78 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR oes CHAPTER 24 eo TENSES : Introduction 210, Read the following sentences 1. ierite this letter to please yon, wrote te letter in iis very presence 8, I shall write another letter womortow In sentence |. the Verb write refers to present time: In sentence 2, the Verb wrote refers to past time In sentence 3, the Verb shall write refers to future time Thus a Verb may refer (1) to present time, (2) to past time. or (3) to future time 211, A Verb that refers to present time is said to be in the Present Tense; as. I write, ove. [The word fense comes from the Latin tempus, time.] A Verh that refers to past time is said to be in the Past Tense 5 as. 1 wre, Loved. A Verb that refers to future time is said to be in the Future Tense | shall write, { shall love, 212, Thus there are three main Tenses — The Present, the Past, the Future. The Tense of a Verb shows the fime of an action or event Note : Sometimes a past tense may refer to present time, and a present tense may express future time. as L wish I Knew the answer, (-I'm sory don't know the answer. Past lense — Present time) Let's wait till he comes. (Present tease — tuture tense 213. Below we give the chief Tenses (Active Voice. Indicative Mood) of the verb to love. Present Tense Singular Number Plurel Number Ist Person Tine We love 2nd person You love You love ard Person He loves They love Past Tense Singular Number Plural Number Ist Person Loved We loved 2nd Person You loved You loved nd Person He loved They lovedTENSE: INTRODUCTION 79 Future Tense Singular Number Plural Number Ist Person 1 shaltasill love We shall/will love 2nd Person You will love You will lave ual Person He will love They will love 214. Read these sentences 1 Hove. (Simple Present) Tarn loving, (Present Continuous) 3. Thave loved (Present Perfect) 4 Lhave been loving (Present Perfect Continuous) ‘The Verbs in all of these sentences refer to the present time, and are therefore said to be in the present tense. In sentence 1, however, the Verb shows that the action is men- tioned simply, without anything being said about the completeness or incompleteness of the 3 In sentence 2. the Verb shows that the action is mentioned as incomplete or continuous, that is, as still going on. In sentence 3, the Verb shows that the action is mentioned as finished, complete, or perfect, at the time of speaking ‘The tense of the Verb in sentence 4 is said to be Present Perfect Continuous, because the verb shows that the action is going on con- tinuously, and not completed at this present moment. Thus we see that the Tense of a verb shows not only the time of an action or event, but also the state of an action referred to. 218. Just as the Presemt Tense has four forms, the Past Tense also has the following four forms tion. 1 Loved (Simple Past) 2. Leas loving. . (Past Continuous) 3. Lhd loved. (Past Perfect) 4 Lhad been loving (Past Perfect Continuous) Similarly the Future Tense has the following four forms LL shalteill fove (Simple Future) 2. L shall/will be loving (Future Continuous) 3. | shall/will have loved (Future Perfect) 4. I shall have been loving (Future Perfect Continuous) We may now define Tense as that form of a Verb which shows the fime and the state of an action or event. 216, A verb agrees with its subject in number and person, Study the verb forms of various tenses Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense T speak Tam speaking You speak You are speaking He speaks He is speaking We spetk We are speaking They speak They are speaking80 1 3 10 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Present Perfect Tense L have spoken You have spoken He as spoken We have spoken They have spoken Simple Past Tense I spoke You spoke He spoke We spoke They spoke Past Perfect Tense Thal spoken ‘You had spoken He had spoken We had spoken They hac! spoken Simple Future Ten T shallwill speak. You will speak He will speak We shull/eill speak They will speak Future Perfect Tense T shall’will have spoken You will have spoken He will have spoken We shall/vill have spoken They will have spoken Present Perfect Continnous Tense Thave been speaking You have been speaking He has been spear We Taye been speakin They ha sen speck Past Continuous Tense Las speakinns ‘You were speuhin; He wats speabin, We were speaking They were speaking Past Perfect Continuous Tense You haul been speaking He hat! been speaking We Had been speaking hey ha been speakin: Future Continuous Tense 1 shalliwill be spewkin You will be speaking He will be speuki We shullfwili he speaking They will be speaking Future Perfect Continuous Tense [ shall/ill have been speaking: You will ike been speaki He will have been speaking He shall ase been spect They will have been speaking A work from S, CHAND & COMPANY LTD. Exercise in Grammar 45 Point out the Verbs in the following sentences and name their Moods and Tenses : — The river flows under the brie I shall answer the letter to-night know he was there, for Lid seen him come I has been raining all nigh Thcar he has passed all right Thad Gnished when he came. He takes but little pride in his work: T have been living here for months. cl maid Be good, sw By this time to-morrow [ shall have reached my home. is time we tell He told me that he had finished the work i ir 1s 16. 7 Is 19 m0, Goal forgive you ! He 1s wanting for you in the compound Piper, pipe shit sor Tan hoping tw get a holiday soon. Perhaps it were better 1 abey him Do noble deeds, not drean them all the day T shall have plenty of time tomorrow Vhosigh this be madness, yet there 1s method in ic The king had never before led his troops in battle uilly, bis punishment was Ihe was too light We have heard a strange storyTHE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSE 81 24, The wavellers, all of whom had seen 26, The furmer is cutting the corn which ¢ has ripened. 