Python Programming: Aburaj

Python Programming
B ABURAJ M.
Assistant Professor
Government Engineering College Kozhikode
February 29, 2020

Overview
Introduction
The Basics
Keywords
Variables
The Input/Output Statements
Operators
Decision Making
Iterative Statements
The while Loop
The for Loop
Arrays
The List
The Tuple
The Set
The Dictionary
The String
February 29, 2020 Python Programming 0

Introduction
Introduction

Syllabus
Object oriented programming
Object oriented programming

I Introduction to Python: Comparison of Python constructs with C
I Keywords
I Variables
I Operators
I Expression and Statements
I Control Statements
I Programming Examples
I Comparison of constructs of python with C
I Functions
I Calling Functions
I User Defined Functions
I Strings and Lists
I Programming Examples
I Basics of Tuples
I Dictionary
I Exception handling in python

Python Interactive Terminal
Introduction
Running Python Program

I Type python from OS terminal to launch python interactive terminal.
Figure: Python Interactive Terminal

Introduction
Running Simple Program

I Sum of two numbers
Running a Simple Program in Interactive Terminal
Figure: Python Interactive Terminal in Action

Running Python Script
Introduction
Executing Python Script

I Create a file pg1.py in any text editor and enter following commands into
it.
x=3
y=5
z=x+y
print(z)
I To execute the program, type the following command in the OS terminal,
python pg1.py
8

Python Features
Introduction
I Interpreted Language: Python is processed at runtime by Python Inter-

preter.
I Object-Oriented Language: It supports object-oriented features and tech-
niques of programming.
I Interactive Programming Language: Users can interact with the python
interpreter directly for writing programs.
I Easy language: Python is easy to learn language especially for beginners.
I Straightforward Syntax: The formation of python syntax is simple and
straightforward which also makes it popular.
I Easy to read: Python source-code is clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
I Portable: Python codes can be run on a wide variety of hardware platforms
having the same interface.
I Extendable: Users can add low level-modules to Python interpreter.
I Scalable: Python provides an improved structure for supporting large pro-
grams then shell-scripts.

Python Limitations
Introduction
I Speed: Python is slower than C or C++. But of course, Python is a high-

level language, unlike C or C++ it’s not closer to hardware.
I Mobile Development: Python is not a very good language for mobile de-
velopment . It is seen as a weak language for mobile computing.
I Memory Consumption: Python is not a good choice for memory intensive
tasks. Due to the flexibility of the data-types, Python’s memory consump-
tion is also high.

The Basics
The Basics

First Program
Python Programming Example
1 #First Python Program

2 print("Hello World!")

First Program
Python Programming Example - Output
1 Hello World!

Comments in Python
The Basics
I In Python, there are two types of comments–one is a single-line comment

and the other is multiline comment.
I For a single-line comment, # is used, while for a multiline comment, triple
quotes """ are used:
I #This is a single line comment in Python
I """ For multi-line
comment use three
double quotes"""

Keywords
Keywords

Keywords
The Basics
I Python has a set of keywords that are reserved words that cannot be used
as variable names, function names, or any other identifiers:
and del from not while

as elif global or with
assert else if pass yield
break except import print
class exec in raise
continue finally is return
def for lambda try

Variables
Variables

Variables
Variables
I Variables are containers for storing data values.

I Unlike other programming languages, Python has no command for declar-
ing a variable.
I A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
I Examples
I x=10
I current=2.4554
I charge=1E-16 # charge of electron
I firstLetter=’A’
I msg="PYTHON"
I sentence=’This is a string’

Variables - Naming Convention
Variables
I Reserved key words such as if , else , and so on cannot be used for naming
variables.
I Variable names can begin with _ , $ , or a letter.
I Variable names can be in lower case and uppercase.
I Variable names cannot start with a number.
I White space characters are not allowed in the naming of a variable.

Variables - Classes
The Basics
I NoneType - Nothing.
I int - Integer.
I bool - boolean (True, False).
I float - Effectively a 64 bit floating point number on a 64 bit system.
I complex - A pair of floats - complex number.
I string - A continuous ordered collection of characters.
I list - An ordered heterogeneous collection of objects.
I set - An unordered heterogeneous collection of unique objects.
I dict - A Dictionary (A key, value pair mapping).
I tuple - An immutable ordered heterogeneous collection of objects.

Variables - Classes
Variables
Type Example
NoneType x=None
int x=10
bool x=True
float x=3.1415
complex x=3+4j
string x=’Welcome’
list x=[1,1,2,2,3,3]
set x={1,2,3}
dict x={’a’:1,’b’:1,’c’:1}
tuple x=(1,2,3)

Type Conversion
Variables
I type(variable) - Gives the type of the variable.

I To convert one variable type to another
I int(variable) - Convert variable to integer.
I float(variable) - Convert variable to float type.
I str(variable) - Convert variable to string.

Variable Types
1 # Variable type example

2 x=10
3 y=2.5
4 msg=’This is a string’
5 print(type(x))
6 print(type(y))
7 print(type(msg))

Variable Types
1 <type ’int’>
2 <type ’float’>
3 <type ’str’>

Variable Type Conversion
1 # Type converstion example

2 x=’10’
3 print(type(x))
4 w=int(x)
5 z=str(x)
6 s=float(x)
7 print(type(w),’, ’,type(z),’, ’,type(s))
8 print(w,’, ’,z,’, ’,s)

Variable Type Conversion
1 <type ’str’>
2 (<type ’int’>, ’, ’, <type ’str’>, ’, ’, <type ’float’>)
3 (10, ’, ’, ’10’, ’, ’, 10.0)


The print() & input()
Input / Output Statements
I print(arguments) - Displays results in standard output device.

