American Rallway Engineering and Maintenance-of Way Association Part 4 Culverts’ — 2001 — TABLE OF CONTENTS Section/Article Description Page 4.1 Location and Type. . 4.1.1 Waterway Required (1995) . . 4.12 Span Required (1995) : 2 41.3 Character of Hydraulic Bedload (Abrasive, Corrosive, Bic) (1995)... 46 41.4 Topographic Conditions Determining Angle, Gradient, and Length of | Structure (1987) Sedeeeeseddooaee Sashes 4.1.5 Foundation Conditions (1987) .. 4.16 Height and Character of Embankment (1987) 4.1.7 Loading, Live and Dead (1984) 4.18 Economies of Various Types (1984) 4.2 Specifications for Placement of Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe. . .. . 149 4.3, Specifications for Prefabricated Corrugated Steel Pipe and Pipe-arches for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Underdrains ....++++0ssseserrersessers : 48.1 General (1989)... seveneeessesesnseverne 43.2 Material (1989) . 43.3 Fabrication (1989) .. 43.4 Coupling Bands (1989) . 4.3.5 Shape (1989) ........ 4.3.6 Workmanship (1989) 43.7 Mill or Shop Inspection (1989) 438 Field Inspection and Acceptance (1989). 4.4 Specifications for Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe and Arches..........+-++++ 4.4.1 Specification for Bituminous Coated Galvanized Steel Pipe and Pipe Arches (1989). 442 Spovfeation for Plymerie Coated Corrugated Galvanized Stel Pipe or Pipe Arches (1989). oo S 1 References, Vol 40, 1999, p. 520, 729; Vol. 61, 1950, pp. 708, 889; Vo. 54, 1983, pp, 108, 1385; Vol 62,1961, pp. 678, 986; ol. 85, 1984, 6; Vol. 89, 1988, p. 40; Vol. 90, 1989, p. 34; Vol. 98, 1962, pp. 84, 39; Vo. 94, 1994, p. 20; Vo. 96,p. 20, (©2005, Amercan Rallvay Engineering and Maintenance-of Way Assocition 1-4-1Roadway and Ballast —_—_——eeeee TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Section/Article Description Page 4.5, Standard Specification for Corrugated Aluminum Alloy Pipes ssoeos- se WAIT 4.5.1 General (1989) 1-417 4.5.2. Material (1989) .. 1418 4.5.3. Fabrication (1989). .... 1-4-20 454 Coupling Bands ~ Clase I and Class it (1989) 14-22 4.5.5 Shape - Class I and Class II (1989) ..... 14.28 4.8. Specifications for Corrugated Structural Stee! Plate Pipe, Pipearches, and Arches 1-424 4.6.1 General (1989) 14-24 4.6.2 Material (1989). 14-24 4.6.3 Fabrication (1989) 14-26 4.7 Specifications for Corrugated Structural Aluminum Alley Plate Pipe, ee seeteeeeeeeeeees 1426 Pipe-arches, and Arches.......-+ 4.7.1 Genoral (1989) .. 4.72 Material (1989)... .. 4.73 Fabrication (1989)... 4.8 Hydraulics of Culverts . 4.8.1 Introduction (1989). .. 4.82 Design Method (1989). 4.8.3. Flow Conditions (1989) fi 484 Hydraulic Computations (1989). 49 Design Criteria for Corrugated Metal Pipes...+++-++++ 49.1 Criteria (1994). 4.9.2 Formulas (1994) 49.3 Loads (1994) A 4.9.4 Pipe Culvert Design Properties (1989) . 49.5 Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover in Feot (1989) 4.9.6 Pipe Arches (1989) . seeeee 4.10 Design Criteria for Structural Plate Pipes ....... 4.10.1 Criteria Formulas (1989) ...... 410.2 Seam Strength of Structural Plate Pipes (1989)... 4.10.3 Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover in Feet (1989) 4.11 Culvert End Treatments. .... 4.11.1 Introduction (1992), 4.11.2 Headwalls (1989) 4.11.3 Wingwalls (1995). . 4.114 Inverts and Aprons (1995) 4.12 Assembly and Installation of Pipe Culverts . 4.12.1 General (1995) ..... 4.122 Alignment (1995) 412.3 Construction Methods (1995). 4.12.4 Preparation of Foundation (1995 4.12.5 Handling and Unloading 1998) 4.12.6 Assembly (1995) . ats Ane Fay Exgerng ens Woaenaen Say Asso 1-4-2 AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringTABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT) Section/Article Description 4.12.7 Backfill (1995) ... 4.12.8 Multiple Installations (1995) 4.12.9 End Treatment (1995)..... 4.12.10 Protection of Pipe Culvert from Construction Loads (ses) 4.12.11 Safety Provisions (1995) ........ eae 4.13 Earth Boring and Jacking Culvert Pipe Srough Fils 4.13.1 General (1995)...... 4.182 Type of Pipe Suitable for Jacking (1992) 4.18.8. Size and Length of Pipe (1992). 4.18.4 Precautions in Unstable Soils (1992) 4.13.5 Protection of Pipe Against Percolation, Piping and Scour (1992) 4.13.6 Safety (1992) 4.14 Culvert Rehabilitation . 4.14.1 General (1992) 4.142. Survey of Existing Structures (199 4.14.3 Methods of Rehabilitation (1992). 