7. Tish my brother were here the chameleon, coukl not ag about us eolour J Rows lost camerhing wore should 98, She would rather we stayed till happen s you tomorrow es CHAPTER 25 es THE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES THE PRESENT Simple Present Tense 217. The Simple Present is used » — (1) To express a habitual action ; as, He drinks tea every morning. I get up every day at tive o'clock My watch keeps good time. (2) To express general truths ; as, The sun rises an the east Hones a sweet Fortune favours the brave (3) In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually taking place in the present : as, Here eames the bus ! Ih she goes ! (4) In vivid narrative, as substitute for the Simple Past : as, Soharab now rushes forward and deals @ heavy blow to Rustam. Inimediately the Suan hurries to his capital (5) To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme The nest flight & at 7.00 tomarrow morning. The mateti tarts at 9 o"elock, ‘The train leaves at 5.20. When does the cotlee house reopen? 218. Note also the other uses of the § imple Present Tense. (1) Itis used to introduce quotations ; as, Keats says, °A ting of beauty is a joy for ever ©) I is used. instead of the Simple Future Tense, in clauses of time and of condition as, I shail wait sll you finist your lunch, Ii rains we shall got wet (3) As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continuous, to describe activi- ties in progress where there is stress on the succession of happenings rather than on the duration (4) The Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continu- ous, with the type of verbs referred to in § 221 on next page82 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Present Continuous Tense 219, The Present Continuous is used (1) For an action goi on at the time of speaking : as, She is singing (now). The boys are playing hockey (2) For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking as, Tam reading “David Copperfiek (but 1 am not reading at this moment (3) For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the near future : as, Lam going to the cinenta tonight My unele is arriving tomorrow 220. It has been pointed out before that the Simple Present is used for a habitual action, However, when the reference is to a partic larly obstinate habit—something which persists, for example. in spite of advice or warning—we use the Present Continuous with an adverbs like always, continually, constantly. My clog is very silly she i as 221. The following verbs. on account of their meaning, are not normally used in the continuous form (1) Verbs of perception, e.g. see, hear, smell, notice, recognize. (2) Verbs of appearing . e.g. appear, look, seem. (3) Verbs of emotion, eg., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer. (4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose, believe, agree, con- sider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind. 9 ramming ou inte the ea (5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of, be (except when used in the passive). e.g. Wrong Right ‘These grapes are tasting sour. These grapes taste sou: 1am thinking vov are wrong I think you are wrong. She is seeming sac. She seems sac He is having a celivlar phone He has a cellular phone. However, the verbs listed above can be used in the continuous tenses with a change of meaning: She is tasting the soup 10 see if ip needs more salt (taste = test the flavour of | 1am thinking of going w Malaysia, hink of = consider the ides of ) “They are having lunch. have = eat) Present Perfect Tense 222. The Present Perfect is used (1) To indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with dust): as,THE USES OF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSE 83 He has just gone oat I has just struck ten, (2) To express past actions whose time is not given and not defi- nite: as, Have sou read ‘Gulliver's Travels? have never known hina be angty Mr: Hari has heen w Japan, (3) To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action itselt ; as, Gopi hay eaten all the biscuits tie, there aren't any left for you) Uhave cur os finger (ant wis bleed Uhave finished my sork (= now 4 an Ie (4) To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up t the present moment (ofien with since- and for-phrases): as, U have known bin For & long time He has been ill sinew lant week We have lived lieve for ten y We haven't seen Padi 223. The following adverbs or adverb phrases can also be used with the Present Perfect (apart from those mentioned above): never, ever (in question only}. so far, till now, yet Gn negatives and ques. tions), already, today, this week, this month, vtec Note that the Present Perlect is never used with adverbs of past time, We should not say, for example, “He has gone w Kolkata yester- day". In such cases the Simple Past should be used (He went to Kolkata ‘ur several months yesterday”). Present Perfect Continuous Tense 224, The Present Perfect Continuous is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing ; as. He has been sleeping tor tive tours (an iy still steeping They have been building the bridge For several months They have been playing since four o'clock 225. This tense is also sometimes used for an action already fin ished. In such cases the continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something. ‘Wity are your clothes so wer?” —“T have been watering the garden” PAST tenses Simple Past Tense 226. The Simple Past is used t indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time The steumer sailed yesterday I received bis leer a week aso She left selwot fast sear. 227. Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may be either implied or indicated by the context84 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (learnt Hindi in Nagpur I didn’t sleep well (ie., last night), Babar defeated Rana Songa at Kansai 228. The Simple Past is also used for past habits : as, He studied many hours every day She always carried an umbrella Past Continuous Tense 229. The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of the action may or may not be indi- cated. We were watching TV all evening It was getting dacker. The light went out while I was reading. When ¥ saw him, le was playing chess As inthe last two examples above, the Past Continuous and Simple Past are used together when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action, The Simple Past is used for the new action! 230. This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past He was always grumbling Past Perfect Tense 231. The Past Perfect describes an action completed before a cer- fain moment in the past ; as, I met him in New Delhi in 1996, [tad seem hin last five years before 232, If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the other. The Past Pe¥tect is mainly used in such situations. The Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other : as. When T reached the station the rain had started (so [couldn't get into the train Thad written the letir before he arrived Past Perfect Continuous Tense 233, The Past Perfect Continuous is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time ; as, At that time he had been writing a novel for two months. When Mr. Mukerji came to the school in 1995, Mr. Anand had already been teaching there for five years, Exercise in Composition 46 Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets : 1. The earth __round the sun. (nove, moves, moved) 2. My friends ___ the Prime Minister yesterday. (see, have seen, saw 3. [__him only one leer up to now. (sent, have sent, send}8 9, 10, " M4. 15, 16. 9, 20. I HE USES UF THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSE 85 She worried about something, (looks, looking, is looking) i started t@ rain while we tennis, (are playing, were playing, had played) He ust when the aceident happened. (is driving, was driving. drove) He __asieep while he was driving. (falls, fell, has fallen) Fi sure |___hiny at the party Tast night, ésaws, have seen, hal seen) He a nuill an duis cow, thave, its, is hating) He here fr the last fixe years, (worked, is working, has been working) He thanked me for what!" ¢have done, hud done, have been doing) 1 noise, thea. am hearing. have been hearing) a long time. (know. have known, am knowing) ish Tor five years. éstudy, am studying, have been studying) Do’t disturts me, 1 my homework, (do, did, am doing) Abdul to be a doctor. (wants, wanting, is wanting) The soup ‘good, Haste, tastes, is tasting) He TV most evenings. (watches, # watch, is watching) He put live munutes ago. thas gone, ha went) When he lived in Hyderabad, he” _ 10 the cinema once a week, (goes, went, ‘The baby —_all morning. jeries, has been crying) 1 Ruhine at the oo, tsaw, have seen, had seen) | Rumar this week. thaven’t seen. did't see, am at seeing) This pape ring, appearing, appears) Ashok fell off the Ladder when he the roof. tis mending, was mending, _—twive weekly. (is appy menudo Exercise in Composition 47 Choose the correct alternative from those given in brackets : The Headmaster __to speak to you Qwants, is wanting, was wanting! [anew ieycle last week, (bought, have bought, had bought Here ave your shoes <1. them, ¢just clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned) Te ___ since early omming, trained, is raining, has been raining) 1S Total work today. did, have done, had dome? J _something burning, ‘smell. ant smelling, have been smell Look The sun over the ills, 11ises, ts rise, is rising) She _unconyious since our o'elock, ¢is, was, has been} He used 0 visit us every week, but he __now, (rarely comes, is rarely coming, has carely comes We ____for his call since 4.20. (are waiting, have been waiting, were waiting) Every day last week my aunt a phite. (breaks, broke, was breaking) [know all about that film because Tit twice, (saw, have seen, had seen) Our guests + they are sitting in the garden, (arrived, have arrived, had arrived) | __him since we met a year ago. (didn’t see, haven’t seen, hadn't seen) We ___our breakfast hult an hour ago. (finished, have finished, had finished) She jumped off the bus while it __. (moved, had moved, was moving) When we went to the cinema, the film ___falready started, had already started, would already start I for half an hour when it suddenly started to rain, (have walked, have been walking, had been walking) Did you think you ___me somewhere before ? (have seen, had seen, were seeing) The town __its appearance completely since 1980, (is changing, changed, hhas changed) A work from S, CHAND & COMPANY LTD,86 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR 21. Shella her case. look. (packed, has packed. had packed 22. When Iwas in Sr Leankit, 1 Negomibo, Beruwela and Nilaveli, (visited, was visited, have visited) 23. L meant to repair the radio, but time to do it today (arn not having, haven't had, hadn't) 24, When my dinner | went « hed, tha, ave hack, hal hal) 25, Men __10 abolish wars up to now. but maybe they will find aw future, (never managed, have never Managed, will have never managed} os CHAPTER 26 THE FUTURE 234, There are several ways of talking about the future in En- lish: the Simple Future Tense, the going to form, the Simple Present Tense, ete Simple future tense 235. The Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It expresses the future as fact I shall be wwenty next Saturdsy I will be Diwali in a week We will know our exam results in May 236. We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future I think Pakistan will win the matet Tm sure Helen will get a first class As in the above sentences, we often use this tense with J think, and I'm sure. We also say I expect . I believe ___. Probably ete 237. We can use this tense when we decide t do somethil the time of speaking a will take an uintretla Sinha is very busy at the moment.” “All sight, PU wait.” Going to 238, We use the going to form (be going fo + base of the verb) when we have decided to do something before talking about it, Have you decided what to do?” “Yes. Fam going to resign the job.” “Why do you want ¢0 sell your motorbike?” —“F'm going to buy a car.” Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been made, we should use the going fo form, not the Simple Future Tense. The Simple Future Tense is used for an instant decision. 239. We also use the going fo form to talk about what seems likely or certain, when there is something in the present which tells us about the future, Itis going to rain: look at those clouds “The boat is full of wate. 1 is going 10 sink She és guing t have « baby 240. The going to form may also express an action which is on the point of happening.THE FUTURE 87 Let's get into the ten. K's going tu leave Look! The cracker is going to explode Re ahant ta 241, Be about to + base form cn also be used lor the immediate dntre Don’t go out wow. We are about to have lunch Simple Present Tense 242. The Simple Present Tense is used for off and timetables. The college opens on 231 June The film starts at 6.30 and finishes at 9.00. When does the next tain leave for Chennai 243. The Simple Present is often used for future time in clauses with if, unless, when, while, as (= while) before, after, until, by the time and as soon as. The Simple Future Tense is not used in such cases. Twvon't go out if i rains, 1not: wil rain) Can T have some milk before I go to bed Lot's wait sill he finishes his work I programmes Please ring me up as soon as he comes. Present Continuous Tense 244, We use the Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something that we have planned to do in the future. 1 aim going to Shiniks tomorrow We are eating out tor Mr. Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening You are advised to use the Present Continuous (not the Simple Present) for perso Future Continuous Tense : 245, We use the Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in progress at a time in the future, T suppose it ill he raining when we start Uhis time tomorrow L will be sitting on the beach in Singapore ‘Can Lsev you at S v'clock?” “Please doa't come then. Twill be watching the tenvis match on TV 246, We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already planned or which are expected to happen in the nor- mal course of things. 1 will be staying here tll Sunday He will be meeting us next week The postman will he coming soo al arrangements. Be to 247, We use be fo + base form to talk about official plans and arrangements The Prime Minister is 40 visit America next month The contercnce isto diseuss * Nuclear Tests.” Be to is used in a formal style, often in news reports, Be is usually left out in headlines, e.g. “Prime Minister to visit Americw WGA SQANOL FARIOR ARAL Future Perfect Tense 248. The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about actions that will be completed by a certain future time, I shall have written my exercise bY then He will have left before you go to see bir. By the end of this montit Iwill have worked here for five years Future Perfect Continuous Tense 249. The Future Perfect Continuous tense is used for actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future. By next March we shall have been living here for four years, UU have been teaching for twenty years next Suly This tense is not very common. Exercise in Composition Choose the correct or more suitable forms of the verbs to fill in the blanks:— 1 The plane at 3.30, (arrives, will arrive) 2. Tall phone you when he ack. (comes, will come) 3. When [ get home, my dog at the gate waiting for me. (sity, will be sitting 4. 1____ the Joshis this evening. (visit, am visiting) 5, Look at those black clouds. Ir (will rain, is going to rain) 6. The train before we reach the station. (actives, will have arrived) 7 Perhtups we —__ Mahabaleshwar next month, (visit, will visit) BS. Unless we now we can't be on time, (start, will start) 9, T___ inte town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving) 10. The next teri ‘on 16th November, (begins, is beginning) Th Oh dear! 1 (will sneeze, um going tw sneeze) 32. By 2005. computers many of the jobs that people do today. (will be taking over, will have taken over} J3. Fm sure she the exarn. (passes, will pass) od home next Sunday. (go. am going) IS. 1 yout one of these days. | expect. (see, will be seeing) Io, Help! fall. (will fall, am going to fall) . 17, She fas bought some cloth, she —__ herself blouse. will make, is going to make} 18, 1 _____ your house this afternoon. It is on my way home from work. (will be passing, am passing) 19, Hurry up! The programme (sill start, is about to start) 20. ‘Thisbook is not long. 1 it by lunch time. (will be reading, will have read) For information about verb forms in conditionals, see Book II, Chapter 32. oes CHAPTER 27 THE VERB : PERSON AND NUMBER 250. The Verb, like the Personal Pronouns, has three Persons — the First, the Second and the Third. Thus we sa y 1, Uspeak, 2. You speak. (Old English: Thou speakest) 3. He speaksTHE VERB: PERSON AND NUMBER 89 This is because of the difference in Person of the Subjects, as all the three are subjects of the singular number In sentence i, the Subject is of the First Person, therefore the Verb is also of the First Person. In sentene verb is also of the § the Subject is of the Second Person, therefore the ond Person, In sentence 3, the Subject is of the Third Person, therefore the Verb is also of the Third Person We thus see that the Verb takes the same Person as its Subject: or, that the Verb agrees with its Subject in Person. 