I input(prompt string) - Reads data from standard input device after
displaying prompt string.
I An appropriate type conversion is required after input(), if the data being
processed is of the type numeric type.
I Examples
I print(x)
I print(x,y,z)
I x=input(’Enter value for x’)
I y=int( input(’Enter value for x’) )

The input() Illustration
Input / Output Statements
Figure: Python Reading from Keyboard

The print()
1 # Print example
2 x=5
3 y=10.123456
4 z=’abc’
5 print(x,y,z)
6 print(’x=%d, y=%f, z=%s’ %(x,y,z))
7 print(’x={}, y={}, z={}’.format(x,y,z))
8 print(’x={0}, y={1}, z={2}’.format(x,y,z))
9 print(’x=’ + str(x) + ’, y=’ + str(y) + ’, z=’ + z)

The print()
1 (5, 10.123456, ’abc’)

2 x=5, y=10.123456, z=abc
3 x=5, y=10.123456, z=abc
4 x=5, y=10.123456, z=abc
5 x=5, y=10.123456, z=abc

Operators
Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=20, y=3) Result

+ Addition x + y 23
- Subtraction x - y 17
* Multiplication x * y 60
/ Float division x / y 6.66667
% Reminder after division x % y 2
** Exponentiation x ** y 8000
// Integer division x // y 6

Assignment Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=5) Result

= x = 5 x = 5 5
+= x += 3 x = x + 3 8
-= x -= 3 x = x - 3 2
*= x *= 3 x = x * 3 15
/= x /= 3 x = x / 3 1.6666
%= x %= 3 x = x % 3 2
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3 1
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3 125
&= x &= 3 x = x & 3 1
|= x |= 3 x = x | 3 7
ˆ= x ˆ= 3 x = x ˆ 3 6
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3 0
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3 40

Comparison Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=20,y=3) Result

== Equal x == y False
!= Not equal x != y True
> Greater than x > y True
< Less than x < y False
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y True
<= Less than or equal to x <= y False

Logical Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=5, y=9) Result

Returns True if both
and x < 5 and x < 10 False
statements are true
Returns True if one of the
or x < 5 or x < 4 True
statements is true
Reverse the result,
not returns False if the not(x < 5 and x < 10) True
result is true

Identity Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=(1,2)) Result

Returns true if both
is variables are the same x is y
object
Returns true if both
is not variables are not the same x is not y
object

Membership Operators
Operators
Operator Description Example (x=5 and y=9) Result

Returns True if a sequence
in with the specified value x in y
is present in the object
Returns True if a sequence
with the specified value
not in x not in y
is not present in the
object

Bitwise Operators
Operators
Operator Name Description Example

Sets each bit to 1 if both
& AND x & y
bits are 1
Sets each bit to 1 if one
| OR x | y
of two bits is 1
Sets each bit to 1 if only
ˆ XOR x ˆ y
one of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits x ~ y
Shift left by pushing
Zero fill zeros in from the right
<< x << y
left shift and let the leftmost bits
fall off
Shift right by pushing
Signed copies of the leftmost bit
>> right in from the left, and let x >> y
shift the rightmost bits fall
off

Decision Making
Decision Making

if Statement
The Basics
I Decision making is required when we want to execute a code only if a

certain condition is satisfied.
if test expression:
statement(s)
I Example:
if x>0:
print(’The value is positive’)

if. . . else Statement
Decision Making
I The if..else statement evaluates test expression and will execute body of if
only when test condition is True. If the condition is False, body of else is
executed. Indentation is used to separate the blocks.
if test expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
I Example:
if x>0:
print(’The value is positive’)
else:
print(’The value is negative or zero’)

if. . . elif. . . else Statement
Decision Making
I The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions.
If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the next elif block
and so on. If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed.
if test expression:
statement(s)
elif test expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
I Example:
if x>0:
print(The value is positive’)
elif x<0:
print(’The value is neative’)
else:
print(’The value is zero’)

Nested if statement
Decision Making
I We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another if...elif...else statement.

This is called nesting in computer programming.
I Example:
1 num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
2 if num >= 0:
3 if num == 0:
4 print("Zero")
5 else:
6 print("Positive number")
7 else:
8 print("Negative number")
9 }

Exercise
Decision Making
I Predict the output:

1 if 2 == 2:
2 print("ice cream is tasty!")

Exercise 1
Decision Making

1 if "cat" == "dog":
2 print("prrrr")
3 else:
4 print("ruff")

Exercise 2
Decision Making

1 if 5 > 10:
2 print("fan")
3 elif 8 != 9:
4 print("glass")
5 else:
6 print("cream")

Exercise 3
Decision Making

1 name = "maria"
2 if name == "melissa":
3 print("usa")
4 elif name == "mary":
5 print("ireland")
6 else:
7 print("colombia")

Exercise 4
Decision Making

1 if 88 > 100:
2 print("cardio")

Exercise 5
Decision Making

1 hair_color = "blue"
2 if 3 > 2:
3 if hair_color == "black":
4 print("You rock!")
5 else:
6 print("Boring")

Exercise 6
Decision Making

1 if True:
2 print(101)
3 else:
4 print(202)

Exercise 7
Decision Making

1 if False:
2 print("Nissan")
3 elif True:
4 print("Ford")
5 elif True:
6 print("BMW")
7 else:
8 print("Audi")

Exercise 8
Decision Making

1 if 1:
2 print("1 is truthy!")
3 else:
4 print("???")

Exercise 9
Decision Making

1 if 0:
2 print("huh?")
3 else:
4 print("0 is falsy!")

Exercise 10
Decision Making

1
2 a = True
3 b = False
4 c = False
5
6 if not a or b:
7 print 1
8 elif not a or not b and c:
9 print 2
10 elif not a or b or not b and a:
11 print 3
12 else:
13 print 4


The while Loop
The while Loop

I Iteration statements or loop statements allow us to execute a block of

statements as long as the condition is true.
I Loops statements are used when we need to run same code again and
again, each time with a different value.

