De 2 lp arctforsnalion Lrmmacutaloon ox Ale puorras ef bane Fnferrnalonn fram Soura +o Dertrnatron ov fron Her Ho Rec ever ; , @ 2 Banic Block clagrern of Comm” sysie Sg ern Of, Cornrn SETS Cup inaal Comm MG ypleus) Anfarmation , “Source — jenannd fecieving It oe Source Tarmsduces [amature | alien ee SS ee REC EVER Trans Mi TTER Shoot Aust: Commi? —>Prefeusle fr Nole = E Voice > 3corg— 35K {vasialion Of Acoustic Poosouse us oe Hime} Si. Deybsck Audio > 20H, to AC MHS Syriation of tight @nleusrly asec Video Hise} Snfoomadvon Sexe xOrformatisn Aoure is *Me 4£0urce ©} PY armalion Spusce Troms duicns Seuwce TRIN: counce XCM cemverts a foyeical signal 4to eleckrical «ignral equivatent. 7 iui septs M1 channel: - Chocune & theavrcedituu Lou b which Ake qround zhoutd ke tite WLaght jh = 9%-] he > | a 77 ne A wn free apace Arial !aavels fs, only EMwane \oave) vAth Epeed OF dagnt so | fet £KHs “ FEES +50, hy= ct, whidh ix nv Hee feequenry has do, ®iM Wa, hy Vek, Mal wiotentats| i 4 108 a 2) ° = ee Sse: ©) Nolé, ewe \hamnumilbliig Ariemna Convorls cdecdaical < igral an EM agra aud wit paced useth thee woloelsy of dag SO, - _ © AA : he- Car Bs Motutalion (A Ahe Povceas ef Inneaewm| Jone focatoncs) Po ny xis signal to reauee Antenna Leight q 5 Ablei s a) {= ts y (rissa aloes —bf Mies 2 n= Ae he= fag 2 — ——= = © [he Corey jhe = $5 Mo © 2. Muth plexing 4) ix thes prrocees of iewtersi@econ F @ multiple Noe} 4iqnat alrcourgh a trngle chovanel at tho @ Lame time x a Gereretly, with orl matulation, Multiplexing U nol prose ble. Ihe lewert Peettle {Benes usnfained by a agnal has fo koe tate inls Reference to cacice enna height. Nole '- i be Motuiletun vo weed v2 wines! “en” eigplcen fos Miecets ple |sie 4 mathovnalscal tuned FO fl re miata By Giver jirrnne Gonna font by 4 As T x4) - E —s «C4) amd mathemaliially, - 8 x4) [xwe 1a HE ge = “2 fam i= perf tamed By rhe cpeeluum Arado maid an 2 TOdIA- u ado pict ¢ blo (XQ a §) => Poune?r * ) meagre fact LI zxtn4 1) 4 2 3 : } x()= { xe PC i d a ja “lA t4 tt = jane 3 2 { Aer ap . =r 2 afew ot fa je Saif en Peahe Rediaacqular fale ‘ ta tea Keur aaulp hicks. Dears beat onl Ne request yas preausney ja aopfined as 2 Sqrat Bw — lowes Sqnet Bw= Cs : ave a ea frea” 7? = Phares Now Qn above Cove Ser al Bows > =+20 3 Channel Bard Aducidth & defined % Ale Rouge of freausmuy which tae charnel allows 40 paae wouthou ov attenmiuetvon a | Aisftotom ¢ GO Geucvaity, j Co-axial Cable ote GooMIthy — B.w= GOOMH Ravotlel sire = © to 200M May Bw = 200" Optic a4 Fibre = Gilg R= By GH eithes ar to bg, peqorm oye ef Gow ox 1) daauncl 2a & as Aw wecuated to Some Fi o> nile at ara S- For Proper yrioaon a} Seqnolt wscth oak auplves, 1 daunel y B@qral (Lae’ Rw @ m. c | above aignal 2. a chanel Kauing Bat eo th needed fre anemibacion , but fr jour Hi f elacuatrel Pry Urol lor fincls Hole - (Dre promas ef a fox co to 40m LAnMAITING pRocess” CONC ARMM gle Bw of O Sqr yal Grili yeti Called at “BAND ghe frequency Rigen fram -Y,to +4 Untame - th ofthe toed Aland Heerce oO aah Of Ee 2e~g ee elipu nate the Rest This & come bw ‘ ha tePie J nse olrousre FO 2 posaisg ne agreed Hrvroug xe 2 Ae ae HED fF ye=» HE F xGenre for a Gqpal, mart of he atieugtty sens Me 4 trFe Bees Liniilimna a sigma aul Ur Ata Sigil enueats aroruits! be Reterined! anra Wnaigac fica Braltinties Woot be eliminated @) ¥ ‘ 16 Minn Gand Uniiiing . genera ly Ale agrial Urti ee pacoed muough f2opes LPF NOTE: 199 ure thee chounel BW eHicievdtly wwe generadlyy xrul Sgai fitaut peareuier may 2 xPrepedics Of FOURIER TRANSFORM: 1 Dually, Propel : ose Accondurg 40 schis propely * x {245 <— > «CF) then. xy <> 2D . 172 zeiincee “Ky «Kiyo APS zal asec “Nib TN aa retole t Now, = 5CH <> EXOD xO) uy i i, Properly - by Aural pepe a1<—— e(-t)5 = sch) XL) eed 5; HUD So, ee r Also, : ae io <= 105CH) 22 = ae 2 as j i ee xO 2f'. atarc(to) Sah: 4 6 So, gy eee ee). at) SS arene ee ze = } Otis e* Fume)‘t {ru —— =x] AAA paMTot 2 14) - aie gee sl (iene, st) ] (iene, st) ] 6 (t-te) f) — x) Alto, Coraiifot = € 2 2 tt amt, iy <=» x(t+ #5) eet 2. BC os A Remar oR eUe Actor Aaang \ d a) ato * Sorfol_, Saat a a Afar ye ECE YF,Con2QMfat = _ Sif) + SUF 4 to) hy hy Gs) Z os ae 45 A 2 AGssanfot <—— Ase fo)r(F+F0)] i — a © 3. Atosail (Fi fa)t ~—= A § BUT -Cheto))+ E(t )F A x Ah Chet) Gre a : ew e hen ee au) Lorartfot e = © pie Se e2atot:,. alfet i “© = ti a) genre ot mee mi) ae ee 2%, yeu en t ae Ss Reet Ye) Cc) e low ye Aaqned tontaiu aul Lhe aagrapicant, pearicos, nie agra one cattod as — BAND siaNacged Antetvica T aeet ‘ Herce tle de aise A 4uch ~Alned i Rlue feemara TAC A ee Reauite Anlecong vt : Narrator, Cigwends cll) = AcCosetttch .tc=iMiHy Wi 5 ; 1 e t 1000 Hay Th net wa - tl CANTER vi MNRAS VE w4a Agnos Cntein & Bary comt bgh “preauoin ee Ahem such signal ont jUed RAND PASS SIGNAL ied fied dined tae ed ed i eiole! A Race Band erqned tart be liaAvarmileal faith fre Antenna, but a Gord Pano 1 at veablives | Wakes flor lranternittal felt fully ( @ 1) Ake signal & liauslalid for 400 fran taners Reg ( fo Wigh froatiou er Region . iy the Bare Goud Siqral, Covetid at angnal Wy A wide Parad agret. bec signal Can x ey MODULATION 5~ Par Paar | @ @ Gwvwevwww vv Bama ™ (-#) < 7 ow fe mip o mUb= Arm oratiiont + Amn, (2 attra t Oa td mu at cu) = Ac mzrtfct a = 7 A Sty. muy-cue | f= ne end aes Gililalen X Module ted Baral.IVELEBE A Laere oleh dorebeo atl Lis 4ue peak of tu angina! 12 cotled ar CNV LOPE £ envelop 4 cw = pO ah, Beer Cc 7 6 - _ [= : > Nol Dhe cbore Coxteaponcls to Arnpdulttels rnetiutalion Where the mmoasage aignal ix «tired 41 ths form ©} fmiaituds Variations 6} Cavniex afler modulation ov mm the goun Sf envelope ©} she modulated aigqnatl © « % MopuLATION' ed E Gantlee feeeeres, ay cahich one ©f 4h Ravarnelés (Ars plitudo fr eancute Cr prave) & Lincarly 20 _ us message aignal andpidlids vas Khor & 2p Covrrice signal urtu) be ictaliect e xAmeutuDeE MODULA TION:- Ney: Be ik Les proceas ae which Amplliate of cs Cannes signal uot ke Chowugect (Wwasied) Lineal acussaamts usth reas oge aignal Arpulide ola Ascaume, i mC) = wee stgret Ac Usaiifict = Camries Sigrud CU *General exp oy AM Signal Sams Acfitkam CHF Cosette t Ke = Armptilivole seuccbivelis of AM mexiukaliorsynta) Coronet mediated fu dilio neat jouer warlkktd athe form oe lpamcagrilh et Camriey Sgnal { rier Sg Advantage Dut to ths aadilional Carrier cignal, Aho Aomodul ef ble An Aignal becomes enact And Cheaper Nole x AM age Ale Acliial modidalad agnat matic: ef Additional Carricx abong ux Because Sf AW acllifionel Cawrier hanemilter peo weit be waclta but dAruocdrilation becomes orropla . M mip <= ep) A . 4) ° +a) iS aaacsees Cl) = Ac Cosaiifet’ <—_——> pele oe te er? 0 kw Tw~ Nole 2 Cees aS fe F < qed O Calained rn the modittetalet acgmal.le 2) La eta op Gael ‘ 4 NO meaage Ui Umtained hn tke Peet coche d : BO ponent “AM. Bamd wid th = e+) - ( fe-us) Bw so, AM Comdusidth xg, Signal Bu Bx Brrfostamce of ve frenuoucy: ” let only +v0e erie be Cynaidesed Heu Ce mp <= > MICE) > Pi SiG Die ee f B@ws ow fe “kro t ew angie (3-0 of AM = 200 Heuce ubboed the —ve freaqieueys ain the Ai eainien x AM Apecl¥ur Umoisl of * ) Camrsiey preety Component shes at fe 2) LEB exizting above fe - 2) LSB ea below Fe. Nole = - The Actual ars A4q@nad UA be Retainec ey only Side Bonde XIho B.w Of each Of The atdheband G aqualto uw’ te eaula } os atarst a a2 ' E |Arn COs &ttfmnt Saml)= AcFlaka MH) } Cosa ct Subs. Liking wocget * Sata Acfit Ka: Am Cosartfnt 5 Cosantct woher EE ee [e = Ka-Am= Mectitalien Index of AM | Lixtoot = 7 ©} Modidation or dopth ef modulation ea posmce of depth of modiulotion o. 14 url Of MLeorae gna chat Atored mm 1 Comier tigrnal Ut Steer an depth of moditation ' the We! > under redial Pe lgeue wat = enhcal modiutadseo | — uted - ate! —> sO0Ve4 modutletion betamoo aay * x Jo ushot oxteut dre Canvey augqnal & ead. = Ahe mag agrad apeaped ae MoDULATION IN! x ove, modwtolion ce rat preferred breauek becomes Compler. ‘ =o # . Sata = 1 a Saal = Aeloalttet + Ac Cosalimt Wsantct ~~ 12mw famli= Aclorrtfel + AcAl Coson(fertm dt + Ae Ce otf ttn ith er z Ac fend & Frogueticy fralya! | Smnusy= Ac cocl + Aq 41 (en Cent = Age CATCH) q 7 TS a Cone ea ee (preponent tue ae mip= Amlosat frost rig eEE fo Cten) | . send | c= Accosaitfet -—— An i eae rae sie Satat4) _ carn 5 ige i Certs) —fe etm © Tefm g (ferfm) “yaa Baudusiath = ettm) - Cfe~fm) =2im ao ee frequcueyy of mag signal: ees AM Baudwicth = axheaueniy aymsg Set]ix PoweR OF AM SIGNAL! @ Bike doll power oe] AM aiqnal U giv a4 PE= Po Puse aAce x id= vn tape Ven loser 4 Act ¢ Pac= Vm «Pye vee QR R 2B Vrma= Vj 95,2 Dy cele pmlc QR 2@R We = Aeue ye ahe Power of Carrier i @mrdspendens Of oT ha ee he Gide. Baud Pow Aefaencdes on UU, and ar the dk dk Sueoced, 2s, fepuaiee Prerenacs Power Of © woduleled gral ? wal Powe of amMziqnal Luereares) &veubabuor, Hence ——— euc 1p P| at. Camiiy= Ac Orantet And, Cami) Ac tosatrfet + Actos 2th nt #08 altfce Nole * peta) AM -powe Ae i Inereasen Pom © to J Qnereaced ey SO 4 6 Now, - fea ae 2 , Pp = 0: 666M 6 . 