Chuong 1: Gigi thigu vé ky thudt diéu ché OFDM Chong 1 GIOI THIEU VE KY THUAT DIEU CHE OFDM 1.1 Lich sir phat trién oO 1a mét phuong phdp truyén khé phitc tap trén kénh vat ly, nguyén ly eo ban ‘cia phuong phdp 1a sir dung ky thugt da song mang dé truyén mt Inong lén ky ty tai cling mét théi diém. Sir dung k¥ thudt OFDM cé rat nhiéu uu diém, d6 1a higu qua sir dung phé rit cao, kha nang chéng giao thoa da dudng tt (dic biét trong hé théng khéng day) va rat dé loc bé nhiéu (néu mét kénh tan sé bi nhiéu, cdc tin sé lan cAn sé bj bé qua, khéng sir dung). Ngoai ra, t6c d6 truyén Uplink va Downlink cé thé thay d6i dé dang bang vige thay d6i s6 Iugng séng mang st’ dung. M6t wu diém quan trong cla hé théng str dung da song mang la cdc song mang riéng c6 thé hoat dong & tée d6 bit nhé din dén chu ky cla ky ur tuong img st duge kéo dai. Vi dy, néu muén truyén voi téc d6 1a hang trigu bit trén gidy bing mét kénh don, chu ky cia mét bit phai nhé hon 1 micro gidy. Diéu nay sé gay ra kho kha giao thoa da duéng. Néu cing lwong théng tin trén duge ky ciia mai bit s8 dugc ting lén N lin, lic 6 vide xtr ly van dé dinh thoi, da duéng sé don giin hon, cho vige dong bé va loai bo ai ra cho N s6ng mang, chu K¥ thuat OFDM do R.W Chang phat minh nim 1966 6 Mj. Trong nhimg thip ky vira qua nhiéu céng trinh khoa hoc vé ky thuat nay da duge thyc hién & khap noi trén thé gidi, Dac biét 1a cng trinh khoa hoc cia Weistein va Ebert da chimg minh rang phép digu ché OFDM cé thé thuc hign duge théng qua cdc phép b IDFT va php giai diéu ché OFDM cé thé thye hign duge bang phép bién d6i DFT. Vao dau nhiing nim 80, d6i ngi ky su phong thi nghiém CCETT (Centre Commun d'Etudes en Télédiffusion et Télécommunication) dya vao cdc ly thuyét Wienstein va Ebert da dé xuat phuong php diéu ché sé rat higu qua trong linh vye phat thanh truyén hinh s6, d6 14 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Divionsion Multiplex). Phat minh nay cing véi sw phat trién cia ky thuat s6 lim cho ky thuat digu ché OFDM duge sir dung ngay cang tro nén rong rai. Thay vi sit dung IDFT va DFT ngudi ta cé thé sir dung phép bién a4i nhanh IFFT cho bé diéu ché OFDM, st dung FFT cho bé giai diéu ché OFDM. Ngay nay ky thugt OFDM con két hop véi cée phuong phap ma kénh sir dung trong thong tin v6 tuyén, Cac hé théng nay cdn duge goi véi khdi nim 1a COFDM (Coded OFDM). Trong céc hé théng nay tin higu trade khi duge digu ché OFDM sé duge ma kénh véi cdc loai ma khde nhau véi muc dich chéng lai cic lugng kénh (49 fading va ty 16 tin higu trén tap 4m) ciia méi s6ng mang phy 1a khée duong truyén. Do chiChuong 1: Gigi thigu vé ky thudt diéu ché OFDM nhau, nguwdi ta thuc hién diéu ché tin higu trén mi song mang voi cdc mute diéu ché khdc nhau. Hé théng nay mé ra khdi niém vé hé théng truyén dan sir dung ky thuat OFDM vé6i bé diéu ché tin higu thich img (adaptive modulation technique). K¥ thuat nay hign da duge sir dung trong hé théng théng tin may tinh bang réng HiperLAN/2 6 Chau Au. Trén thé giéi hé théng nay duge chuan héa theo tiéu chudn IEEE.802.1 la. 1.2. Cac wu va nhuge diém Bén canh nhimg wu diém ké trén cua ky thudt OFDM, cdc hé théng sir dung ky thud nay con c6 nhiéu wu diém cg ban khdc ligt ké sau day: * Hé thong OFDM cé thé loai bé hoan toan nhiéu lién ky ty (Intersymbol Interference- ISI) néu d6 dai chudi bao vé (Guard interval length) 1én hon tré trayén dan Ién nhat cia kénh, * Phi hop cho viée thiét ké hé théng truyén dan bang rong ( hé théng truyén dan cao), do anh huéng cia su phan tap vé tin sé (frequency 46i voi chat Iuong hé théng dugc giam nhiéu so véi hé théng truyén din don song mang. * Hé théng cé cau trac bé thu don gian. Bén canh d6, ky thugt OFDM cing c6 mét vai nhuge diém co ban dé 1a: * Mét trong nhimg van dé cia OFDM 1a né cé céng si ih cao hon so véi ing suat trung binh. Khi tin higu OFDM duge diéu ché RF, sy thay déi nay dién ra tuong ty déi vi bién d6 song mang, sau dé tin higu duge truyén di trén mdi trudng tuyén tinh, tuy nhién d6 tuyén tinh rat kh6 gitt Khi diéu cao, do vay méo dang tin higu kiéu nay hay dién ra trén b6 khuyéch dai céng suat cila bé phat. BO thu thiét ké khéng tét 6 thé gay méo dang tram trong hon. Méo dang gay ra hau hét cdc van dé nhw trai phd, gay ra nhiéu gitta cdc hé théng khi truyén trén cac tin sé RF ké nhau. é & cong sudt * Vige sir dung chudi bao vé 6 thé trénh duge nhigu ISI nhug Iai lim gidm di mét phan hiéu sudt duéng truyén, do ban than chudi bao vé khong mang théng tin 6 ich, * Do yéu cau vé digu kién truc giao giita cc song mang phy, hé thng OFDM rat nhay cam véi higu img Doppler cing nhu 1a su dich tan (frequency offset) va dich thai gian (time offset) do sai s6 dong bd. - Anh hung ciia sy sai léch thai gian déng bo: OFDM cé kha nang chju dung tot cae sai s6 vé thai gian nh& cae khoang bao vé gitta cdc symbol. Voi mot kénh truyén khéng cé delay do higu img da duéng, time offet cé thé bing khoang baoChuong 1: Gigi thigu vé ky thudt diéu ché OFDM vé ma khéng mit di tinh truc giao, chi gay ra su xoay pha ciia cdc sng mang con ‘ma théi. Néu 16i time offset lon hon khoang bao vé thi hoat déng cia hé thing suy gidm nhanh chéng. Nguyén nhan li do cée symbol truée khi dén bO FET sé bao gdm mét phan néi dung cla cdc symbol khdc, din dén ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference). - Anh hudng cita sy sai Iéch déng b6 tan s6: MOt trong nhing van dé lén cia OFDM Ia né dé bj anh huéng béi offset vé tan s, Giai diéu ché tin higu OFDM co thé gay ra sai vé t6 subcarrier bj mat di (két qua cita ICI va st xoay pha khOng sita chita duge & b} thu). Sai sé vé tan sé dién ra chai yéu