Final Assessment/ Evaluation

1st Trail (2019-2020)

Answer Sheet

No. Activity No. Mark Written Signature

10

Total

Out of
[ Section 1: To be filled by the student]
Department: Petroleum engineering
Student Full Name: Sahar safar hama
Stage/ Year: Third stage / 2019-2020
Course Title: Geostatistics

[ Section 2: To be filled by the Examiner and the Exam Committee]

Examiner name:
Date:
Exam committee member name and signature:

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 ‫‪Final Assessment/ Evaluation‬‬
‫)‪1st Trail (2019-2020‬‬
‫‪Answer Sheet‬‬

‫(ڕێنمایی ‪:‬پەڕاوی واڵمەکان)‬

‫مامۆستای بابەت پێویستە ئەم تێمپلێتە لەگەڵ داواکارییەکانی هەڵسەنگاندنەکان بنێرێت بۆ خوێندکار‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫مامۆستای بابەت لە کاتی ناردنی داواکارییەکانی هەلسەنگاندنەکان و ئەم تێمپلیەتە ب‪$$‬ۆ خوێن‪$$‬دکار س‪$$‬ەرۆکی ب‪$$‬ەش و ئەن‪$$‬دامانی‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫لیژنەی تاقیکردنەوەکان سی سی دەکات‪.‬‬
‫بۆ دلنیابوون لەوەی داواکارییەکانی هەڵسەنگاندن و ئەم تێمپلێەتە گەیشتوە بە خوێن‪$‬دکار پێویس‪$$‬تە خوێن‪$$‬دکار والمبدات‪$$‬ەوە ب‪$$‬ە (‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪. )Received‬‬
‫خوێندکار پێویستە زانیاریەکانی خانەی خوێندکار پر بکاتەوە لەم تێمپلێتە‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫گشت واڵمەکان بۆ هەموو شیوازەکانی هەلسەنگاندن دەبێت لەسەر ئەم تێمپلێتە والمبدریتەوە‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ئەگەر والمەکان نەدەکرا بە شێوازی کۆمپیوتەری تایپ بکرێت وەک هاوکێشەکان یان دەستنیشان کردنی چ‪$‬ارت ‪..‬هت‪$‬د ئ‪$‬ەوە‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫پێویس‪$$‬تە خوین‪$$‬دکار دوای نووس‪$$‬ینی والم‪$$‬ەکان لەس‪$$‬ەر الپەرەی‪$$‬ەک ی‪$$‬ان چەن‪$$‬د الپەڕەی‪$$‬ەک وین‪$$‬ەی والم‪$$‬ەکان بگ‪$$‬ڕێت و ه‪$$‬ەر‬
‫الپەڕەیەک وەک وێنە لە الپەڕەیەکی ئەم تێمپلێتە دابنێت‪.‬‬
‫خویندکار بە هەردوو شیوازی ۆرد و پی دی ئێف واڵمەکانی لەس‪$‬ەر ئ‪$‬ەم تێمپلیت‪$‬ە دەگەڕنێت‪$‬ەوە ب‪$‬ۆ مامۆس‪$‬تای باب‪$‬ەت ول‪$‬ەو‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ماوەی بۆی دیاری دەکریت بە پێی خشتەی هەڵسەنگاندنەکان‪.‬‬
‫مامۆستای بابەت لە کاتی وەرگرتنی واڵمەکان بۆ دڵنیا بوون واڵمی خویندکار دەداتەوە بە (‪.)Received‬‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫مامۆستای بابەت هەڵەچنین بۆ والمەکان دەکات و نمرەی بە دەست هاتوو ل‪$$‬ە خان‪$$‬ەی نمرەک‪$$‬ان دەنووس‪$$‬ێت ل‪$$‬ە ڤ‪$$‬ێرژنی ۆردی‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫والمەکان و واژوویان دەکات‪.‬‬
‫مامۆستای بابەت بە شیوازی پی دی ئێف ئەم تێملێتە دوای دانانی نمرەکان دەنێرێت بۆ لێژنەی تاقیکردنەوەکان‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ئەندامی لیژنەی تاقیکردنەوەکان پرنتی دەکات‪ $‬و دوای وردبینی کردنی واژووی لەس‪$$‬ەر دەک‪$$‬ات ودوای ت‪$$‬ەواو ک‪$$‬ردنی ک‪$$‬اری‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫پیویست لە لیژنەی تاقیرکدنەوەکان هەڵدەگیریت‪.‬‬