82 lp. eeeey oF Pt |: NOW, aa, Rx fethe A= 2A+hee Peas Pe | Axg oy IN BY ag-337- ef PE Pe = 100 OL PL 5 A = Aialix bubion Care, ve [e=t | {Yaar —~ $n the efficient ~Poure eh 66-66 /- S| he; ta woarlid vo Wet oun_ ©. eovon 6] additional co Seca Cs es aig gectnelaey back ©} back £ : x Modwalion elnjceucy (7): Of FideBond poet ay total power x I} «peurfico a~houre Ss ote fern m9 m=0-1 n= O38 —> 207 eyfe om PE M atheutalicallg- =o for UFO; @20 2? Pea= Ov PE Pe Rem = 100°7-04 Pe= ON) = Pep" Of Pt Pra Bah Of PL @ m-02 => Peas 207 OF PE Pe = @07- O18 Cane 4+ Caen m= 0 32 = Rp 3337 oF Pp Po= 6644 Pt 2 Se v Pe = Pe 4 Pew Gow = 30W 1270W 6074 407 _ | at Gow — 20w + 30” % sot so % Pe is Ynde pendent of AL aud shows Of Comier Power a foteal owe: deer caren as lL Bnevenres- zauemibed frorvet a soo w- Find AM liauemiticed Powet seth OOO C6 0 5'O%] BBY OO © PamMorn ny D ih A § p< bv 1 moddit- Given P= Mow, U=0 = P= soow ¢ ER Pe- 3 dt=1 ; Rh Seno t fea <0 a = Pe frat Pe eft} +L4 Sweatt: Pe = SPOFR _Nole : OFra au AM « + Jolade Greene ipo & qven by Find total ihe eet toow vortth se ted power mocdiclalren Som ior, Pep-toow 5 ua 4% R-7 Peas Pe 21” 3 f= Poa? = loox2xQ4 a? Pe = 400° Soe tes Retee [rc aoow | very Qk, i go.For om AM ean ep ee SE pees ts Bo gud Carrier owe: * quer &Y cue end 7 Spode ce Sol — Pe = BK Pep = 4K §tee= Pose sfc = 2474 ' Pe Pel a ap = Pemx2 Res 2 Am i é _ > [aes es Ss= joann ys A Connie s 64 10 Us ol Ares wewace signal ©} Alas aviv’ Pnicina Reaialance tA qivew key LFind au Ale povrarcelers’ ef AM 2: Plot AM Apeclrum aud Sdevlify Ales 2 en. wrth st ca = Avalos ata. = Am Cosattfsnt cwrih= 'ocoanxiot maely= dios 4nmiot <0 Ame a US f= xt? = AK Hy 1th, Ac = tof = $0, ganglia tne modita Bw in axaK tov 3 f= Doon M \2- swe ARMs i jp Rac Ard, w= 0's Solos AZ ee “Exe Pra N-20 Ww) ke Pope Pe R= VRE le Posa-Rse= Pep = of2s szae) | -# | feel + , tot ~ te a UU arnpilide vtodulalid hier ef 1oCes ett x10° t ° WE.DRind au the paremadins OA far 6tos Nxio , wag signal of AM. : ii) Plot sbeclial compements 2 Spechum Soi Given: . clL= locas SITx10 { = Ac @sattfet Ace 10; fe= 40s = FO00Ki ratdy= GE losix10%E = Arn tos2ttfimb Am: 6 3 fra ols i eeTT AM Board Unctin «435 AM Poa 2 ev eae (>) [Ane mi Oe | tm Now [Pee Pot = a | ee [Pco- Pica= 4:60] tre ebeclsum She tn te — fern : _aott— -4o04- 2a =| as: fry AM agqnel & aver Tro! © We A sac soca «stort Find au The i of AN cud _fatet ale “pee chum. | goin: - AS» Oyetty= Ac osanfct + oe Cox aW(ferim Et = a Csante tat | Sanu = conse 4 dieort lala i CAs re valese t VU tagrrctiids TEs Amare fa USBPSble Carmien eYicr Moctiutaiion | q wr Accondaarce to Alo Mite K Arstiliucle 1 xt @ Nolé :_ $f she atove aignol % fd Ap tre Orrfout Of he evwelay Ader fr DA Amnodialion arn mo Lins +9: i eosTe, below! so VELOPE DETEcToR op.Ie BLL OF Atco Carvers exc ccrue i Nolé *- [rer jaa fet wigan ACTA] FP a 7 ; LOSAM font = Min™ peak of AM siqnal;Amins ActIm4H} (1 ccosanp.te) | © nay Ac( 441) = 12-64 (140-F04)=21-S VOI Amin= AclI-a1) = 12:64 (1-0-F03) ~ 3° Voll,{ . Amax—Ami0_ Amex + Ann peak volldge O} AM augnad Varies prom 2veLlk fo 10) Ara 41, R 42)? Armax= (Oovolli Arnin 2 Vol. 4 Amax Amin. 90 | ¢ vollk a 24 a Acre = 18W 2R R- Re Fitz } Dany? 240°66% m= 42. 0: 667« MOLT font AMP. MODUL AION Assume, MOD~ Am Corarifrnrt + Ann Conatfrnst Oma, a Spal y Ac fla Karn WY) $ Cos artfcl CaP &o, Saml)= Ac J 11 a Arvy Com 2rifinyt Ka Arng Cosa lifng & § Cor 2 feb dues Ka Arnis ty + Ka Am 2 = Uy So, i ana 4) = Acfi4 44 Cor2itfnyt + UsCos2itfin zt jeovorrtet | [ By tac coop SAMUD)= Ac Cosamfct + Act COos2IT frail Cos 2itfct + AcHoCo@21Tfangt (oxante 4 (Cosa (Fe -tmvt 2 tses IMO = Ac Cx2lifcl +Acur Cos 31 Ces fmt +A on 2 “user Cassie SiN al prea. 4 Ace tan (Fer tmat +Acd2 Cosan (fe frn2)t Cor’ Ea os . ene LSp2 peclourn!: Fox plotting “tbeclaum let Wo Aeoume. ‘i fina > tm + 45 > Lt, So,OF AM Unite) at poses CR) give a EY 2 Aa ’ Pocws = Bet)” = Act = Aces 3 2R aR Pr AP. Sy ens el aces | ; cor 5 i = fe jit 4 i ; ee whee, Up= fares etal. oy ows = R+ Roe P= et P= ftRe 3: Ke- Feta zNow, modulode ey a mse soRHae teh ioduialne 91 A Carrier of 2ocns 4mKio%E Ue ay signal eB} Wauia froquouces lolePy» Srdoves 06 £08 vespl fred onl ia para pplot the -spechium? 2 aud Sol? Given" 5 A cosaltfict 20 Losait x10" | 2. 000K Hay <0 4-2 20, Fe tmj= |OK Hy 5 m2 = 20K th, uy, = OG 4 4a, -e8 r uy= [urea = feseroee =! Bew= 2fmax = 2x 20K Ard Pra Ae = = A008 200 aR BalOD \Aeox 1490" 2OOOK QOIOK 20201 je——_ 40K ——_4 2. An AM aw Ree Ee an Trx10% f Coxtoct Find 4 Bw £9? WE 4s. Sie 2o4i4 Af De BITRE + B/an Cos 110 ©} Cosuact- Ac] sy (be altfrnt + Ha OsatHngt fCOSaMfec a ey = 80 4 20U, Mey= Yo, Bata B/20- $m =40K 5 tm = SOK Hy.Feu Veo O2° 5 Uy=09 tayo cepyoure f-w 3 frewrse TED) =) E] bes |’ _ 400, i ea ne he} = 200 fit 04a? } [re 9206) ky — og? Serene O0F= At [ies Corrent RELATIONS IN) AM:- 2 Ana, #) As, 4 Pe= Pe GM ef. = TER= LRT Ue y Pays = ae 234 Wee [He } Se a =e Tys toto Antenna Curent te rey iowa Te = Carrier Curent et Srteperctenst of”|“ Naf t uP F OF An unnrodulaled AM frauernuitler UitTrent UW given cA Gra AM avemilte: Current uth 507 of nodule Soir Giveu* oa o-s Wa 0 > Late = SA As modutabion Prado Changes, Te aocan't Changes 4 - [{"o3¢ Te { Oe Ty - awn t G- 32. ly 1OA with 40% 2% O2- An AM laausmiltes Gumeut ce qe stop BOF: =} wiodudalion Find AM Vanemilter current wrod l-lion - pare ie 7, 104 BA 1120-4 5 Rep Le =FOA so —— ihe A Ta iaee i 10= pe |(reue ee Acd aul = 96 firee ~ 96 |iro.39we LURIEN | A ILA HrUed rues ern Rae Des ke | ea? ; [os [ara G, A! An Unmodidalid AM laasmitier power cs givers ley 1oKU) when Ale Carrier & meditated be Bri &ir wmetenge 140-08 * To= 684 A Now. QO CED? _ ee = 4-694 | ug J > 12 Me _ 0 1903 i aii = | peas’ : uut= [0 3g06 Atty, = 0-386. ag= 0-2806-0:16 >= fo-2206 7 [42 OAt = ATT.at= ul) -alt-1) atta , Al) @® 4 ) = a F c “ol % aj i o ae Si foeiatn| Seen a 7 So, AI) xe) * i rs Now, a= es p faa) -alt ype Fu att UF _ tt) 3k) 7 -1) +0 (t-2) : Spt) —2 Teka ere) 8vical erand over Modulation + po me AMAA. AE : ‘ Amine Ae qt-at = +Vve SO, she uoanqann al-Arm > 4e S. Amin. AcFl-ug.. = © whe EEG? u ques On > mM Va | ~ ) Ovex modutalion. fu th il Am >) 3 Am >Ae Re 3 S SO, Amine Ac U4 = -@ Se, the vow arn in given a vomr) |Z ¥On Unde aud Crifical Madidalion . en age ALqnal ts preacr ved wm the em oe] ve enugle beta aun folt Go) Se, GuettnoduUailn, Wis bnucanse dlgnall e ret “led Yo Ales gored +e envelope “20 Aeiuioditation lercon ao domodutali isan itl ls Complex. novation ©; AM Stanal :- Fon the geusvalton ef AM A4gred » govrourmg rodeos One ured? 1) Squome laro nroclula Lor, x 2) Susi ching ynodulaloyr FL xSQUARE-LAW MDDU-2 8 Se ‘oS ofS) Se Tal Sy S : my eS. | mice BPE Se ane Ve . Vo wi vy xJhe Relation blw UodVi frr Lauare Aw dewice que Ses Vox Aovi 44 Vi+ 45 yd where, ‘ 40, 4; 4, Squaw law constants@® ietaA, thatadeustes Grput ef the diode (Cause taro Aewice) & VWs men rectly = me4) 4 Aclosanfct xm(4) act) shoud ee auch that th fe ot vallage Of Vy mut toe Arad Those tubin voulage op diode, ao thal Alodse eoheils SQuace 1a Chovracdess Hi Mow, Let tt) rita), <> MeO) Lv fc = 1M thy — NS es =1000K 3 (4) se: 52 Samay) é eed ' eu Fae o aaan im 1ooik pe toot. & te Ger) Che BPF should be ouch Chat it kar to atlow only the frequency Gand of AM signal £o,axe Vita anvige va qn ee at Vy= QUVitaNe (48) tr _ f Satiays Actor artic “EE = ay Fm) A Aclosantfct $44 1 | l “VAC MIA) 211 fc now = ~ a aA coxaintct da Aemedeessaiifel mel) = MU) xD (BPP op au . da 7 (4) xD) Sa! = , BPEL p= TiAclosatifet-+ 245 4%e muptosaict | Kx o ‘ iP ay or =f pies SS x2 Met = Teco tintee adc 2 r ea Ye are f= 24a Lone) | evant = yay) Cory RAG "4 nih sramdaud AM grad S\4 Kam) jy osant ct Ac qh Ac ay Ae | + Ka = 243 = a © ott 4a FAC coe amtct-+ UP carhemipCossitfel fa Now. a O @ peas (MU ACCOS amfct{ vu) <——_—> { 7c 77 78W Jax avoid oedatatorng 4 dtaned taacleaiiee| amet Afe i= © ~ 3 Oo avoid KLndeaived prequeucces, al BPE outpul e a Ol For tke focien ig quorse laco moculaler, usheas 41 AQGrour 4acd Arte characlrucaed 4 € ‘2 Vy= Yt O1V aud paso Band 6{ BPF UU ke fam BOOMs tO 12G0Ha, Pind all the povrarnelera Of Resetting AM Sanat SHP> 9 tex 200mt—*y “at So oe LL Stee cama > e)——_seo PF iy) 2} >| BPE 20 (os 20001Tt r io S0CHh, ony tS Sol” v5 = @@s 200! +20(Hs 2000) + Ot (ACOSBOOME BOLT 3000 2.0 6. 