theo 2 nguén chinh: 16i cia b6 dao dong va higu img Doppler. Bat ky mét su bat ding b6 nao gitta b6 phat va bé thu déu cé thé gay ra offset vé tn s6, Offfset nay cé thé duge ba bang cach ding b6 bam tn sé, tuy nhién chi phue ma théi, hoat dng cia hé théng van bi anh huémg. Su di chuyén tuong déi gitta b6 thu va bé phat gay ra dich chuyén Doppler cita tin 6 bit. Diéu nay lam cho tinh tye giao gitta cic higu. Diéu nay cé thé hiéu 1a su offset tin sé trong méi trdng truyén tu do, né c6 thé hdc phuc bing mét b6 bi tai bé dao déng. Mét van dé quan trong cia higu img Doppler la trai Doppler, né gay nén béi su di chuyén gitta b6 phat va bé thu trong méi truéng da dung. Trai Doppler gay nén bai van téc tuong déi gitta cdc thanh phan tin higu phan xa Igi, tao ra qua trinh "diéu ché tan s6" cho tin higu, Qua trinh nay dién ra ngdu nhién trén cde subcarrier do trong méi truémg binh thudng, mét Iugng Ién phan xa da duéng xay ra. Trai Doppler khé duge bi va lim suy gidm chat Iugng tin higu. Ngay nay OFDM da duge tiéu chuan héa 1a phuong phap diéu ché cho cae hé thong phat thanh sé DAB va DRM, truyén hinh mat dit DVB-T, mang mdy tinh khong day tdc a6 cao HiperLAN/2... 1.3 Sy tng dung cia ky thugt OFDM 6 Vigt Nam Cé thé ndi mang internet bang rng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) rat quen thuge & Viét Nam, nhung it nguéi biét ri ring su nang cao téc d6 duéng truyén trong hé théng ADSL chinh la nhé céng ngh¢ OFDM. Nhi ky thudt diéu ché da séng mang va su cho phép chéng phé giita cac song mang ma téc 46 truyén din trong hé théng ADSL ting lén mét cach dang ké so véi cdc mang cung cdp dich vu internet thong thudmg. Bén canh mang cung cp dich va ADSL hién dang duge str dung rat rong rai o Viét ‘Nam hién nay, cdc hé théng théng tin vé tuyén nhu mang truyén hinh sé mat dat DVB- T cing dang duge Khai thac sir dung. Cac hé théng phat thanh sé nhu DAB va DRM chac chin sé dugc khai thac str dung trong mét tuong lai khéng xa. Cac mang vé thongChuong 1: Gigi thigu vé ky thudt diéu ché OFDM tin may tinh khéng day nhu HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.1 la, g ciing sé dugc khai thac mot cach rng rai 6 Viét Nam. 1.4 Cac hwéng phat trién trong twong lai Ky thuat OFDM hién duge dé cir lam phuong phap didu ché sir dung trong mang théng tin thanh thi bang réng Wimax theo tiéu chudn IEEE 802.16a va hé théng thong tin di déng thé hé thir tw. Trong hé théng théng tin di déng thé hé thir tu, ky thuat OFDM cén cé thé két hop véi cac ky thudt khdc nhu ky thuat da anten phat va thu (MIMO technique) nham nang cao dung lugng kénh vé tuyén va két hgp véi cong nghé CDMA nham phue vu dich vu da truy cap cia mang. Mét vai huéng nghién ciru véi myc dich thay déi phép bién d6i FFT trong b6 diéu ché OFDM bang phép bién déi Wavelet nham cai thign sy nhay cam cita hé thong d6i voi higu img dich tan do mat dong b6 gay ra va gidm d6 dai tdi thiéu ca chudi bao vé trong hé thong OFDM. Tuy nhién kha nang img dung cia céng nghé nay can phai duge kiém chimg cu thé hon niga trong turong lai, 1.5 Cae edt méc va tmg dung quan trong cia OFDM 1957: Kineplex, multi-carrier HF modem 1966: Chang, Bell Labs: thuyét trinh va dua ra mé hinh OFDM. 1971: Weinstein & Ebert dé nghi sir dung FFT va khoang bao vé 1985: Cimini mé ta tmg dung cia OFDM trong théng tin di d6ng 1987: Alard & Lasalle: ap dung OFDM cho digital broadcasting 1995: Chuan ETSI DAB: chuan OFDM co ban dau tién 1997: Chuan ETSI DVI 1998: Dy én Magic WAND trinh din OFDM modems cho mang WLAN 1999: Chuan IEEE 802.11a va ETSI BRAN HiperLAN/2 cho Wireless LAN 2000: Buge ding trong truy cap vé tuyén cé dinh (V-OFDM, Flash-OFDM) 2001: OFDM duge dé cir cho nhimg chudin méi 802.11 va 802.16 2002: Duge ding trong chudn IEEE 802.11g chuan cho WLAN 2003: OFDM duge dé cit cho UWB (802.15, 3a) 2004: Duge diing trong chudn IEEE 802.16-2004 chun cho mang WMAN, (WiMAX) Duge diing trong chun Chun ETSI DVB-H ¢ dé cit cho chuan IEEE 802.15.3a, mang WPAN (MB-OFDM) 802.11n, thé he ké ia mang WLAN. di d6ng te bao 3.75G (3GPP & 3GPP2) 4G (CJK) 2005:Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kf thudt diéu ché OFDM. Chwong 2 LY THUYET VE KY THUAT DIEU CHE OFDM 2.1 Tinh tryc giao trong OFDM (DRG 1a thuat ngir dé cp dén mét méi quan hé todn hoc chinh xdc gitt ‘cdc tin sé cia cdc song mang trong hé théng OFDM. Trong hé théng FDM thong thug, nhidu song mang duge dit cach nhau mét khoang phi hgp dé tin higu thu c& thé nhan lai bang cach str dung cdc bé loc va cdc b6 gidi digu ché théng thudng. Trong cdc hé thong nhu vay, ¢: ligu truée va vige dua vao cae khoang bao vé nay lim gidm higu qu: hé thong Khoang bao vé gitta cdc séng mang khdc nhau can duge dy dung phd cia Tuy nhién cé thé sap xép cdc song mang trong OFDM sao cho cdc dai bién cla ching che phi lén nhau ma cde tin higu van cé thé thu duge chinh x4c ma khéng cé sy can nhiéu gitta cée song mang. Muén duge nhu vay cdc song mang phai true giao vé mat todn hoc. May thu hoat déng nhu mét bé gim cc b6 gidi diéu ché, dich tan mdi song mang xuéng mite DC, tin higu nhin duoc ly tich phan trén mét chu ky ciia symbol 48 phuc héi dit ligu géc. Néu tat cd cde song mang khdc déu duge dich xudng tin s6 tich phan cia séng mang niy (trong mét chu ky symbol +), thi két qua tinh tich phin cho cdc song mang khac ng mang déc lip tuyén tinh véi nhau (tre giao) néu khoang cach giita cc song 1a béi sé cia 1/t. Bat ky su phi tuyén nao gay ra béi can nhiéu gitta cdc séng mang ICI (Inter-Carrierinterference) cing lam mat di tinh true giao 8 la zero. Do 46 Viée xir ly (diéu ché va giai diéu ché) tin higu OFDM duge thye hign trong mién