1.

This apparatus is used in a laboratory to separate a mixture of liquids with similar

boiling points.

water out

mixture of
liquids water in

(i) The passage describes what happens when the apparatus is used.
Use words from the box to complete the passage.
You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
(3)

beaker burette column

condenser flask thermometer

The mixture of liquids is placed in the ............................................................................. .

During heating, part of the mixture boils and passes up the ............................................................................. .

Water is used to cool the vapour in the ............................................................................. .

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 (ii) Which of these changes of state occurs in the separation?
(1)
A (s) → (aq)
B (l) → (s)
C (g) → (l)
D (aq) → (s)

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

2 (a) The box shows some methods that can be used to separate mixtures.

crystallisation dissolving filtration

fractional distillation paper chromatography simple distillation

The table lists some separations.

Complete the table by giving the best method for each separation.
You may use each method once, more than once or not at all.
(4)

Separation Method
to obtain sand from a mixture of
sand and water
to separate crude oil into its
components
to obtain pure water from sea water
to obtain ethanol from a mixture of
ethanol and water

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 (b) When a mixture of ethanol and water is separated, two colourless liquids, A and B,
are obtained.
Liquid A is ethanol containing a small amount of water.
Liquid B is pure water.
(i) Describe a chemical test to show that liquid A contains water.
(2)

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

(ii) Describe a physical test to show that liquid B is pure water.

(2)

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

.... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... ................... . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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 3. Which of these methods is used to obtain water from a mixture containing
salt and water?
(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C simple distillation
D titration

a Paper chromatography is used to separate the dyes present in some inks.

A sample of ink, P, is spotted on to some chromatography paper.
Four known inks, A, B, C and D, are also spotted on to the same paper.
The diagram shows how the experiment is set up and the paper at the end of the experiment.

lid
solvent
front

base line

base line
solvent

P A B C D P A B C D

at beginning at end

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 (i) State why the solvent level should not be above the base line at the start of
the experiment.
(1)

............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

. ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

(ii) Explain which dye, present in one of the inks A, B, C or D, is also present in ink P.
(2)

............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

. ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

. ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

. ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

(iii) State why ink D does not move during the experiment.
(1)

............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

. ..... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ..................... .

(iv) Dyes have an Rf value that can be calculated using this expression.

distance moved by dye

Rf =
distance moved by solvent

Complete the table for the dye in ink A.

(2)

distance moved by dye in ink A in mm

distance moved by solvent in mm 49

Rf value of dye in ink A

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 4 The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.

water vapour
water droplets

kettle

As the water vapour cools it turns into droplets of liquid water.

(a) The change of state when water vapour changes into liquid water is described as
(1)
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
(b) Describe what happens when water vapour cools to form liquid water.
Your answer should include the change in the energy, arrangement and
movement of the particles.
(3)

change in energy ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

change in arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

change in movement ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .

............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .

© Zaman Sir - 01911 929227 “Do Not Copy Or Distribute Without Permission”
(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)
5 A student wants to find out if the green colouring in grass is a mixture of dyes.
He uses a solvent to dissolve the green colouring from some grass.
He then separates the solution of the green colouring from the remaining grass.
(a) Which of these methods is used to separate the solution of the green colouring
from the remaining grass?
(1)
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D filtration

(b) The student uses a dropping pipette to place a drop of the green solution onto a
piece of chromatography paper and produces a chromatogram.
The diagram shows his results.

baseline

(i) Add three more labels to the diagram to show

x the solvent
x the chromatography paper
x the original position of the spot of the green solution
(3)

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 (ii) Explain how many different dyes are present in the green colouring.
(1)

... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .

... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .

... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

6 Techniques used in the separation of mixtures include

A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

For each separation, select the most suitable technique, A, B, C or D, used to obtain
the first named substance from the mixture.
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Pure water from sea water
(1)

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water

(1)

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Calcium carbonate from a mixture of calcium carbonate and water

(1)
..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .

(d) CuSO4.5H2O(s) from CuSO4(aq)

(1)

..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 4 marks)

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 7 A student investigates the pigments found in some vegetables and fruit.
She obtains some coloured vegetable and fruit extracts from carrots, tomatoes and
sweet potatoes.
She places a spot of each extract on chromatography paper, along with spots of the
three pigments beta-carotene, chlorophyll and lycopene.
Her teacher provides a solvent containing volatile, flammable organic compounds for
the experiment. The diagram shows the apparatus at the start of the experiment.

lid

tank

starting line

solvent

V1 V2 V3 P1 P2 P3

Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

V1 = carrots V2 = tomatoes V3 = sweet potatoes
P1 = beta-carotene P2 = chlorophyll P3 = lycopene

(a) (i) Explain why it is important for the solvent level to be below the spots.
(1)

......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . .

......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . .

© Zaman Sir - 01911 929227 “Do Not Copy Or Distribute Without Permission”
 (ii) State two potential problems that are prevented by fitting the tank with a lid.
(2)

1 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

2 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows the chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

solvent front

V1 V2 V3 P1 P2 P3

Key to vegetable and fruit extracts and pigments

V1 = carrots V2 = tomatoes V3 = sweet potatoes
P1 = beta-carotene P2 = chlorophyll P3 = lycopene

Which three of the statements A, B, C, D and E are supported by the

chromatogram?
Place a cross in three boxes to indicate your choice.
(3)

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 A Chlorophyll is not present in carrots, sweet potatoes or tomatoes.
B Beta-carotene is present in carrots but not present in tomatoes.
C Both beta-carotene and lycopene are present in sweet potatoes.
D Lycopene is present in tomatoes but not present in carrots.
E Both carrots and tomatoes contain a pigment other than
beta-carotene, chlorophyll and lycopene.

(c) One of the pigments present in the vegetable extracts is not shown in the
chromatogram. It appears as a very faint spot 1.3 cm above the starting line.
Calculate its Rf value using the expression

distance travelled by pigment

Rf =
distance travelled by solvent
(2)

Rf = ............................... . . . . . .
(d) Suggest a reason why there is a spot on the starting line in the chromatogram for
sweet potatoes.
(1)

.. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

.. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 = 9 marks)

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