4.14.4 Localized Repairs (1992). 4.14.5 Relining Materials (1992) .. 4.146 In Place Installation of Concrete Invert (1992)... 4.15 Specification for Steel Tunnel Liner Plates... 4.15.1 General (1992) 4.15.2 Material (1992) 4.15.8. Fabrication (1992) 415.4 Coatings (1992) 4.15.5 Design (1992)... 4.16 Construction of Tunnel Using Steel Tunnel Liner Plates. 4.16.1 Scope (1992) . 4.16.2 Description (1992) 4.16.3. Installation (1992) 4.16.4 Measurement (1992) 4.16.5 Payment (1992) 4.17 Culvert Inspection ... 4.17.1 Introduction (2001) 4.172 Definition of a Culvert (2001)....... 4.17.3. Key Differences From Bridges and Other Structures (2001) - 4174 Safety (2001) ....... 4.17.5 Inventory, Assessment of Existing Conditions and Frequency of Inspection (2001) 4.17.6 Physical Condition Assessment (2001)......-.....-220005 4.17.7 Bvaluation/Recommended Action (2001). 4.17.8 Inspection Follow-up (2001) ........ —_— ‘ats, Anas Raay Exgranhg ons Merenor cay Aco AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 1-43Roadway and Ballast Be LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page Inlet Control 1-4-0 Outlet Control oe bpsenopooduooent! 14-31 Relationship of Headwater to High Tailwater and Other Terms in EQ 1 14-83 Low Tailwater in Relation to Terms of the Flow Equation 14-33, Difference Between Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line ..... 1-433 Inlet Control — Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts 1-436 Inlet Control ~ Headwater Depths for Corrugated Metal Pipe-arch Culverts. 1-437 Talet Control - Headwater Depths for Structural Plate Pipe-arch Culverts with 18-inch Radius Corner Plate for Three ‘Types of Inlet (Reference 22)... . cee 1488 Inlet Control . Headwater Depths for Structural Plate Pipe-arch Culverts with 31-inc Radius Corner Plate for Three 'T'ypes of Inlet (Reference 22) 14-39 14-16 L417 1418 14.19 1-420 14-21 14.22 14.28 14.24 14-25 1-426 14.27 14-28 Tnlet Control - Headwater Depths for Concrete Pipe Culverts for Three ‘Types of Inlet (Reference 22)1- 4-40 Inlet Control — Headwater Depths for Oval Concrete with Long Axis Horizontal for ‘Three Types of Inlet (Reference 22)...... 2 Inlet Control - Headwater Depths for Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts with Long Axis. Vertical for Three Types of Inlet (Reference 22)... . 14-42, Outlet Control - Head for Corrugated Metal Pipe Culvert with Submerged Outlet and Culvert Flowing Full (See Note Under Sketch at Top) (Reference 22). 1444 Outlet Control - Head for Corrugated Metal Pipe-arch Culvert with Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full (Reference 22) .... 14-45 Outlet Control - Head for Structural Plate Pipe Culvert with Submorged Outlet and Flowing Full (Reference 22) . 5 14-46 Outlet Control ~- Head for Structural Plate Pipe-arch Culvert with 1@¢Inch Corner Radius with Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full (Reference 22) ... 1447 Outlet Control Head for Concrete Pipe Culverts with Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full (Reference 22)... Outlet Control ~ Head for Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts with Long Axis Horizontal or Vertical Submerged Outlet and Flowing Full (Reference 22). — Hydraulic Elements for Circular Corrugated Steel Pipe Hydraulic Properties of Corrugated Steel and Structural Pte Pipe-arches Comparison of Waterway Grose-sectional Areas at Equal Depths of Flow in Cireular Pipe and Pipe-arch . 65 Proper Bedding and Haunch Support . 5 Minimum Permissible Spacings for Multiple Installations. Using Warped Fill to Balance Loads Across Ends of Culverts . CMP Liner Pipe Installation Showing Guide Rails, Grout Phags and Adjusting Rods. Example of New Invert in CMP... 3 Diagram for Coefficient Cy for Tunnels in Soil. Culvert Inspection Form Bose "Fizon nnorcanFatvayEgroarng ra arial foosaien AREMA Manual for Railway EngineCulverts Table Lt 14.2 143 144 14.5 1.46 147 14.8 149 14-10 L411 1412 1413 L414 1-415 1-416 5 Steel Round Structural Plate Pipe Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover (ft). LIST OF TABLES Description Corrugations Perforations Pipe Requirements. Riveted Seams « Pipe Arch Specification Requirements Pipe Arches ~ 234” x %" Corrugations (See Note 3)... Pipe Arch Speciation egurements Pip Arches 3” <1" and 5” 1" Corugations (See Note 2) Gage or Decimal Thickness Chemical Composition . Mechanical Requirements. Dimensions of Corrugations Minimum Rivet Diameter (See Note 3) .. Pipe Sheet Thickness to Lock Seam Strength . : Flat Sheet or Plate, Bolts, Nuts, and Extrusion Physical Properties : Entrance Loss Coefficients for Corrugated Metal Pipe or Pipe Arch (Reference 22) ........ 