tan 86, bing cach sir dung cac thudt toan xir ly tin higu s6 DSP (Digital Signal Processing ). Nguyén tie cia tinh trye giao thudmg duge sir dung trong pham vi DSP. Trong tosn he, s6 hang true giao e6 duge tir vige nghién ciru cde vecto, Theo dinh nghia, hai veeto duge goi lA tte giao véi nhau khi ching vudng gée véi nhau hay la tich cua 2 vecto 1a bing 0. Diém chinh 6 day 1a ¥ twéng nhan hai him sé véi nhau, tng hop tich va nhan duge két qua 1a 0, v Hinh 2.1 : Tich 2 vecto true giao bang 0Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. Dau tién ta cha y dén ham sé théng thuéng cé gid tri trung binh bing khéng (vi du gid trj trung binh cia ham sin dudi day ). Néu cOng ban ky duong va bin ky am iia dang s6ng sin nhu duéi day chimg ta sé cé két qua 1a 0. Qua trinh tich phan cé thé duge xem xét khi tim ra dién tich duéi dang duéng cong. Do dé dign tich ciia 1 séng sin c6 thé duge viét nhur sau: ‘[ sin(wr)dt = 0 ay (Qua trinh tinh tich phan c6 thé duge xem nhw Ia qué tinh tim ra dign tich bén duéi duimg cong tin higu, Do d6, dign tich eta m6t s6ng sin e6 thé duge viét nhs sau : Bién ® , Hinh 2.2 : Gid tri trung binh ctia séng sin bang 0 ‘Néu chang ta nhan va céng (tich phan) hai dang séng sin cé tan sé khac nhau.Ta nhan thdy qué trinh nay cing VU Hinh 2.3 : Tich phan cdc séng sin cé cing tan soChuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. Néu hai song sin cé cig tin sé nhu nhau thi dang song hop thanh luén duong, gid tri trung binh ca né luén khdc khéng (hinh trén). Day 1a co cu rit quan trong cho trinh giai digu ché OFDM. Cac may thu OFDM bién déi tin higu thu duge sang mién tan sé nhé ding kj thudt xir ly tin higu sé goi 1a bién déi nhanh Fourier (FFT). wd Vige gidi digu ché chat ché duge thy hign ké tiép trong mién s6 (digital domain) bang cach nhan ting song mang duge truyén dén may thu vai timg song mang duge tao ra trong may thu c6 ciing tan s6 va pha mét céch chinh xdc. Sau dé phép tich phan duge thyc hign, két qua la tt ca cdc séng mang khac sé vé khéng ngoai trir song mang duge han, né duge dich lén true x, duge tach ra mt eéch higu qua va gia tri symbol cia nd Khi d6 di duge xde dinh, Todn b6 qué trinh ndy duge lip lai kha nhanh chéng cho méi song mang, dén khi tét cd cdc song mang 44 duge gidi diéu ché. Nhiéu ly thuyét chuyén déi duge thyc hign bing chudi true giao. 2.1.1 Dang biéu dién todn hoc cia su true giao Hai him thye f(t) va g(t) duge goi 1a trye giao (orthogonal) véi nhau trén doan {¢,,f,} néu: [/oswad=0 (22) Néu (va g(t) li hai him phite, tinh chat trén duge dinh nghia li Jros' wa-{sog wad=o 23) Trong dé f*(t) 1a lugng lign hop phite cia f(t) Nhfn xét : tir dinh nghia c6 thé chimg minh ring: Tap hop cic him (cosn @¢ ,sinm et) true giao timg doi mét trén doan hy St data 1 N rate Pre-proc 7 WiLea) BPE BPE [ORF Synthesize]}—4- REF Hinh 2.6 : Diéu ché OFDM. 2.4 Mé hinh hé thong = 7 % Ee str |g poor eee A= a eet | En i Gases] | tense | | Face | | omer i ai. | Sen ‘Bem | Pere . fal elec) | es ree] emo & fine FAT] | tee) gooey] SP Ye | sl Hinh 2.7: M6 hinh hé thong OFDM 2.4.1 Ma hoa kénh truyén KY thuat ma hoa kiém soat Idi c6 thé tach va sita Idi xay ra khi thong digp duge truyén trén hé théng théng tin s6. Dé thye hign diéu nay, ma hoa khéng chi truyén ky ty thong tin ma né cn truyén mét hoac nhiéu ky tu du. BO gidi ma sit dung ky tw du dé tach va chinh stra 1i xudt hién trong khi truyén. Ma héa FEC (forward error control: kiém soat 16i tién) trong hé théng théng tin sé gm mi hoa bao gdm mi hoa Reed-Solomon, BCH, vong, Hamming, va ma hoa khdi tuyén tinh generic, mnChuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. * Mi hod chip : Ma hod chap va gidi ma Viterbi ‘V6i hé thng OFDM dé sita sai bit khi sng mang con ciia hé théng bj anh huéng cua fading chon loc tan sé va ICI gay ra boi fading nhanh thudng sit dung FEC 1a ma hoa 24.2 Kj thut phan tin dir ligu Do fading chon loc tn sé cia cac kénh truyén vé tuyén dién hinh, cdc song mang con OFDM nhin chung cé bién 6 rat Khéc nhau, Suy hao nhigu trong phé tin s6 06 thé éng mang con it tin cy hon séng mang khac. Vi vay chang thuéng hay tao tac dng cia nhigu lam cho s ra chim 18i lién Gaussian). Ha chim, Vi vay vige phan tin ky ty nim ngdu nhién hod sy xuat hign cia nhiing bit 16i ‘trudge Khi gidi ma. Tai may phat bing cdch ndo d6 ngudi ta sé hoan vj cdc bit sau Khi ma hoa sao cho mdi bit ké cn cach nhau nhieu bit sau khi interleaving. Tai may thu, vige hodn vj ngugc Iai sé duge thye hign truée khi gidi ma. KY thudt interleaving thong thurdng la ky thuat phan tn theo khéi (block interleaving), hay eting e6 thé la phan tin dang chap (convolution interleaving). Nhin chung thi mye dich cudi cing cla vige thu hign Interleaving la dim bao cho xc suat xuat hign bit 1 va bit 0 1a déu nhau. ‘p hon 1a 16i phan tan ngéu nhién (nhu duc hét cdc ma tién sita 16i FEC khong duge thi 2.4.2.1 K¥ thudt phan tan khdi ( Block Interleaving) m cét Pedt Boe vao theo } Doc vao thea | timag hang i we I ' I i |e Toe ra theo time Doe ra theo tig eat , ' cot interleaver Deinterleaver Hinh 2.8 : Thuat todn block interleaving/ deinterleaving, Ludng bit sau khi mi hod duge doe vio theo timg ding cia ma tran ¢6 kich thuée pxm va dge ra theo cbt, trong d6 p li chu ky cita bd interleaver va m-Nip. Dong tae nay s@ thay thé p-1 ky ty vio gidta mdi 2 ky tur sé ban dau, Nét tinh t6 eva ky thuat nay 1a cée ky ty ma ta thy hign dng tée xen chin 1a cde bién d9 cia ede sng mang duge didu ché. Vi vay, ky thudt phan tan do lig « gu cé tac déng phan tan trong mién tin sé. Khi 12Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. ky tu OFDM