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Design of a Compact High Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna for Tri-Band 5 G

Wireless Communication

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DOI: 10.1515/freq-2018-0058

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Ahmed Abdelaziz and Ehab K. I. Hamad*
Design of a Compact High Gain Microstrip Patch
Antenna for Tri-Band 5 G Wireless Communication
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0058
Received February 28, 2018;
previously published online September 07, 2018
Abstract: In this paper, a Tri-band microstrip-line-fed low
profile microstrip patch antenna is proposed for future
multi-band 5 G wireless communication applications. The
proposed antenna is printed on a compact Rogers RT5880
substrate of dimensions 20 × 16.5 × 0.508 mm3 with rela-
tive permittivity, εr of 2.2 and loss tangent, tan δ of
0.0009. To improve return loss and bandwidth of the
proposed antenna, a partial ground plane technique is
employed. The proposed antenna operates at 10, 28, and
38 GHz, three of the selected frequencies which are allo-
cated by the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) for 5 G mobile communications. To reduce interfer-
ence between the 5 G system and other systems in the
band, a pair of T-shaped slots is etched in the radiating
patch to reject unwanted frequency bands. The proposed
design provides a gain of 5.67 dB at 10 GHz, 9.33 dB at
28 GHz and 9.57 dB at 38 GHz; the radiation pattern is
mostly directional. The proposed antenna is designed
and optimized using two commercial 3D full-wave soft-
ware, viz. CST microwave studio and Ansoft HFSS. A
prototype of the designed antenna that was fabricated
and showed good agreement between the actual mea-
surements of S11 & VSWR and the simulation results
using both software.
Keywords: 5 G, microstrip antennas, partial ground
plane, tri-band, T-shaped slots
1 Introduction
In the past decade, the mobile and wireless industry has
grown rapidly, evolving from the analog 1 G to the digital
2 G (GSM), and then to the 3 G, 3.5 G, and the 4 G (LTE)
systems which are high data rate cellular networks [1].
The first generation 1 G devices were comparatively
*Corresponding author: Ehab K. I. Hamad, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542,
Egypt, E-mail: e.hamad@aswu.edu.eg
Ahmed Abdelaziz, Department of Electronics and Communications,
Luxor Higher Institute of Engineering & Technology, Luxor, Egypt,
E-mail: eng_ahmed@luxorhiet.edu.eg
Frequenz 2019; 73(1-2): 45–52
lighter and costly more than former models. The second
generation 2 G mobile phones used GSM technology
which employed digital modulation. It improved voice
quality while providing limited data services. The third
generation, 3 G, allowed customers to use voice, graphics
and video applications on their mobile telephones. 4 G
wireless communication technology, featured in Fourth
Generation cell phones or/and hand-held devices, have
already been initiated in most countries. However, the
problems and challenges of spectrum insufficiency and
power consumption still persist even in 4 G systems. The
performance of the current fourth generation Long Term
Evolution (4 G-LTE) networks can be improved more than
20 times. However, radio propagation path loss models of
these lossy mmWave channels show that highly direc-
tional antenna system is required for point-to point com-
munication [2]. In order to solve those problems, research
on fifth generation (5 G) wireless systems is ongoing and
is expected to be initiated by 2020 [3, 4].
The next generation of wireless mobile communica-
tion is expected to feature capabilities never before
achieved. Its performance specifications would include
improvements such as higher data rate and lower
latency. With today's increasing applications and
demands, spectrum scarcity is a recurring problem.
Hence, the usage of frequency bands beyond what is in
use today is required in the coming years. Future fifth
generation wireless communication networks (5 G) [5, 6]
are expected to create an impact by offering more varied
services and benefits than those provided by 4 G. The
advanced communication system would interconnect
the entire world and lay the foundations for a worldwide
wireless web. We can even hook our phone to our laptop
for broadband internet access. 5 G technology will pro-
vide a very high bandwidth hitherto unavailable to users.
The microstrip antenna plays a vital role in the
fastest growing wireless communications sector. Today,
we cannot think of any development in wireless com-
munication without associating it with changes in
microstrip antenna technology. To establish communi-
cation between wireless devices on higher frequency
bands such as the millimeter wave band, we need an
antenna which is conformal, compact, cheap, and easy
to fabricate. Hence, printed antennas are preferred
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46 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication

