growth or Decay N= Nol + r}* Ifris a growth rate, then r > 0. If ris a decay rate, then r < 0. Continuous growth or decay is similar t compounded continuously rather than. Population growth can be modeled exp EUR Selle ay POPULATION Mexico has a populatic continues to grow at the described r a. 1.42% annually Use the exponential growth form N=Ng(1+7)' = 110,000,000(1 + 0.0142)! = 110,000,000(1.0142)'After finding a model for a situat CERN ah Sell) DISEASE The table shows the and 2005. a. If the number of reported rate of decline and write a1 If we let N(t) represent the the initial number of cases cases N(25) = 32.2. Use thi N(t) =Ng(1 +n)! 32.2 = 190.9(1 + 32.2 jooo = (1+) 2/322 _ jo09 =1+r 3/322 _4_, 190.9 a —0.069 =rSketch and analyze the graph of each function. Describe its domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function is increasing or decreasing. (Example 1) 1. f@) =2> 2. r(x) =5* 3. h(x) = 0.27 +2 4 k= 5. m(x) = —(0.25)* 6. p(x) =0.1-* 7 a= (8) a w= (3) 9. cx) =2*-3 10. d(x) =5-*4+2 Use the graph of f(x) to describe the transformation that results in the graph of g(x). Then sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x). (Examples 2 and 3) 1. f(x) =45 g@) =47-3 2 f0=(2):s00=(8)" 13. f(x) = 3 g(x) = -2(3°) 14. fx) =25 ge) =27-7 +5 45. f(x) = 10%; g(x) = 107 *9 16. f(x)= g(x) =e M7. fx) =es g(x) =e 77-1 8. f(x) =eG gx) =e *! 5 aw34, INFLATION The Consumer Price index (CPI) isan index ‘number that measures the average price of consumer goods and services. A change in the CP'L indicates the growth rate ‘of inflation. In 1988 the CPL was 28.6, and én 2008 the CPL was 211.08. (amie) 1 Determine the growth rate of inflation betwoen 1958 and ‘2008. Use this ate to write an exponential equation to ‘model this situation. . What will the CPI be in 2018? At this rate, when will the CPI exceed 3507 135, GASOLINE Jamal wrote an exponential equation to mode! the «cost of gasoline, He foun the average cost per gallon of ‘gasoline fr two years and used these data for his model. ape) erage Cost 20H 391 1. Ifthe average cost of gasoline increased at an ‘exponential rate, identify the rate of increase. Write an exponential equation to model this situation, ». Use your model to predict the average cost af a gallon ‘of gasoline in 2015 and 2017. ‘&. When will the average cast per gallon of gasoline ‘exceed AED 7? ‘4. Why might an exponential mode not be an accurate opresentatlon of average gasoline prices? 36, PHYSICS The pressure ofthe atmosphere at sea level is 15.191 pounds per square inch (pl) It decreases ‘continuously at a vate OF 0.008% as altitude inceeases by foot a. Write a mailing function forthe continuous ‘exponential decay representing the atmospheric pressure of Use the model to approximate the atmospher pressure at the top of Mount Everest. ‘Sea Love 15.191 sh Ifa certain rescue helicopter can fly only in atmospheric prossures greater than 5.5 pounds per square inch, how high can it fly up Mount Everest? 37, RADIOACTIVITY The halfsife of a radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms ofthe substance to disintegrate. Uranium. 235 is used to fuel ‘commercial power plant. thas a halite of 704 milion years a. How many grams of uranium-235 will zemain after 1 million years f you start with 200? b. How many grams of uranium-235 will zemain after 4540 million years if you start with 200 g? 38. BOTANY Under the right growing conditions, a particular species of plant has a doubling time of 12 days. Suppose a pasture contains 46 plants ofthis species. How many plants will there be after 20, 65, and x days? 29, RADIOACTIVITY Radiocarbon dating uses carbon-14 to estimate the age of organic materials found commonly atarchacologieal sites, The half-life of carbon-14 Is. approximately 5.73 thousand years. 1, Write a modeling equation for the exponential decay. b. How many grams of carbon-14 will remain after 12,82 thousand years ifou start with 7 grams? Use your madel to estimate when only 1 gram of the original 7 grams of carbon-I4 will remain. 