14-31 alues of Coefficient of Roughness) for Standard Corrugated Metal Pipe Manning's Formula) (Reference 1. . ‘Values of n for Structural Plate Pipe for 6” x2” Corrugations (Manning's Formula) (Reference 25) 1-4-35 Length Adjustment for Improved Hydraulics . ‘Length Adjustment for Improved Hydraulics . ‘Length Adjustments for Improved Hydraulics. ..... Fall Flow Data for Round Pipe .. Full Flow Data for Corrugated Steel Pipe-arches ..... : Full Flow Data for Structural Plate Pipe-arches ~ Corrugations 6” 2”. Full Flow Data for Corrugated Steel Pipe-arches - Corrugations 6” 2”... Live Loads for Cooper E-80 oho ees Gage vs Metal Thickness... Metal Mechanical Properties. Minimum Longitudinal Seam Strength in Steel and Aluminum Corrugated Pipes ...... Steel Round Corrugated Pipe Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover in Feet . ‘Aluminum Round Corrugated Pipe Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover in Feet ‘Typical Allowable Bearing Pressures (See Note 1) ...... an : Sieel and Aluminum Arch Pipes Minimum Thickness of Metal (Gage). Steel and Aluminum Structural Plate Pipes in Kips per Foot all Bolts to be % inch in Size . : eevee Steel and Aluminum Structural Plate Pipes Section Properties. . Aluminum Round Structural Plate Pipe Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover (ft) Aluminum Round Structural Plate Pipe Minimum and Maximum Height of Cover (ft) Effective Sectional Properties Based on the Average of One Ring of Plates Live Loads nstuding Impact, for Various Heights of Cover for Cooper B80. Longitudinal Seam Strengths pe ee "ats, Anaren Ray Ergronhg ens Mareraer cay Asean AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 146Roadway and Ballast SECTION 4.1 LOCATION AND TYPE 4.1.1 WATERWAY REQUIRED (1995) Determination of the proper size culvert opening requires knowledge of the drainage area, runoff, data on past performance, such as highwater marks above, at and below the opening, and pertinent formulas, with experience and good judgment in interpreting them. Consideration of the stream both above and below the opening is necessary. The ideal opening is one in which the velocity of the stream above the opening is maintained or somewhat increased through the opening and below to a point where the flow will have no effect on the railway. See Part 3, Natural Waterways. 4.1.2. SPAN REQUIRED (1995) ‘The span of the culvert should be such that the property above will not be injuriously affected at time of ‘maximum runoff, nor a head created which will induce destructive velocities. In shallow fills the span may have to be increased to provide the predetermined area. For pipe culverts, where practical, the cover should be a minimum of 2% feet below the bottom of tie. For practical reasons, a minimum size pipe culvert should be established, even though runoff computations may show that a size smaller than the minimum might be used. For main line track a minimum diameter of 24 inches is reeommended, while for highway crossings and unimportant track, the minimum diameter may be reduced to 18 inches. Pipe structures smaller than these are difficult to clean out and may be of insufficient capacity if freezing occurs. 4.1.3 CHARACTER OF HYDRAULIC BEDLOAD (ABRASIVE, CORROSIVE, ETC.) (1995) 146 ‘Except in localities of such special service classifications as mineralized, organic, and salt water, which are relatively small in area as compared with the entire country, corrosion from soil and water is far less important in shortening the life of drainage structures than is the abrasive action of the hydraulic edload. So far as soil corrosion on the outside of structures is concerned, extensive soil corrosion tests of the Bureau of Standards show conclusively that in only about 10% of the soils is corrosion from the outside severe: that in about another 10% the corrosion is mildly severe, and that in more than 80% the soil corrosion is negligible. ‘Turning to internal corrosion, mine water, especially from coal mines, is particularly difficult to handle as it attacks all commonly used