owing to their advantages over other types of antennas. Table 1: Summary of recent 5 G Antenna designs.
In spite of these remarkable advantages, the patch
antenna suffers from some serious drawbacks such as References Size (mm) Resonance (GHz) Gain (dB)
a narrow bandwidth of only 3–6 % of the operating []  ×  × .  .
frequency and low gain and efficiency [7]. Other  .
researchers have done much work to improve the band- []  ×  × .  .
width and the gain of the patch antenna using different  .
[]  ×  × . . .
approaches [8–12]. According to [9], a partial ground
[] . ×  × .  .
can be utilized to improve the bandwidth by about
 .
30 %, enabling the system to attain much better impe- [] . × . × .  .
dance matching when compared with a full ground.  .
There exists many different substrates that can be
used for microstrip antenna design such as FR4 Glass
Epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC and Rogers RT Duroid, 38 GHz, respectively. Table 1 summarizes some previous
and their dielectric constants (εr) are usually in the work with respect to resonant, size, and gain.
range of 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12. Dielectric constant of substrates In this letter, a tri-band microstrip antenna is proposed
majorly affects the antenna performance. The substrate for 5 G devices. The proposed antenna is a low-profile struc-
which has a low dielectric constant will perform better ture with overall dimensions of 20 × 16.5 × 0.508 mm3. It
than the substrate of high dielectric constant. The lower covers frequency bands from 9.922 to 10.265 GHz, from
dielectric substrate permittivity gives higher value of elec- 27.833 to 28.594 GHz, and from 37.241 to 38.741 GHz, which
trical parameters of MSA. Loss tangent plays a vital role are suggested for use in 5 G communication. The antenna is
in antenna designing which affects both cost and perfor- very compact and is, hence, suitable for devices with space
mance of the antenna [13]. constraints. The proposed tri-band antenna was designed
Recently, Ali and Sebak proposed a small antenna using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave
with coplanar feeding built on the Rogers RT5880 sub- studio software which is based on the finite integration
strate of 5 × 5 mm2 and 0.254 mm in thickness. They method (FIM). For the purpose of validation, the same
achieved a gain of 6.6 dB at 28 GHz, and 5.6 dB at antenna was redesigned using High Frequency Structure
38 GHz with directional radiation pattern at both reso- Simulator (HFSS) software which is based on the finite
nances [14]. In [15] a dual-band printed slot antenna on element method (FEM). In Section 2, the proposed antenna
Rogers RT5880 substrate 5 × 5 × 0.127 mm3 provided a gain design and its dimensions are discussed. Section 3 presents
of 3.6 dB at 28 GHz, and 4.4 dB at 38 GHz with almost the simulated results from both software on return loss (S11),
Omni-directional patterns is introduced. Verma et al. in 2D radiation pattern, 3D gain, and radiation efficiency. In
[16] presented a patch slotted antenna with FR4 substrate Section 4, the measured results are discussed in compar-
20 × 20 × 1.6 mm3 to provide a gain of 4.46 dB at 10.15 GHz ison with the simulated results. The conclusion of this study
with a radiation pattern that is nearly Omni-directional. appears in Section 5.
Tu et al. introduced in [17] a dual-band MIMO antenna
with a fairly low mutual coupling using a novel round
patch EBG cell with an antenna of 19.25 × 26 × 0.79 mm3.
They succeeded in obtaining a gain of 7.58 dB and 5.72 dB 2 Antenna design
at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Radiation efficiencies
of more than 86 % at both frequency bands were The geometrical configuration of the proposed antenna is
achieved. Another significant suggestion appearing in shown in Figure 1. At the beginning of this design procedure,
the literature is that proposed by Amin et al. [18] where the substrate material was carefully selected based on the
they proposed a dual band slotted patch antenna with factors that affect the performance of the antenna, among
proximity-coupled feed. The antenna was built into a them the substrate thickness, dielectric permittivity, and loss
multilayer substrate construct of a 10-layer low- tempera- tangent. In the proposed design, Rogers RT Duroid 5880
ture co-fiber ceramics of 5 mil s thickness each. This substrate (εr = 2.2, tan δ = 0.0009) of 0.508 mm thickness is
arrangement provided a gain of 8.63 dB and 8.62 dB, selected for the antenna. RT Duroid is Glass Microfiber
and bandwidth of 5.95 GHz and 4.95 GHz at 28 GHz and Reinforced PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) composite