thu vé, qua tinh deinterleaving duge thyc hién, két qua cac 161 cham duoc chia thanh nhig 16i bit riéng 1é, digu nay nang cao dang ké higu qua sita 16i 'b6 gidi ma hé théng FEC. ia 2.4.2.2 Kj thugt phn tin dang chip ( convolution interleaving) interleaver Dein i ' a ee : 1 ' t 1 1 ‘ 7 t f ' [cover] | r) ee | | ! ' 1 1 \ 1 I i 2 -—- | 1 i [eee ' ! a ee ' ' we -_—__. Hinh 2.9 : So dé khéi b6 convolutional interleaver/ Deinterleaver Hinh 2.9 mo ta so d3 kh6i bG convolution interleaver duge Ramsey va Fomey gidi thigu Lan dau tién. Céc ky ty ma héa duge dich vao m6t b N thanh ghi, méi thanh ghi tiép theo cho phép liu nhiéu hon thanh ghi trade 46 t6i J ky tu. Thanh ghi sé 0 xem hur khong c6 chite nang ghi dich (ky tw duge di thing vao). Véi mdi ky tw ma hod méi, b6 chuyén mach sé chuyén sang mét thanh ghi mdi, va ky tu méi nay dich vao. Trong khi ky ty truéc dé cua thanh ghi trade, sé dich chuyén ra bé diéu ché hay may phat. Sau (N-1) thanh ghi, b6 chuyén mach lai quay vé thanh ghi 0 va qué trinh duge thyc hign lap lai. Bé gidi phan tan thyc hign dong tic nguogc lai, va cd hai 'b6 chuyén mach tai dau phat va thu cdn phai duoc hoat déng déng bé. duge B6 phan tan ky ty dang nay c6 chat hrong tuong duong véi dang khéi nhung wu diém dac biét la n6 gay tré dau phat t6i dau thu chi bang M(N-1) ky ty. Trong d6, M=NJ va s6 phan tir nhé trong cdc thanh ghi dich 1a M(N-1)/2 tai ca 2 dau kénh, Boi vay b6 phan tin dang chap gidm duge mt nita bd nhé ciing nhu d6 tré cho hé théng so voi dang khdi. 3Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. 2.4.3. Chuyén déi Serial/Parallel va Parallel/Serial a) sik «w 4 = { \ > ») 3 a a0 » 1 (eh! 3. sit > co o.ol1[o 0. a e3t ad t izle [es Hinh 2.10: a) Hé thong don séng mang 1 b) OFDM ves — >) i Af aa ‘Theo Shanon t6c d6 dit ligu cao nhat cho mét kénh truyén chi c6 nl (khong c6 fading) li: trang AWGN Cu. = Brog,(1 5) [ops] (2.10) B la bang théng cia kénh truyén [Hz]. S/N la ti s6 tin higu trén nhiéu cia kénh truyén. Vi vay muén truyén dit ligu véi toc 46 cao hon Cmax ta phai chia nho long dit ligu toc 46 cao thanh cac ludng dit ligu tée d6 thap hon Cmax bang cach sit dung bd Serial/Parallel (ndi tiép sang song song). timg frame nho cé chiéu dai k xb bit k<=N, véib N sé séng mang. k, N sé durge chon sao cho céc ‘Tite 1a chia ludng dit ligu vao tha la sO bit trong mé hinh dieu ché 14Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. ludng dit ligu song song cé téc d6 du thap, dé bing théng tuong img di hep, sao cho ‘ham truyén trong khoang bing théng 46 cé thé xem I phing. Bing cach sir dung bd S/P ta da chuyén kénh truyén tir frequency selective fading thinh kénh truyén flat fading. Nguge lai vi phia phat, phia thu sé ding b6 Parallel/Serial dé ghép N ludng dit ligu t6c d6 thap thanh mét lung dit ligu toc d6 cao duy nhat. 2.4.4 Diéu ché cae séng mang con ee oo Bee Hinh 2.11: Cho ta thay quan hé giita toc dé symbol va toc d6 bit phy thugc vao sé bit trong mét symbol. ‘Mi m6t symbol b bit trong m6t frame sé duge dua vao bO mapping, muc dich la dé nang cao dung lugng kénh truyén. Mét symbol b bit sé trong img mét trong M=2" ay mét vi tri trong constellation (gidn 43 chém sao), trang t * BPSK sit dung 1 symbol c6 1 bit 0 hoge 1 sé xée dinh trang thai pha 0" hode 180°, téc 6 Baud hay téc d6 symbol sé bang tc d6 bit R,,..., = R, * QPSK sit dung 1 symbol 2 bit (Dibit), R,.,, = R,/2 * 8.PSK hay 8-QAM sit dung 1 symbol 3 bit (Tribit), R,., =, /3 * 16-PSK hay 16-QAM sit dung | symbol 4 bit (Quabit), R,.., =, /4 15Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. 86 bit duoc truyén trong mét symbol ting lén (M ting lén), thi higu qua bing thong =log, M =b[bps/ Hz] tang lén, tuy nhién sai sé BER cing sé tang Nyquist da dua ra cng thite dung hong kénh (i da trong méi tung khong nbiéu: C=2Blog, M trong dé B 1a bang thong cia kénh truyén, Do dé ta khong thé tang M én tuy y duoc, céng thite trén cho phép ta xac dinh M Ién nhit, sé bit ln nhat co thé truyén trong mét symbol. ‘M6t s6 phuong thitc diéu ché s6 thuémg ding trong bo Mapping: * M-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) * M-DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) * M-QAM (Quarature Amplitude Modulation) 2.4.4.1. M-PSK (M-Phase shitf keying) ‘Séng mang chi thay déi vé pha phu thuéc bit vio, ma khéng thay déi bién dd, nén cng sudt cua tin higu khOng di, Mot s6 dang PSK thudmg gap: * BPSK cé 2 trang thai pha phy thudc 1 bit vao. * QPSK cé 4 trang thai pha phu thudc 2 bit (Dibit) vao. * 8-PSK cé 8 trang thai pha phu thuge 3 bit (Tribit) vao. * 16-PSK c6 16 trang thai pha phy thuge 4 bit (Quadbit) vao, Phuong phap nay doi hoi phia thu phai khéi phuc duge chinh xdc séng mang. M-PSK cé biéu thre tong quat nhu sau: QE T cos| Qaftr OS1ST,1=0,ljnM-1 s (= Q.A11) E, ning lung 1 symbol T,: 6 rong mét symbol f:tan sé song mang ii: gid tr] tuong dmg véib bit 16Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. 