materials except possibly well burnt vitrified clay pipe. ‘The alkali soils are of two kinds, black alkali and white alkali. White alkali usually contains quantities of sulfates, carbonates or chlorides, which on evaporation of moisture in the soil leaves a white crust on the surface. The black alkali, a sodium carbonate, does not leave the white crust. ‘The white alkalies, particularly the sulfates, are more severe on conerete than metal. The black alkalies and the chloride salt alkalies, on the other hand, are relatively more severe on metal than on concrete. Sea water is injurious to all types of drainage materials. The chlorides in the salt water shorten the life of metal structures, while the alternate wetting and drying, and the frost action in cold climates accelerate the deterioration of concrete. Wherever the service conditions are such as to indicate severe abrasive or corrosive action, the available drainage material that will be least affected should be used, resulting in a structure that will give the lowest cost per year of service. "Dt, Arwen Fey Ergrening ens Waaeranor cay Asean AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringCulverts ~~ 4.1.4 TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS DETERMINING ANGLE, GRADIENT, AND LENGTH OF STRUCTURE (1987) a, Aculvert, being an enclosed channel substituted for an open waterway, isa fixed section of what is possibly an unstable stream that is changing its course, scouring deeper, or filling up. The alignment, gradient and length of the structure should therefore be determined so as to obtain the most economical safe installation, b. The best alignment is that which gives the water a straight entrance into the culvert and a direct exit. A stream that is very crooked, or one that is changing its course, may possibly be relocated to make it cross the roadbed at or near a right angle, but the best general principle is to make the alignment of the structure coincide as nearly as possible with that of the stream, ©. Aculvert should usually be given the same general gradient as the stream bed. One of the most common mistakes is to place the invert at the same elevation as the stream bed. The result is that sedimentation reduces the effective area of the opening. 4. Under new fills where there is a possibility of subsidence of the natural ground thereunder, culverts should be laid or constructed with sufficient camber so that there will be no dips or depressions in the culvert when subsidence has stopped. e. The length of a culvert depends upon the shoulder-to-shoulder width of the roadbed, the height of fill, the slope of the embankment, the gradient of the culvert, the skew angle, and whether or not headwalls are to be built. The best method of determining the required length is by the use of a cross-sectional sketch of the embankment and a plan and profile of the water course. 4.1.5 FOUNDATION CONDITIONS (1987) Every structure should have the best foundation possible to obtain within the limits of the allowable cost for the structure. But itis not always possible to obtain a satisfactory foundation for some types of structures at a reasonable cost, and it is in these cases that cost comparisons may play an important part in the choice of the type of structure to be used. The heavier a structure is per foot of length, the greater the required bearing power of the soil underneath. In the ease of rigid types of structures, cradling or even piling is sometimes necessary. In all eases backfill should be thoroughly tamped and compacted to a minimum 90% density as determined by ASTM D-698, 4.1.6 HEIGHT AND CHARACTER OF EMBANKMENT (1987) A factor that must be considered in the selection of structures is that of transverse forces in fills. These forces are manifested by the tendency of the fill material to move downward and outward, seeking its angle of repose and tending to separate the lengths of pipe culverts and open cracks in masonry. Transverse forces are present in every fill but are likely to be particularly severe on sidchill locations. 