‫(‪)Hints: The answer sheet‬‬

‫‪1- The course tutor/instructor to send the materials (this answer sheet template and the‬‬
‫‪evaluation topics/questions) to the student.‬‬
‫‪2- When the materials sent both the department head and the exam committee of the department‬‬
‫‪to be copied.‬‬
‫‪3- To make sure that the student has received the materials, the student has to reply (Received).‬‬
‫‪4- The student has to fill the information in the section 1 of this template.‬‬
‫‪5- For all kinds of evaluation, the answers should be on this template.‬‬
‫‪6- In case of the answers that need to be written by hand (i.e. cannot be typed electronically), the‬‬
‫‪student need to take pictures of his/her answer and insert them as images to this template.‬‬
‫‪7- The student has to return his/her answers in both word and PDF format of this template within‬‬
‫‪the allowed time based on the evaluation/assessment time tables.‬‬
‫‪8- When the answers received from the student the course tutor/ instructor will reply (received).‬‬
‫‪9- After marking the answers, the course tutor/ instructor will fill the marks in section 2 of the‬‬
‫‪word version of this template and sign them.‬‬
‫‪10- The answer sheets after marking and converted to PDF it will be sent to the exam committee.‬‬
‫‪11- The exam committee member of the department will print the answer sheet out and after‬‬
‫‪checking/ processing it will be signed as in the section 2 and it will be kept in the exam‬‬
‫‪committee office for their record.‬‬

‫‪Page 2 of 16‬‬
 Final Assessment/ Evaluation
1st Trail (2019-2020)
Answer Sheet

3. Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation explicitly makes the assumption that things that
are close to one another are more alike than those that are farther apart. To predict a value for
any unmeasured location, IDW uses the measured values surrounding the prediction location.
The measured values closest to the prediction location have more influence on the predicted
value than those farther away. weights are proportional to the inverse of the distance. As a result,
as the distance increases, the weights decrease rapidly. The rate at which the weights decrease is
dependent on the value of p. If p = 0, there is no decrease with distance, and because each weight
is the same, the prediction will be the mean of all the data values in the search neighborhood. As
p increases, the weights for distant points decrease rapidly. If the p value is very high, only the
immediate surrounding points will influence the prediction.

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4.

(The application of geostatistics in petroleum engineering)

Introduction:
A GIS (Geographic Information System) is a powerful tool used for computerized mapping and
Spatial analysis. A GIS provides functionality to capture, store, query, analyze, display and
Output geographic information. The applications of GIS in oil and gas industry can improve the
Cost-efficiency and deliver timely information. There are different ways to apply GIS to oil and
Gas related sectors. For example, you can use geodatabases, remote sensing, map automation
And more.GIS system can help us evaluate the potential for oil in promising location.
GIS technology today allows you to manage the spatial components of these everyday petroleum
Business objects such as leases, wells, pipelines, environmental corners, facilities and retail
Outlets in the corporate database and apply appropriate geographic analyses efficiently across the
Enterprise.

Part1:The importance of geostatistics, GIS can provide data about staging areas for emergency
responders.... So, GIS enables feedback from the field so staff can answer important questions:
What is being installed... Maps and GIS help that.
Part2: Data collection methods, Data capturing is most assigned in digitizing the data when
entering the GIS system, while data collection is a process referred to the sources and
information we gather, aimed at specific parameters, in order to insert them in GIS and create.
Other sub-categories of data collection are data sampling and data transfer
Part3:types of spatial interpolation, Interpolation is a method to predict an unknown from
known values. From the definition,  we need some known values to do an interpolation using
any interpolation method .There are many interpolation methods available from a simple to a