The while loop
I A while loop statement repeatedly executes a target statement as long as

a given condition is true.
I Syntax:
1 while expression:
2 statement(s)
I Example:
1 >>> i = 1
2 >>> while i < 5:
3 print(i)
4 i += 1
5 1
6 2
7 3
8 4
9 5

The while - else loop
I The else part is executed if the condition in the while loop evaluates to
False.
I The while loop can be terminated with a break statement. In such case,
the else part is ignored.
I Syntax:
1 while expression:
2 statement(s)
3 else:
4 statement(s)
I Example:
1 >>> i = 1
2 >>> while i < 5:
3 print(i)
4 i += 1
5 else:
6 print(’The i>=5’)

Exercise 1

1 while False:
2 print(’Hello’)

Exercise 2

1 while True:
2 print(’Hello’)

Exercise 3

1 i=1
2 while i<5:
3 print(i)
4 i+=1

Exercise 4

1 i=10
2 while i>5:
3 print(i)
4 i-=1

Exercise 5

1 i=10
2 while i<5:
3 print(i)
4 i-=1

Exercise 6

1 i=5
2 while i>5:
3 print(i)
4 i-=1

Exercise 7

1 x=0
2 while x<5

While loop example
1 # Reverse of the given number

2 num=int(input(’Enter the number: ’))
3 n=num
4 rev=0
5 while n>0:
6 digit=n%10
7 rev = rev *10 + digit
8 n=n//10
9 print(’Reverse of’,num, ’is ’,rev)

break, continue, pass statement
I break: Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the state-
ment immediately following the loop.
I continue: Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immedi-
ately retest its condition prior to reiterating.
I pass: The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required
syntactically but you do not want any command or code to execute.

Exercise 8

1 x=0
2 while x<10:
3 x=x+1
4 if x>5:
5 break
6 print(x)

Exercise 9

1 x=10
2 while x>1:
3 x=x-1
4 if x<4:
5 break
6 print(x)

Exercise 10

1 x=0
2 while x<=10:
3 x=x+1
4 if x>4:
5 continue
6 print(x)

Exercise 11

1 x=0
2 while x<=20:
3 x=x+1
4 if x>=4 and x<=8:
5 continue
6 print(x)

Exercise 12

1 x=10
2 while x>0:
3 #Comment is not enough

Exercise 13

1 x=10
2 while x>0:
3 pass

Exercise 13

1 x=1
2 c=1
3 while x<=10:
4 x=x+1
5 if x%2==0:
6 pass
7 else:
8 c+=1
9 print(c)

The range()
I The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by

default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.
I range(start, stop, step)
I start: Optional. An integer number specifying at which position to start.
Default is 0
I stop: Required. An integer number specifying at which position to end.
I step: Optional. An integer number specifying the incrementation. Default is 1
I Example:
1 >>> range(5)
2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
3 >>> range(2,5)
4 [2, 3, 4]
5 >>> range(1,5,2)
6 [1,3]
7 >>> range(5,0,-1)
8 [5,4,2,3,1]
9 >>> range(0,5,-1)
10 [ ]

The for Loop
The for Loop

The for loop
I A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence, that is either a list, a tuple,
a dictionary, a set, or a string.
I Syntax:
1 for iterating_variable in sequence:
2 statements(s)
I Example:
1 >>>for x in range(5):
2 print(x)
3
4 0
5 1
6 2
7 3
8 4

Exercise 14

1 for x in range(2, 6):
2 print(x)

Exercise 15

1 for x in range(2,6,2):
2 print(x)

Exercise 16

1 for x in range(2,6,2):
2 print(x)

Exercise 16

1 for x in range(2,6,-1):
2 print(x)

Exercise 16

1 for x in range(6,2,-1):
2 print(x)

Exercise 16

1 msg=’PYTHON’
2 for i in range(0,6):
3 print(msg[i])

Exercise 16

1 msg=’PYTHON’
2 for i in range(0,7):
3 print(msg[i])

Exercise 16

1 msg=’PYTHON’
2 for x in msg:
3 print(x)

Exercise 17

1 msg=’PYTHON’
2 for x in msg:
3 print(x)

Exercise 18

1 n=[1,2,3,4,5]
2 for x in n:
3 print(x)

Exercise 19

1 n=range(10)
2 for x in n:
3 print(x)

Exercise 20

1 n=range(1,11,2)
2 for x in n:
3 print(x)

Exercise 21

1 for x in range(10):
2 print(x)
3 if x>5:
4 break

Exercise 22

2 if x>5:
3 continue
4 print(x)

Exercise 23

2 pass
3 print(x)

For loop example
1 # Sum of odd numbers using for loop

2 limit=int(input(’Enter the limit: ’))
3 sum=0
4 for n in range(1,limit+1,2):
5 sum=sum+n
6 print(’Sum of first ’,limit, ’ odd numebers is ’,sum)

For loop example
1 # Occurance of character ’A’ in the message string

2 msg=input(’Enter the message string: ’)
3 count=0
4 for char in msg:
5 if char==’A’ or char==’a’:
6 count=count+1
7 print(’Occurance of a in "’,msg,’" is ’, count)

The for - else loop
I A for loop can have an optional else block as well. The else part is executed
if the items in the sequence used in for loop exhausts.
I break statement can be used to stop a for loop. In such case, the else part
is ignored.
I Example:
1 digits = [0, 1, 5]
2 for i in digits:
3 print(i)
4 else:
5 print("No items left.")
I Output:
1 0
2 1
3 5
4 No items left.