4.1.7 LOADING, LIVE AND DEAD (1984) Extensive research work on the problem of culvert loading and design has been done. The results of this research are given in the following references: a. Towa State Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Bulletin 79. “Experimental Determination of Static and Impact Loads Transmitted to Culverts.” Bulletin 96, “Theory of External Loads on Closed Conduits.” Bulletin 112. “The Supporting Strength of Rigid Pipe Culverts.” ‘20, AnareanRavay Exner en Wintarce gay Assos AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 147Roadway and Ballast a b. American Railway Engineering Association, Proceedings, Vol. 27, 1926, page 794. Proceedings, Vol. 29, 1928, page 527. Discussion and analysis of culvert loading and failures as developed by tests carried out under the sponsorship of this committee at various points, including the Farina test under high fills on the then new Edgewood cutoff of the Illinois Central Railroad. ‘These tests involved both rigid and flexible type culverts. A culvert pipe placed under an embankment derives its ability to support the superimposed load from ‘two sources: (1) The strength of the pipe ring or shell to resist external pressures; this may be termed inherent strength, and, (2) The lateral pressure of the embankment material upon the sides or vertical projection of the pipe, producing stresses in the pipe ring directly opposite to those produced by the vertical load and therefore assisting the pipe in supporting the vertical load. In a rigid pipe, such as conerete, cast iron, vitrified clay, etc., the inherent strength of the pipe is the predominant source of supporting ability. The only lateral pressure that can be safely depended upon to augment the load-carrying capacity of the pipe is the active lateral pressure of the embankment material since the rigid pipes deform but little, if any, under the vertical load and consequently the sides do not ‘move outward enough to develop any appreciable passive resisting pressure in the surrounding embankment material. Ina flexible pipe considerable strength is obtained through ring compression, but in bending (flexural) strength is low. Therefore, a large part of its ability to support the vertical load must be derived from the passive pressures induced or set up as the sides move outward against the surrounding material. The ability of a flexible pipe to deform readily without failure and thus utilize the passive pressures set up on the sides of the pipe is its principal distinguishing structural characteristics and accounts for the fact, that such a relatively lightweight pipe of low inherent strength can support high embankments without showing evidence of structural distress. 4.1.8 ECONOMICS OF VARIOUS TYPES (1984) 14-8 Requirement of any opening isa suitable continuing passageway for the water. Any economic study must include (1) interest on the investment, (2) maintenance costs, and (3) provision for an annual payment ‘which will accumulate to a sufficient amount to replace the structure at the end of its useful life (or retire bonds sold to secure funds for the existing structure - the result being the same from an economic study standpoint). The sum of these three charges is the annual cost. The principle involved is long, established and widely used. ‘To arrive at the amount of interost on the investment, the initial cost installed must be determined. The items included in the cost are: Engineering; superintendence; labor; material, tools, equipment, supplies, and transportation and handling thereof, including stores expense; for supporting tracks - sheeting, shoring, pumping, excavation, including channel changes, building the structure, backfilling and restoring the tracks; all the costs from inception to completion In preparing cost estimates, different methods of installation should be investigated. Under some conditions, when using pipe, a sizable saving can be made by such methods as tunneling, threading, and Jacking. "Se Arata Raeay Egrmarng rd Mavic y Fessanas AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringCulverts 4. Having arrived at the cost of the structure ready for service, the first item of annual cost is obtained by multiplying this initial cost by the average interest rate paid on railroad bonds over a period of years. e. ‘The second item is that of maintenance, the estimate of which should be based upon actual records of costs of maintenance of similar structures. ‘The third item, replacement annuity, is dependent upon the sum necessary to be accumulated, the rate of return on sinking funds, and the useful life of the structure. With this information and a table of annuities, the