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 Final Assessment/ Evaluation
1st Trail (2019-2020)
Answer Sheet

sophisticated one, some to be named are: linear interpolation, Inverse Distance Weighting ,
pointinterp, trend, spline, Kriging and cokriging
KRIGING IDW

POINTINTERP SPLINE

. TREND

Part4: spatial interpolation methods, including Thiessen polygon, inverse distance weighted
(IDW), ordinary kriging, and ordinary cokriging, the performance of cokriging was also
compared with that of kriging for different correlation between rainfall and elevation, and the

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 Final Assessment/ Evaluation
1st Trail (2019-2020)
Answer Sheet

results showed that cokriging could not consistently outperform kriging. When the correlation
coefficient was small, kriging got more accurate estimation compared with cokriging, while
cokriging performed much better than kriging as the correlativity was evident.IDW
interpolation the closest measured values usually have the most influences however the kriging
weights for the surrounding measured points are more sophisticated than those of IDW.and
thiessen polygon is a method of assigning areal significance to point rainfall values
perpendicular bisectors are constructed to the lines joining each measuring station with those
immediately surrounding it.

Part5:to measure the spatially correlated component, use semivariogram to measure

spatially correlated component also called as spatial autocorrelation.
Semivariance:is a measure of the degree of spatial dependence between samples (elevation)

Part6:validation, validation gives you a process that is as reliable as it is flexible. No longer will
you need to impose your standards on partners—they will be able to work efficiently their own
way, data validation is an automatic process that is adapted to your standards .Add to the quality
of your data, not the time it takes to process it
Validation can apply the same format and structure to data from different sources, as well as
detect changes between two data sets.
Three part validation:
1. standard validation: Ensure that your CAD files comply with established standards
2. topology validation:Validate compliance for the topological structures of the multiple
networks
3. attribute validation: Automate validation of the structure and content of the input files

CONCLUSION:
GIS is a particularly effective technology that enables petroleum exploration and exploitation
teams to share information, analyze data in new ways, and integrate the evaluation process.

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1st Trail (2019-2020)
Answer Sheet

Multidisciplinary teams are now present in most exploration and exploitation departments.
Technological tools, such as GIS, play a vital role in the team-based approach to upstream
problem solving. In particular, the application of map symbology enables geoscientists from
various disciplines to more productively visualize data, examine spatial relationships, and
compare and integrate interpretations. Such an approach enhances the overall problem-solving
process.

References
(n.d.).

Barrell, K. A. (2000). GIS: The Exploration and Exploitation Tool. In K. A. Barrell, GIS: The Exploration and
Exploitation Tool (p. 246).
http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/barrell02/images/ch18.

geomatics. (2019, march 15). Spatial Interpolation with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Method
Explained. Retrieved from GEODOSE: https://www.geodose.com/2019/03/spatial-interpolation-
inverse-distance-weighting-idw.html?fbclid=IwAR16gz20epww6W7PkZtXyYSRu-
Y3YRtp9IOfrbl2ahtELvvpWCGkCGmAes8

GREATER RELIABILITY THROUGH. (n.d.). Retrieved from consortech:

https://www.consortech.com/geospatial-data/gis-data-validation-methods/

Interpolation Methods. (n.d.). Retrieved from GIS Resources: http://www.gisresources.com/types-

interpolation-methods_3/

Oil and Gas Industry: How to Use GIS. (2020, march 5). Retrieved from GISGeography:
https://gisgeography.com/gis-in-oil-gas-industry/?fbclid=IwAR1tRt9bqxqE6r8c-
aeXjIEr5PsKUnF4aBX-B7kh9cSJUUSFCIBCcgo67kA

Xian Luo, Y. S. (2011, june 24-26). Comparison of interpolation methods for spatial precipitation under
diverse orographic effects. Retrieved from IEEE Xplore:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5980666?
fbclid=IwAR2xHOXFe0jTtLyFgepVg40mZ9Ivp78vZW1_e31AT1YxmVJp2WcDBUPVDMc

Accessed on {14/june/2020}

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