40, wICROBIOLOGY A certain bacterium used to trea ol spills has a doubling time of 15 minutes. Suppose a colony begins with a population of one bacterium, ‘a. Write a modeling equation for this exponential growth, . About how many bacteria willbe present ater 55 minutes? © A population of 8192 bacteria is suficent to clean a small oil sil. Use your model to predict how long it ‘ill take for the colony to grow to this size. 41, ENCYCLOPEDIA The number of articles making up an online ‘open-content encyclopedia increased exponentially during, sts frst ow years. The number of articles, AC) ¢ oars after 2001 can be modeled by A(#) = 16,198 «2.13 ‘a According to this model, how many articles made up the encyclopedia in 20012 At what rate isthe number oF articles increasing? b, During which year did the eneyelopedia reach 1 mon articies? ¢. Predict the numberof articles there will be atthe beginning of 2018, 42, RISK The chance of having an automobile accident Increases exponentially ifthe driver has consumed alcohol. The relationship can be modeled by A() = 6e!2®: Where A isthe percent chance of an accident and cis the driver's blood alcohol concentration (BAC). 1, The legal BAC is 0,08, What isthe percent chance of hhavinga car accident at this concentration? . What BAC would correspond to a 50% chance of having a car accident?43. 45. GRAPHING CALCULATOR The table shows the number of blogs, in millions, in existence every six months. me l= |= [a etl ele lal a. Using the calculator’s exponential regression tool, find a function that models the data. b. After how many months did the number of blogs reach 20 million? ¢. Predict the number of blogs after 48 months. LANGUAGES Glottochronology is an area of linguistics that studies the divergence of languages. The equation c=e", where cis the proportion of words that remain unchanged, t is the time since two languages diverged, and L is the rate of replacement, models this divergence. a. If two languages diverged 5 years ago and the rate of replacement is 43.13%, what proportion of words remains unchanged? b. After how many years will only 1% of the words remain unchanged? FINANCIAL LITERACY A married couple just had a child and wants to immediately start a college fund. Use the information below to determine how much money they should invest. AED 60,000 - a.Seay Solve each inequality. 67. (x — 3)(x +2) <0 68. x24 6x<—x- Find the domain of each function and the equations of any verti noting any holes. (Lesson 1-5) 3 70. f= aT ava x-1 x? + 4y- T. f(x) = 73. TEMPERATURE A formula for converting degrees Celsius to FQ) = 2x +32. a. Find the inverse F~!(x). Show that F(x) and F~!(x) are inv b. Explain what purpose F~!(x) serves. 74. SHOPPING Lamis wants to buy a pair of online skates that a1 price of AED 149. The sales tax is 5.75%. a. Express the price of the online skates after the discount after the sales tax using function notation. Let x represen represent the price after the 30% discount, and s(x) repre tax. b. Which composition of functions represents the price of th Explain your reasoning. ¢. How much will Lamis pay for the online skates? 75. EDUCATION The table shows the number of first year studen who annliied ta and the numbae af fiect unae chudante attand:SOLE AT :- Objective In Lesson 2-1, you used exponential function: formula, you assume that an initial deposit is money. Other types of investments do not fo @ Calculate future values of annuities and monthly payments. When an investor takes out an annuity, he ot intervals or periods. The compounding intere determine the future value of an annuity, or i PMT (orem wv StudyTip Future Value Formula The payments must be periodic and of equal value in order for the formula to be accurate. Because solving this equation by hand can b The time value of money