third item in the annual cost formula is easily obtained. The useful life for structures of various types should be estimated for each major service classification, from records of the company, or from an examination of structures in each service classification that have been in service for at least 5 to 10 years. Much can be learned from painstaking field inspection of existing structures if all factors affecting the performance of the structures are taken into consideration. hh. Since cost comparisons are so easily made, and since it is one of the chief functions of a railroad engineer +o operate the road, in so far as his sphere of influence extends, at the lowest true annual cost possible, economic comparisons should be made one of the guides toward the selection of drainage structures, SECTION 4.2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PLACEMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERT PIPE See Chapter 8, Conerete Structures and Foundations, Part 10, Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe. —_—— ais Pecan away Engng no MTENSSSVRY AGRI 1-49 ‘AREMA Manual for Railway EngSECTION 4.3 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PREFABRICATED CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE AND PIPE-ARCHES FOR CULVERTS, STORM DRAINS, AND UNDERDRAINS 4.3.1 GENERAL (1989) 4.3.1.1 Scope ‘This specification covers coated, prefabricated corrugated steel pipe and pipe arches for use as culverts, storm sewers and underdrains. 43.1.2 Class Pipe and pipe arches shall be of the following classes with respect to corrugations (See Table 1-4-1): + Clase I Annular corrugations. + Class II Helical corrugations. 4.3.1.3 Shape Pipe and pipe arches shall be of the following cross-sectional shapes: + Shape 1 Pipe, full circular cross section. + Shape 2 Pipe, factory elongated + Shape 3 Pipe arch cross section. 4.3.2 MATERIAL (1989) 4.3.2.4 Steel Sheets Corrugated steel pipe and pipe arches shall be fabricated from either of the following materials: + Steel sheet, zine coated in accordance with AASHTO M-218, + Stoel sheet, aluminum coated in accordance with AASHTO M-274. 4.3.2.2 Rivets All rivets shall conform to the specifications of ASTM designation A381, Grade A, and shall be electroplated in ‘accordance with the specifications of ASTM designation A 164, Type RS. 4.3.3 FABRICATION (1989) 4.3.3.4 Corrugations, ‘The corrugations shall form smooth, continuous curves and tangents. The crests and valleys of annularly corrugated pipe and pipe arches shall form circumferential rings about the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The crests and valleys of helically corrugated pipe and pipe arches shall form helices about the longitudinal axis of the pipe, and the direction of the corrugations shall be not less than 45 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the pipe. The dimensions of the corrugations shall be as specified in Table 1-4-1 "Sts Anarca Raley Engine Waeranor cay Anos 14-10 ‘AREMA Manual for Railway EngineeringCulverts _ rte 14, coreatons 1 8-96" 2” 11/16" 12"-96” 3%" 9/32” 6”-18" 1A" x Var Ar 9/32” 0 12”-96" 236" x 1K" 2" 11/16" 48-120" 3" x1" 3M" 9/32” 48”-120" BYx 1" BMY 19/32” Note 2: Depth shall not overrun by more than 5%. 4.3.3.2 Perforations for Underdrains Perforations, unless otherwise specified, shall be arranged in two groups of longitudinal rows placed symmetrically on each side of an unperforated segment corresponding to the flow line of the pipe. The longitudinal rows within each group shall be spaced on approximately 1% inches centers in annularly corrugated pipe and on approximately 1 inch centers on helically corrugated pipe. The perforations shall have a diameter of approximately % inch and shall be located on the inside crests, or on the neutral axis, of all corrugations except that perforations are not required within 6 inches of each pipe or in the crests of corrugations where seams are located. ‘The minimum number of longitudinal rows of perforations and the minimum width of the unperforated segment shall be as shown in Table 1-4-2, Table 1-4-2. Perforations Nominal Minimum Number or | Minimum Width Inside Diameter Rows of ceanene Inches Perforations pi inc 3 4 2 8 4 a 70 4 2 Ty @ o% = a 13 = é 16% a é 20 ai 3 2 "22005 Ameren Raley Ergrowtng rs Variances Gy Aeeoaton AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 14-11