200M +2008 2000 11¢ 7 : 2: 400 tes2 200. TL + BOG200TE > +04 face 200M +400 ore } i ¥ x } : i (ys Q00/TE + 40toS 2000TE Ny. =(2 cos 200mt +20C05 2000nt + 0°4 Ge 30orTt + 8 Got Q00TTL Cos QO00TTE) wo ( os (8200nt)+loscracont) = o, (PE )oyp = Sara l4) = 20Cos20001TE + 2Cos 200 COS 2000 TE Samtd) = 20714 cos200 nt ¢ Ces.2000 Ire] atoove auqgual ts acugle “hare AMT SO Sarat Ac FiearCosotimt} Com et |0-4 5 fam l0Orh, as, ys Ka Am 3 enka NAR 23s : ay 4 8 ak BEY ie usth Va= Vir Oly d tected Va = UV 449i ahinal| 5 a5 27 te a= O-4) xe Swi THING MODUE STOR’ Block di oc ES ‘a lus TeHING vealed \ eo mip DEVIC! nee ie C= Ac Coote fee wy diode 9 M2 MYT $f _ mld) + Ac Cosa tfc tkIhe Aheadh ef Prach al meernge nele a Keving leas alpeuath ¢ gener alia cot tl) incih alse arn eons ciods c+ Mainly Csnli oiled” tay Comics I when CW is 4ve, Aiode Us forward I mer (av) 2. when CH) ic Ve, diode 4 Revere Bs anes ie OF steer ° % O1P Sf Ainde ae Saar Pen od sit - 2 i thew panned through BPF So UE OP & Gi Ss = y [ean ~ Sava) aie mea) cosatifcl + Ac tmaith t) Compara wth ctendard equation of 44 weget ‘- Ac fu Ka me } Cosantict ce | So, Ad = Ac i Ke ae | |VT@ION OF AM SIGN = cy) decane velutalors thal ace Uaed for Learcodulation of Ar MAL \ quae tary derecoduta Lor ” : ; . ie 1 5) Envelope caetector (diode. de Jéctm ) ~ ~) Syndrmon 4 adele dor poy value of tt x Sgr Symmes oclelécloy ts Comm! slew aria Square lard 7 se voru Lave Aone AVOID ACK aoe 2 oul Pr deurodulalron OF AN j envelepe aaliclor ust be A raid % SQUARE LAIN) DEMODULA TOR: = : met [square loro | malt Sane Ate = As, Saml= Ac 7M Kame) {Cosanfct = A, Cos alifct + Kant) Cos2fIfeb- Ac She olP ef the Cquace leo Olawsice May (6LD)oyp >V2 = Carats) tAasearaey g =a fA oatect 4 Kame cosanmfct 4s Gace toaWfct +Ka rel bosPariict-Ae 4 a Ka Army) Cos2arfelt, bt beeing capecitr] oo feeclatac 4 Ac Karn th) (ws Mfct fishe hohe pom AmC UG Ubud ony Post of aghexarn (etoratfet)yaze Ac hired stead] lac len assINE Manat vy A ave re oy fetlorns ( (PE Ipip= aa Act ieer mn U1) 48 5 «BA! Karna) Se z A ipeanloel cignet ‘OY as Nolse Sf 2 yes! muy tan tee Reconalsdeleat (alsanont io Line SSee eral ss Rauge ©} 190 071003) 2 mt4) Cant be Reconslaucléd NY Now, / / eS hal KAMA) Ni oh AE eA AUD) SS ray Kam) Now feb pot 4)= Am Los ettfml £0 < _S:= 2 N Ka. Am (os ailfmt = — 2 __—_ AL CoS aMlfrn t Oe 12 Cosartink <1 Now, > ee - = got 3 Toget 3 =100 SB u+0:02 apectad ie For cuch rmatl vice of Ue une tows ALLE etal pele actans cies be max Aourodilotron = C48 the squace cepelutalor eLine, ef Clee ¢ Ata hast LAreaificed: I rea inet aq ttu Ace am 1 Rg is ncrtearwed bow t dn tS Se yecuutad aad Vict vevr g 5 ef Vigh Value Of Sin 3 Xt sheatd ve vewd Kyra dt aie — mls Of tt , modulation na wou bo Qu, Be ox e+}Hicie soturer Calis be ce measanishyiaus ot fon Hie ee se t 7 hats pls mech sel uw t wack want preferred for 4M at { rred fi 4 > ENVELOPE DETECTOR: z CKE diagram i 3 LEP OO i 3 4 = t mcp= volt) very zr ble aud ekea pet at wri be frodit VELOPE DEI TEC TO:2 am => Envelope aelector of Spplad ary Called as —> he +e UA veLet at tre elP 40 ib wily)auunte po bg i: Carma a Fade ae = vey Arret Hert ce should be «fo Brysty youlage Oe Moe time coy sacilor ve ety chau I SS cthacito VN ws ; . 7 —~y- ger 7 AA tonat = Re ¢ clon ge °° => oc arma the capocde eet aischa- af t= RUE wa "ac to Sao sf z- RO is vee Nole '- c= Rr-¢ 5 Shout be very lugb dischaages Very slacotey «- tagh, tne capac Acrehouges clos Le capacdlsshe CuNne Shoum at AONOSS opens P BO I ible Sf Koc w very wagh, even before wearer tO Apes yousqe rj diode ae es ond copay uxt) be AeJo) Vek LOUpowensor vued Ge TO “penanans ee ape ' Jrjort Re ANoutd be vey darmnall arid Ry c ZAhould tox wigh i a4 p Note ° oS ? 4 tlc AM signal Us app! tied to Ake ainda Ae lectoy P how i oye psi” aa Ne frat a ED oO/P al? + aT 5 _Vencexatt tint —> Vin | ypu 9 stH= A-GhK Kam ld) loa rte > Ac Si Kamp poe aR == 3. AGwanfot +B atfol —» [Aae ' ee { (ie x gels aztant P/A i® LIPPING . CASE OF DIAGONAL © oe ee . Jo aveid ag onal clipping [Pad (RT) x Paoper choice eo Ac 2 [2 Zee 8 Lene B gi.dhe Conrier qed A (MM, & Ards dide mesalilal sal rrenen ze rognads OL +pseasoury 2H, The -peope! ice % Rye tT enucepe Aleciton Anartel be b) seo usec |= BOOUISeE A) OS USER a) tA secSel"? fi (wir, = 7f reer \ oe mocec = S00 Ae fr @ \ zee Be < = $, Greatly ~ [rep ret Ossieets & | (a pele) / mp Aww = ve SU Aust - fe i tutatid . WI « She ofp a} the ED wt! be! iment De] oO. Nok (har aalét is OfPiof the ED wor be AcSlakamayy ’ EP urcu wee lAc Spica) 2 fax U>!, the O1P jew rin covanfet YY cuy= mip cL) =Pog EN 0 1) 0) Ce teoteatliy 4 ( jeu) xc) AA) = FM Ae mveiet4) +0 Klas) me eblasr Gf tne De term ts Not added 7 oe xcth) usdaled m4 ld be ove obteuw che aigavwa we Aer alge 1 AL Aen Hence, blue AM aigqred plotaruied urbe aud it Cant we dtiuncocditaizd back fey Ep Herwe the ED foil om ale me Se a eT > s\) au asin dlolen 2. Fox cope iv ie Sts) = mu eld) it Gmntauw che wananage argnal mu), bur a ant tnp diods Aglector bp deacocdulaliel ( juts scheme of SC) mien & given a +pery ROAM Called at p OVeu i i | imsoctitlalcos | €®) 4 the ofP ef Uke dicts defection volar Imi] 2 Su por B4. ui shecifies. the vollage Vadaltons of Sy fiver Ve>Joos el aval Wy che Reowtls “4 am eS AL ower age + San —— a {uoenpuce | ier | er) ; 3 ctt)= Actosailfct | ubuction of weacage « tqpal y Local oscilky x hn peszect Recor ecpectliy aagncharonisea!| on heed prequeud aad proce: x Prequeuny aqnironinads on Cam lee 4 auhiives!| Gain acuunving fihace erprebrvonizalnon ce very complex ¢ ai ad x Jo actueve forare ayrovonian bon additional tomplen © | adey thas to be Used ustuih make. She iS prcirrayeeoes | deleclow vou cormplex - An Aly Fi Emel: apy = AcCosamfel tPHet aqrcbrrontnalion} 1 Aceume £ Sneat= Ac Silt Karo dt Cosanfct = Ac Coslick + AcKarntt) Cosa rifce The muubpiies OP te giver ast Shia) x19 -i AMAL OU jActoralt [el ae Kearney Conartfet (Ay Ct f Ad Ws2aitfct + Ag Kart) & ovifet © O (hs 4itfct) Ae Karn) (14 Losi =H Ot ee 2 Karat 4) As Lhe AM atgnal us Ibaarewnitled fo long tisternces, 46 d veadacerel 1 Heveugh Am pl” 7 gh Am) wnne 2° ASSUUAAe , 7 . Cope Biase ymchrverusst 50 (Mul) ojp= SAmtb ™ Cos fap +O} SAc tos arf et + Ac Karna) CosaiTfet {COs 7 anfct +o (eat Bates, tam oat tad 2 nt) Cos (4tHe| +b) 4 Ae Kamit) Cos & ee . Ada: md) Cos - hea 2 (LPF oir = wee meconge agra) an be Rrconali uclion Sack gj ths eee a ef cond ie o yeuroure Cort i vat chou Lorn new shen caetin aa ae a PE Arpt Pike 1 fur , we ith & #0 maces me at Comat Lae, ¢ emul Tt ta Vmpossible to, Constyuct-x uy Latado 5 Case ao - 0 @e) > the Off cd Dhe ourcodractaloy Ls ie no maga Gan ia ecli ould: Jhie Ut cCatted as Oltadialine nuit ERRECT! (ONE) np -perfect Reeonahiclion 9} wurerage @=aComet adadiltonal tomrplex ted ys 4 which mates so vor tomplex: d S jhe qeniedlcdomn Oo} 4 by SP ie afectad %y “ONE. jo manta has to be wee AN TAG Advantage ts khal & bee derrrcodirlalion (4 tom? x DRaweacks OF AM: 1 Frawemiltes power L* poalzal oman o> >= f { Pl =Pemg 2.4 needs igh iqustusion Garcciuicth ; 3 Highly a4fectial A Noise. ae BA. @NE- x APPLIATIONS OF AM: an: Proad : 1 Ot fo ed tobe word 5 eo 4 (Point to