For loop example
1 import math
2 A=10
3 F=100
4 Fs=1000
5 import time
7 V=A+int(math.sin(2*math.pi*F/Fs*x)*A)
8 #V=int(10*math.exp(x/20.0))
9 for y in range(V+1):
10 print(’*’,end=""),
11 time.sleep(.15)
12 print(’\n’)

Prime Number Check
1 # Check the given number is prime or not

2 from math import sqrt
3 N=int(input(’Input number:’))
4 L=int(sqrt(N))+1
5 isprime=True
6 for n in range(2,L):
7 if N%n==0:
8 isprime=False
9 break
10 if isprime:
11 print(’The number’,N,’is prime’)
12 else:
13 print(’The number’,N,’is not prime’)

Programming Exercise
Questions
1. Generate Fibonacci series upto N.

2. Generate Prime numbers upto N.
3. Find largest/smallest among a set.
4. Sort the set in ascending/descending order.
5. Generate Armstrong numbers upto N.
6. Find factorial of a number.
7. Find GCD of two numbers.
8. Count vowels in a string.
9. Compute ex
10. Compute sin(x)
11. Find difference between two dates.

Arrays
Arrays

Python Collections (Arrays)
Arrays
I There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:
I List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate mem-

bers.
I Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate
members.
I Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
I Dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No
duplicate members.
I Example:
1 >>> sample_list = [’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’]
2 >>> sample_tuple = (’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’)
3 >>> sample_set = {’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’}
4 >>> sample_dict = {’brand’: ’Ford’, ’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964}

References or Aliases of Collections (Arrays) in Python
Arrays
I Suppose A is a Python array.

I When we try to assign variable B to A, then B is not a new variable.
I Instead B is a new reference/alias name to variable A.
I Both A and B refers to same object.
I All the modification done to B will be reflected on A.
I Example:
1 >>> A=[1,2,3]
2 >>> # New reference to list B
3 >>> B=A
4 >>> print(A)
5 [1, 2, 3]
6 >>> # Modify last item of B.
7 >>> B[2]=5
8 >>> # A also will be modified
9 >>> print(A)
10 [1, 2, 5]

The List
The List

List
Arrays
I List is a collection which is ordered and changeable.

I Allows duplicate members.
I In Python tuples are written with square brackets [].
I The range() generates a list.
I Example:
1 B=[] # Creates an empty list
2 A=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
3 C=range(5) # Generates a list containing numbers from 0 to 4
I Initialize list with for loop.

1 >>> C=[0 for x in range(10)] # List filled with ten zeros.
2 [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
3 >>> D=[1.5 for x in range(10)] # List filled with ten 1.5s.
4 [1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5]
5 >>> E=[’HELLO’ for x in range(5)] # List filled with five ’HELLO’.
6 [’HELLO’, ’HELLO’, ’HELLO’, ’HELLO’, ’HELLO’]
7 >>> F=[[1,2,3] for x in range(5)] # List filled with five [1,2,3]
8 [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]]

Lists - Indexing
Arrays
I Access the list items by referring to the index number

I Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item,
-2 refers to the second last item etc.
I You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where
to end the range. When specifying a range, the return value will be a new
list with the specified items.
I Example:
1 B=[] # Creates an empty list
2 A=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
3 print(A[1]) # Prints second item
4 print(A[-1]) # Prints last item
5 print(A[0]) # prints first item
6 print(A[2:5]) # prints third, fourth and fifth items
7 print(A[:4]) # prints all elements from beginning to fourth
8 print(A[5:]) # prints all elements from fifth to end
9 print(A[-4:-1]) # print items from index -4 (included) to index -1 (excluded)

List - Indexing
Arrays
1 >>> B=[] # Creates an empty list

2 >>> A=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
3 >>> print(A[1]) # Prints second item
4 >>> print(A[-1]) # Prints last item
5 >>> print(A[0]) # prints first item
6 >>> print(A[2:5]) # prints third, fourth and fifth items
7 >>> print(A[:4]) # prints all elements from beginning to fourth
8 >>> print(A[5:]) # prints all elements from fifth to end
9 >>> print(A[-4:-1]) # print items from index -4 (included) to index -1 (
excluded)
I Output:
1
2
3 >>> 2
4 >>> 8
5 >>> 1
6 >>> [3, 4, 5]
7 >>> [1, 2, 3, 4]
8 >>> [6, 7, 8]
9 >>> [5, 6, 7]

List - Change Item Value
Arrays
I To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number

I Example:
1 >>> A=[1,2,3,4,5]
2 >>> A[2]=10
3 >>> print(A)
I Output:
1 >>>
2 >>> A=[1,2,10,4,5]

List - Loop Through a List
Arrays
I You can loop through the list items by using a for loop:
I Example:
1 fruits = [’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’]
2 for x in fruits:
3 print(x)
4
5 A = [1,2,3,4,5]
6 for x in A:
7 print(x)
8
9 B = [1,’banana’,3.45,4+2j,-5]
10 for x in B:
11 print(x)

List - Check if Item Exists
Arrays
I To determine if a specified item is present in a list use the in keyword:

I Example:
2 if ’apple’ in fruits:
3 print(’Yes, apple is in the fruits list’)

List - List Length
Arrays
I To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:
I Example:
1 >>> fruits = [’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’]
2 >>> print(len(fruits))
I Output:
1 >>
2 >>> 3

List - Add Items
Arrays
I To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method
I To add an item at the specified index, use the insert() method:
I Example:
2 >>> fruits.append(’orange’)
3 >>> print(fruits)
4 >>> fruits.insert(2, ’pineapple’)
5 >>> print(fruits)
I Output:
1 >>>
2 >>>
3 >>> [’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’, ’orange’]
4 >>>
5 >>> [’apple’, ’banana’, ’pineapple’, ’cherry’, ’orange’]

List - Remove Item
Arrays
I The remove() method removes the specified item:

I The pop() method removes the specified index, (or the last item if index
is not specified):
I Example:
2 >>> fruits.remove(’banana’)
3 >>> print(fruits)
4 >>> fruits.pop()
5 >>> print(fruits)
I Output:
1 >>
2 >>
3 >> [’apple’, ’cherry’]
4 >>
5 >> [’apple’]

