Modal Perfect (pages) |__ MODAL PERFECT ‘must have + past participle USE When we are quite sure about a past action can't/couldn't have + when we are sure that something did not happen Past participle ne 2 ‘may / might /could have + when we do not know what happened in the past past participle (we are quessing) ‘could have + past participle when we had the ability to do something in the ast, But did not do it should / ought to have + it wasn't necessary to do something, but itwas done anyway aa an action that will be completed by some point in the future will have + past participle (Future Perfect) PASSIVE ‘You may put your bags there. =» Your bags may be put there. "have to hand in this composition. - This composition has to be handed in, She should have fed the dog. =» The dog should have been fed UNIT 6 Passive Review (Page69) ‘The passive is formed with be + past participle. ACTIVE fais EXAMPLE | must have left my pur You can't have lost your scarf; you Were wearing it few minutes ago, se at home. ‘She hasnt arrived yet. She may have missed the bus, He could have asked us to help him, but he didn't. bby now, but she hasn't. ought to have gone to the doctor yesterday, but | didn’t have time. would have lent you the money ifyou had | asked me, We needn't have got up so eary. There's plenty of time. By the end ofthe week, we will have finished our exams, “PASSIVE | Present Simple | They sell owers there Present Continuous We are cleaning the garden, Present Perfect Simple | Thave made the sandwiches. Past Simple | She closed the curtains. Past Continuous | We were washing the floors. Past Perfect Simple | He had sold the car Future Simple We will prepare a picnic lunch | Future Perfect Simple | will have finished my homework, be going to She is going to read a poem. | Modal ‘You could send flowers. Semi-modal They have to read the book. | Modal Perfect | You should have invited Ann. | Notes: 1. The following tenses do not have a Future Continuous, ‘The agent is not mentioned when itis obvious, unimportant or unknown, Newspapers are sold here, By + agent s used when its important to know who does the action ‘This bookcase was made by my father. ee Flowers are sold there, ‘The garden is being cleaned. The sandwiches have been made. ‘The curtains were closed, The floors were being washed. ‘The car had been sold. A picnic lunch will be prepared. ‘My homework will have been finished. ‘A poem is going to be read. Flowers could be sent. ‘The book has to be read, ‘Ann should have been invited, ’assive form: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous and. GRAMMAR APPENDIX [72When the active sentence has both a direct and indirect object, we usually begin the passive sentence with the indirect object (the person). They gave Jane a prize. => Jane was given a prize. (less common: A prize was given to Jane.) Don't forget the particle wth phrasal verbs in the passive. I cleaned up the kitchen. = The kitchen was cleaned up, ‘Some verbs (believe, consider, expect, know, say, suppose, think) are followed by to + bate infinitive when sed in the passive. ‘She is known to be a talented writer. Linda was supposed to bake the birthday cake. (We can also say: Linda was supposed to have baked the birthday cake) Gerunds and Infinitives (Page 70) 1 Verbs and expressions followed by a gerund (verb -ing) admit deny finish sno use/good postpone spend (time) appreciate discuss forget its worth practise stop avoid disike get round to keep recall suggest can'thelp fend up 90 Took forward to recommend tolerate can't stand enjoy have trouble mention resent understand consider fancy imagine mind resist delay feel ike Involve miss risk Ihave trouble getting up eatly. It's no use complaining about t. She recommended trying that restaurant. \Verbs and expressions followed by an infinitive (to + verb) afford be ready deserve Iseasy pretend volunteer agree be willing expect learn promise walt appear beg fall manage refuse want arrange are forget ‘mean seem wish, ask ain have a chance need struggle would like attempt consent hesitate offer swear be afraid decide hope plan tend be pleased demand WW alficute prepare threaten He decided to come to the party. She refuses to help us tidy up. I'm afraid to tell her the truth. \Verbs followed by a noun / pronoun + infinitive advise challenge expect instruct persuade urge allow convince forbid Invite remind, want ask dare force need require warn beg ‘enable help order teach cause ‘encourage hire permit tell Vinvited Mary to come over. Bob persuaded me to go on the picnic. She reminded me to hand in my essay. \Verbs followed either by a gerund or an infinitive without a change in meaning, begin continue intend prefer can't bear hate love start ‘hate learning things by heart. lintend studying medicine. hate to learn things by heart lintend to study medicine, Verbs followed by a gerund or an infinitive with a change in meaning forget regret remember stop ty never forget meeting Uncle Jake. (forget what happened) never forget to meet Uncle Jake a the aiport again (forget what to do} | regret telling him my secret. (be sorry about what happened) [regret to tell you that | can‘ attend the meeting, (be sorry about something unpleasant one must do} remember feeding the dog before | went out. (temember what happened) | always remember to feed the dog when | go out. (remember what to do) | stopped drinking coffee. (Ino longer drink coffee) | stopped to drink coffee. ( stopped what | was doing in order to have coffee) | tried to run 10 kilometres but | wasn't able to do i. attempt) I tried running to keep fit but | dida't enjoy it. experiment) Other uses of gerunds + asthe subject Walking is good for you. + after prepositions Im interested in hearing his views on the subject. GRAMMAR APPENDIX