musti Gocins)x Douete SIDE BAND-SUPPRESSED CARRIER C PGBS) Accume, vioaage ( age aignal mit) D CGmier Aignal eit) Ac Cosarge peuetal cop Of DsB-se Signe pli= mid city) Spc) AcMUD Cosaifct y xErequoney Spectium: q if) se) atc TS ee ciO= Actesafce < = Ady Achy gs ee ee Soegl) A usB LsB ? use Few “fe “ke few fe kno c KK 80 Bw=200 3 S message Signal Bau dandie= =~ at Tn¥* 4% Oh 4 Accume -D) 4 ALL) = Any Corsitfint teu 4 a 3 ‘ : Spe@ld)= Ac wred) coseitfet 4 = Ac Arm cosatttmt - (os 2N1fcl im COs, amt ert e 4 Achmtosan fe fn) isp’ rey Loe Jou ges mie) = Eee | F - “fm fo : Fc O52 a ~ hel fel 4 ; | ] a fe : ken Soso? — Ae Acti = Loh <—USB 6 “2 “3 “3 ae “? "6x Modulation of fold Koel os txiorl = f= 10.cos anxiOl CRS Shen, Peak? aap: e| che Dee mals AAA 6B- St FEN See poe ke qe Py = Pee Poca + Pree TEs (Act) Joo ficiency ce ayet Sols Coxmuo® { 20/8 Cosmxio® | is PSB nwedulalid by any ) ef 5 p {| 23ados mort Find cats the porous ond tle Abe cloum? : : N : w= 25> Cost xiort 3 Ayn= 212 Sfm= toxins = 70:5 KN3- 2 ctay= 2oS> Coatix10* L c a A= 20M = WXIOt . COKH, Now, R= Acar = B00x8” FR 4x) [Pe ‘1600 «| 4 Novmeds sed prourer, Q=1 14 US Badd uadth= = fro) = 20s \b> | AucTi- Tor'e DSB: Accum, Mid)= Am Gosattfimt +m, 52iifmat 7 ¢ SY Spepls) — AcMuU) Coritfet Ac { Arr losaitfinst 4 Arm Co~oiTfnat YBSAITfe | = Ae Areny COS? tT fart Cosa tf b+ Ac Brn (038 frmak © usBt fet for tt Ac Army tos an (Fe B Cncel = Achm os ait 3 + Ae hom totter fme)i Anam Cos oft (fe- ee ° usB2 x Foe spiotions et #pecbum {et er temo ¥ fm! Ame > Am _Grechs wr Ache ae ——— fetes —fectruy Fer fo © fete forty fcr fina ee Bwe ax max” freaueaey ef ws 2xAmans |Cl Power. oe] Mutctome DSB: ; fa aioe €%) 8 wohere + % Poa= Pusecotas) * Msettaty) = Pocpr+ Puss? +Pisar + Pisa 2 Now, Pose (gaa 2 dg 2 Behan) p= Ae ae Pers A Ae [Amt Arms | AR l= A Conte ef 10cos Nx FL) cs apse rnrodutalad by a mtg siqual ef GW (ENxi0" ©) - 4+ COS (&Tx10% E) Find au the parrasaclit Bec es 4pecum mn: ea é Sa Clos Gri xlolt +B THOSE == = a = Amy> & 5 feng & tony = 300TH 5 Fema = 10X10" = BOle = =coK cy - 10 Cox (4 ipctort) Ave tOle tee AM, = 2000 | ee [Bn A freonen) = 2950K = Hop le2 Pp. AeAms Ae Aen ns $ yes cam g i 361602 2 Now, Am} 6B, Poser at oe eee Pusmi =_ 10% 36 _ 4cmw | =Pcm By = see Frequency Spec bout alee © acd. IAFOIK Qo00Ke ego Rasote VR eel at eeOr Ds * CEN ERATION he eumeaton wacthods ace! @®) Balauced oe deta Lo, 2) 4 wwelrilalor Q ALANCED MODULATOR? AM modulalers are nnedcdea > Pov ‘ . es ds THEO. A AS: geveralt DSB Algnal agen + = ™(4) CS Pe / : jee) L-0= Actos anfel On oe tue q Phate-shult! 1 AN, = At =m) Mop-2. SAW Sow, 4 Samy = Ac gu Ka mW] Cos atifcl 4 ou 3 Saray = Act! Ke m4 FCo> atrfct &, Spemtt)= SAMLE — SAMUD = 2 Ac Ka MU losattfet Spee = Ad mcd eselicle whevey—A thus A diotes tonnecled m the tear of RING to generale DER cignal x Block Biagrau! > Pg Sulu : eas ne _— rc ti DB, — | “cn Nole ! —s Ageunce ale diods Att Sdeal Tapped aud “ef 1:1 Lye Bo xMEU Cre Cenlre - ‘ ; tee cw) , w ee 4 {4 ih. 71 ; --fy = op”: [when CUt=+? 7a > pady= 2S) OF <<sbi FO DD» = RB = ofe-cK) : Peat ~ ang > iT Sle set | | oe ri Sos r ae SS Lap cleave Condunim: Seth) = 4+ve met) tewhen ctr) >t) ~-ve, MUD when: Ct) ve Ax DEMODULATION OF DSB - SIGNAL xdhe arivetitatcon of Der, 1 clone Asteclor NCL RONOUS ~ DETE sigs Sosa) fox eel | = 1 ——— > MoLTIPLIER | lee ——> muy je ee ak (eee (ye 0 =Aclos atifet Now. Spsrt(d)= Ac mi( dios age pebronination ) ———— Net (ig. Ae tommufehpertect 9 .C) xl op (Milojp = Ses BGA Cosairft roth) Gor aitfet x 4c = Acentt) 7 attfee = Ac ray 4 ‘4 Cosatrfict 4 z t (Foe: 42oRw aie (Lo) 6jp= Act @rfet* ©) ate (MutJojp= Acmtt) Cos2met » Ae tos (2nigct+®) = A oU) Cosamfet: Cos (2MMfet +)= AM MU) Cochifcl4+o) 4 Arm) Cor ¢ (Mu lory (i PRopp= ALDUD oxo &2) \ = the const additonal actey as to ke Px Jo nutes utilised oar: when &=40 ,0/P =O, hemee at suffers Ale sproblenu ef Quadralure NULL effect CONE): x _ Modartalov *- TPropuct | > Acmiptosaitfet x Product my > MODULATOR —~ COS ~ MOBULATOR) 2 3 a i = C) Actosanter Nole : - / : Fe I % Product modulealos wu the ~ Linali, given 1b a DSB modulalor * . X ADVANTAGES OF DSB ie 2 eS at = 100 7-) . | Traueriite: power usu fae caved C 2. used for long aetoue wrum 3 DRAWRACKS OF DSIB:. |. Dewodulotion i. wornsie- NUD Baud wicth- alo % APPA TION? 7 ; nm OUadralis Carrier Muu Jatewing- tHe uredGD x SINGLE SIDE BAND - SUPP ED CARRIER ( sor. «Ine advawlége | SSB Over AM aud DEB Li bath Ale xPUBA jouer auc Bw unit Ge caved - let mt) =< ———- == Cis Actosammtet WAS gnck IS ‘ec ‘5 ! : 6oR B= oS oR | oly LSB *» ‘ 8 eeNole pF dhe ake wiodutalion ef SEM lan cone lox Mee SD Ud ( ( weg the menage Ox4 al cs 4 mrowage argral op woheneves cidtatbannd, Ok sini 0 rn) axe qiven aa 21? 91 4 my 1 sideRaud (ar? 4 Pn) oupe eo Q $s referred ouer CB ~ oa LD 2 oy Aomg ds ie iy Kawedd. Ufrx xeon a aidabome 2) Red Uste ith UW 4aued é& 6o’oao"o"o.s = 7 2 Nole | J Of thes. \Famemctr, Powe i, (pan. par edto DSB SO Bu we be aaved Lh 1% § 4 aud o| [i acer 2. Le of of owe jade PSB erase compoued to glee modiulalon Sn din (vy AM « Anperrd 4 On 9 Ce CCC POSSE Vv &m= Am si] @) Sewuy= Act Co.2iT Het pe dt + Acton Cocotte - fa) f SAM i= Ac {bt Attos2rfionl 2 Gasaitfel Now blee Correopon ding USS we Kave; mm LY) = Am Gatti t es i t= 0" foba ve sf of ml) aura Ao’ 4hase aod erty) wedge wheie/ A W= HUBERT yralion of mW) t Arps Arm Brin aitfint puloal da tig an the aleve aqtalon weget™ So, x : [ssseew- Acme) (ponfet —ASMU) svin2nfet } 2 is - use © Sagle tone + > LSB: eigral| power Svved bsp ond sep vie aM Let, 3 ate 0 1OF y nen, afer modulation » foo AX 4 PE- w90w i P.- Sow Por = 20W e. P, Pose Pisa 1oow Sow 10% 10W 20w — sow tow tow oy 10W sow 3 pene 64-8 se * corm ponsa do AM . doy Oo laevsenauter jrousts 22m DED at Usmnpares| +o AM, BOF. Of hWoarternttly, qpowe. Leaced: a On ssp ae wrmpared +o vse: 07 > xmuitter frowre “pe voles ef UU Ae cusmoust ot oem eseaporrel to DSI sea 2. whalives te qrowe caved rn Sst Sos Pak Fee Fep= Peal ~; Fuser Pise= FeuNow of splatites sowed! qs Hae) tae 1 te, fo Aw lot ‘ f eh : Mt ets?) / Pf poured ZaareAd= 2 {-a7 = |-Pse rn ps vis AM 2449? PE SRV _. ae J J BL Power Bascal wn Sc Powemaed tornporid to 4M fgtot pains Per Peal? se % iM art a 1 -pewes nese at 4441? | Ee. 1 S60 AM aa pe © .01. An AM [iauternittes pour! te given by £P6 ad. Fined hee mee cncoral of Powe Rawed 44 cere A ona of phe SO me, sufoprreaced ustth DU = Of 9 i) u> 0-8 og soit Given Pe coow jausors peo 3 ame =e yay powe = F057 ohne faa saved oo = Pe § a Amount 0} Row ~ce » = eoo gH o2s miread = AST Of S00 ~e 3 ee 3 Sa), => DB —< ye BDI2s ere S e he ree OBIS XI 5, +p of poure Zoeusia 4441? _ paleo raat on Sf? 479% Armeuat Of power gawed= B81 SOO 4aqw |eet osu mrethods Of com Ae ) Rrequoucny disccurinalion method W) phove Khacirrineation methed © nev DIS CRIMINATION METSCD: qa ws Wantemi tte though prepe filter +02 qs ssi. 7 Spsew Ut RopuCT J Sseald ——* MODULATOR | BPF = ~———- c= Actosantct cid > Actosaitfct Soset)fa Ake OPE O10 4 pve ie yvc{y- wep) x€D = (APF)pjp= S#8 Apecbum Gp y Hb) = = | — f ae ee ok ° k keO piccrimiIn ATION METUOD! « PHASE she General exprcaaisn Of S68 “e mal ch given as ne Te. cee an Of oe 4 7 econ) =AcmdoraMee 5 ACM G19 Wet > Bleck diagoat Ws f propoct Acintt) Cosantct . cr > MODULATOR 7 ss ] * eu j @ Aclosailfit 1 Nanos Bas mee eg i, : | {pete shite | LAcéin antet Goud ote peoauer | Aeth WE alee af —oeor a5 5 MopuLA TOR ical est S58 Genevation (fr only mutt tone $s) Nole, = Phase shit ol 2 anlage: abe —_ Sesh) te al | ao Ox nothing bat BmleGrotor ow [Vifferentialer | | We Re dove $A00 pire wulth ag oes Eaate Oe a 5 rah ta nes file woth 3. Diffecentialor —> eae time Bea a Re pee Sees= Volto) = Ww) (uw) 8 ARRON eS iw ie iid Hiw) ae \ ze Oh Hiw) = Aiea Aroce (2 Yue) VI) Hew) = wae) vi (wo) er 5 yyj= o- taut A 70° faba into rk 6: Ge joule LPF woth ¢ Re wort Nd cS i F 1 T vee) Se YL | Aug | oe 1 zm [volts] = [Vitw)] [W(wa) | = Magqratude tvpien) = Lvitw)+ 2H uy) <— phase Qo -urehawe! an getlins Mane Aniffed Bay 0- fre qetling fra hifled by 10 10. 