251. The Verb like the Noun and the Pronoun, has two Numbers the Singular and the Plural, Thus we say — 1 He speaks. 2 They speak, This is because of the difference in Number of the subjects (as both the Subjects are of the third person). In sentence |, the Subject is Singular, therefore the Verb is 1 gular. In sentence 2, the Subject is Plural, therefore the Verb is Plural We thus see that the Verb takes the same Number as its Subject ; on, that the Verb agrees with its Subject in Number. 252. But we have already scen that the Verb also agrees with its Subject in Person ; hence we have the important rule — The Verb must agree with its Subject in Number and Person: that is, the Verb must be of the same Number and Person as its Subject Thus, if the Subject is of the Singular Number, First Person, the Verb must be of the Singular Number, First Person : as, Lam here. Iwas there. Uhave a bat. I play cricket If the Subject is of the Singular Number, Third Person, the Verb must be of the Singular Number, Third Person : as, He is here. He was there, He has a bat, He plays cricket If the Subject is of the Plural Number. Third Person, the Verb must be of the Plural Number, Third Person : as, They are here. They were there. They have bats. They play cricket. Note—In some languages the form of the Verb changes with the Number and Person of the Subject. In modern English verbs have lost all their inflections for number and person, except in the third person of the singular number. Thus we have— I speak We speak. You spesk. You speak, (Yow is both singular an plurat in cunrent English) He speaks. They speak90 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Phe only exception is the verb to be. We say 1am. We are You are You are, Heo They are. For further study of the agreement of the verb with the subject, see Book I. Chapter 17 \ work from 8, CHAND & COMPANY LTD. oes CHAPIER 28 THE INFINITIVE 253, Real these sentences Pecan gor Phoy wiew 40 find faut with us. The forms to go snd to find are “intinitives.” itive is the base of a verb, often followed by fo. 254, Read the following sentences: — 1 To ere is buimar 2 Bins love vo sing 2 Ta respect ca porents is ous duty 4. He tots ta ube the ers 5) Many inen desire ta make money yufebly In sentence 1. the Intinitive, like a noun, is the Subject of the verb is. In sentence 2, the Infinitive, like a noun, is the Object of the verb love. In sentence 3. the Infinitive, like a noun. is the Subject of the verb és, but. like a verb. iL also takes an object. In sentence 4. the Infinitive. like a noun, is the Object of the verb refused. but. like a verb. italso takes an object In sentence 5, the Infinitive, like a noun, is the Object of the verb desire. but. like a verb, it also takes an Object and is modified by an Adverb, i will be seen that the Infinitive is a Kind of noun with ce features af the verb. especially that of taking an object Qwhen the verbs tin is Transitive) and adverbial qualifiers, In short, the Infinitive isa Verb- Noun, The word ta is frequently used with the Infinitive, but is not aan essential part or sign of it Thus. aller certain verbs (bid, let, make “need, *dare, see, hear), accuse the Infinitive without fa: as. Bid bin go there Wade bir go er lun sit here Fh no fer sou goTHE INFINITIVE 91 Make Wirt stand Vimade bin 10 We meed poi go You need nox de it You dare wt do it Lyaw sin dl i heard hin ery 256, The infinitive without fo is also used after the verbs will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could and must. J wll pay te bull You shunalel wan hac He can speak Due laren You must come to the allice at nine somertiy The Infinitive without co is also used alter had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than: 1s. You had better ask permission hat sales play shan work | sould eather die tien suffer s+ Use of the Infinitive 257. The Infinitive. with or without adjunets, may be used. bhe & Noun — (1) As the Subject of a Verh: as. To find Fah is easy To err is hunni, To reiga is woth aminion, (2) As the Objeet of a transitive Verb: as T lo moi mica to read, He likes ta play cards 13) As the Complement of a Verb: as, Her greatest pleasure is sin. His custom s to ride daily (4) As the Object of & Prepositions as He bial no chesee hut = exceps to abey The speaker ss abot te begin (3) As an Objective Complement: a. I saaw him ga When the infinitive is thus used. like a Noun, itis called the Simple Infinitive 258, The Infinitive is also used U1) To quality a Verb, usually to express purpose: as. He called fa see ny brother (= tor the pacpose of seeing ny brother We eat 0 live, Purpose Heonte 40 bury Cares. (Purpone He wepeae see the desolatien catecal hy the thvoad. (Cause To quality an Adjectives as, Figs ae ool to eat This ielcine ts plewsant t fake The boys ane araiots to dears Hee is ui e0 di oat sth92 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (3) To qualify a Noun: as. This is not the time to play You will have cause to repent He is a maa to he admired. Here is a house 4 let. This house is der (4) To quality a Sentence: as, To tell te truth, | quite Forgot my promise He was potified. sa «0 speak When the Infinitive is thus used it is called the Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive It will be seen that in | and 2 the Gerundial Infinitive does the work of an Adverb: in 3 it does the work of of an Adjective; in 4 itis used absolutely 259, The Infinitive may be active or passive. When active it may have a present and a perfect form, and may merely name the act, or it may represent progressive or continued action Active Present: 0 love. Perfect: 1o have loved Present Continuous w be foving: Perfect Continuous to have been loving When passive the Infinitive has a present and a perfect form. Passive Present: to be loved Perfect: 1 have heen loved Exercise in Grammar 49 State how the Infinitive is used in the following sentences:— ‘There was nothing far it 10 fi 16, To retreat was difficult: to advance 1 2. Let us pray ws impossible 3. The mango is fit to eat. Everybody wishes «0 enjoy ite 4 Cheard her sing My desire is to see you apain 5. Thuve come to see vou. There was not a moment t0 be fost. 6. The order io aulvanee was The counsel rose to address the court 7. Men must work andl women My right there is none to dispute must weep. The ability to laugh iy peculiar to 8. Lam sorry to hear this mankind 9. He is slow to lorgive He ttas the power to concentrate his 10, Aman severe he was and stern though, vo view 24, He was quick to see the point 11. And fools whe came to scoff 25. Tam not afraid to speak the euth remained to pray 26. Better dwell in the midst of alarms. 12. ‘Thus to relieve the wretehed was Than ceign in this horbie place. his pride 27, Can you hope to count the stats? 13, Full many a flower is born 0 blush 28, To toi is the lot of mankine. unseen. 29, {his delightful to hear the sound 14. Musie hath charms 10 soothe the of the sea savage beast 30. his a penal offence to bribe a public 15, Never seek to tell thy love servantTHE PARTICIPLE 93 Exercise in Composition 50 Combine together the following pairs of sentences by using In- finitives:— [Example — Napoleon was one of the greatest of generals, He is universally ae knowledged sa = Napoleon is universally acknovwlet Johave been one of the, of generals, Note. —Ir will be noticed that we have turned one of the sentences into a phrase containing an infinitive. | 1 He did not have even a rupee with him, He could not buy a loaf of bread. Every cricket team has a captain. He directs the other players, 3. You must part with your purse, On this condition only you can save your bie, 4 He went to Amritsar. He wanted to visit the Golden Temple. 5. The robber took out a knife. He intended 10 frighten the old man. 6. L speak the truth Fam not afraid of it 7. The insolvent’s property was soll by the oficial Assignee. The insolvent’s creditors fal to be pai 8. He wants 10 een his I 9. The strikers held s meeting, They wished to discuss the terms of the employers. 10, He has five children. He must provide for them, HL ‘The wld man has now hile energy Jett. He cannot take his morning evastitu cliliood. He works hard tor that reason tional exercises. 12. The Rajah allowed no cows to be slaughtered in his territory. It was his eustonm, he would not speculate any more, 13, He formed a resolution. Iwas to the effect 14. Everyone should do his duty. India expects this af every man 15. She visits the poor. She is ansious to relieve then of their suilerings, 16. He collects old stamps even at great expense. This is his hobby. 17. He must apologise for his nvisconduet. iris the only way to escape punssinnent, 18, Thave no aptitude for business. I must speak it out trankly 19. He was desirous of impressing fiiy host. So he wits on his hehaviour in his pres. 2G. That young man bas squandered away all his patrimony. He must have been very foolish 21, He has risen to eminence from poverty und obscurity. This highly creditable es CHAPTER 29 memes THE PARTICIPLE 260. Read this sentence: Hearing the wise, the boy woke np ‘The word hearing qualities the noun boy as an Adjective does. It is formed from the Verb hear, and governs an object ‘The word hearing, therefore, partakes of the nature of both a Verb and an Adjective, and is called a Participle. It may be called a Verbal Adjective Def. — A participle is that form of the Verb which partakes of the nature both of a Verb and of an Adjective [Or] A participle is a word which is partly a Verb and partly an Adjective,94 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR |Note. — The phrase ‘Hearing the noise”, which is introduced by a Principle. is called « Participle Pha is an Adjvetive Phrase] eo. According to its use here. 1 261. Suniy the tillowing examples of Participles J We mete gil earnvtig a basket af Howers Lonally Anaekinrg at the wate, he demmrded seintission, 3 Phe chil dhinking all was sale. aatempted to exes the road 4. He rnshed inte the ‘eld, anu! foremost fighting fell The above are all examples of what is usuallly called the Present ciple which ends in : ing and represents an action as going on or incomplete ov imperfect Ifthe verb from which it comes is Transitive, it takes an object. ss in sentence | Nolice also that in sentence 2, the Partiviple is modified by an calverh 262, Besides the Present Participle. we ean form from each verb illed ity Past Participle. which represents a com pleted action or stile of the thing spoken of another Partigiple The following are examples of Past Participles Blinded Ws Gust sores, shey tell inte diverder Deceived by his friends, he lost al hope Tine auivypent > time bs Driven bey hunager, ne stole a piece oF brea We sate few tees Faden ith hui Iowill be noticed that the Past Participle usually ends in -ed, -d, teen at ot Besides these two simple participles. the Present and the Past, we have what is called a Perfect Participle that represents an action as completed at some past