solver can be used variables are all entered and zeros are enterStudyTip [ F its When a consumer makes a down payment, that amount is subtracted from the present value of the loan before anything else is calculated. When taking out a loan for a large pu how much their monthly payment will determine the monthly payment, it ca ( You borrow AED 170,000 fror interest rate of 4.5%. Calculat ESSE] Select Finance in the. TVM Solver. ESRD) Enter the data. The number of payme The interest rate I is 4. The present value of tl The monthly payment The number of payme Payment is made at th Calenlata@ You graphed and e Evaluate expressions @ The intensity leve analyzed exponential involving logarithms. A whisper measu! functions. ibel: unctions. Sheicifendianshy7e 60 decibe! s, and music playing in t logarithmi opis pious The decibel scale functions. NewVocabulary 1 logarithmic function with horizontal line test are said to be o base b functions of the form f(x) = b* pass the logarithm that are functions. common logarithm natural logarithm The inverse of f(x) = b* is called a logar with base b, denoted log, x and read los means that if f(x) = b*, b > Oandb#1 as shown in the graph of these two func graphs are reflections of each other in t This inverse definition provides a usefu equations.1 c. log, » log, + = —2, because 7~ GuidedPractice 1A. log, 512 1B. Example 1 and other examples st KeyConcept Basic Propert If b > 0, b #1, and xis a real number, ' . log, Ib 1=0 . * log, 6=1 StudyTip ©log,b"=x Inverse Functions The inverse 1095 — bs properties of logarithms also °b =xx>0 follow from the inverse relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions and the These properties follow directly f definition of inverse functions. If of equations. fix) = b* and fx) = log, x, o.¢ then the following statements. log, 1 = 0, because b” = 1. are true. log, b = 1, because b1 = b. fu] = log, b =x {Fea = bom = x You can use these basic propertieTechnologyTip Error Message If you try to take the common logarithm of a negative number, your calculator will display either the error message ERR: NONREAL ANS or an imaginary number. Common logarithms can be evaluated t common logarithms of positive real nur Example 3 Evaluate each expression. a. log 0.001 log 0.001=log 10-3 — 0.001 =; =-3 log 10* = c. log 26 log 26 = 1.42 — Use acalculator. CHECK Since 26 is between 10 ar log 26 is between log 10 a log 100. Since log 10 = 1 log 100 = 2, log 26 has a‘ between 1 and 2. W GuidedPractice 3A. log 10,000 3B. log 0.( A logarithm with base e or log, is called is denoted In. The natural logarithmic f inverse of the exponential function y = y=lInx if and only if The nennortioc foe incarithme alen halaGraphs of Logarithmic exponential and logarithmic Sketch and analyze the graph end behavior, and where the f a. f(x) = log; x Construct a table of values the exponential function f- cam | = | 00: | on | Since f(x) = log, x and f- points (f—1(x), x). ro Ka mm | - | The graph of f(x) = log, x1 Domain: (0, 20) x-intercept: 1 End behavior: im, f=The characteristics of typical logarithmic decay, or decreasing logarithmic functio | KeyConcept Properties of Logar Logarithmic Growth Domain: (0, 00) Range: (—00, 00) y-Intercept:none _—_x-Intercept: 1 Extrema: none Asymptote: y-axis End Behavior: lim fix) =—oo and x0 inf = 00 Continuity: continuous on (0, 00) Re er rrritenien tieeeten The same techniques used to transform graphs of logarithmic functions. Example 6 Use the graph of f(x) = log x to descCareer Sound Engineer Sound engineers operate and maintain sound recording equipment. They also regulate the signal strength, clarity, and range of sounds of recordings or broadcasts. To become a sound engineer, you should take high school courses in math, physics, and electronics. Logarithms can be used in scient level of sound. Real-World Example 7 SOUND The intensity level of d(w) = 10 log wr where w is wy is the constant 1.0 x 10-1 a. If the intensity of the soun what is the intensity level Evaluate d(w) when w = 3. d(w) = 10 log ig 3.16 x 10% = 10 log, 870 x 10-2 = 45 The intensity level of the s« b. If the threshold of hearing with an intensity level of 2 Evaluate d(w) when w = 2. d(w) = 10 log or, 2.1 x 10-? = 10 log ——_,,, 1.0 x 10-2Evaluate each expression. (Examples 1-4) 1. log,8 3. logge 5. logy 121 7. log 581 9. log 42 1. log 5275 13. 