List - Deletes Items or List
Arrays
I The del keyword removes the specified index:

I The del keyword can also delete the list completely:
I The clear() method empties the list:
I Example:
2 del fruits[0]
3 print(fruits)
4
6 del fruits
7 print(fruits) # Creates error - variable fruits does not exists
8
10 fruits.clear()
11 print(fruits)

List - Copy a List
Arrays
I You cannot copy a list simply by typing list2 = list1, because: list2 will
only be a reference to list1, and changes made in l list1 will automatically
also be made in list2.
I There are ways to make a copy, one way is to use the built-in List method
copy().
I Another way to make a copy is to use the built-in method list().
I Example:
1 list1 = [’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’]
2 list2 = list1.copy()
3 print(list2)
4 list3 = list(list1) # Another copy of list 1
5 print(list3)

List - Join Lists
Arrays
I There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more lists in Python.
I One of the easiest ways are by using the + operator.
I Another way to join two lists are by appending all the items from list2 into
list1, one by one:
I You can use the extend() method, which purpose is to add elements from
one list to another list.
I Example:
1 list1 = [’a’, ’b’ , ’c’]
2 list2 = [1, 2, 3]
3 list3 = list1 + list2
4 print(list3)
5
6 list4 = [’a’, ’b’ , ’c’]
7 list5 = [1, 2, 3]
8 for x in list5:
9 list4.append(x)
10 print(list4)
11
12 list6 = [’a’, ’b’ , ’c’]
13 list7 = [1, 2, 3]
14 list6.extend(list7)
15 print(list6)

List - The list() Constructor
Arrays
I It is also possible to use the list() constructor to make a new list.

I Example:
1 fruits = list((’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’)) # note the double round-brackets
2 print(fruits)

List Methods
Arrays
I append() Adds an element at the end of the list

I clear() Removes all the elements from the list
I copy() Returns a copy of the list
I count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value
I extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the
current list
I index() Searches the list for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found
I insert() Adds an element at the specified position
I pop() Removes the element at the specified position
I remove() Removes the item with the specified value
I reverse() Reverses the order of the list
I sort() Sorts the list

Multidimensional Lists
Arrays
I List can hold another list.

I A list which holds another list is called a multidimensional list.
I We can create matrices (2D Lists) with multidimensional list.
I Example:
 
1 2 3
4 5 6
M= 7

8 9
10 11 12
Equivalent Python statement
1 M=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10,11,12]]

Multidimensional Lists - Accessing Elements
Arrays
I Multiple indices are required to access elements

I For example, (x, y)th element of a two dimension array is accessed as
M[x][y].
I Example:
   
1 2 3 M[0][0] = 1 M[0][1] = 2 M[0][2] = 3
4 5 6 M[1][0] = 4 M[1][1] = 5 M[1][2] = 6
M= 7 8 9 = M[2][0] = 7 M[2][1] = 8 M[2][2] = 9
  
0 1 2 M[3][0] = 0 M[3][1] = 1 M[3][2] = 2
1 >> M=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10,11,12]]
2 >> M[0][0]
3 1
4 >> M[2][1]
5 8

Multidimensional Lists - Loop through Elements
Arrays
I A for loop can be used access elements in an array.

I Suppose M is an array.
I len(M) gives number of rows in the array.
I len(M[0]) gives number items in the first row of the array.
I In other words, len(M[0]) gives number of columns.
I Example:
1 >> M=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[0,1,2]]
2 >> N=[[2,4,5],[4,2,7],[0,1,2],[8,9,1]]
3 >> P=[[0,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,0]]
4 >> for x in range(len(M)):
5 for y in range(len(M[0])):
6 print(M[x][y])
7 >> for x in range(len(M)):
8 for y in range(len(M[0])):
9 P[x][y]=M[x][y]+N[x][y]
10 >> print(P)
11 [[3, 6, 8], [8, 7, 13], [7, 9, 11], [8, 10, 3]]

Read 1D array from keyboard
1 # Reading 1D array from keyboard

2 N=int(input(’Number of numbers’))
3 array=[]
4 for x in range(N):
5 n=int(input())
6 array.append(n)
7 print(array)

Read 2D array from keyboard
1 # Read number number of rows and columns

2 Rows=int(input(’Number of Rows:’))
3 Colms=int(input(’Number of Colms:’))
4
5 # Create an empty list
6 array=[]
7
8 # Modify the size of array to (Rows, Colms)
9 # Also fill it with zeros
10
11 for i in range(Rows):
12 array.append([0 for x in range(Colms)])
13 print(array)
14
15 # Read elements from keyboard assign to array
16 for x in range(Rows):
17 for y in range(Colms):
18 array[x][y]=int(input())
19 print(array)

Sum of two matrices
1 # Sum of two matrices

2 Rows=int(input(’Number of Rows:’))
3 Colms=int(input(’Number of Colms:’))
4 # Create an empty matrices
5 M=[]
6 N=[]
7 P=[]
8 # Modify the size of matrices to (Rows, Colms)
9 # Also fill it with zeros
10 for i in range(Rows):
11 M.append([0 for x in range(Colms)])
12 N.append([0 for x in range(Colms)])
13 P.append([0 for x in range(Colms)])
14 # Read elements of first array
17 M[x][y]=int(input())
18 # Read elements of second array
21 N[x][y]=int(input())
22 P[x][y]=M[x][y]+N[x][y]
23 # Add two matrices
26 P[x][y]=M[x][y]+N[x][y]
27 print(P)

The Tuple
The Tuple

Tuple
Arrays
I A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.

