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Lectii de Analiza Matematica PDF
Lectii de Analiza Matematica PDF
0 un num real, cw serierea (2). Tn cazat “a ol vingula fied, co fxeani x local pontra partea fntreogs Tocaft penten partea zsimala, Atul e este tnlccit print (presupuse sfiienta) pie aproximare @ , a2; eroaren absolute este 1-0) Gyr tee In cazul reprezontirii ou viru ewcondijia de normare 1 4 avem j2**} 6. Caled aproimetival sumelor de ei Pentru calealul luis s recomand desigur formula aproximativ ss, unde 5,205 44, +. 4d, find utili gl necesara o evaluare a erorii absolute 1675, | Indicam dous eazuri element re unde accasta se poate realiza, 4) Prosupanom ci exists N'2 1 intreg gi h © (0,1) aatfel ineit|22*2 Abunel Vis =; Jay.21 S#1@y1, lOy.21540y.4}S4*|aq| 0 ghnotind eur, suma serieié ay. +q.2+.. (oumita gi restul de ordin mal seriei tial, avem 5 =5, +7, deck ral Slag | +R? +B Te Daci se core si ealeuldm s eu aproximatie e(e > 0 dat), atunci se determina ‘M natural minim astfel init M2 sf Ja | Se pentru n > M, splicind formula aproximativa say +a, +. #ay BXENPLU, Caleuliim suma seriet TY 2°*1 oj aproximatic 10-% In meest pa In acest car, Snot. n+ 3)n' Cte Sorts On Bn" 56 observa ct 22:4 <2 a, ie I@n a ae 2 Er Isg si putem lua W = 4, & +} Pe de alta Pa Bar ») Prosupunem ef ) Presupunem ef (a,),,,° este un gir astfel ieit a,10, Conform ‘iteriului Tui Lenn, seria alternantai > (—1a 21 Seritmamarce | cifies sumacisirn® 5 6 Iinte-adevar, se oP Fagg 2M tran HE tac [rq] Sq. 3 POD Tha,+s~2,.Vor orice 2 20 observa o& VRZ1, m0, fcind iSe,,1 penteu orice #20 1 este ogald cu cel ravn det Ir, bom, Oyy3 Gar Ps aproximind s cu suma parfialé s, eroarea absolut primultl termen emis i ‘Agadar, roult module CCaleslém suma s a sericidltornate 1-542, BXEMPLU. 1 Y 7 2 astfel met a, 5; adied ot, Aici a, +2 i alegem m2 1 minim as oe x ao 0 -0,98888. (on +3) 2 104; ae gtaagte n = 4. Atuncl a5," 6. 10 exercifii | t sunt D: 1. 88 oe arate, expletind 6c serile uri a > dav SS 12, St ae caleleze sumele urmftoare yy E ee roars or bg mu a acoeagt matur aco arate ob ig St1, aa ete ous conteavine safe toreme’ IE 5? S56 so arate ch 6g 0, totaxl seria stern 4.Fle ae Ea ag wog say ray + ee D, Se contravin ites ot EEN? 6 10 Bere 5.1, Folosnd eritvial lui DALsaunen, 9 se stdieze nature sel: ODP yy Abo y & @ema DH te Pe Pinta eae oleae 2° Arlcnd rites din, we audne naar sri: ant) Fa D Me" (@eR. 6. Si se aratoed pontru orice ra, > 1.88 w arate eile FAM gh TP UMD sunt 0c 5,88 ce dea examplu de 0 serio So, Yb, € aatfl nate SP 83 28 Be D, D atte init Taf a8 fe C side 0 serie 9.88 se serie m bea 2 omevele 100; e; upd ingle 548 indieind prime 4 ele binare de 10.Fie ann 8 ~ peal SA] seme ts Lalas eT 4b) ay elle Deci grt) neste convergent. 