3ine* 15. logyV6 17. log 635 49. In (-6) 21. Ins Za Ine 23. 2. 4. 6. logo 10 4!0g,1 log, 2° 8. log 0.01 8 24. . log, x? Ine . In(s— V6) . 4 In (7 — V2) In2 In7 | (8) log yg 64 log 1000 25. LIGHT The amount of light A absorbed by a sample solution is given by A = 2 — log 100T, where T is the fraction of the light transmitted through the solution as shown in the55. COMPUTERS Gordon Moore, the cofounder of Intel, made a prediction in 1975 that is now known as Moore's Law. He predicted that the number of transistors on a computer processor at a given price point would double every two years. a. Write Moore's Law for the predicted number of transistors P in terms of time in years ¢ and the initial number of transistors. b. In October 1985, a specific processor had 275,000 transistors. About how many years later would you expec a processor at the same price to have about 4.4 million transistors? Describe the domain, range, symmetry, continuity, and increasing/decreasing behavior for each logarithmic function with the given intercept and end behavior. Then sketch a graph of the function. 56. f(1) =0; lim f(a) = 20; lim. f(a) = 57. g(—2) =0; jim, g(x) = —00; dim, s@) =0o 58. h(—1) = 0; tim, h(x) = ©°; lim) h(x) = —o0 59. (1) =0; lim j(x) = 09; lim j(x) = —c0 x0 x00 Use the parent graph of f(x) = log x to find the equation of each function. o FEE T aly) H * HTHTee Ty 78. AVIATION When kerosene is purified to make jet fuel, pollutants a1 kerosene through a special clay filter. Suppose a filter is fitted in a impurities are removed for every foot that the kerosene travels. (Le a. Write an exponential function to model the percent of impurity travels x feet. b. Graph the function. c. About what percent of the impurity remains after the kerosene d. Will the impurities ever be completely removed? Explain. Solve each inequality. (Lesson 1-6) 79. x2 —3x-2>8 80.4 => —(x—2)7 +3 (— 3)(x— 4) 82. ate? <9 83. V2x+3—4<5 Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-5) 2a-5 5 ao_ a-9 at+9 96, —21_- 24-4 81 2+3 24-3 85. Graph and analyze each function. Describe its domain, range, intercep and where the function is increasing or decreasing. 88. f(x) = -hy 89. g(x) = 91. MICROBIOLOGY One model for the population P of bacteria in a sai given by P(t) = 1000 — 19.75t + - 201? —@ You evaluated e Apply properties of © @ Plants take logarithmic logarithms. and humar expressions with When ano Apply the Change of different bases. a a the carbon Base Formula. can calcule function th logarithms A & are positive real numbers. Product Property b*. bY = b** Since logarithms and exponents | corresponding properties of logat | KeyConcept Properties of If b, x, and y are positive real numbers, b Product Property log, xy = log, xMath HistoryLink Joost Burgi (1550-1617) A Swiss mathematician, Burgi was a renowned clockmaker who also created and designed astronomical instruments. His greatest works in mathematics came when he discovered logarithms independently from J. Napier. The Product, Quotient, and Power Pror Evaluate each logarithm. a. logy V64 Since the base of the logarithm is 1 log, V64 = log, 645 Rewrite 1 1 = log, (43)5 4 =64 3 = log, 45 Power P1 = 3 log, 4 Power P1 3 3 = 5()) ors logyx= b. 5Ine?