I In Python tuples are written with round brackets ().
I Example:
1 >>> fruits = (’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’)
2 >>> print(fruits)
I Output:
1 >>>
2 >>> (’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’)

Set
Arrays
fruits = {’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’, ’orange’, ’kiwi’}
prices = {10,20,30}
Operator Example Description

Access Items NOT POSSIBLE.
Loop Through a Tuple for x in fruits: Iterate through all items.
Check if Item Exists if ’apple’ in fruits: Apple exists in fruits?
Length len(fruits) Number of elements in fruits.
Add Items NOT POSSIBLE.
Remove Items NOT POSSIBLE.
Join Two Tuples fruits + prices Joint fruits and prices.
creates or convert an array into a
tuple() Constructor fruits=tuple((1,2,3))
tuple.
To create a tuple with only one
item, you have add a comma after
Create Tuple With One Item fruits=(’apple’,)
the item, unless Python will not
recognize the variable as a tuple.

Tuple - Operations
Arrays
fruits = (’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’, ’orange’, ’kiwi’)
prices = (10,20,30)

Access Items fruits[2] 3rd item.
Negative Indexing fruits[-1] Last item.
Range of Indexes fruits[2:5] 3rd, 4th and 5th item.
items from index -4 (included) to
Range of Negative Indexes fruits[-4:-1]
index -1. (excluded)
Loop Through a Tuple for x in fruits: Iterate through all items.
Add Items NOT POSSIBLE
Remove Items NOT POSSIBLE
Join Two Tuples fruits + prices Joint fruits and prices.
creates or convert an array into a
tuple() Constructor fruits=tuple((1,2,3))
tuple.
To create a tuple with only one
item, you have add a comma after
Create Tuple With One Item fruits=(’apple’,)
the item, unless Python will not
recognize the variable as a tuple.

Tuple Methods
Arrays
I count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

I index() Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found

The Set
The Set

Set
Arrays
I A set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. In Python sets are

written with curly brackets {}.
I Sets are unordered, so you cannot be sure in which order the items will
appear.
I Sets does not allow duplicate items.
I Example:
1 >>> fruits = {’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’}
2 >>> print(fruits)
3 set([’cherry’, ’apple’, ’banana’])
4 >>> fruits = {’apple’,’apple’,’apple’, ’banana’,’banana’ ’cherry’}
5 # duplicate items will be removed
6 >>> print(fruits)
7 set([’cherry’, ’apple’, ’banana’])

Sets - Operations
Arrays
fruits = {’apple’, ’banana’, ’cherry’}

prices = {10,20,30}

Access Items for x in fruits: Iterate through all items.
Change Items NOT POSSIBLE
Add a new item ’grape’ to the set
Add Items fruits.add(’grape’)
using add() method
Add two new items to the set using
Add Multiple Items fruits.update(’grape’,’orange’)
update() method
Removes the item ’banana’ from the
Remove Items fruits.remove(’banana’)
set.
Removes the last item ’cherry’ from
Remove Last Item fruits.pop()
the set.
Empties set fruits.clear() Remove all elements from the set.
Delete set del fruits Delete set.
Returns a new set with all items
Join Two Sets fruits.union(prices)
from both sets.
method inserts the items in
Insert Items fruits.update(prices)
’prices’ into ’fruits’.
creates or convert an array
Set() Constructor fruits=set((1,2,3)) into a set. Note the double
round-brackets

The Dictionary
The Dictionary

Dictionary
Arrays
I A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed.

In Python dictionaries are written with curly brackets {}, and they have
keys and values separated by :
I Example:
1 >>> Cars = {’brand’: ’Ford’, ’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964}
2 >>> print(Cars)
3 {’brand’: ’Ford’, ’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964}

Dictionary - Accessing Items
Arrays
I You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside
square brackets.
I There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result.
I Example:
1 >>> Cars = {
2 ’brand’: ’Ford’,
3 ’model’: ’Mustang’,
4 ’year’: 1964
5 }
6 >>> Cars[’model’]
7 ’Mustang’
8 >>> Cars.get(’year’)
9 1964

Dictionary - Change Values
Arrays
I You can change the value of a specific item by referring to its key name.
I Example:
1 >>> Cars = {
4 ’year’: 1964
5 }
6 >>> # Change year to 2018
7 >>> Cars[’year’]=2018
8 >>> print(Cars)
9 {’brand’: ’Ford’, ’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 2018}

Dictionary - Loop through items
Arrays
I You can loop through a dictionary by using a for loop.

I When looping through a dictionary, the return value are the keys of the
dictionary.
I You can also use the values() function to return values of a dictionary.
I Example:
1 >>> # Print all key names
2 >>> for x in Cars:
3 print(x)
4 brand
5 model
6 year
7 >>> # Print all values
8 >>> for x in Cars:
9 print(Cars[x])
10 Ford
11 Mustang
12 2018
13 >>> # Print all values using ’values()’ method
14 >>> for x in Cars.values():
15 print(x)

Dictionary - Loop through keys and values
Arrays
I Loop through both keys and values, by using the items() function.
I Example:
1 >>> for x, y in Cars.items():
2 >>> print(x, y)
3 (’brand’, ’Ford’)
4 (’model’, ’Mustang’)
5 (’year’, 2018)

Dictionary - Check if Key Exists
Arrays
I To determine if a specified key is present in a dictionary use the in key-

word.
I Example:
1 # Check if key ’model’ is present in the dictionary:
2 >>> if ’model’ in Cars:
3 >>> print(’model is a key’)
4 ’model is a key’

Dictionary - Length
Arrays
I To determine how many items (key-value pairs) a dictionary has, use the
len() method.
I Example:
1 >>> print(len(Cars))
2 3

Dictionary - Adding Items
Arrays
I Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index key and
assigning a value to it:
I Example:
1 >>> Cars = {
4 ’year’: 1964
5 }
6 >>> # Add new item with key ’color’
7 >>> Cars[’color’]=’red’
8 >>> print(Cars)
9 {’color’: ’red’, ’brand’: ’Ford’, ’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 2018}