times as Having rested. se continued our journey 263. In the following examples the Participles are used ay simple qualifving adjectives in font of a noun: thus used they are called Paar~ liciple Adjectives: \ rulings tosis gathers a0) OSS We liad a crink 1 she sparkliag saver His tatered coat acedbs mien The ereaking door aovavkened the doe \ feiag witness ought 10 be pushed He phased a fusing game. v His finished snonners produces! a vers favourable impression § burn chile recalsale 1 He wears 8 worried look Po cution is the mast pressing need of our coenty To was sopated to Be tne most fearmed a ol bis time From the kist 60 examples it will he noticed that a Participle sampatrisonTHE PARTICIPLE 95 264. Used adjectivaily the past participle is Passive in meaning while the Present Participle is Active in meaning: as 1 spent ssinmiey = iy swinnner she is tried out 1 durnt ctukl = a chill she is burnt ‘painted dol) = 9 doll whieh 1s painted rolling sone = x stone wiel sally 265. Let us now recapitulate what we have already learnt about the Participle (1) A participle is. Verbal Adjective (2) Like a Verb i may govern & noun oF pronoun: as Hearing tine naive. the boy woke sup. {The noun naive ss panuciple Hearing | (3) Like a Verb it may be modified by an adverb: as Loudly knocking at the sate, be denavicked ssmissnon, {Hore the partic ple knocking 1s moditied by the widsesty Lanudty. (4) Like an adjvetive it may quali & noun or pronouns as. Having rested. the men cosines eis jours (5) Like an Adjective it may be compared: as Education is the move preysing niged ob eur ine. [Hers she participle pressing | compu 266. Bek bby pretiving anes are shown the forms af the different Participles Active Passive Present | Prevent bens hove Perfect: basins ove Perfect \wssins deen hivved Past | \ work from 8, CHAND & COMPANY LED, Use of the Participle 267. It will be notived that the Continuous Tenses ( Active Veice} are formed from the Present Pauticiple with tenses of the verb be as Fam loving, Tats Len ine 1 shall be fe i The Perfect Tenses (Active Voice) are formed fron) the Past Par Liciple with tenses of the verh have: as Fave loved Thad foved 1 shal have love The Passive Voice is formed fron the Past Participle w ith tenses of the verb be: as, Fant lived Dyas foveal Ushall he 268. We have seen that Participles qualify nouns oF pronotins They may be used- if} Attributively: as. \ rolling stone gathers wis ass His tattered cont nees's movin \ lost « ypuntunity mover setuens96 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (2) Predicativ ‘The man seems worried. (Moditying the Subject) Ie kept me waiting. (Modifying the Object.» (3) Absolutely with a noun or pronoun going before: as, The weather Being fine, | went ont Many having arrived. we were treed {rom ansiety Weiter permitting, there will be a arden party at Government House tomorros God willing. we shall have another zood monsoon. “The sea Being smooth, we went for sai The wind having failed. the crew. set to work with a wil. His master being absent, the business was neglected The wind being favourable, they embarked It will be scen that in each of the above sentences the Participle with the noun or pronoun going betore it, forms a phrase independent of the rest of the sentence. Such a phrase is called an Absolute Phrase; and a noun or pronoun so used with a participle is called a Nominative Absolute 269. An Absolute Phrase can be easily changed into 2 subordi- nate clause: as, Spring advancing. the swallows appear. [When spring advances. Clause ot Time. The sea being smooth, we went For a sail [Because the sex way smooth Clause vf Reason] God willing. we shall wi again. [I God is willing — Clause of Condition Errors in the Use of Participles 270. some noun or pronoun; in other words, it must always have a proper Since the participle is a verb-adjective it must be attached 10 ‘subject of reference’ ‘The following sentences are incorrect because in cach case the Participle is left without proper agreement:— 1. Standing at the gate, a scorpion stung him (As itis, the sentence reads as if the scorpion was standing at th ale 2. Going up the hill, an old temple was seem. 3, Entering the room, the light way quite dardling, We should, therefore, recast these sentences as shawn below J, Standing at th OF While be was standing at the g fe, he Was Stung hy a Scorpion ate. & scorpion stung his 2. When we went up the bill, we saw an old temple 3. Entering the room, [ found the light quite dazzling Or When f entered the room, the light was qubte dazeling. 271. Usage. however, permits in certain cases such constructions as the following where the participle is left without a proper ‘subject of reference’. [The Participle in such cases is called an Impersonal Absolute.|THE PARTICIPLE 97 Taking everything into consideration, the Magistrate was pertectly justified in issuing those exders, Considering his abilities, he should have done better Roughly speaking, the distance from here w the nearest raitway Station is 130 miles It will be noticed that in the above instances the unexpressed sub- ject is indefinite. ‘Thus, ‘Roughly speaking” = If one speaks roughly 272. Sometimes, as in the following examples, the Participle is understood:— Sword (heing) in hand, he rushed on the jailor Breakfast (having heen) over. we went out for a walk Exercise in Grammar 51 Pick out the Participle in each of the following sentences. Tell whether it is a Present or a Past participle, and also how it is used: Generally Having peaking, we receive what we deserve. ed wuth, keep teuth i 3. Tsay the storm approaching. 4. Heanng @ noise, | tumed round. 5. Considering the tuts. he received scant justice. 