—Ine? 5 Ine? — Ine? = 5(2 Ine) — 3 Inc =10Ine—3Ine = 10(1) — 3(1) or 7 GuidedPractice 2A. log, V36The same methods used to expar elie te} Condense each expression. a. 4 logs x —4 log; (x + 6) 4 logy x — 4 log, (x + 6) = WatchOut! Logarithm of aSum The logarithm of a sum or difference does not equal the sum or b. 6In(@v—4)+3Inx difference of logarithms. For example, In (x + 4) #Inx+In 4, 6In(x—4)+3iInx=In@ =Inx GuidedPractice 4A. —5 log, (x + 1) + 3 log, ( Change of Base Formt inconvenient base. For exan have no kev for evaluating base 2Real-WorldLink Standard pitch, also called concert pitch, is the pitch used by orchestra members to tune their instruments. The frequency of standard pitch is 440 hertz, which is equivalent to the note A in the fourth octave. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica You can use properties of logarithms to frequencies of a note in one octave and octaves will occur at 2” times the freque can be used to find the difference in pit > Oandb #1,b*= Examples If3* = 35, thenx =5.StudyTip Solutions to Logarithmic Equations While it is always a good idea to check your solutions to equations, this is especially true of logarithmic equations, since logarithmic functions are only defined on the set of positive real numbers. Another statement that follows f1 then b* = bY, can be used to solve This application of the One-to-O1 that the effect of exponentiating } to exponential form. Solve each logarithmic equati: a. Inx=6 Method 1 Use exponenti Inx=6 Original ec elnx= ¢6 Exponent x=e® Inverse Pre x = 403.43 Use a calc CHECK In 403.43 = 6vW b. 6 +2 log 5x = 18 6 +2 log 5x = 18 2 log 5x = 12 log 5x = 6 5x = 10°Solve each equation. a. logy x = logy 3 + logy (x — 2) logs x = logy 3 + log, (x — 2) log, x = logy 3(x — 2) logy x = log, (3x — 6) x=3x-6 —2x = -6 x=3 b. log, (x? + 3) = log; 52 log, (x? + 3) = log, 52 x +3=52 x? = 49 x=+7 GuidedPractice 3A. log, 2x = log, (x? — x + 2) Another statement that follows from th if x = y, then log, x = log, y, can be use e=3WatchOut! Simplifying Notice that the Quotient Property cannot be used to further simplify 736, Solve 43*—1 = 32—*, Round t Solve Algebraically 43x-12 32-7 In 43*-1 = jn 32-7 (x — 1) n4 = (2-2) In3 3xIn4—In4=21In3—xh 3xIn4+xIn3=2In3+Iné x(3In4+In3)=2In3+In: x(In 43 + In 3) = In3? + In4 x In [3(43)] = In 36 x In 192 = In 36 In36_ ini92 ab x= Confirm Graphically Graph y = 4°*~! and y = 3? of these two graphs given by t 0.68, which is consistent with GuidedPractice Solve each equation. Round tc 5A. 6x+4=5-x41Equations having multiple logarithmic « using the Power, Product, and Quotient Solve In (x + 2) + In (3x — 2) = 21In In (x + 2) + In (3x — 2) = 2 In 2x In (x + 2)(3x — 2) = In (2x)? In (3x2 + 4x — 4) = In 4x? 3x? + 4x — 4 = 4? O=x-4x+ 0=(x—2)(x- x=2 CHECK You can check this solution i or confirm graphically by loc of the graphs of y = In (x + y=2In2x. CheckYour Progress Solve each equation. 7A. In (7x + 3) — In (x + 1) = In (22 It may not be obvious that a solution of original equation.You can use information about gt Real-World Example 9 INTERNET The table shows th: a new Web site received by th and the end of April of the sa: a. If the number of hits is inc identify the continuous rat exponential equation to m: Let N(t) represent the num exponential growth. Then | of 3 months, the number o the continuous growth rate N(t) = Noe 2000 = 125e*°) 16 =e* In 16 = Ine* In 16 = 3k In 16 _ 3a 3 0.924 =k The number of hits is incre Therefore, an equation mo: b. Use your model to predict 2 million hits.Solve each equation. (Example 1) 1. 3. 5. 10. 4rt+7 agrt3 2, grt4=323 4gxt+4 = 718-x 4. 