Dictionary - Removing Items
Arrays
I The pop() method removes the item with the specified key name.
I The del keyword removes the item with the specified key name:
I The del keyword can also delete the dictionary completely
I The clear() method empties the dictionary:
I Example:
1 >>> Cars = {’brand’: ’Ford’,’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964 }
2 >>> # Removes item with key ’model’
3 >>> Cars.pop(’model’)
4 ’Mustang’
5 >>> print(Cars)
6 {’brand’: ’Ford’, ’year’: 1964}
7 >>> # Delete item with key ’model’
8 >> del Cars[’year’]
9 >>> print(Cars)
10 {’brand’: ’Ford’}
11 >>> # Empties Dictionary
12 >>> Cars.clear()
13 >>> print(Cars)
14 {}
15 >>> # Delete entire Dictionary - no longer accessible
16 >>> del Cars

Dictionary - Copy Items
Arrays
I You cannot copy a dictionary simply by typing dict2 = dict1, because:

dict2 will only be a reference to dict1, and changes made in dict1 will
automatically also be made in dict2.
I There are ways to make a copy, one way is to use the built-in Dictionary
method copy().
I Another way is to use dict() method.
I Example:
1 >>> Vehicles = {’brand’: ’Ford’,’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964 }
2 >>> # Using copy() method
3 >>> Cars = Vehicles.copy()
4 >>> print(Cars)
5 {’brand’: ’Ford’,’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964 }
6 >>> # Using dict() method
7 >>> Cars = dict(Vehicles)
8 >>> print(Cars)
9 {’brand’: ’Ford’,’model’: ’Mustang’, ’year’: 1964 }

Dictionary - Nested Dictionaries
Arrays
I A dictionary can also contain many dictionaries, this is called nested dic-
tionaries.
I Example:
1 >>> # Create three dictionaries
2 >>> student1 = {’name’ : ’Arun’, ’age’ : 19}
3 >>> student2 = {’name’ : ’Manu’, ’age’ : 18}
4 >>> student3 = {’name’ : ’Vinod’, ’age’ : 20}
5 >>> # Create one dictionary that will contain the other three dictionaries:
6 >>> S4AEClass = {’std1’ : student1, ’std2’ : student2, ’std3’ : student2}
7 >>> print(S4AEClass)
8 {’std1’: {’age’: 19, ’name’: ’Arun’},
9 ’std3’: {’age’: 18, ’name’: ’Manu’},
10 ’std2’: {’age’: 18, ’name’: ’Manu’}
11 }

Dictionary - The dict() Constructor
Arrays
I It is also possible to use the dict() constructor to make a new dictionary.

I Example:
1 >>> Cars = dict(brand="Ford", model="Mustang", year=1964)
2 >>> # note that keywords are not string literals
3 >>> # note the use of equals rather than colon for the assignment
4 >>> print(Cars)
5 {’model’: ’Mustang’, ’brand’: ’Ford’, ’year’: 1964}

Dictionary
Arrays
I clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary

I copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
I fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value
I get() Returns the value of the specified key
I items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
I keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary’s keys
I pop() Removes the element with the specified key
I popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair
I setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not
exist: insert the key, with the specified value
I update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
I values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

The String
The String

String
Arrays
I Strings are collection of characters surrounded by either double quotes (")

or single quotes(’).
I ’hello’ is a string literal (A literal is a value that is expressed as itself).
I ’hello’ is the same as "hello".
I Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed
by an equal sign and the string.
I You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes.
I Example:
1 >>> str = ’Hello’
2 >>> print(str)
3 Hello
4 >>> # Multiline string
5 >>> str = """ This is a very long
6 multiline string in python
7 enclosed in three quotes."""
8 >>> print(str)
9 This is a very long
10 multiline string in python
11 enclosed in three quotes.

String - Accessing Elements
Arrays
I Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

I Example:
1 >>> str = ’PYTHON’
2 >>> print(str[2])
3 T

String - Slicing
Arrays
I You can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.

I Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return
a part of the string
I Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string.
I Example:
1 >>> str=’PYTHON’
2 >>> print(str[2:5])
3 ’THO’
4 >>> # Access first element
5 >>> print(str[0])
6 ’N’
7 >>> # Access last element
8 >>> print(str[-1])
9 ’N’
10 >>> # Get the characters from position 5 to position 1, starting the count from
the end of the string.
11 >>> print(str[-5:-2])
12 >>> ’YTH’

String - Length
Arrays
I To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

I Example:
1
2 >>> str = ’PYTHON’
3 >>> print(len(str))
4 6

String - Methods
Arrays
I The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the
end.
I The lower() method returns the string in lower case.
I The upper() method returns the string in upper case.
I Example:
1 >>> str = ’ PYTHON Is Interesting ’ #See whites space at the beginning and end
2 >>> print(str.strip()) # remove white spaces
3 PYTHON Is Interesting
4 >>> print(str.upper()) # Convert to uppercase
5 PYTHON IS INTERESTING
6 >>> print(str.lower()) # Convert to lowercase
7 python is interesting

String - Methods
Arrays
I The replace() method replaces a string with another. string.

I The split() method splits the string into substrings if it finds instances of
the separator.
I Example:
1 >>> str = ’Python,Basic,Cobol’
2 >>> newstr=str.replace(’Python’,’Java’) # Replace ’Python’ by ’Java’
3 >>> print(newstr)
4 Java, Basic, Cobol
5 >>> # Split string into a list of substrings
6 >>> # Separator is ’,’ (comma)
7 >>> print(str.split(’,’))
8 [’Python’, ’Basic’, ’Cobol’]
9 >>> # Separator is ’;’ (Semi-colon)
10 >>> str = ’Apple; Banana; Grapes’
11 >>> print(str.split(’;’))
12 [’Apple’, ’Banana’, ’Grapes’]

String - Check String
Arrays
I To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can use

the keywords in or not in.
I Example:
1
2 >>> msg = ’the quick fox jumps over the lazy dog’
3 >>> x = ’fox’ in msg
4 >>> print(x)
5 True
6 >>> y= ’rabbit’ not in msg
7 >>> print(x)
8 True

String - Concatenation
Arrays
I To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the + operator.