4 ag LZHI(w) , Now te qed 1 ——— > (jure)~ Mote kone qiracticel < ; 1 cht ca not there _ co@, trkes place Heuce . fy ee : frcamce ef § que hone . fy en ey ee B B Nole SS ZHCiw) taut (wre) foorn above tly freaueucy lornponcul. °F Papal BO ceperienting ayy phore aba f Li aoe oa nhs allay B tol jaoccible to Conslruct pwuside Band 40° proce Lnejtes So ds above method a. fe tien of MULL tone ss alqrat ‘ole En Geusialion =f Mullitone SG jaciets ae rminaluon menod urd ter Uoed f tinzcuntnalion Me 1 Of Frequonty amit) G Spsal) Popol Wee LX aL ka feo k rene 0 (ee kdecd (31 Cannat lee Conslrucded tle Reotlee unelevived peanouuts > Lola levine ole Bards lived ently g ahove dAiascuoback S5B & yer dh AVArrctrys Aci ot = ee S51 303140 BOM, earth, Spset ———— ia ; use } Use A] pe B paces ony vse Note * a — Ine GAsBancls are eet 600th, Also, if he BPF Ls Mot > an rot allo ce the xIMEION Can be done. pe othe: SP tO pare Hem =aoup 20m, DI mip 2 —$—> my AAudio Sans ii fence Keefe (rR, feraoe AONDe @) Pc ae yf PB omy —— . : | f fe + 5 fidcn [ou ea Be 7k ' Sere) . - ee f “ Gant gop? y [ Pyne “J a fe 2 the vidio & Hele Cart bee xvaitted 4 not , echeme asstne €T> may In ifere Concluvaiaer = aa « for laansmuenm Of a varann at angral Alo peclaum , a uide Band Fp t SF std, Band voice 2 the 6 CO ppedium o a4 4 weed or Iran al vn gop 4 Gooth, Voice aigale ars wide, Bar jason 4 Com be Pgs cemonuLatos of £8 SIGNAL — ~~ we x Syncewgnon’ Delectow’ s = 04) LV gy PIER LPF ne | } © ctAc los 2Tfet | LO” of Ss is ¢ ~ AcIrtB Sehamifet - > BECOCEL you as: | Gurney See a= Ac mut) cssaritct5 q Ac Conant Jl feet Stgrchocarvisstuon$ © 2 : 2 = + Ac UW) CoRarrfct = Ac nh U4). Grn AMfet oo ’ 2 2 W)MuAtl)s)p- “sen t4yx(lLoojp IF VF 5 ASHOLWSO = Srv ; ea FIL Popp Ac mit) IS Cos®arfet = 1- Cos AMet g 4 fis . x : MUO » = tet, SNO As D(Lodojp= Ac Oserfet +o) F a ss diprGraeelen }(Mut)op- Se ats) Loop aa WD Corartfet a ake Sein Mfr § Ge Cos me bre be ee + Ad m4) Os - a ; a 3 7 ACA) gen (Act +6) tA Grin A ay(LPE Ada) Woes + ACTA Gen - fre aii ne 2 sales] when, aya=o 2 uw (LPpojp= Fae b) @=40° = thc “Ole #0; hence $5B i PB oip= FA {oe tctad by oeNu ~ Democdutalron Of pCa Nol affecliat bau ONE F E xAdvautages o4 SSP" @ UO Trenumiithes power | Heed Ga Oo7 | 2) Thanisni~tiaa Romdusidih 4 sAavued- 3) NO affect of @NE x Drawbacks © Sse! ) Demedutetaion is Csrraplex 2) Linviled Coles fox Voice aiqnal lgarrsmni4seion * APPLICATION! 1) Pseterred Fm Voice 4iqnat learn neon ~ Ealing 5B We Uned for Voice aqme eter Jocal telsprone comrn™ x VesTiaial SiewanD MoD" CVSS Video S& qnal = o— 4-5 Mt Biv 4:5 Mth, ae AM or DST modulaiiom = 2xRu iG Z = AMHY x TV Gqnal = 1OMH yy (each) Bar (p Awdin Si¢mal) _ Sed Rw - GOOMH? Lorroadtly wea)weed A modutalian achemne Le Rw 4 sna, > Jot Bua TY SiGrale SM My (Prcludatp audio Senal) ty chaunel net Used fa vVrdio Signal ps Alough : ut foils. veatined st Lao adventage ovel AM Oem (Qn Bw power) Heute abmost of Acme Barvatuiath as Ss e provides ured for the WUUISEIOI of VielLo sign omd Con be 2 = ok Bek ag : ‘a -partot” 7 Bar aah areal tHan See amy a =eGiles Reet oe (Sgorctrmou d (mu \dop claciny is 4 J Nfajoip = aio SAE ape ~~ a fe akno (pr) — Ss 1 te! eee Po ei tesa a eae Noe sucled meanage aiqnal, ts Lous req ueucies wr Ihe Reconsl sn wttt Ge Galen ferenced by cuncleaired -p< a @ new Io OG © cits 20 that WiLanaye Algnal Camnot @ |jucled- ie 2cH r | <—onginal sigan t Colstained) | tSe MT) : (@ iN - zis a ‘ i Spse@l <« Zo ae r ¥- WO fe -fewo few Fe fer l i ais { oh Hh taal Aid| : : [is kde ge Se ae 1 teat ies i = - 14 1 2 LA ele eee S ee hao! He ° The ens> WET) Ol Gide rand shaping filler should 4 4ummetyical al of Hica 2 far demodutalion o| VSB, gern came Deleclor vst be uped: s eb Bw A Power sith othe Modul-laon ache mes poe? ia Poel usiath -- AM 2 DSB + Vee > SSB bariaion Of on o jc Usmparisinm © power¥TEREQOENCY DIVISION MULTI PLEXINIG (FDM) (ey) a 7 t ado mul pley Comblinuouis 2 xFDM Ww ured fry aL lace Corti nas Signals. ‘ Biock A oo I AN ete ie A I mut pr a 001 Beri |- +|teco) — whl) ay = mi oo -— ee 1 LPF ac Mop | Maw x 2S 7 Movs | \ =f s *LPF axe weed to Baud tinuit the Ogaals . | (no modulate, BAe OCA zane Band 4 A tle Witon au usu geet oiler efered wich each usu &&- So, aaa . “z \e osne a eaeCase 3 (AYP. Carrier Praquenters) lel Line ch J the chaunel Oni be 1ooMty( Ole 100M yohe tarmuteatvon aad flee cae > pf : oe Anas Char 100M ry : a j 23 0 fevtu fer fers Ne fea Reks) fe bi ioog kag! a 7 4 aa e— fea oe = 2- Avo the © meg? thould et deleced > feo #101 a: tere fertloK - featfz rio taro fEEDOD . _ No Gar Bend o c SHeeHoNaeoHrHOHHONaogoranast he se > Bw D1. An And Aigqnal is given eos eth)= Same) } Goswet where, (4) =4 Cxsuomit +1 Gr wma ss = Bind medutlalion apie enee 2 yn: Given. SUD = Hi (4% Coswie t AM wa Sr : 1d tostweyt + {1 BoM, ¢ 2 Cosoct ee wth Ataruidor.d tmuttiitone Am: SUH) = Ae S14 21 Coduom t +44, Cossom, t $CortI 3 Army Cosiom,t Am, Costom, =m) = a) m ue . SUD = Ac Git uy, Costomit +a Grrumel the And Coswrout Am, Sartor t SO, 7 the Bo jd4= OS dy ~ joxtos?= Me So, = ay? DHede® we [1-207 | tueCit, ted muwe Te. |p sebh Re be eloservved mm YUH ¥ beat x Spy ( hE a: (1 ~)i0¥ @ias ae . ac) i 7 Spedval park wot VS aU _ ie = Nt Be aol we 10K =. orp of HPF = er ono toe HK 1aie At 9 inoy mead pier 204 Ape cld arr Bhi fat PO Tae Pie MELOY we AK 7 26k.MuUbt pies zee way PMC OITEN Ariyteen ae ( —Cler_ pecbed A ct yea te is abe hy 7K + nk t a3. A Srnusoidal Canvie® 64 1V, 100M Hayy porodsict modacl by a sinusoidal wAs marr Of IV IN Hy ho Reau ting waned Us paaaed thecough HPF Of feutolf 100M Iby ‘ Gilles lP added with aAinusoidol asgnal Of 1, 100. Hy, aw phase shift: Find ao enyelepe of ofp? | Soi" ep ig -Ernan nol b) [racosann : Oak Syrvatinicht 1) Gost | Block le vet 1 HOE vs —— | weodulator | aner | (EJ ek = ty Arata a Co Lv, loony Co: PAOOMMay — LV,toanttty 10" fas ‘ “Ac Cosalif L Ac Senaitct . -=t, fc -100M a ae ne Acs! ifr tooM iy 2, y= Atos 2tifintAc alltel Blocked by HPF | Adw|Cos 2IrC tet) t + Gos air te 7 frat 2 paces Smamttmt 2 2 Ad — AlAm Srna ifm | Wt — Ses QNx10%t = Sai QNr10° \ envelope ae B49 A non-Linean device characle sed ky Vo = OM + by? whee y= mi + Cosette by lenvidasing 08 pep terms -find fr auch tha - veon AST 9 ee Alaal Carries efkeatie cay cs IM ID ~ af{mipeteary iE + b Fmti) locerpie}” A = amt +4 Oat + bpm) + Lox *<2iifit Sr? LD Cosa + rm (4) Lox25) £ istocaregpeg © So!So S| Cnauainuicg or Vo. by Bm UIC Arr (gt 2 Mss 3b ra (4) Costiifgt 2 thaudasd Owe lerm So, by qd Vo= Ac’ (4) Cos Tick ac m (4) 7 ee Skectium of s(®)=2 x Sol”. —— Spal -an 2B oO So, Apectoure of ine medulabion = fi=te | ” aT {0b icp = acktiafioit <— hence for |vett change | freauouey Chauges eM Nole! es the amount of 4a equoucy change ™m bee att chawge ™ Tus lawns wignal. @eeugageogoee an oaoaaraeanageegeoenarmanos odode Ke apectti carer toe |AOKIBSVo cu) Nowa, an f; fer Kem LD So, mt)-o = tite +0 apmly=+cv SF = fe #1ask A a) t4)= —S¥ > F> Fe“ Is ELULKICRD © when ymin -o => h~ fe. 3) mit) =ave => Fi ote a)rmid=-vt Sf < fe. c . Nolé- eqarng aaa au of meASeRe ai a 1 (Volle9e), eet qeeaue & eblainad Hewco FM also collad a Vote to au, tl ts Conversion: 2-9 FM, meso: aigqnal vi ayaualron arc Convedaad a Arries gral Preavou es 40 th also couted a2 “VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERSION” *Prolysis: A ; ETOCS (4) = Arn 2M %net Pa Ta mea” ee eoucy © As grat-p tenio= fe Hp am | | Ge pa foroqurucy devialton Max [Kp md) d : 4 ruin” Jocamency of | re », © (ape wpa 50, pouring value of Af im above eqn wegel Foner Peni] at | oy FM l-o-4t | fan = © el fraxate Amin fe frnan A pen nal henry Jotal qo 1 GE toothy Fincl fe. APY : DAT = Toil Ppeaucuay Awing= F00Kthy ; d J : At. 4S KH 3 (af SENT eos Noi * Ne tas 1S Hy 5 =ferat fo = fmae OT = sxlooo~4¢0 1€ = 10S0lc 2 coh os Mity | ash And At 1.acxi000 - 49 [Fein = OH ms A Snuscidal Carrier Sf 20, AM ips & feeaueuc rede lated a signal © \0G~r ayrxiort + Kf 1s hen by w ( mY 4 8 soxrpfroit - Gad At 3 fmox £ fain? sit Given, Actosamet = cl) So, Ae = 20V) te= 2M Ps fine fe— Kp 4) pee hinting TuIet= mY) = 2000 ~ SOx10 tne 0 m= 2 | [Pots S50 7 Ky = SoHefvolls eae tsi, Frnox = Fetlgim cy: “= 20004 Lo Px 16 [2taagenryac Ww ih i } { fe1 Kem | ‘ ml4)-Am St fet 4 Amd] HE Hrte! | | m (4)= -Am> fi fe Ara | gut! as | } hc ‘ As, ae fi= fer KEW a Now, i mld) = Am >t = tet kp Am oh [a>fe mie Amati = fe~ KyAm=3 i i fié ; ‘ © IM WAL Phe 5- Aden S50 40% Cones Sa = cht}= Arles pxet = = Ac los FOS whee, a nae no Rigas fecomore e493 ont ob ydTORO tea es eee aay sus saps ‘i SA wt A ex? Dilan - f Great )= Me as Ee hg ee ae qnoauallalbian ie NOW. @714)= an Ft oly —-sn [fee KM 1A) ihe = SuG@le Towe mi: Swale Tone FM" ent a) = Arnie Mpa ptt a nti Aclos Samet +key [Am Gate ZOSFIMfel +t [3 Semarify | Simgte fone PM t Sa ise mi diag dtben lus Youur ef By Ale FM Is Clans fiedt : mo @ _ = wet wir wv (poy) x Narww Bond FM (NBEM):- Ihe Sangli tome FM ic giver’ at! Seats) - Ac Cosa 4 Pena fmt g pec! oaldd= Ae os (aifct) @ (pamanifint) fet) Gein — Now toy NBEM 3 [ps1] (Sma valor) So, fox Groall luis of © A 3 Ss (s tos 0 = J Erm o= 0 . So, . Frege oa Le erate <, Cdareai Ae ete? ee alee ats eweriay = Ac Comet - AB seers AP Sosy NOW. Semilarily bho NBF 04 £hta? > Wrrpasable ; both <| Saeatgye ALD act + Aco: ante —Frnt + Act Cosa nC)Nole : xGenesal pron Of AMA NBEM axe Ocuist es op 120° phace chit ak 15 33" ane Goer pe xf w Aely eae s— 6 44m je tetfrn - K-Rw=2fm—4 € a vngaitoae Apeclaum | AM ENBEM are £ame x Power Sf NBEM- As, af A- PerPuce tse Ded hese, 2 pe AL 5 a8 SEE - AS 4 AB ee 2eR aR , Pee Ac que [R= rivet]xR 4 ¥ Woah vilerna ly ureth AM. houce ¢ Aix Ficance of NBFM US nealigqnble 20 { ae PX Bawdeoulth aud powes veqeliremenls | NBEM uy be Aanre A AM x Becaure Of ite much airmi lacie woth AM, N BEM ven least practical migmifi cance Commporzct tos wend AMAL Qt AM aud NBEM acre Ring Mmodiltalion Index urcre aaAded - Ine sires et aqme cot tl be G a> DSR (OMS urdth canrier) RATION OF NBEM! Suepmu= Arfosaifet -Apemalrfe bss aitfmt & Ac tosenfat tert ihon) Gu. anrteDlerm arthat > m/s st oc mt) Shr (OsatifentKIZLIDI BANE FM (BEM) Et FUNCTION: C3 andorsad Aepn is gwen # — Tota): 1. [pi eme-ne) an 10 ¢ Jurmrny vasberte se4 a MfImcreases 4 » ° Yagean >T120 >OD°7409 | wo aaae Ss = o dave = C1) InG@o ptaj= deta) a N° Oce 0, = JnCx) i n-enven oe SS WO, S s200=1 ell a Real Rus P iv) Sot) ts Bx General evfreacion ef WRFM® | Oo eGrnexal eep: Le Give aw (of Senge 4tome)! ] ° j Spmith = Actos Fanfet +PSmatifmt } joy NOW, oc @= Real TE $0. 4) = Ac Real $e =i sn zs, ; 2 umes Soutes ~ Ane Rese AE I BSrneiTfenl 2 aa Now, . el BE afm ¢, x a Cali nuoes ‘Saat augrad torchAg we 2QA@ynwal w 4trasoctic SO, X04): MiVits ly, ~ 7 ; Ge NNT Seo ia it) Bear x fourier Secx 1) Weed 10 find the oat Seng Yee} u So, the eof Fouad, 64 Gels peciodic arcgric 4 Gt AD { © “y & u tp) 3 ne INWot x wore where Va , nxt (He imwet = So. « hens i BSH QMfrnt = Cpeineiifnt a n= Now. Yat Sa- ele IPS Stim’ _jn2itfme (Yfm) |< -e ak “fan ‘Btm x _ frm [ er CP enemfint maitint ) - Mp, Now ge Ane SInOowW= a 12 e oO) $0 9 anfent ifn At= AG- MOO pen t> afm 2 0=-an- t= po, es£0, ‘ Cry byes [e {Sen NO) Ao ee VERY " IIT fsx CPS -n0) : ao =Jalp) 3-273 $6). = [en= JncP) withing cic Yolue req” (2) Weget= (Pa ee a —— oP sen AMfnt _ Ty (a) eNO Ment n=-0 auricle Leng thie value Yn 24 (1) uregel sect = mene” altfnnt f Sem) = SweemG= Ac Ey —— - Go . 3 Syerucn = Ace f= Sabee = (Fe4 fn) - N= So the General exp of warm is Ce ast: HAE oe [oer Hs Ac S Inte) conan ferment | Nee Anal iee : “Sumer t) Ac = ans 27 Chern fade - ms = Ac Jol P) Cex aitfel +AcJ, (Plo alt Cet im)t + Ac Til) sel! CF) t+ Ac Tal PCosan (te EE +e Ac T- af) 603 217 Fe- fra JE + = = -Aw ss setiB P) ae ~ Adal pee 2 aL a male. Poe 3 Fe “Frit? etme (fetim) Fen ~Fet9fm ~ fe-3 fry a A-TolL® 308) 2 Acca) me — Ft | i i ae > ASAP 3 = Ac 5, (8) s zy Akg t®) ood = ‘eam | te fertim ford fim Sola) >T,la) of (a) +3200 --.,enc busions aud © No Of LSB ‘ = ez?) 2 the Actial Band width of wer he <0 | ware! Comarols Of Carries fret g Cornponent, oy ver der aide Bands goon = for WREM, shength ef hig hes Ow oud panel Rrcosrre 2 BAO Acctean ral to ke Aldi Bards o12 Sart fox WREM, tower owe aud Wwigher dvcles Site Ras aigni fi camt aidsbandes Coxe: Ue qnificaont Le. y Power OF WBEM: As Mee ies 1(Puse1 + Puse24 y+ CRisrar seat J where, ce ; ye a= Puce = AIA) ; Psrars A 2R Ac’ 5c) : Pisa Ac 2R Y Plc.--g ACT=2(B) , AC TALE) + A2 TAP), ALTE), Ao TCP) oR 2R aR ar x a Se, m= ADF 72.49) 433 0B) +FolA) ATC) rime 2R = m= Ae Zin. 2e = ns? ie S soe) =]nee POULE. Ef Carmien b moet tay Coasy serme 24 A446 modulation x Practical Bandandth of WEEM! F CARSoN's ROLE } x Dhe Actual Bw ef WRFM Cs ©: fea hautmiaaron oT) aagral at atrould ke fhand Aimute by velaining oy agri ficart aicteRamold and cli min ating Wnergnrirfice exole homds Act) | 1 2 » . lB) f ASA, AGT) ACIP” 4 nly ie 1 She ® 4am Fe Fm fe Fetfm ferritin Case! WREM tomaict ©} significant son pte: ct F orcter) «_ After ee igre. 2 Band REE TG reget: Bri bw 1 ila ee ° fe-fro Fe fet for Case 2 (WBEM Umal OF Significant Sl. wfto 24 ovder):— Abies Penne Ane mAL \alegets:- r [Bw=4tm) Atm | 2x2 tm. o tele Fe fet fm ‘aeCane > LUpto ST orde Afle: faa Haroiwah t anne Mion ctaiag fi Ue weget | @ [os 1 itis. 3 Rahm feafrs tefm Fe tet fin Seeahm Ferafm Nos C haa) a 3xAfm | CARSON'S ROLE: Beret ta Corson, WBEM 'omaral ot the angry Caml Sctep and upto Gadel “Bt” ; when Lhe urcediulalibn Brolex P So, ‘[Bav- (ED Fen | Also Bw- Gt) 2h Bw = 2 (Aft try) ° fr Bo 2:4,5-5,86)1"'8, dente P20, are catted ar $sour VAAL 3 ©] BR pacer terteur be Carmien frenp pert warel be yera So, thal tak aaa Joetame 100 74 ss she ey Ce bo LAL on ay Sn( P= OF B= ea OSS 6 Pa= 6 m = 1007 veda. A Sinuseidal Carvier a2ovamih Aree 3 lalzd by a cinunsidal mig Qignal of 1OvV/5OK Hay. ky = SSK . veue ates At. P: Rand wiZith # power: byvepeat above = mag sugmal aamplrtirals owoleel « am Gi . Some Given y= 20V 5 fe= BOO Kthy Am= 10V1 fm= SOK iy fp = ASK tty Valls £0, ‘ - = $5 -$fe akprmlys , i ts = kee tt) = (Q0004.85™10 ) = 8000- 2Sx10 = 8asdK - © TESOL Am _ a6xio ~ 6 (WIEN) Sor Now, ~ At. & B.walee) 4m2. Am: AXIO= AOV P we Amp 725 f Loubled Af is doubled : 20 = SOOK | > [p oe aa SO | | x Bw = (B41) * afm = \ixaxso ; | , Conclusion’ be when Meg eugrel aunp: dowded , both 44 wae) tt ade0 be aoudblea - 02: AD FM aged gen &d | 2 Srn Aire $ Sth) = locos Famixiot s i) Find B; ot; Bw t Powes- ii) Repeat above aj mesg: siqnal freauancy ‘= ai Gre Taye iotns $217 ki0% 42cm 4nxiort$ ing uartth*- sts Ac Cosy 2 fet + [2 Sen oft? =1000K ; |f>> 3] fm= &2k- Jou beet So, Ap-10Vi Fe now, [Af ptm = 16e]i) Ah sow] 2. Reque on ou Sqral doubled So. New fm tons AK thy Now At= Rafe KE Am aio, = BR Leite (nochang] ay -|P «fm fa Now, Se ae kpAm = 84 ay finf 2 Chaljed) - 2 (2) fm =axow4AK net preavoucs aoubles Af wcu net BA Corvien cm treanen aie oF 16 Kt, aAfind B4 Bw? b) Repeat atoove aj Teasage a1qmad Amp is Aoubled ana frequanug i vedMted to IK ity? modulate ct with max prequon rthog Alga peed? a qpiver~ By “any som. Gi : SO TEN no 16K, Am = AKNow, Of= [hm ——— . Ata Kt Ay H [ps4] : Aon OW Biw= BC PH!) fin “Cp _ = axsx4 b) Giveu! ; - AT = GK iy (previous (ase) Pry = VIM So; Pat = pam ft? r { fn . | so, [Ag= Barc: | Now lps At. = 2s = 221 | ie eet So wis 2C Pt Fin = 2% 33xfm Bn 66K] oh. A camiet @ fea modilalid urtth max preg ueng deviation of 100K Find BP £ Bw 4 mag aq pneu 1S gyiok BD LNs, a Gwe 4g = 100K b) Af =!00k ¥rie Hoe Book See NEC eE Now pps Pf At= Bf» B =4t = to(werm) P= 5 Se So, Bew= 2x(Bt) frm [P= or] = = 2x xKlolk & w= 2feo “soni Tams anc]21 x10} nit Gxr4ny to*t Emi) are used to generalé "AM coahtls04o7 Find Bw # powes? m to generate FM ; Usith mat. Btimes Bw ef AM- Pind +e coepy b) CLUIGF MLD one we 1 ATA) 4 Coser xforg x107) | In FM exferession 110 A tata 2) Sig 8) ©) STsle) i? Sig'S a) S TCR) Sr Given. mit) = Cosanxiort Am= 1; fm= ak ity t4J- Scosatxto%e Ac= &: fe = 91000K Now b) Af= 3x Bw ef AM = 3xdK Af = 12%Now, pe At fin CBD ia as (wBEM) Bo 2 Bfrn Now, = swarmti= AL THEA) 2 Ac 5 | a NOW? Oss er (2016 «10 € ) 50, een fn = BBE 1016 nfm = AN ADBO [016-1000 1000 ae rat = AO] A Ginuaviclal Cancien Of freamuaty: fe is urea! fa bath AM nq er then | Equal peanis ques 24g aes Max fren? devietion = Dx Ba! Of AM Rina Mod? Gnder >| Both 74 BEM auch thal alveng!? ot frag” Component” fers* ts sane mn both AMS EM Apeclsum TWo=L; H@=° hy TiD= O3tS 51 (8)= 008 GEES SCS OV vy eT OM OO 8 eee eal, Bw of AM= afm y ane? — 10K Hs apt? Now, Adu — ACTED aur 7, C4) eS © ‘s pon <7 Ay = ! e Ag= oxiee -20K iBe apimeditalid by a cuvia yn and ararmap Tany nth f= lKIhy aud Inereaay, V ab ts olsevied that the slrength of Une | g Aarne j Lombonent mw: the spec rum ktm, D gov the Lat fime with Ay=av : Cap Find DKT i) Find wag diqnal areata tiede fer uohidh alaength¢ {= eauancy Corn ponent becomes 20416 fx - Se} ami 2 fen= VKH 5 Am =ovf Actol®) 5 thy 4 4 : che 294 firme? i" Az erngth oF decauely tsmponent = Ac Jol) : Z i Sn fe fein Now, TolP)= 0% Pe 24,6-5,865 1-8 Now. p=tgAm fis Now a4= Kev a Kn Kf = rena] payFo An vinmodutatect FM XT! femise . eS uctth modulation j£b ts Choewed ch Get o 2 ro osder Gide Baud (sO. Find i) the poures Of Canvier frequeres (i) Total tease site Band sso ni) total Setsmd codes Gils Bard pouret & Tolau) =o 5 SCa-4) = 0-3 57 TNS = ee Sol 38) =U 5 J, (38)20 x S5lee)= 1e°2 fof) = “eS i Sate = 0:23, > Jat(on~ oO B So!) OWE Reloow - Ac*/yp = Ac= F200 5 19 coder GideBand = Ac CB) =o a cE r,¢ p= 0 =S,(38) [p= ss SON Ae Jel) = Carrier fea neler ismponent : Ay Iay : te So CIF) 2 . 