32*-1agrt5 (9 )\3—2 _ (3)ser4 Bx4 11 = yqg2et7 (zs) = (7) 6 eee ia x F_ny-4 54x _ (36)9-> e258 = 5" 8. (¢) ~ 35) . INTERNET The number of people P in millions using two different search engines to surf the Internet ¢ weeks after the creation of the search engine can be modeled by P,(t) = 1.5'* 4 and P,(t) = 2.25'~ 35, respectively. During which week did the same number of people use each search engine? (Example 1) FINANCIAL LITERACY Moca is planning on investing AED 5000 and is considering two savings accounts. The first account is continuously compounded and offers a 3% interest rate. The second account is annually compounded and also offers a 3% interest rate, but the bank will match 4% of the initial investment. (Example 1) a. Write an equation for the balance of each savings account at time ft years. b. How many years will it take for the continuously compounded account to catch up with the annually compounded savings account? c. If Moza plans on leaving the money in the accountSolve each equation. (esnpies) eae 13 o St. 154 56=0 53. Get — 5 55, Bel 15 47 8h 20702 152 59, Ie’ — 51 ~ 206" BS ERS Solve each logarithmic equation. (Same 60. Inx+in@ +2 =in63 ot Inx+in@+7)=in18 62, In@x+1)+In@r—3)=In10 63. In (3) + in r+ 3) =In (4x9 64, log Gx? +4) = 2log 3x? — log (2? — 1) 65. log (2+ 6) = log (8) ~ log (x + 2) (6. In (x? — 32) = tn (16x — 12) =I 67. In Gx? — 4) +InG? +1)=In@—x) 168. SOUND Noise-nduced hearing loss (NIFTL) accounts for 25% of hearing loss. Exposure to Sounds of 85 decibels or higher for an extended period ‘can cause NIHL. Recall thatthe decibels (8) produced. bya sound of intensity Ican be calculated by 0 = 101 ( En) fan 16207 reworks 31608 etpane 23162 onions 016 rock concert 03 teadphones 0008) Tai ave ‘Source: Dangerous Deco a Which of the sounds listed in the table produce ‘enough decibels to cause NIL? , Determine the number of hairdryers that would prodtuce the same number of decibels produced by a rock concert, Round to the nearest whole number. {How many jt planes would it take to produc the same number of decibels asa finework display? Round to the nearest whole number. Solve each logarithmic equation. (Sani) 69. logs @x— 6 10. log Gx +2)= 1+ log2e Th logs = 1 - log (e— 3) 72, log Sx =2 + log (2x ~3) 7B. logy 9x 2= “logy x 74. log (e— 10) = 3 + log tr 3) logs Solve each logarithmic equation. m0 8) 75. log (29,995x + 40,225) + log @x + 4) 71 log e= 3 — log (100 + 900) 78 logs 29. og 2+ 9g (4 — #4) =2 16-2) 80. BUSINESS A chain of retail computer stores opened 2 stores in its frst year of operation. After 8 years of ‘operation, the chain consisted of 206 stores. (Sampo) ‘a, Write a continuous exponential equation to model the ‘numberof stores N asa function of year of operation f. Round kto the nearest hundredth. b. Use the mectel you found in part a to predict the ‘number of stores inthe 12th year of operation, ‘BL. STOCK The price per share ofa coffe chain's stock was AED 0.83 ina month during its first year of trading, During sts fifth year of trading, the price per share of stock was AED 3.52 during the same month. (Epes) a. Write a continuous exponential equation to model the price of stock P asa function of year of trading Round f to the nearest ten-thousanath, Use the mexlel you found in part a to predict the price of the stock during the ninth year of trading. Solve each logarithmic equation. 82. 5 +5 logigg x= 20 83, 6+ 2Wg.x=30 84, 5 —Alog r= 19 85. 36+ Slog, x= 60 86. ACIDITY The acidity of a substance is determined by Its concentration of H* ions. Because the H* concentration of substances can vary by several orders of magnitude, the logarithmic pH scale is used to indicate acidity. pH can be calculated by pH = —log HL where [H*] 1s the ‘concentration of T* ions in moles per iter. anmona | mo takingseds | 23 tumanbiecd | 74 ter 70 ‘ak 66 ove 20 Tomonjuce | 20 a. Determine the H* concentration of baking soda. , How many times as acidic is milk than human blood? & Byhow many orders of magnitude is the [1] of Jemon juice greater than (11*1 of ammonia? 4. How many moles of H* fons are in 1500 titers of human blood? 15GRAPHING CALCULATOR Solve each equation algebraically, if possible. If not possible, approximate the solution to the nearest hundredth using a graphing calculator. 87. =2" 88. log, x = logs x 89. 