2PSk +PSK Scatter plat Sattar plot 18 = 18 é ! i a 205 208 3 : + = : . e | a a gr ie io 2 os] 2 os 4 4 i 48 4 4 a 7 aoa 0 1 InPhase mPhase 8PSK 16-PSK Scatter plot Scaler plot 15 1 : 1 - 20101 Moot 2 om w os} otto nie a ba ge fovin ‘oat Boo « + a One z 2 tbo to a ae ° 05} © 98) 101 ut sor, Te if 100 + 10 Ho : 1011 4 4g9 1101 a5 4 0 i 4 05 0 05 1 mPhase InPhase Hinh 2.12: Gidn dé chém sao M-PSK Viét theo dang1Q@:s,(t)=x,4,()+x,4,(0) (2.12) Voi: g (= Fees) O| BalMod |» xer f-o| xe fb >picital f + me 1 Bit Hinh 2.16: So dé gidi diéu ché DBPSK 2.4.5 Bo IFFT va FFT ( Inverse Fast Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform) Phép bién di IDFT (Inverse Diserete Fourier Transform) cho phép ta to tin higu OFDM dé dang, tire 1a cach ehinh xac va don gin, Phép bién d6i DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) cho phép ta giai diéu ché ldy lai théng tin tir tin higu OFDM. Nho str dung phép bién déi IDFT ché N ludng tin higu song song lén N tin s6 tre giao mot 19Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. va DFT ma ta tinh gian duoc bd téng hop tin sé phite tap 6 phia phat va phia thu. Néu khéng sir dung IDFT va DFT bé téng hop nhau chinh xac va déng pha, nhim tao ra tap tin sé truc giao hoan hao, diéu nay khong ‘hé don gin mét chat nao, 6 phai tao ra mét tap tin sé cach déu Bién doi DFT phic c6 thé duge xem nhu la cach xac dinh bién d6 va pha cia nhimg thanh phan séng sin va cosin cau thanh nén tin higu phan tich. .) os{ anit) jsin{202)) 2.14) ‘Trong 46 mang X[k] chtta N gid tri bién d6 cia cdc thanh phan tan sé, mang x(n] chita N miu cia tin higu mig thai gian kq/N biéu thi tin sé cita séng sin/cosin img véi k €[0,N-1], n thay d6i gitta 0 va ting s6 mau mién théi gian. Théng sé k dinh nghia sé chu ky s6ng sin/cosin hoan chinh xay ra qua N diém tin higu mién théi gian duge hu tri trong mang x{n]. Thong sé n biéu thi cho sé mau mién théi gian thu duoc. Céng thite (2.14) dinh nghia bién déi Fourier phite nén ca hai mang mién théi gian va mien tan s6 déu luu trit nhiing gid tri phitc. Mang X[k] bao gém ca tan sé duong va am, trong d6 chi s6 k=0,..,N/2 biéu thj cho tan s6 duong va k-N/2+1,..., N-] biéu thj cho tan sé am. 05 4 93 42 01 00 01 02 03 04 os Frequency Hinh 2.17: Vi du vé phé phitc thay thé cho tin hiéu mién thai gian hodn toan thyc. Cé hai cach chinh dé img dung bién 46i DFT phite vao hé théng dién tir:Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. * Tin higu mién théi gian duoc gia sir la tat ca déu 1a sé thue: Phin thuc cua tin higu mién tan s6 cé déi xtmg chin va phan do cé déi ximg Ie. * Tin higu mién théi gian duoc gia sir 1 hoan toan phite: tin sé duong ‘va dm déc lap véi nhau. Complex DFT/IDFT “Time domain rey demi rein oe th Refk] PECCOEEEEEEEE]} 0 N-1 0 N22 N-l *s Felson) TaehaNO ‘Eo --»| Tia oo RATT 0 NI 0 N2 N-I Hinh 2.18: Gidi thudt DFT va IDFT phite. Duong nét ditt urgng trung cho DFT va duong nét dam tugng trung cho IDFT. Mang tan sé chita cdc gid tri tin sé duong va dm. Tin sé dwong chay tir 0 dén N/2 Céng nghé ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line) sir dung tin higu mign thai gian hoan todn thyc. Tin higu mign théi gian phite duge ding trong chun img dung W-LAN 802.1 1a IE Diéu cudi cing ca cha y PT la khoang cach tan s6 gitta méi mau trong mién tin sé (thudng goi la a6 phan gi chiéu dai N ca b6 bién déi FFT: - the resolution) phu thuéc vao tan sé lay mau f, va (2.15) 2.45.1 Phép bién déi nguge Fourier rdi rac IDFT Phép bién ddi Fourier rdi rac DFT sé phan tich tin higu thinh nhimg thanh phan séng sin c6 khoang cach déu nhau trong khoang tan sé. Negugc lai phép bién d4i nguoc Fourier rdi rac IDFT sé ting hop tat ca cdc séng sin va cos cé bign dé luu trit trong mang X[k] dé tai tao tré lai tin higu phat mién théi gian:Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. sln]-E.x]{ courant jana) 2.16) X{kJ= Re X[k] +j Im X[k] Q.17) ‘Thé (2.17) vao (2.16): an Fee X[e1+ yim X{e1{ cox 2 [Re Lec wn tence #5. Ete xttescar Hy ene atti 2e 9) thay Re{X{k]}+ jlm{X{k]} bing X[k] va dem ra ngoai phép ‘at ra durgc két Ivan sau: Trong cong thite trén tinh thi ta s * MOi gid tri cia phan thuc trong mién tin sé gop 1 phin dé tao ra tin higu_ mién théi gian: phan thuc 1a séng cos, phan ao 1a séng sin. * Méi gid tri cia phan do trong mién tin sé cing gop phan vao tin higu mién théi gian: phan thuc 1a séng sin, phin ao 1a sng cos. N6i cach khdc, méi gid tri mién tin s6 déu tao ra ca tin higu sin thye va tin higu sin a0 trong mién thai gian, Cong tit ed cde tin higu sin d6 Iai véi nhau sé tdi tao lai duge tin higu phat. Dang séng cos va sin trong (2.14) va (2.16) ¢6 thé duge higu nhw 1a nhing tin higu thute dirge phat ra béi cée mach vat ly. 2.4.5.2 Phép bién déi Fourier nhanh Viéc tinh toan DFT mét cach truc tiép trong trudng hop N lén sé tiéu tén rat nhiéu thoi gian. Théi gian tinh todn can thiét ting theo N’. Tuy nhién néu ta sit dung s6 séng mang N a lily thira clia 2 thi c6 cach tinh higu qua hon nhieu 1a FFT. 24.6 Chin khoang bao vg (Guard Interval Insertion vA Guard Interval Removal) Gia thiét mét mau tin higu OFDM cé dé dai 1a 7, . Chudi bao vé 1a mét chudi tin higu 06 d6 dai la 7, 6 phia sau sao chép lén phin phia trade cia tin higu nay. Su sao chépChuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. nay cé tac dung chéng lai nhiéu ISI gay ra béi higu img da duéng. Nguyén tic nay duge giai thich nhu sau: Gia thiét may phét phat di 1 Khoang tin higu hinh sin e6 chigu dai 1a 7, . Sau khi chen chudi bao vé tin higu nay c6 chu ky 1a T=7,+7,,. Do higu tmg da dudng tin higu nay sé dén may thu qua nhiéu tuyén duéng truyén véi tré truyén din khac nhau. Dé don gian cho vige giai thich nguyén ly nay, hinh 2.19 chi mé ta tin higu thu duge tir hai tuyén truyén dan, trong d6 m6t tuyén truyén dan khéng c6 tré, tuyén con lai tré so voi tuyén dau tién i 7... O tuyén dau tién ta nhan thay mau tin higu thir (k-1) khong chéng lan lén mau tin higu thar k. Diéu nay la do ta gia sir rang tuyén dau tién khong cd wé truyén dn. Tuy nhién & tuyén 2, mau tin higu thir (k-1) bj dich sang mau tin higu ‘thir k mét khoang la 7... do tré truyén din. Tuong ty nhu vay mau tin higu thir k bi dich sang tin higu thir (k++1) mt khong ciing a r,,.. Tin higu thu duge 6 may thu sé la téng cia tin higu tat cd cdc tuyén, Sy