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 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication 47

Figure 1: Geometrical configuration of the proposed tri-band 5 G
antenna.
produced by Roger Corporation. RT Duroid 5880 sub-
strate has low loss tangent and low dielectric constant.
They give excellent chemical resistance, including sol-
vent and reagents used in printing and plating, ease of
fabrication cutting, shearing, machining, and environ-
ment friendly. It also has characteristics of low water
absorption, low electric loss and low moisture absorp-
tion. Roger substrate is the best for mm-Wave. It is
most very suitable for UHF (ultra-high frequencies)
because of its low dielectric loss and its low dispersion.
First, a rectangular patch of copper is built on the top
of the substrate layer and a conducting partial ground is
employed on the other side of the substrate. The inset
feed technique is used to achieve a good impedance
matching between the feed line and the patch.
The proposed printed type antenna is constructed on
a substrate of area dimensions 9.9 × 9.7 mm2, fed by a 50
Ω microstrip line of 0.7 mm wide and 4.75 mm long. A
partial ground plane is centrally located underneath the
patch on the rear surface of the substrate. Table 2 shows
the optimized dimensions of the proposed tri-band
antenna demonstrated in Figure 1.
3 Simulation results
The antenna analysis was carried out using CST
Microwave Studio Ver. 2015 and redesigned using HFSS
Ver. 15.0. The major simulation results of the designed
antenna are given in this section. The configuration of the
design steps progression of the proposed triple-band
antenna is illustrated in Figure 2(a–d), while Figure 3
represents its corresponding reflection coefficients.
Initially in Figure 2(a), a conventional microstrip patch
antenna was designed to work at three different operat-
ing frequency bands, namely 10 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz.
There were, however, many unwanted frequency bands
near the assigned bands. To remove those unwanted
bands, an inverted-T shaped slot is first created within
the radiated element, Figure 2(b), leading to some of the
unwanted bands such as those at 23.5 GHz and 44 GHz
being attenuated. Another band-notch characteristic at
34.38–35 GHz is achieved by the addition of an inverted-
T shaped slot etched symmetrically with the first slot
around the feed line within the patch as illustrated in
Figure 2(c). Finally, the ground plane is removed partially
as shown in Figure 2(d) to further improve the bandwidth
at each resonance and to enhance further the return loss
for better impedance matching. Figure 3 depicts the
reflection coefficient at each step of the design
development.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Table 2: Optimal values of the proposed antenna dimensions.

Parameter Ws Ls = Lg Wg Wp Lp Yo Figure 2: The design steps progression of the proposed antenna.

Value (mm)  .  . . .

Parameter Wf Lf W L W L An early simulation of the antenna on CST resulted in a

−10 dB criteria bandwidth of about 343 MHz with S11 of
Value (mm) . . . . . .
−25.8 dB at 10 GHz, 761 MHz with S11 of −24.9 dB at 28 GHz,