I To add a space between them, add a ’ ’ or " "
I Example:
1 >>> str1 = ’Python’
2 >>> str2 = ’is interesting’
3 >>> msg = str1 + str2
4 >>> print(msg)
5 Pythonis interesting
6 >>> msg = str1 + ’ ’ + str2
7 Python is interesting

String - Concatenation
Arrays
I The str() can be used to convert an object into string.

I Example:
1 >>> a=2
2 >>> b=3
3 >>> c=a+b
4 >>> info = ’The sum of ’ + str(a) + ’ and ’ + str(b) + ’ is ’ + str(c)
5 >>> print(info)
6 The sum of 2 and 3 is 5

String - Repeating
Arrays
I he repetition operator is denoted by a ’*’ symbol and is useful for repeating

strings to a certain length
I Example:
1
2 >>> str = ’Python program-’
3 >>> # Repeat string five times
4 >>> msg= str*5
5 >>> print(msg)
6 Python program-Python program-Python program-Python program-Python program-

String - Formatting
Arrays
I We can combine strings and numbers by using the format() method.

I The format() method takes the passed arguments, formats them, and
places them in the string where the placeholders {} are there.
I You can use index numbers like {0},{1},{2} to be sure the arguments are
placed in the correct placeholders.
I Example:
1
2 >>> age = 19
3 >>> grade = ’O+’
4 >>> name = ’Arun’
5 >>> info = ’I am {} years old’
6 >>> print(info.format(age))
7 I am 19 years old
8 >>> info = ’{} is {} years old. His grade is {}’
9 >>> print(info.format(name,age,grade))
10 Arun is 19 years old. His grade is O+
11 >>> # Positions of items are specified
12 >>> info = ’{2} is {1} years old. His grade is {0}’
13 >>> # Please note the order of items: 0th->grade, 1st->age, 2nd->name
14 >>> print(info.format(grade,name,name))
15 Arun is 19 years old. His grade is O+

String - Escape Character
Arrays
I To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character.

I An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want
to insert.
I An example of an illegal character is a single quote (’) inside a string that
is surrounded by single quotes (’).
I Example:
1
2 >>> ’The class ’S4EC’ contain geniuses’
3 File "<stdin>", line 1
4 ’The class ’S4EC’ contain geniuses’
5 ^
6 SyntaxError: invalid syntax
7 >>> # The correct way
8 >>> ’The class \’S4EC\’ contain geniuses’
9 "The class ’S4EC’ contain geniuses"

Arrays
I The string escape characters are listed below.
\’ Single Quote
\" Double Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Tab
\b Backspace
\f Form Feed

Arrays
I Examples:
1 >>> # \n is the new line character
2 >>> print(’This is first line.\nThis is new line.’)
3 This is first line.
4 This is new line.
5 >>> # \t is the tab character
6 >>> print(’1\t2\t3\t’)
7 1 2 3

String - Functions
Arrays
I capitalize(): Converts the first character to upper case

I casefold(): Converts string into lower case
I center(): Returns a centered string
I count(): Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string
I encode(): Returns an encoded version of the string
I endswith(): Returns true if the string ends with the specified value
I expandtabs(): Sets the tab size of the string
I find(): Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of
where it was found
I format(): Formats specified values in a string
I format_map(): Formats specified values in a string
I index(): Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position
of where it was found

String - Functions
Arrays
I isalnum(): Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric

I isalpha(): Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
I isdecimal(): Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
I isdigit(): Returns True if all characters in the string are digits
I isidentifier(): Returns True if the string is an identifier
I islower(): Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case
I isnumeric(): Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric
I isprintable(): Returns True if all characters in the string are printable
I isspace(): Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces
I istitle(): Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title
I isupper(): Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case
I join(): Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string
I ljust(): Returns a left justified version of the string

String - Functions
Arrays
I lower(): Converts a string into lower case

I lstrip(): Returns a left trim version of the string
I maketrans(): Returns a translation table to be used in translations
I partition(): Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
I replace(): Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a spec-
ified value
I rfind(): Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last posi-
tion of where it was found
I rindex(): Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last
position of where it was found
I rjust(): Returns a right justified version of the string
I rpartition(): Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts
I rsplit(): Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
I rstrip(): Returns a right trim version of the string

String - Functions
Arrays
I split(): Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a list
I splitlines(): Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list
I startswith(): Returns true if the string starts with the specified value
I strip(): Returns a trimmed version of the string
I swapcase(): Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice versa
I title(): Converts the first character of each word to upper case
I translate(): Returns a translated string
I upper(): Converts a string into upper case
I zfill(): Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

Python Programming: Aburaj

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Python Programming: Aburaj

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Python Programming

Government Engineering College Kozhikode

February 29, 2020

February 29, 2020 Python Programming 0

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Object oriented programming

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Running Python Program

Python Interactive Terminal

Figure: Python Interactive Terminal

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Running Simple Program

Running a Simple Program in Interactive Terminal

Figure: Python Interactive Terminal in Action

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Executing Python Script

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I Interpreted Language: Python is processed at runtime by Python Inter-

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I Speed: Python is slower than C or C++. But of course, Python is a high-

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1 #First Python Program

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I In Python, there are two types of comments–one is a single-line comment

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and del from not while

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I Variables are containers for storing data values.

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I type(variable) - Gives the type of the variable.

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1 # Variable type example

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1 # Type converstion example

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The Input/Output Statements

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I print(arguments) - Displays results in standard output device.

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Figure: Python Reading from Keyboard

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1 (5, 10.123456, ’abc’)

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Operator Description Example (x=20, y=3) Result

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Operator Description Example (x=5) Result

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Operator Description Example (x=20,y=3) Result

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Operator Description Example (x=5, y=9) Result

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Operator Description Example (x=(1,2)) Result