dich tin higu do tré truyén dan trong cdc phuong phip diéu ché théng thuéng sé gdy ra nhigu ISI. Tuy nhién trong hé théng OFDM cé sit dung chudi bio vé Trong truéng hop ISI chi 8 loai bé duge nhiéu nay. T, = T.,, nhu mé ta 6 hinh 2.19, thi phan bi chéng lan tin higu gay nl trong khoang ciia chudi bio vé. Khong tin higu cd ich c6 d6 dai T, khéng bi chong lin béi cdc miu tin higu © phia thu, chudi bao vé sé bi gat bé trude khi giri dén bé giai diéu ché OFDM. Diéu kién quyét dinh dé dam bao hé thing OFDM khéng bi anh huéng béi nhiéu ISI 1a: TT (2.18) Chui Phin c6 ich cua bao vétt—— ky higu F i copy ehitdi bio ve T ( ar K(T+1) Hinh 2.19: M6 ta img dung ctia chudi bao vé trong viée chong nhiéu ISIChuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. Viée str dung chudi bao vé sé dam bao duge tinh tryc giao ctia céc song mang phu, do vay don gidn héa cdu tric bé uée hong kénh truyén, bé can bing tin higu & phia may thu. Tuy nhién chudi bao vé khéng mang théng tin cé ich nén phé tin higu ctia hé théng bi giam di mét hé sé 1a n= (2.19) Dey) AE Sampling period Hinh 2.20 : Trai tré nho hon khoding bao vé sé khng gay ra ISI va ICI. Hinh 2.21 : Tin higu thu bi dich pha do anh huéng cia tin higu da dueéng. ‘Nhu trén hinh 2.20, ta c6 thé thay rang néu trai wé nho hon khoang bao vé sé khéng c6 hign tung giao thoa gitta ky ty trade va ky ty hign tgi, do d6 sé khong gay ra ISI va ICI. Tuy nhién, do tin higu nhan duge tai may thu 1a téng cia nhiéu thanh phan da dug nén s@ gay ra sy dich pha cho cde sng mang nhu 6 hinh 2.21. Vige ude lvong kénh é may thu sé khée phuChuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. IMuttpath Channel 1 symbol duration Dect Path aa ‘at Mutipathn | : T (a) seeds ‘ce | ene Set Intererence (b) Hinh 2.22: Cac thanh phn ciia kj te OFDM thu dirgc sau khi truyén qua kénh truyén multipath: a) khéng cé khodng bao vé; 6) cd Khong béo ve 25Ay thudt diéu ché OFDM tt spo Syrset a Hinh 2.23: Nhiing ki} te OFDM thu duge sau khi truyén qua kénh truyén multipath: a) khong cé khong bao vé b) cé chén khong bao vé Hinh 2.22 minh hoa khai nigm chén khoang théi gian bao vé trong hé théng OFDM va hinh 2.23 minh hoa ¥ tuéng ding khoang bao vé dé loai bé khoang ISI giita nhimg ky tu OFDM, 6 hinh 2.23 (a) thi ky ty OFDM thu duge bi can nhiéu béi ky tr OFDM truée né, 6 hinh 2.23 (b) thi ky t¢ OFDM thu duge khéng con bj anh huong ctia ky ty OFDM trude do. Trong khoang thai gian bao vé, may thu bé qua tt ca céc tin higu, nhu vay c6 nghia 1a khong bio vé 1a khoang v6 ich, né khong mang dir ligu c6 fch, Lyra chon khong bio vé lién quan dén théi gian tré ciia echo, déng théi cing lién quan mit thiét dén sé luong séng mang. Trong thuc té khoang théi gian bao vé duge tao ra bing cach lip lai mot ty 1¢ cia dong bit tich eye trong chu ky trude d6, Khong bio vé duge chon dya vio khodng théi gian tich eye cia symbol, 6 thé 1a 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 thai gian symbol tich eye.Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. ‘That ra y twong cia phuong phép nay cé tir gitta nhimg nim 1980. Nhung do luc 46 con han ché vé mat céng nghé (khé tao ra cdc b6 didu ché va gii diéu ché da song mang gid thinh thdp theo bién déi nhanh Fourier (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform — IFFT) nén cho téi nay dy trén nhimg thanh tuu cia céng nghé mach tich hop, phuong phap nay mdi duge dua vao thye tién 2.4.7 Bé bién déi D/A va A/D Chuéi symbol r8i rae s{n] sau khi duge chén khoang bao vé AG, s& duge dua vao b6 bién dai tir s6 sang twong ty D/A va b6 loc théng thap (low pass filter) tao ra tin higu lién tue s(t) dé c6 thé dua ra kénh truyén v6 tuyén. G phia thu, b6 A/D lam déng tac nguge lai b§ D/A, b6 A/D sé lay mu tin higu OFDM thu duge s°(), long tir va mi héa cho ra tin higu s6 rai rac, sau dé tin higu rdi rac may sé di qua b6 Guard Interval Removal dé loai bé khoang bao vé. 24.8 Cita sé Trong bat ky hé théng truyén din v6 tuyén nao, tin higu truée khi duge truyén di déu duge nhan véi xung co ban, Mye dich cia phép nhan nay 1a gidi han phé cia tin higu phat sao cho phi hgp voi bé 1g cho phép cia kénh truyén. Trong tnrdmg hgp bé rng phé cia tin higu phat 1én hon bé Ong kénh truyén cho phép thi tin higu phat nay sé gay ra nhiéu xuyén kénh déi véi céc hé théng khdc. Trong hé théng OFDM, tin higu truée khi phat di duge nhan véi xung co ban s°(1). Xung co ban c6 bé rong ding bing bé rng ctia mot mau tin higu OFDM. Sau khi chén chudi bo vé thi xung eo ban ky higu 1a s(t) c6 46 rong la 7, +7, . Dang xung co ban don gin nhat la xung vudng md td nhu hinh sau: s() 59 - T 4 Hinh 2.24: Xung co sé {e »-T, f, (tong do f, la tbe d6 léy miu). Néu nhiing yéu cdu nay khong théa man thi & mién tan s chéng lan (aliasing). 5 xay ra hign tong ‘Vi vay rat can thiét phai loc mt phan phé tin higu cé kha nang pha hiy thong tin sau . < wo I Xi xy ra aliasing ( nghia 1a edn phat lg tt ed nhimg than phn tin s6 ten > f,). Dé lam duge diéu ndy ngudi ta ding mOt bO loc tuong ty (analog) chéng aliasing (antialias filter). Antialias filter 14 m6t mach théng thdp duge thiét ké sao cho né chi cho nhimg thanh phan tan s6 nado nhé hon tan s6 cat (cutoff frequency) di qua va khéng cho nhiing thanh phan tan s6 Ién hon tan sé cat di qua. Nhig théng sé quan trong eiia mach nay dé la: suy hao dai dimg (stopband attenuation) va hé s6 roll-off ciia b6 loc Nhiing mach t6t nhat thi hé sé roll-off e6 gid trj Khoding 0.1 f, va e6 46 suy hao dai dimg khodng vai trim dB. Nhing gid tri niy so véi trudng hop ly twéng vin con mot khoang cach kha xa. Diéu nay dua dén hau qua tat yéu la: dai tin sé 6 khoang gitta 0.4 f, va 0.5 f, sé bj phi pham vi hé sé roll-off cila b6 loc cham (the filters slow roll- off) va suy hao dai dimg khong ly tuéng.Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. ‘Xem xét tat cd cac trong hop nay thi trong khung tin sé nhimg miu dinh nghia bién 49 ciia tin higu gidta 0.4 f, va 0.5 f, st khong duge truyén bat ky dit ligu nao vi di cé truyén nhu thé nao di nita thi né cing mit. Do vay tigu chudn 802.11a dé xudt chi sir dung 52 trén ting sé 64 song mang dé truyén dit ligu. Bén canh dé Chuan 802.11a cing dé nghi khéng ding thanh phin DC dé tranh lam suy yéu tin higu tt hign tugng rd séng mang (carrier leakage) va dich DC (DC offset) gy ra bai cde mach twong ty (analog circuit). 2.4.10 Lay méu va phé tin higu 24 Unit imputse train fee Sampled signal ETL Tiss, Time Domain Am i alse train spectra {ie OR fh 16 2 2. IG Ake T fe , Sampled signa spectrum 5 ¢ aia 7 ‘ ° ia ie 26 Bib Sh ae T Continuous signal spectrum Hinh 2.26: Ly thuyét ly mau, Nhén tin hiéu trong mién thai gian twong ing voi lay tich chap trong mién tan so. f= 1/T Tu ly thuyét lay mau, viée chuyén déi tin higu tir tuong ty sang s6 c6 thé duge thye hién bang cach lay tin higu nhan véi chudi xung delta thudng duge goi 1a chudi xung bién d6 don vi (hinh 2.26). Két qua cho ra tin higu sé cé dang 1A mét chudi xung 30Ay thudt diéu ché OFDM (impulse train). Mac di trong thue té rét kh6 dat duge tin higu delta c6 4 rong di hep. ‘Thay vao d6, b6 ADCs (Analog to Digital Converters) sé gitt lai gid tri cudi cho dén khi miu ké tiép durgc thu. Qua trinh xir ly nay goi la zero-order hold. Nhu da n6i & trén, tin higu roi rac trong mién nay sé 1a tudn hoan trong mién kia. Hon nia, ngay ca khi tin higu géc mién thai gian c6 chiéu dai v6 han thi cing edn phai eat ra thinh nhiing khung (frame) hitu han, Méi khung duge xem nu 1a mét chu ky don ( cia m6t tin higu tan hodn v6 han) ctia tin higu DFT ngo vio. chudi xung va giit bac zero, déu tuan hoan ciing chinh 1a chudi Do dé, ca hai phuong phap lay mau: nhung c6 phé khéng déng nhat. Phé tan s6 ctia chudi xung don xung bign d6 don vi véi sé lay miu f.,2 f,,3/f,,4 f,...(xem hinh 2.26). Do tin higu mién théi gian 1a inh xung xay ra tai cde vj tri c6 tan sé bang s6 nguyén lin tan ‘heta dit ligu va chudi xung nén trong mién tan sé phd cia né cé phan bé tai cde vi ti S,2F,3f,.. img véi mdi vj tri la ban sao cia phé trung tam. Trong truéng hgp tin higu dang bac thang thi phé ciia né sé duge nhdn thém ham sine: ‘Sampled signal sueetrum: WAN, oie fide 2628 an BGT Zerat order hold L ae Lt & nO Hinh 2.27: So sanh phé tin hiéu dugc ldy mau theo chudi xung va giit bac zero 31Chuong 2: Ly thuyét vé kp thugt diéu ché OFDM. Phuong trinh trén mé ta su suy gidm bién d6 6 nhimg tin sé cao vi thuc hién gitt bac zero (zero-order hold). f, 1a tn sé dy mu. Khi f= 0 thi H(f) = 1 (xem hinh 2.27 ). 32Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén Chuong 3 MOI TRUONG TRUYEN DAN VO TUYEN gue: nay dé cap dén nhig vin dé chinh cia viée truyén song v6 tuyén va nhing khé khdin ma ching gay ra trong hé théng truyén dan théng tin s6. Nhing nh huéng ciia truyén s6ng v6 tuyén nhu suy hao duémg truyén, fading phang, fading chon Ige tan s6, trai Doppler, trai wé da duéng (multipath) ... lim gidi han higu qua cha truyén théng v6 tuyén. Do dé, vide thiét lap m6 hinh kénh truyén va xde dinh cde anh huéng bj gay ra trong m6t kénh truyén cu thé 1a van dé rat quan trong. 3.1 Suy hao dwong truyén vA sw suy gidm tin higu (Path loss and Attenuation) Trong suét qué trinh truyén, tin higu v6 tuyén bi yéu dan theo khoang cach, béi vi song cia tin higu v6 tuyén lan truyn s& bj lan téa ra vi do dé mat d6 eéng suit sé bi suy gidm, Trong khéng gian ty do, s6ng truyén sé bj lan t6a ra 06 dang hinh cd vi én mat 46 céng suat sé gidm ty 1¢ véi dign tich bé mat cua hinh cdu nay. Dign tich eta hinh cdu li 477R?, ty 16 v6i binh phuong ban kinh R ciia hinh edu, do 46 trong khong gian ty do, cuémg 49 tung RF sé bi suy gidm ty Ig voi binh phuong khoang cach. Phuong trinh (3.1) biéu dién cng suat thu duge theo céng sudt phat trong khong gian ty do. ray ?, = ?,6,6,{ 4.) G1) \ 4a J VGi Pp 1a cong suat thu duge (W), Py 1a cong suit phat (W), Ge 1a d6 Igi cia anten thu (cha ¥ 14 anten ding hudng), Gr li d6 Igi cia anten phat, 4 14 bude séng cia song mang RF (m), va R 1a khoang cach truyén (m), Néu truyén trong khéng gian tu do thi cé thé dy dodn duge, c6 thé duge sir dung trong mé hinh cia thong tin v¢ tinh va nhiing huéng néi két khéng bi vat ean, nhu la nhimg néi két diém-diém cia viba tim ngdn. Tuy nhién, hau hét nhimg mé hinh truyén thong mit dat nhw 1a dign thoai di déng, hé thong LAN khéng day, méi truéng cé sy phite tap hon nhiéu dan dén mé hinh truyén sé bi khé khan hon. 3.2. Dinh nghia Fading Néu duéng truyén v6 tuyén tir phia phat dén phia thu cé chuéng ngai vat thi ta sé gap higu img fading. Trong tnréng hop nay, tin higu sé dén noi thu tir nhigu dudmg khée nhau, mdi dung 1a mét ban sao ciia tin higu géc. Tin higu trén mdi duéng nay cé dd 33Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén trai tré khac nhau khéng dang ké va d6 loi cing khac nhau khéng dang ké. Su trai tré nay lim cho tin higu tir mdi duéng bi dich pha so véi tin hiéu géc va 6 phia thu sé ting hop cac tin higu tir cdc duémg nay din dén tin higu thu dugc téng cOng bi suy bién (degraded). Faded path = Secondary path gain (a = Line of sight path $= ~ 0a ne se pa Secondary path delay t= Pathdelay Fetes tipth Dy i, = Secondary path gai 1, = Secondary path delay NI a 2 A O=L a,5(t-7,) m a, DO Igi dudmg thir k. T,: D6 tré truyén din duge chuan héa