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48 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication
Figure 3: Simulated reflection coefficient of the antenna in the
different stages of the design development.
and 1.5 GHz with S11 of −32.9 dB at 38 GHz. Figure 4
demonstrates the final simulation results using both CST
and HFSS software for comparison. Good agreement
between simulation results was observed from both soft-
ware. However, there was a small difference in the band-
width and S11 at 38 GHz, the highest resonance.
Figure 4: Simulated reflection coefficient of proposed tri-band 5 G
antenna.
The simulated VSWR as a function of frequency for the
proposed antenna was less than about 1.5 at the working
frequencies is shown in Figure 5. Hence, it can be con-
cluded that the designed antenna can be conveniently
used for the three frequency bands as planned.
The VSWR is basically a measure of the impedance
mismatch between the feeding system and the antenna.
The higher the VSWR, the greater is the mismatch. The
minimum possible value of VSWR is unity and this lead
to a perfect match. We define VSWR as the ratio between
the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage
Figure 5: Simulated VSWR versus frequency of proposed tri-band 5 G
antenna.
VSWR = Vmax =Vmin
= ðVincident + Vreflected Þ=ðVincident − Vreflected Þ
= ð1 + Vreflected =Vincident Þ=ð1 − Vreflected =Vincident Þ (1)
= ð1 + jS11 jÞ=ð1 − jS11 jÞ
   
= 1 + 10 − RL=20 = 1 − 10 − RL=20
where RL = −20 log |S11| is the return loss in dB.
For acceptable antenna matching, VSWR should be
less than 2, which corresponds to |S11| greater than 10 dB.
For a further understanding of the antenna perfor-
mance, the simulated 3D gain is presented in Figure 6. It
can be seen that the achieved gains are 5.67 dB, 9.33 dB,
and 9.57 dB at the frequencies 10 GHz, 28 GHz, and
38 GHz, respectively. The gain of the proposed antenna
is higher when compared to that presented in [14–16] as
shown in Table 1.
A comparison between simulated CST and HFSS radia-
tion patterns of the proposed triple band 5 G antenna
generated at the three resonant frequencies are investi-
gated here. Figure 7(a–f) depict the simulated E-plane
and H-plane at 10 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz, respectively.
Good agreement between simulated CST and HFSS radia-
tion patterns can be observed in the two planes. They
indicate that the radiation patterns are directional radia-
tion at all the frequency bands of interest and this is
suitable for point to point (P2P) wireless communication.
The device-to-device (D2D) communication is defined as a
P2P radio technology in which communications between
two devices are done without the utilization of BS or core
network. Proximate devices can directly communicate with
each other by establishing direct links. Due to the small
distance between the D2D users, it supports power saving
within the network, which is not possible in the case of
conventional cellular communication. Directional antenna
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 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication 49

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a)

(e) (f)

Figure 7: Simulated radiation patterns, (a) E-plane at 10 GHz, (b) H-

plane at 10 GHz, (c) E-plane at 28 GHz, (d) H-plane at 28 GHz, (e) E-
(b) plane at 38 GHz, (f) H-plane at 38 GHz.

is essential to mitigate the effect of multipath fading. This

is acceptable for point-to-point communication link with
minimum multipath interference. As a result, the proposed
antenna here has achieved the the required criteria to be
good candidate of such applications
The tri-band proposed antenna radiation efficiency is
shown in Figure 8. It can be seen that the achieved
efficiencies are 74.47 %, 87.2 %, and 92 % at 10 GHz,
28 GHz, and 38 GHz, respectively. A full comparison
between simulation results from the two-software used
in the design is summarized in Table 3.

(c) 4 Parametric study

Figure 6: CST simulated 3D gain (IEEE) of the proposed antenna at,
(a) 10 GHz (b) 28 GHz, and (c) 38 GHz. A parametric study has been carried out using parameter
sweep option in the CST simulator to obtain a suitable

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50 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication

clearly observed that the return loss and bandwidth vary

a little as Wg varied. The optimized value selected after
intensive simulations for Wg is 13 mm.