3° = (5°) 90. log,5 = logs x 91. RADIOACTIVITY The isotopes phosphorous-32 and sulfur-35 both exhibit radioactive decay. The half-life of phosphorous-32 is 14.282 days. The half-life of sulfur-35 is 87.51 days. a. Write equations to express the radioactive decay of phosphorous-32 and sulfur-35 in terms of time t in days and ratio R of remaining isotope using the InR general equation for radioactive decay, A = t - 9 Fo37 where A is the number of days the isotope has decayed and t is the half-life in days. b. At what value of R will sulfur-35 have been decaying 5 days longer than phosphorous-32? Solve each exponential inequality. 92.2 <2* =< 32 93.9 <3" < 27 1 1 1 1 4. 55 <8" Sy 98. 597 < 13/ = 55 96. 10 < 10% < 100,000 97. 4000 > 57> 125 98. 49 < 7° < 1000 99. 10,000 < 10° < 275,000Seay Evaluate each logarithm. (Lesson 1-3) 119. logs 15 120. log, 8 122. SOUND An equation for loudness L, in decibels, is L = 10 lo intensity of the sound. (Lesson 1-2) a. Solve 130 = 10 logy R to find the relative intensity of a f loudness of 130 decibels. b. Solve 75 = 10 logy R to find the relative intensity of a co 75 decibels. c. How many times as intense is the fireworks display as th find the ratio of their intensities. For each function, (a) apply the leading term test, (b) determine multiplicity of any repeated zeros, (c) find a few additional point the function. 123. f(x) = x° — 8x2 + 7x 124. f(x) = 2° + 6x Solve each equation. 1 126. 4 (120)3 =1 127. Vx-4=3 Use logical reasoning to determine the end behavior or limit of t infinity. Explain your reasoning. 2 129. f(x) = xl _ x9 4 58 130. g(x) = a a 7Reyer oa be ih In Lesson 2-4, you solved exponential equatio @ Solve exponential and use similar techniques and the following prop logarithmic inequalities algebraically and graphically. KeyConcept Properties of Inequ Words If b > 1, then b* > b’ if and only Example _ if 5x <5*, then x < 4. This prope: a Re eee mie (tr)) Solve 52*-6 > 0.04*-3, Solve Algebraically 52x-6 > 0.04"-3 Original i 2-6 5(1)°73 j 5 > (x) Rewrite ( 52x-6 > (5-2)x-3 Rewrite - 52x-6 5 52x + 6 PowelH=100 MNNNY=e [-25, 225] scl: 25 by [-1, 4] scl: 0.5 Figure 2.4.1 To solve inequalities that involve loga Words Ifb > 1,x > 0, and log, Ifb > 1,x > 0, and log, then 0 < x < bY. Activity 2 Logarithmic In Solve log x < 2. Solve Algebraically log x 0 39. 35. g11~*=9*-5 logs (4x — 1) = logs (3x + 2) 42. logiyz + logy (z +3 ENERGY The energy E, in kilocalories per gram molecule, needed t the outside to the inside of a living cell is given by E = 1.4(logyy C, C) are the concentrations of the substance inside and outside the « a. Express the value of E as one logarithm. b. Suppose the concentration of a substance inside the cell is twic outside the cell. How much energy is needed to transport the si the cell to the inside? (Use logy, 2 ~ 0.3010.) c. Suppose the concentration of a substance inside the cell is four outside the cell. How much energy is needed to transport the s' of the cell to the inside? FINANCIAL LITERACY In 2003, Manal inherited AED 1,000,000 fron grandmother. She invested all of the money and by 2015, the amount will grow to AED 1,678,000. (Lesson 1-1) a. Write an exponential function that could be used to model the amount of money y. Write the function in terms of x, the number of years since 2003. b. Assume that the amount of money continues to grow at the same rate. Estimate the amount of money in 2025. Is this estimate reasonable? Explain your reasoning. Simplify. (Lesson 0-2) se YAS CAIAD Ay 43) EA?udy Guide and Re Study Guide Exponential Functions © Exponential functions are of the form f(x) = ab*, where a # 0, bis positive and b # 1. For natural base exponential functions, the base is the constant e. © Ifa principal P is invested at an annual interest rate r (in decimal form). then the balance A in the account after ft years is given by t A= P(t + ty" , if compounded n times a year or A = Pe", if compounded continuously. ¢ If an initial quantity N, grows or decays at an exponential rate r or k (as a decimal), then the final amount N after a time t is given by N=N,(1+ 1) or N=N, e*, where