08e ge aanc aya, Paty 5S nin 8e iemet § meee + Yen wor Sets numerce Anette leat (arin », wT, sheen SEIS 12, gona tor orn, 8. Patom lua 9.100 = 254 28 4 28a 1254 12% 4 0266 0.996 rate 02t 02 eo 2,7182818 «1210.29 12°10. e129 Let A TOTOT, a 1o' + 198-028-024 19-0246 Lt Las O2s. «THOTTD, seria 58, form ri ad FF 04) ato D ecioui Yui Limon apt seria > (=u) 2, Sar este C, conform e aa se cont ene, 10, Bentru orice m 21 Sat, even Fo, este D sa 1 pont cB ay i Dy mu a Peer e ee snamere poutve, Dee condiia de poriivitate tn enunylLeremei TI 6 4, Siru a, nu este monaton deseresetor Pac ern ete; ja}. Dect dacs fol < 1, atone 1 esis este D gi dat = “1 sera lal 0 deci serin este AC pentru orice 0.6 1 gl aora ete; symm fd THR + (2PM =a Das seria este D deoarec termensl general am 81, Pie Ti 6.88 domonstvim inegaitates Tifa, STS uni evident THe, sa. Dacd a < +0, fie b> 0; avam tay ¥ 9 > 0,deundea, 5 0,bHb", m2 Nw deck doducen ay, pb%ay ¥ 9 > 0, eundea, 5, vo ve duc a, s0'# de unde TY seria este O; dt [a] > 1 seria ind seria armonicaalternsts <¢2 perineal C gi doc [al >, 0D; dae pontea seit acest renultat nu ace lee, 5a eum ne arath oral. Se poate ari care totus lo pentru ert duble aol convergent, in f enslagie ex toorema T.9. i cif ANEXA LA LECTIA ATLA pu rinde cave zere. f Semmale discrete ‘Se aumoyte mulfime-tim ovis multime 3 pe care este defnits oroatie de ondine lotala "2; elemento Ini no numees momente remit. fy cansl § = N= 10..2..} san S ©, a8 spune ce tmpul ste discret. Dae 8 ete um interval, se spune ca timpul este continua (sau mai eoret, continual) Dash 3 =(4y© e numoste semnal pontra vice #8, numarul 78) so mumopto egentionl lui fle momontul t Se pat conailera eanale discrete, continuale seu finite, dup pul malt de momente. Deiniia1, Seri amet eoorece nu cuprinde cazul_ fmpulsuetor, a nterioart esto atest restr = jlor multidimensionale (imagiini). eater aeatoare sow al somnalel 1. treapta unitate | : { dach ¢<0 la daca «20 (qotath ou & dup oumeleinginaruelengles ©. Hravisn, 150 Exerc ARR, MO 1926) gi fmctia de feantionare: yt dacs 140 “Uy gaca 6-0 1 ROR sunt exemple de somnale continual, EBM 2, Orie seminal digeret #:%7% oo idonifed prin gral Gene a b neo} bnel ret unitar ta momenta h este small diseret | i est dant prin ue) = ale, Treapta unitato disor sesntinanao entra orgs &¢ 2 impulsal dani prin [ p, nek, moe rmulfimea somnalalor disrete = (5), . nV ne Hea tte Oe, Oye Ae 3400 se noteatl 8 Bp. Vom nota cu Sy te Gynen® So dainim s unten arco Xe, Semnalul nul ave toate opasnancle mule, Se consider emigre ease paticulare de 8. ={e=Gucal%a20pentrn orice x <0} nae dinero (eerinale eu suport pozitiv ete y= foe. | orn a sto , TEOREMA, Muifinile Sy 8, 1 if, sunt spati vectoriale parte Great a opera ree ta (xe, Totodatd a le inclsiuniley ¢ fy =, <8 ‘ewowsreati, Faptal ef S, esto C spatie veclarial ras discs dn dof eet de spaiiuyoetrial, Apu alam enters aubepabull. Dash at Se aera apartin la S,- deel S, esto Un subepatis al Ist Sy Apol dock # = Ca tro oece aperfin ln’ fy abunch aplcind Inegaitlile x, +94|s Mal ® cree ts merafe revuit ch eeia SY xq ¢74] este Cece + ¢ K evident vel vice Ae € del eae subsp al ui Sy in tnogal pan Sk presupuner acum ci 80 € ly teo, ret 4 2 (5! J Definite. Dack =, Anat la tea 2 tea 7 henisMinfeinP dect seria Ed este © at exe e198 SIL Dhan da, Ha ok ssa ayy ete C Irae adios 4601 fnclonionen 1, ely; intraderde, deed 5 « fy s =), abunei 2, ~%0 deci giul exte P , Dock #¢ f si MWC, atone! evident Ae. A rnas de dovedit srg da 3 A> 0, fy 1 fixat); pentra