5 Fabrication and measurements

To verify the design, a prototype of the proposed tri-band
5 G antenna was fabricated and its performance was mea-
sured. The testing of the antenna hardware was performed
on the R&S ZVA 67 VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) at 10
MHz to 67 GHz. Instead of using a normal SMA connector,
a universal substrate test ICM model, the wk-3001-cp,
Figure 8: Radiation efficiency of proposed tri-band 5 G. provided a highly flexible test platform for microstrip sub-
strate is used as shown in Figure 10. A photograph of the
fabricated model is shown in Figure 11. The simulated and
Table 3: Comparison between CST and HFSS Simulation results.
measured return losses of the proposed triple band
Simulator Freq(GHz) S(dB) Gain(dB) VSWR BW(GHz) antenna are illustrated in Figure 12. As it can be observed
from the graph, there is a perfect matching between simu-
CST  −. . . . lation and measurements at both 10 and 28 GHz. On the
 −. . . .
contrary, at 38 GHz, there is a considerable nonconformity.
 −. . . .
This could be back to fabrication tolerance or calibration
HFSS  −. . . .
accuracy although the calibration has been done up to
. −. . . .
 − . . . 40 GHz. Another reason may have also its impact on the
measurement fineness, that we used the only available
connector, at the time of measurement, with maximum

position and width for the ground plane. It is observed

that, changing the ground plane parameters, width and
position cause noticeable changes in the antenna entire
performance; especially the bandwidth and impedance
matching. The position of ground plane on the backside
effect on the antenna The performance has been investi-
gated and the ground plane width, Wg (see Figure 1) has
been varied from 9 to 17 mm. The resulted return loss for
different values of Wg are shown in Figure 9. It can be
Figure 10: Measurement setup.

Top view Bottom view

Figure 9: Return loss curves for different width of ground plane. Figure 11: Top and bottom views of the fabricated model.

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 A. Abdelaziz and E. K. I. Hamad: Compact High Gain Patch Antenna for 5G Communication 51

Table 4: Comparison between the proposed Antenna with previous

models.

Size(mm) Resonance Return loss BW

(GHz) (dB) (GHz)

[]  ×  × . . −. .

[] . ×  × .  −. .
 − .
This work  × . × . . − .
. −. .
. −. .

Figure 12: Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the calibration errors that might cause a small degree of
proposed tri-band antenna. mismatch.

Figure 13: Simulated and measured VSWR of the proposed antenna.
operating frequency of 30 GHz. The VSWR was also mea-
sured and verified to be less than 2 at the three operating
frequencies, which satisfies an acceptable antenna match-
ing based on eq. (1). Figure 13 exhibits the measured and
simulated VSWR characteristics of the proposed antenna.
It can be observed from Figure 13 that the fabricated
prototype resonated at 10.04, 27.5, and 37.8 GHz.
Although slight disagreement was found between the
measured and simulated reflection coefficients at
38 GHz, measured and simulated results at the other
two frequencies matched very well. The main reasons
for the disagreement between the results may be due to
fabrication tolerance or calibration errors or connection.
Table 4 presents a comparison between the proposed
antenna and other references in terms of the overall size
and measured values of resonant frequencies, return loss
as well as bandwidth.
It is noticeable from this comparison that the pro-
posed antenna operating at triple bands has broader
bandwidth when compared with other antennae, but
has lower return loss due to fabrication tolerance or
6 Conclusion
In this letter, a tri-band slotted microstrip patch antenna is
proposed for 5 G wireless applications. The antenna is a
very low-profile structure with dimensions
3
20 × 16.5 × 0.508 mm . It can, hence, be easily integrated
into devices with space constraints. The antenna structure
is built on low loss Rogers RT5880 substrate of 2.2 relative
permittivity. The antenna is designed to work at 10 GHz,
27.5 GHz, and 37.8 GHz with a bandwidth of 101, 450 MHz
and 1.48 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is a
good candidate for future 5 G wireless devices. To reduce
interference between the 5 G systems and other systems in
the band, a pair of inverted-T shape slots is etched within
the radiating element to reject the unwanted frequency
bands. The bandwidth and return loss parameters are
significantly improved using a partial ground technique.
A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and
good agreement between measurement and simulation
results of S11 and VSWR were achieved.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr
Mohamed Ismail and Eng. Gomaa Mahmoud at the
Microstrip Department, Electronics Research Institute,
Cairo, Egypt for their help in fabricating and testing of
the model.
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