6. The enemy. beaten at every point fled from the field Being dissatistied, fe resigned his position 8. The rain came pouring down in torrents 9. Having elected him President, the people gave him their loyal support. 10 ‘The traveller. being weary, sal hy the woodside to rest Exercise in Grammar 52 Pick out the Participle in each of the following sentences. Tell whether it is a Present or a Past Participle, and also how it is used:— The fat of the body is fut laid away for use Being occupied with important matters, be heel no leisure to see us, 3. The children coming home from school look in at the open door 4. Michael. berelt of his son Luke. died of a broken heart 5. Books read in childhood seem like old friends, 6. Lessons feared easily are soon forgotten, 7. A word fitly spoken is lke apples of gold in pictures (baskets) of silver 8. Seeing the sunshine, I tirew open the window 9. Seizing him by the arm. lis friend Jed him away 10, Encouraged by his wife, he persevered, IL. Overcome by remorse. he determined to atane for his erime by liberality to the church Exercise in Composition 53 Combine the following pairs of sentences by making use of Par- ticiple:— [Examples, The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat faking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat.98 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Vine trains wits reals to Teas the station, The people hast taker their seats =the poople having taker thels seats. dhe tran vay realy to leave the 00. 1 The porter opened the gate We entered We stated carly, We arrived al mown 8 Woomera nnn, He was cunying a liad af wed The stable door was open. The lisse was stolen She seize his stich, He susheal ta Vie dow / The hunter tons up bis gun. He sent out f© shar the Lion, 7. Acro stole atpivee nt cheese, She Hew 10 her mest co enjoy the bast nal The wolt sisted te pigh a quirzel seu tie Lonab, He sti, “Hose dare ny rahe the water mitidey 9 A passenger alighted fram the dain, He fell aver a bag on the phacforsi 1) Nara net his brother inthe street. He asked ine where he wats My siser was charmed yet the sik, She botgit ken yards, 12 Tho steaatier wats delayed fy a stosnt She Game into port tty late 1 He hal rsedsed on certain comme, He gered with ¥iz0ur HE He staggered buch, He sank to the gtouril 5. The totter was bully swenien Ehad wrest ifficulty ia making out is watent Ie Thes hac no toner They could give the cow nothing to eat 17 A homers fos sane some banches of goapes, They were intmging trom So Cingerethe burtiedh atvay with anucth haste, She dropped one of her which 273, Participles sometimes contain an implied: meaning: ean be more fully expressed by changing the participal phrase into a clause of fai Lime, LD) eatuise. (or concession, or Uf) condition [See § 209, ee) Savin dene Ins fessor (after he hal diane fis lessen, he Wen OGL ploy cricket Walking slang the Srvet one ly (= whrife | svas wating ang the street Le because he ss overpawered, he surrenkeved Why Being eserpaser tuning al top speed (= Pee@tuse hie xan at tap speed. be got ouL ot breathy fey ossessine wll the aadyatages ef galucation and wealth (= afthough he pussesnwed all the akhantaves of educa aad wealthy, he never male at Id) Following ny aclsive f= (you follow my advice), sou sill gain your jee ne shard t= if the sua is sneluuied. Exercise in Composition 54 Rewrite cach of the following sentences, by changing the Parti- ciple into a Finite Verb: samples. Quiing the fares! els anced inte the wpen plain, = We quit Soven sere billed icine tin. Driven out of his country. he fest ana vanced inte the open red she ft asphunn iat foreigat hand [= As he vas driven au of his country. be sought gos tun i at foreign ka J} Going wp the stairs. the Bas fell down Having lost ny passport, Papplied for a new oneTHE GERUND 99 Toner saw man wathing on a1 4. Walking 5 Having no ike with Ws. We Ist OUP way 6 The stable door being open. the horse was stoten: 8 the noise. L woke up 9. Caesar being murdered. the dictatorship eine 1 cat en 10. Working all day. Pas fatigued Hh We met an old Sadia walking to Benares 12. Hlastag come wf suze, his son entereet inky partion tt hae 13 fauled in the Hist attempt, he miaule nin further atten 4. Walking up to the front dave, Fang tie bell 18) Winter coming on. the grasslapper hus! pe toed To. Enchanted with the whale scene, Hiingeredl on ny ss.ase 17, The enemy disputed their ground inch by ineh, tighiing sith teh oF dispar IS. Mouuting his horse. the faandbt rack ot 9. The policeman, running wish all fis speed. was scarcely sable overtake the thie! 20, Not knowing my way, Hasked « poficentan ns CHAPTER 30 meee THE GERUND 274. Re: Reading »s his Eavounite pastinse {this sentence: The word reading is formed from the Verb read, by adding ing We also see that it is here used as the Subject of a verb. and hence does the work of a Noun. Iris, therefore. & Verb-Noun, and is called a Gerund Further examples of Gerun 1 Playing cards is not allowed here 2 Like reading poctry 3. Hes fond oF hoarding money In sentence |. the Gerund. like «noun, is the subject of verbs but, like a verb, it also takes an abject. thus clearly showing that it bas also the force of a verb. In sentence 2, the Gerund, like 9 noun. is the object of # ver but like a verb. it alse takes an object. thus clearly showing that it has also. the force of a verb. In sentence 3, the Gerund. like a noun, is governed by a preposi- tion, but, like a verb, it also takes an) object Iwill be noticed that the Infinitive and the Gerund ate alike in being used as Nouns. while still retaining the power that a Verh hs of governing another noun or pronoun in the objective ease. Def, — § Gerund is that form of the verb which ends in ing. and has the force af a Noun and a Verb.