orice x = (ey, ith ¥ = ye ay) Seopa acestui capitol este acela do a studia concepts de continutate ntrun Scope! acon dufient de general Reamintim ck ofanckie rwalé fA] definesle distanta enc! Ge) est continu inooun punct @¢ A dash pentsw ene tr x. Coe erate a) Pentu exingerea Ta func mai generale, ote roprictaior DD, ete media ar pent: Dy se apie nga 1 constitute intzoducereanofiani de distant glimpiet de spafia metic, Cele = asc aa lint care apart Analiza matin sunt extn’ a et] ners an aah metic, astfl , worn vedea c& dreapta reald R, plan complex Cl, ) a aan a ae mca funfiler mkrginite A> R sot nnd natal 18 "od lrerullimodat din inegnlitaten In Cauchy SESH mtice In Toc doa face o teoie separata pentra Goeare caz tn part, ¥ , spat bil o serie de propriet4s general, valabile in orice spajiu metri gale pol vom ediuga proprletiti suplimentare,specifce unorsitwafitpartcalar ike rom a Pegyje mete ete. dataracdmatematiciandlci ‘ANH p5q ynor procztt speciale, vom aba : a Neate te PAbtay ants potom vari de distabta nu aumai inte dganta eucldland Restaroiae ch span neces RE eC tee M Patou (1870 — 197) oa nei inre matic ete. sa putt SGML ate din Me) so reste eating stent oo Pee oS uncle sau nomen oy eenfel gaurlor w aproxmafilor sucessive [ines mati mn coven spats meee ne 8 RM asl ch . ee fewuriut 4. Once mullime nevidé X are 0 struct de 1. Distant, convergent. Principiul contractici. lamme, defini V sy'e X, dstenta ee eee Definitia IIT. 1. Fie Xo mulfime nevida. Se numegte distants pe X orie HL dach x#y Ranches Xo Rast Set Dovey eX dag) 2 0 dizg) =0 © Divaye x deep «dg Di peibes aise sys ¢ X dina) < dlay) + dba); sande Dp Pe re ee ee) imac linegaltaton unghulCD0.U 5. Fe (Yun spafia mare <¥oeubmultine noid, Ata adic. oc repre se clomentle I X se numesiManja drestron a X (Ge ap la 0) so numeta distant indus pe pumete ace submolie nevidh aw eto un spin mete De exempt, Pe aur eenyJant tie Kise santo rffSNae ARHCT! iy elena Ge) ont) conte eine cearminn dy), num ditana inte = 98 9. Di pe | induce distanfa evldiand po Sato! ri inde Gop reac dtey) | bo ack Se verflca ugor D,, Dz, Dy; un astfel de spatiu metric s¢ numeste diseret.e Spat metres apini Aco submulfime nevidi gi X= 944) maltimes fae + (adicd mulfimea incit Vee A, [| £0) Proprietitile Dy. xeupiuL 6. Fh marginite (>A Sot> 0 astiel aif.g)= sug fo) ~ >) fake X, atunci weed, [tan Rorultt e& alfa) < d\Gh) + alg.) deci Dy, Distant Aemita distanta conversentel uniforme (ust amet ltecor), Distanfa lf) reprezint@Tungimen cea, mei ecgmentelor"eare unese punctele 3) a tngte), € A Pentri orieo fig eX def 1D, sunt evidente; apoi gfs)| < Yin) ~ Me) + [be ~ | Salih) + i. [BxeyPLUL 7. Un exemple insolit tL eonstital Pentru iv ¢ B, notim B(uy2) = 1 daca u = fare patra elemente, care pat Je unui eub, Mlfimea 2 Jon. entra orice == binar. 