100 Moos Toe ere Ne Ole — eae > to Now, Ac®™ . 100W =PE i) Atal Peet ac ~ 100~'6 1 ide Ga power> ! So, \Tet wide 24s ye wi) setonel ardes power Aa) + Acs Ac Xa 8) = Ae {12027 Te a(P} ‘< Ac. {33 P3 = do0x 3, C34p Vand Mele, — DEX OFOF 1G oe —— 300 Jb Gy ace e FM aone or 1) Bsrect Method 2 o) Gacirect Micthod oY poral Meireate x Dieect METHOD: EM< Veco VOLTAGE meee ee, Sec | OSCILLATOR yond oe | vic e4erol YOU jo veasacdor Aiods st TostayeGa DCG4 As, p. 44 Ke rote) 58 eo Case\ :- ma =+VE Pp woeeee . pee esarte lomnectoot wr Ale Reuvesse meorti Cl) zs Af 37 hewco [ot = Gan > fit ] g do I 8 Pie L SA | m1) —=> 1 ec when Connecliel ny the Forward mods jot er et] ae ee is Vauled th accrrdamce 1 qe variations Heace, the faaquoute mung Sqn vot EE ee eer erry br INDIRECT MET oo XI Lhe el bocl wWAFM Bleck Auaqoam: m Ut NBEM MODULATOR bas xe Frequanuy mulliplion teen cer it fenmwedotey prope: coed pase fill = Ni fo | Va = Mi 40,Vi tat Pro oe | MULTIPLIER | Ha SI op but Syuare fay device DVT’ SF OC CLS WMS. ; (Bs) V Wary Vo = vi* 4 fea’ af, if eteiee lexan fie = d.tos amb Gsanfit : ait : Bleckead frer> fy freq Bae $ wuts fate 90) = 2 : = Nole '- er a 1 cosne Coxe | Frequen | LL pet ren { a ! N22 i xTDhe General cop ef Siegle tome FM is : 12. pe Sumem = Ac Cos 22ife t+ Bern onfst 2: ps! eo >t PSS QI = (freq? ™MAUYo 7, = Srmrm = Ac fos Fan ifet MADE Ment} ND Aheutad 4uch hed [ae >] > ' Seip See er ry ULl plier ofp Brput ef freq” m7 Fe 2 tm Se when PB Is Bmeverscd by 1 a At is Qrereased byOa Aa Pha \ sih= lo cps Famnc’t 2 St is passeat thy ven oy’. 4 d Hewsis Uemazt of dhe av Onn elenn che mrs 41ier? Sol? Given! stp= open Sts su) [Fequ™ ona St) me 1 macs plier ue es EL Ac= 10 pezo2 fe= IMIR, } frm = 2K IR At= Ptm = 04 Kis “After peoning ay “Ac = 10V Wfe=4KI = 4M thy VPs 4x02 O -g (NBEM) Vim = 2K ty Mochange) “MDG 2 Ax 0-4 (Bx fm) , =V6K~ py : “R= Aa ae ~ ise fess As 66w uv: SS C&) 9-2 Sr QT xQxiot 7 h Carcadecl frequen medsliplie, of 4and s abet rrr 'falorr o Gu eM ete ee aha oS ef each Find aut 10 Ws FaTx10E +09 Grn 4Nx107E§ usich stomdoud 2477 Ac ws fj osantel + PSranfmt §. red Atles Eeegiges); “Ac = 'Ov “fe= SAM = 20 Mihy pes O8xS = 4 (ween) “Pm= aK Dt = SxheE = 8k Sw = 2 (B41) Fn = ax coxa = @ok Ms Act _ sow aRpe dete clin i) Balanced Slope detector mechod axe LiminoLon dele ctor ) Foslea Solesy ii) Ratio method Woda ia) PLt- method. mostly need) CEES = apy othe: aALuodu slaliar, except PLL, needa xT +5 umahr ao jor © m1 duuodulalion; generat PLL tae une g y Every cher method w yu ‘aa BB. i) Slope detect jogm: | Satay) é ' cemy Mined L Envelope rou — + Arpt | as ae +— xt a af iu a Mewsaqe 31 al Arnp ois Bs ne 6 hme D frequency | Accreoned Wy E times. max =19 Cole Fmin = 200Kte ° e e e 1e ye Se Ke Be fe & “2 es Se e £ & s : Timed Arno Chas i & Ot imax gain of fs A x : oe \ _ ook Vick ry (Reena. > freausucy Xthe fr shoetd be uch hed [te > temax | (| Juned rmpi") a %&Dhe gain effeted by Tuned Ap af 1200K is 06, 00 the Veo uttr nr adgnal Pears CUuuLp ts decreased fram 10v to ev oud for Fmin= 200K. the peak aucp-t 2v 5° ofp is given Aas: ea Go, phe oP ef envelope delecto is «ee aver qonembte TO mtd tut hao aame dew ox is ebtained -LUN@eary 1 Line Seat ©. ee * xs Vo the prs ol : 4 ao of ED won Led | al aud no ; ¢ j ace s 4 <3 bic ¢ j Kaeo = Bee hie e! xJo musid above, a poacyical tuned Merplt is Cora el Bt aecaannay Chodn las erfouleuinn: ay Gate Proauencg dg pe ; wie < a Ne © / \ _ / As « eS ee ae « “ frre : veo eae ge 1 « vonens tis Gervens Ss = : ? - Ne. . eee x ew linea Gerce te elena a ned ARS Cee ee (Gece Gee Te Slat 04 rony Linen ly ae SabiocLal aaa s age ; S; pis Pieoruliucled Biq~nadl is not Reece Corresp= as to Frausrr rihig. Signed ama 1s tudo - sLoPpE ERROR. s 2-8 Relantwd siepe ddeclby , 2 zlepe deleclaxs an Conner pd gn Balanad 40 decnace the slope Er to Al min™ spoadbte exbent: i S ™PLE ME HOD! Block Al age it a) Spay = {mo TIPLE R LPs Smithy i tek GLE) ¥ tex aus} d 2 al veo k= Mt = j . ~ Gsrmectad in ~ve Feedback ates Nole ’ Lgne fraquenus ef FM aaqnal changes Ursin earwsly gas rt mq mgqnal youa vauiations - So ‘to mount Geog te 1-0 °F Synchramou 4 detector vi replated BB gynchyaricaclion Fart + Sky fuevat 3 sv) ‘ Fos perfect Reconshuclion of ™€ 0) fi Ahouta be made equal tofa i€ hed q ere: Shen PU is 4 i Ac Cos Jamttet + bi) } —@® Sem) RSL PULAU ep t. SO thee eytay x Semtt) = Achv i Grn (AMfct +1 W420) + Sin f chy ij ab 4) -ACAY SoC Oy = AAV Say (ANel +011) 4 2 dn (4) SMe YH pnane error en to make bil) veud korn « tet ya) Cone wil tae take che (4) vot lee ve yeQyed ®4 z 709 SNe SE ; AcAv debs" =F Adasen’ lave EN Fow PUL, pax to Qt) 40 thal Lose Svc - Sem) = Achy G3 (@auorP, = i, yhe 14 term rn Khe above exp Csrves bands eheat Weds nigh g foes usuties, 40 Gt & net allowed by Adan “LPF Ain aetH fs wey srw: Gaited) t= del (autJoip = ~ACAY Gel au byp ~ ~ dteth- qo Khe LPF Dnis is GiverOo ptaye del) ¥ 4) So, terug Fourier «FOr om both. VLE)= we ' elt) IF +KE NCAT = it at) * dete) = IF 0 jf +Ke HOA)t ais, Se a Ke HO) a so, |\bel) Rut fpreact’ ab & not postitie, 202b0-foe > Band is eis aah a qa1 ogosh ey uPl ts & ie Juicy 2) G&D Act) =0 ; a fractal LPF, Hetty urdu bee finale ; . > acing Hit)= Very lerges Peli) 1 be mace ae q 7 - qd ge Pel) we VA mre quarnlaly Now elP) > vit)= QB _ OU). Ht) 3 Ha) i er lange 4 to HE) > Ke H(A) if Jt <= v(e=_ot) Be grvewe FT weget ways 1. 42 ow anky Sas , a gf rt PsSo, \° Ws tm) ze tl — 4 oct Qa Qc4) = Ac@s 72 fet + dy ¢ en SEmMU) =Ac Cos FZ etet 4a th) { Mut o (Mut)orp= Ac Aw Co Farifct +r ( 1444 4 AcAwo Cos 3 by aot43 Pe = ad U4)- Pal = SO. Gps’ fde tt) = 4 a sane S90, Impul of LPF q be obtained al Lowkd n't Lhewce me ___ capture Range — e) STO’ ' | x Ae Bs | Fcc e {_—_—$—_$____— Lock Range ee +o Lock MOO ef (PLL 4. For PLL» LR yer| MODE BEDQWUE COE Ira Se PereePOM Ota Laloer) W Names OM AKUS AH fereuUcuLOr { 29 ®D | AQODULATION * » Camier befoxe phase modulation = Ac Cos fantct?. wcawie? aflec Bhove modulation = Spm = Aclossantetsbt (Phase modulated Sgro) Phase where, aol aeKpm Kp= Phase sensitively, 2} phave modulator: eda. Phace deviation jek os " Pes: Nehy ntay= Arlesfamimty 7 . Amd _ mL plane devialion =Ab= max kpm He mar So, Taao= Kp4am So, Spent 4d= Ac COS FoMct + kp Am Wos2ttfrnt} let, Kp. Am = B = modulation Iudow ef PM]. ae L 4o FM webowve po ket - At fim 4m M-L= pdt? Frei? aAswiadsoay meq: ward qosba to PM wee d law ' par Oo? ) pha ce devinlaon Note : Fos [hase madulalson, 3 &Ad are Protependeul of [M T= max? meq eqn fraqiauey Yariatigne lows. Ko tet [> kpArm §aN fet + BS mofo $ Ac 10 i fo= 1M= 1000 j Sqn feea” ic dewhled Se wa 2D te sped ees: = 2>xaq X32Ke Raat of FM ferom PME Pit pom rer As = u ; por) sa DMfct 4 kp ng ® Spmtt) = Ac Ss 4 tfet Lorik fant itd 2 s feat eeE at) aa. amt pf — | da jt ae me 2 = from iyi iainee 7 5 - giobiat mt r 1 ‘ a ! >| Pod | > SEM (4) } |_,— cli Actos Qiifct Note! modulation of mie Cot AF but fecanatnces {. Phase rnoduslation ©| Aap D> > An Angle modulatd Syrel is qiven ey é ety) = WS Fall (10 x Qt +30Se ISDE +40 osicot} Find max® freq” deviatton 4 max phase