ris the rate of growth per time t and kis the continuous rate of growth at any time t. Logarithmic Functions © The inverse of f(x) = b*, where b > 0 and b # 1, is the logarithmic function with base b, denoted f—"(x) = log, x. © Ifb>0,b#1,andx > 0, then the exponential form of log. x = vis bY = x and the logarithmic form of bY = xistudy Guide and Review co Lesson-by-Lesson Review Exponential Functions Sketch and analyze the graph of each function. Describe its domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function is increasing or decreasing. nN. fx) =3* 12. f(x) = 0.4" 3\* 1)" 1B. fx) = (3) 14. fx) = (3) Use the graph of f(x) to describe the transformation that results in the graph of g(x). Then sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x). 15. f(x) = 4% g(x) = 4° +2 16. f(x) = 01% g(x) = 01%- 3 7. f(x) = 3%; g(x) =2-+3%—-5 1\% _ (ayers 18. 1) =(5) :9%)=(5) +2 i Copy and complete the table below to find the value of an investment A for the given principal P, rate r, and time t if the interest is compounded n times annually.tog Ret Expand each expression. 32. log, 9x3y3z® 33. log, x2a7V/b e 34. In xyz 35. log~F99- Condense each expression. 36. 3log;x—2logzy 1 37. 3 log, a + log, (b + 1) 38. 5Sin(x+3)+3In2x—4In(x—1) Exponential and Logarithmic Solve each equation. an a%+3.. a7x-?Applications and Problem Solving 47. INFLATION Prices of consumer goods generally increase each year due to inflation. From 2000 to 2008, the average rate of inflation was 4.5%. At this rate, the price of milk t years after January 2000 can be modeled with M(t) = 2.75(1.045)'. a. What was the price of milk in 2000? 2005? b. If inflation continues at 4.5%, approximately what will the price of milk be in 2015? c. In what year did the price of milk reach AED 4? 48. CARS The value of a new vehicle depreciates the moment the car is driven off the dealer's lot. The value of the car will continue to depreciate every year. The value of one car t years after being bought is f(x) = 18,000(0.8)'. a. Whatis the rate of depreciation for the car? b. How many years after the car is bought will it be worth half of its original value? 49. CHEMISTRY A radioactive substance has a half-life ofSketch and analyze the graph of each function. Describe its domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function is increasing or decreasing. 4. fcy=—eXt? 2. fie)= a(2) *- 4 Use the graph of f(x) to describe the transformation that results in the graph of g(x). Then sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x). 2 w= ( onal) 4. fey =5* ae) =-5-*—2 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE For which function is. fim 3 f(x) = —o0? A fix)=—2+3" © f(x) = —log, « — 5) B 1%) =~(3) D f(t) =l0g3(-x) — 6 Evaluate each expression. 1 6. logs 37 7. log392 8. log 10 9, 9!0%053@ Use secant lines and the difference quotient to approximate rates of change. You have explored the rate of change of a fur at a point using secant lines and the differenc You learned that the rate of change of a func can be represented by the slope of the line te function at that point. This is called the instar of change at that point. The constant e is used in applications of cont and decay. This constant also has many appli differential and integral calculus. The rate of | f(x) = e* at any of its points is unique, which useful function for exploration and applicatio’ Activity 1 Approximate Rate of ( Approximate the rate of change of f Graph f(x) = e*, and plot t and Q(2, f(2)).tn Pe) eG Approximate the rate of chan; Bea Substitute f(x) = e* Ey Approximate the rat values of h that appt and 0.0001. BSH Repeat Steps 1 and ‘ > Analyze the Results 3. Ash — 0, what does the a’ 4. Write an expression for the 5. Find the rate of change of s of change at x = 1? 6. Write an expression for the In this chapter, you learned that f(x) = and you also learned about some of it and decay applications. Similar to e, t