1b $i Bp) = O dack Evident BY {ar B® are & elemento ~ virfuri al Br se mumesle hipercub de dimension iy) din BY, so defineste dix) Yo Ble (amit i numaral de necoincidenfe fa gira ‘sunt evidente; apo, Vxy.2¢ B pentra 1-7 Distanga d se mumeste 1 sign antl incit x, #34 y). Proprietatle Dy 8 Da Blaye,) S Blzp7) + 8048) (a2) < dle) + dl) dooi Dy thipereub. Plesare vef val hipercubutul es Hlamaning 1 deci care diferd de v prin ce eetuponen bijeetiva cu muljimen de numere naturale A. Grepovimar ze A, are o roprezentare unici in baza ad inguming, 0 2 27-1 ex a, B gi poate fi identitieat en punctsl (a 22 lementls unui spain matric se mat mumese pun ‘ate a apafillor metrice o constitu Comentario. Am spss tanunite sibeai fone, (Gon ma kportantdispont ato convergentagiaror de puncte. tun spatiu metric. Un si {t eatre xe X) INCE) 88 implice Definifia TH. 2.Fie (a) Himita x (au este convergent Yes 03Ne) natural astfel nc n= girul (,) e numeste sir Cauchy serie Him, ** sau, > Me) astfl inet mn 2 ND, dsr) a "sup" astfel deGinit& este) KAENPLUL 1. Sirul y= ficarea terminologiel va fi {6 asimilate ex virfurile unui pAtrat, BY are 2" clement rumaral seelor if distanfa Hamming. unit cu viefurie aflate la distant 1 mult un bit, Hipereubul le de bi ete. pt fi conserate ca puna te poibitatea él wt |, Distant convergent Prisca canta ior i Orice gir convergent are limita unica, Intr-adevér, daci x, -» x gi, -» (A) este mlrginita sau echivalent,| in X, atunci pentru otice © > 0 existii un rang de I ace le la care ‘neepind ‘aver nim Mince sian de, 2)< 2d dec dle dle) +dley a + ae osdax'l f in spafiul motric MAI-1,1}) al funefilor roale marginite pe ‘ver interval [~1,1, renult beara 8. Intr-un spatiu discret, un gir este convergent dact co lt constant de en num ang Ontateva, dees,» none exis scp dizys)< U2, dei dss) = Oadiess, == pentra de fora Bxeeit 4. Un git (4,29 40 puncte fn BY, p 21, x, = Cdx2, st ye vergent eto un punet a = (a,/Ay..f,) dae gi mumat act cele p siruri Jcaoponente sunt convergente, anume x! a, 22 da ptf a, (in R) Bste te gid ficient de observat e | -o,| in 4A), se nytta ob ores spatin metic X se pont “completa m snot eons X 910 ole Un rezultat intresont gi important este cuprins im urmtoarea teoreng in X, rt sg) of ; o) tn X, gira nuniti si principiul contractiei, datoratmatematicianului polonez (se post lue 8 =. Sr BaNaoa (1892 ~ 1946), Comentaris. Se pos a exnth un spatin metre complet animal Int 3 pantru orice gir Cauchy (6, injutvs XX, aatfel nc convergent in X. De exomplu, pentru X = wate de spatit mete 0 furnizesai exemple importante de spa “ecw ma rend Ro cer onto mae ntgtg at 2 apliafie cu proprietatea c& exist 0 constant& fe (0,1) astlel intt Vay X, dlole).o() < kalwy). Atunei exist gi este unie-un punct £¢ X atl net gf) = & Teorema uripatoa comple ee oe wnfa euclidiand; TROT eat ex complt, cle I distant 2) Spatial ine A uf 3A) a farce MORE AP grep, pyam un pune « X 9 deni fon spatin metric compet, relair In distanfa "sop caeu aera 5s cbjine astfl un gir yy X gl vom arta 8 este un gir Cauchy. fai ati se observa ct " : Alsyy Veale, .)@Ce $ Raley. s,)SKMbty ai 1)SuSh dg) orice n& 0; atunei ¥ p ® 1, punind 8 = dls), renultd cd BH Wega) Slt gatg +d hg * Hay xf) de punete in BP a) Am vit eum gir &,~ Chea DeMONSTRAT : ponente sunt converge : gi numai dacé cele p girari em convergent daca si numai di B. Din inogalitajle evidento at oat You might also like
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