cdevialien? rSom:. Given: = 6 cui) = 0 201 Gama%e +308 tot + ONES. eu fingle meciulolid Sqnat, Zo tb Baw Opty) = ANFaniot +306r152E +40 BOOSISOTS | ror EM es pe | an ah {Seen real 1 10 Co rca) 1 Son (Qs10%¢ 4.30 =) 1 an ¢ 2x10° + 4tm0 Cos sot BOOO SH IDEN ean | ae frequen Hates KMD -awiatrdh SO 2 . gxi10® a= 2M HY Kem) =a coo lps! Sot - Gooo Sern (col a. R a iat Dp= max POU ¢ % max™ freq” deviation .oF= ity nme ax FADO! cok - epenter i567 a ; : max 5 Ato anfot +Benentfat o> fA? 13? © ng Fasco™Go00" = ASDO hs 5 an | Df = Kyl hus. case tevialcon -..e-+ Lege; a As Spm) = Actos f2amfck yep Ui f. 6 430 Sri 1S0b 440 Cosi sot } aa Ac Cos 2 F 2x10) mxioct + 6OMErnisot + Z0N Cosicot } s14= = hts 24 S% anfe= 4nxto® kp) ~ GOT Ea 1504 2011 hs Kot Ad= max Feet} = [Gory leon)?weys ol A (omarifot v4 DU) IOC Fur | SSrin doo 410 Srinz 000K ( | i Now Cs A Cosantt + BCosatify | rn ares) fe Ney A a \ f-\ a "(wnt __ 5 Whi added 3 =a Ly war” value aie) mam AGHanil +BSmanpEt ata Ate) il x Fox rullitone FM! Mod” Ondex = Aruialion Ratio = AT Fira c We 2 (B+ Pravax x MIXER! Mixer is wed for Freancucy Block diag riakon of Modidaled apc Sospud 1 7 vi Nin) [Dreauct 2 fae de ‘ me eee Se SA — — BPF Ty s Osea : Actor airtct i { ‘ Mixer cy = Actos aTfct | Spspt4) = Acre) ts2rrfct rer) 5 ocr | { Sst <= 2 tw fe knoa4) -(LOo/p acm (4) Cosamfet x Cos arnt t Fe (Mut oye Acmibfcos atte +t)! 1 Cosan(Fe rot (major — — Pe 0 (kt) Gate Sa : (mixer Dopp (42 wading “pom Paar Bard oF 4illei) = ‘\ wf , i Ge) Cert) i” B-p-F ole is This, when BPP alteum 4 ax Pown- Gerte) Componend 3 abs Caused ar Up CONVERSION T wh ib us calles CONVERSION Btasetl= (fe (ives Jolp CAousn unvenan ) ™ CiateNel cbal 1 Doan (enw cul Gp d pind Uplonversion yen) Alisa O ® A aplor on Fe t | the reat cm eran yo Do Va ¥ RE L + Tuned Radice Frequastss (TRAD CSHD) sy Super helesodigne x Depeudina, on moduiatcen Scherne ! ) AM Re ciaulea > 2) EM Recieun. td Atom Jord mntfec) to fedosaltor Con uommilet Of diana 4 cartier trea” = ACLO’e 5cD K to (650k A-M -B:we= 10l BM stand ands sase i Acusraang to FCC i; n. 240 Ok Mts, conier Fred pu ee Bw = 2008 RE) Reciever: ue TUNED Radio FRE@VE nicy CO rexmox deg” Lag (Tane4Mead CK (df Ampi?) VE pemeielucsiyhA x Gain as Char: ©} Tuned Arnpi™ Sdeat ° pgaus Ted ix fmt” < allows: cur ktugle fren e ee Pl awd repecta i Frey other eee passes = The Rouge O| Peaurucies wtich the Tunes Pet Cole auy Attenuation cated as Bw ef Tunca Arm per 6 Pradicos ———$———_ aa Bw Serae fine Pape vale haghly @uasitative) : yor = Dhe Resonart prea? Gye ae. fr= a ATSC Qrodidy foctor Given _az:-Mole 1 Meath MAUL foster Ce lee Ala eed tee cbeetvencey op GAIN: FREQ” CHAR a hagh ; Cis Sharpnear Wu 7° Fis Shoutmean Vou @ lows ra a. Avo, Bri is Drveedly Preeprepartioncs to © Bw a Ye Bowe t/q Opn TRE . case t: , “{) Ascume Rx istuned to Gool< ation YE tan {tea eook ~ S Gox 2) Asturne Tuned Amp te)s 40 pha Mive: O1P is equal to * TF =9e i ea + / epee eae! : DP AcsUine Qe te tenet do Gook Wy 2h on 2. Ee TF aeepl? I Ee! = feenng —_——_ a ee et | te . Acc 2 ji eae = | | } ° eco ews ora ee f eA to eacnel faliion nm & 3 Os 1 Aseume Rx fs tUuns 4 . lok 2 mixer ie ao ee feners Ae 2 (eee - = ox ——? k-to# ——#+ 5Nok is achicued by chaaqing p of 2 t Re kh nis 0 haunead Amp” en SD: Re iuning Is achieved by changing te oft local o¢ . Axsume Rx is tined te 600K< Segre ’ fee GOOK i t a lel Qmlermediale focqueucy, TF epoK f 1%) Fis z . ea Sool KBs = 101 At gould be, eee 4=0F+fs = OOK 600 K Mixes O(P:- See (ney erence OCLU% Lye) | 600k € 1600 kat) is Seok 09-620 = STO \e00 -400 = SCORyienck sintion ux caus EE Ae y Mies ference © to OOK ic Anid to lat Arnage peau Now Ev Jenage tea”. 4e4, I-F= S00K f= 600K dej= GOO+1000 xS Grncre, deai aime freavetig Boma Recernrshuchon d we auppressd onusciey «kines Arpt cstt yea Atation assd Orne atalion ore Oe ede ae Mier output » A0- se Ur [otahle ej decived Sigqnat rage f eqaetn ey ahowt a-Jo Suppscen BA GF p ee. esied hefare: owes pad eS Core” y ie Sete ' | pee — rere Peas 4 fea PeAenpit| yt Aebr “armpit [jeter Spe Pia ee lh Es T itrrs Us R tLe * Practical SHD* | tov tov | x Gain- Freq” char: of Tuned frp: - ‘ t {>= Gook iis 1e0ok ; 2 te Resonant fra” t pecs | i ris not fixed asta | ‘ 0-0} of FF Amp But it aan ee eae be Varied 32> acamAdante: (Ey) pa GEOE 10 DOE-100 ATP aliength inenca leas = | 1a Puconattvelad mgs | AL Mixer | aeons I f= v0.01 « Joca®: Carcactad Timed q spout Of Mixer » Mixe| —» Auer) Pas h @ f = 1@0ov 600K loool - Ov yor geting optima eupprecaton ,(acaded tuned Arpt” ia uae Here chancel ance Rexedion Ratio (TRR) x Benage Keyed ——— tuned Armypll rn Aufrfreaas A + Ae cAf iC, cecvence? a Bmage fread ee Ye npecgice tow mang Wert deaived prequel timer Prage NARCR 1 atkeunaliaMalorne Lic : PER Sng i & Gass O[faed by TA to 15 Gain Offertd by TA 10 fei ire= Gite” i+3 Aes x vl 4) Tined Arnpi" ane eaneckad rm concada Attn ; 50 yeror) << boue aucun = 190 + &= 100 100x100 = 10000 ejfeetive x Knows) ie not the? a eee mx Sf Gs4 Oe ”At oy pr bauing same Claas Lincis x Sf tines’ a= Japa? x [Pret 3) fess Ue ‘ gra R wc duned tO GOOKhs» Pinos F-F = ACOKIhy Find 4c 4 tsi 2 win Given: 4 se dice Gook qj = 4c2* F- dards f= fi+Fs= 60071450 [a] ps Ana tae + a Sef = G00 Kk? TeoK Pais (OOK jvc A A Qs is tuned to SOOK ; local OSC: prea” is Gee K- find or pad fsi ‘ W) Find tee, 44 Q-so @ 1050 eof Given! ets tts = Ac= s00lé = 1050-500 4y= 1050 1< [fi= 5S5OK So, fei = fet 2G = S00+ 00%wx Juve? Ji @ 8) ’x100 |e a = Laws. 2 ic funed to TS0K, Corr gen eH ico K- Find )4c4 TF ) fina 12R F hasring @ un Castads pondung Benage 4x2 pl ©} 5 £0 are Lonpecledt P Grivent a Fs= ASD ¥si= IFSOK 60, 46) = 464274 Vy 001 now Si e 500 S fc~ 250K . € Now, 7 | ‘e Me {seo ja Vaso SNOW, _— —_—= ‘ae furar * Sierras See ee | cS = Vi rarxasco x S14 yarx 4400 We 2626-08 a AR ig tuned FONMH a, E-f = ASE Ket, amd @= 100 QoMthy 1) Pina RR 2) Pind 1RR 44 cho Reis 4qunet fo 00K = Asis ttisi PAO tate Pe tsi f< iqrole 1109 tsi Wem iO P=: 386 BEX IOS > ° Now fc: Qem=: 25000! fsi= Fst ory Qsooa+UN0 BST0K P: fei. fe - Oe + Fi g@25000 * p= 0-072 SG, os - o- \irP?e = Jiro-019*10700 and cane , when Ss vel ere te fea ao Mites at ole * 1. Be Ws Gra 4 has to toe 5. 2 For Corny cops yecons” + & gncneaser-Cony 2 (usta fo- 2.404 { an asain eel alo ary -a0K fr= 1M oe Z ty= 1000 I< s ses = = 100 e OOK S es ot? [2 wi = 10K | «Meh oures to Bnuease As ot [nea ~ ies - i ars * Gs a ~\ we ae = - K eres ‘ pee out een ie ae 10D 1a : val0 sacar Js 1 iced tompor® | dle Bw Acc7ee7 nee, & | Rracically ak not qrretorred ,oA trounce Ae Selects vil of the Re ts a}fectid” | ne Of dhe Areired 4 Hence, ab be Concluded that oor ones Uru ee Stonun ted tooo Lhe | Me prequouty AP Asaived 4 Ak (audio ages) Camnet ae peyectiy | Reemubiucked - {& For the alsove rer; both f° aud PF alioutd toe vat Of re requ ved, Tuunid to 9S Mitty? Jem, pind nso te get IRR of 132 6? vse tho Rx i= Giveu, X2138-6 45285000 6 24s EOS = 34.66 Asi #j2_aa. oSfsi-$29=* 2 Sy. Spee = 138 6 Pars W2e 6) PO@= 138-6 Pabees 4ci 49-44 pion gej te a eges | DaeteR att ae 4s (= WSF] 4,Lo ; i wea 4 Mixer = a l u @ fe LEEV OH) casel!. (47's) Sj Ascaime p= mooK f iL. 16 = dats =s00% ait flyt,)¢ 4 eco tele Now, . ; Fox Ant, Rowge ** i toheu 4== cok > fc 2. vohe So,Corcluacon: Tuning e} Cape ; s4s° So th & 4rreferre A © varctt fee ee ere A aAcastance % AM— kx l daistance en — For short pisaussion +- for Fu Camiea - = Donisalicen louyer of donizodion lage x Due to Lhe feopety 4e0a” c3om ,ar util veHeck boas zhe eee K Rut 4 4 >30M, excoper? he ta bok Sp the sistance BIW xn. oral Rx is 4000 km|(Ufto) ak ts Cossad OF Bengt eae er geutolazm- aged Artiol NHre,. COMERx3) fea ctustauce >4000KM, traAuscleuELL Le Un0d 40 vegeucrate Lhe aAgnal, Wud ts Called at Jono-ple Jasyer propagation C® For EM: Fox FM, Bling signi propogqetion waed L thot wmaoy ke Coverrad lay FM qd d 1s toKm. dine max™ dish on t i Inéd, thew tlre x 44 LOS prepegeion iu net mointainé em Sqral ic blocked is Curva of auth and Siqnal is lost: eq” Res Fe cmique Gm be Senpleme nied - x be & d urhete ae 4° wane propagation ta nee. cto Am” is possible- ’ non is uzed , whee ot aes 2 x De- ernghasis wu abo - sigh foe Aone Fo the Rr agten Hemeaetad -