tuong tmg voi duéng truyén thing LOS (Light of sight), 7,: DO lech thai gian gitta dudmg thir k so véi duémg LOS, Hinh 3.1: Fading la mét van dé lon anh huang dén tin higu va lam mat tin higu. Dong thai né cting Id mét van dé dién hinh khi dung truyén cé. sw thay déi nhue khi di chuyén bang xe hoi hay dang & bén trong mét toa nha hay trong mét dé thi déng diic ‘vdi nhitng téa nha cao tang. ‘Trong fading, nhing tin higu phan xa bj tré duge cOng vio tin higu chinh va gay ra hoie la ting ewéng 4} manh ca tin higu hoge li fading séu (deep fades). Khi xdy ra fading su thi gan nhu tin higu bi mat, mite tin hiéu qué nho dé bé thu cé thé nhan biét dit ligu thu duge la gi 34Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén Hinh 3.2: Tin higu phan xa dén phia thu bj tré va gay can nhiéu dén tin higu chink LOS. Trong trwéng hop kénk truyén Rayleigh fading thi sé khéng cé tin higu chink (LOS), tat ca céc thanh phan déu la tin hiéu phan xq. DO trai tré eye dai duge xem nhu 1a d6 trai tré cla tin higu trong méi truéng. D6 trai tré nay c6 thé nho hon hoge lén hon théi gian ky ty. Trong ca hai tring hgp déu gay ra nhiing logi suy bién (degradation) tin higu khée nhau. DO trai wé cia tin higu thay d6i khi méi trudng thay déi. — a Sperm aso Ee cea oi farm Hinh 3.3 - (a) flat fading (b) fading chon loc tan 6 (c) Voi truyén dan OFDM thi dit liéu dug truyén trong nhiéu song mang con, nén tai tan sé bi fading thi chi mét tap hop nhé dit ligu phat bi mat. Hinh 3.2 cho ta thay phé cia tin higu, duéng den dim 1a dap img kénh truyén. Cé thé 6 thé truyén qua. tuéng tugng dap tmg kénh truyén nhu mét canh cita dé cho tin Néu cénh cira di 1én thi tin higu truyén qua ma khéng hé bi uén cong hay méo Dap tmg kénh truyén fading duge mé ta nhw hinh 3.3b, ta cha y ring tai mét vai trong dai tn thi kénh truyén sé khong cho phép truyén thong tin di qua, vi thé nhimg tan sé nay duge goi la tan s6 fading sau (deep fades frequency). Dang dap img tan sd kénh truyén nay duge goi la fading chon Ige tan sé (frequency selective fading) béi vi 35Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén né khéng xay ra déu trén toan dai tin ma chi xay ra @ tai mét vai tin s6 ma kénh truyén chon loc. Néu kénh truyén thay 44i thi dap img ciia né ciing thay déi theo. Rayleigh fading la mét thuat ngit dug ding khi khéng cé thanh phan tin higu truyén thang tir noi phat dén noi thu ( Light of sight) va tat ca cdc tin higu dén déu Ia tin higu phan xa. Loai méi truéng nay durgc goi la Rayleigh fading. Nhin chung Khi théi gian trai tré nh hon théi gian mot ky ty, ta c6 kénh truyén fading phang (flat fading). Khi thai gian tai tré lon hon thoi gian mdt ky ty thi kénh truyén nay goi 14 kénh truyén chon Ige tan 86. Tin higu OFDM cé thuan loi khi truyén trong kénh truyén chon loc tan sé. Khi gap fading thi chi mt vai sng mang con bj anh huéng cdn cée séng mang khée thi hodn toin khong bj anh huéng gi. Thay vi mat todn ky ty thi s@ chi mét m6t tp hop nho (LN) bit. Néu ta sir dung ma héa 6 chudi bit phat thi tai bé thu cé thé sira duge «: sai, 3.3 Hign tugng Multipath ‘Tin higu RF truyén qua kénh truyén v6 tuyén sé lan t6a trong khéng gian, va cham vio cae vat can phin tén rai rc trén duéng truyén nhu xe c6, nha ctta, s6ng, nai... gy ra céc hign tuong sau day: * Phan xa (reflection): khi song dap vao cac bé mat bang phing. (hinh 3.4) Hinh 3.4: Hign teong phn xa Tan xa (scaterring): khi sng dap vao cdc vat cé bé mat khéng bang phing va cae vat nay c6 chiéu dai so sénh duge véi chiéu dai buéc s6ng.(Hinh 3.5) ex Hinh 3.5: Hign tong tan xa * Nhiéu xa (diffraction): khi song va cham vi cdc vat c6 kich thuée lin hon 36Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6 tw chiéu dai bude séng.(Hinh 3.6) Reflection Diffraction scattering Hinh 3.7: Céc hign twong xdy ra trong kénh truyén v6 tuyén Khi song va cham vao cac vat can sé tao ra v6 sé ban sao tin hiéu, mét sé ban sao nay sé t6i duge may thu. Do cdc ban sao nay phan xa, tan xa, nhiéu xa trén cdc vat khéc nhau va theo cdc duémg dai ngn khac nhau nén: * Thdi diém cde ban sao nay t6i may thu eiing khée nhau, tite 1a d6 tré pha gitta cde thanh phan nay 14 khde nhau. * Cac bin sao sé suy hao khie nhau, tite 1a bién 46 gitta cde thanh phan nay 1a Khée nau. higu tai may thu 1a téng eta tat ca cdc ban sao nay, thy thude vao bién 46 va pha cita cde bin sao: * Tin higu thu dugc ting cwéng hay c6ng tich cuc (constructive addition) khi cdc ban sao déng pha. * Tin higu thu bi triét tiéu hay cOng tiéu cuc (destructive addition) khi céc ban sao nguge pha. 37Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén Hinh 3.8:Tin hiéu géc va 2 thanh phan multipath Trost sgnal Receved sont ff A il tea a 7 Hinh 3.9: Kénh truyén chon loc tan sé va bién déi theo thdi gian. ‘Tuy theo dap img 33 cia méi kénh truyén ma ta cé kénh truyén chon loc tan sé. (frequency selective fading channel) hay kénh truyén phing (frequency nonselective fading channel), kénh truyén bién déi nhanh (fast fading channel) hay bién adi chm (slow fading channel). Tuy theo duémg bao cia tin higu sau khi qua kénh truyén c6 phan bé xéc suat theo ham phan bé Rayleigh hay Rice ma ta c6 kénh truyén Rayleigh hay Ricean. Hinh 3.9 mé ta dap img cia kénh truyén chon lgc tan s6 va bién ddi theo théi gian, khi ta lan lugt phat cde xung vung ra kénh truyén tai nhing thai diém khée nhau, tin higu thu duge c6 hinh dang khée xung ban dau va khée nhau Khi thoi diém kich xung khée noha. 38Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén 3.4 Kénh truyén chon loc tin sé va kénh truyén phing (Frequency Selective & Frequency Nonselective Fading Channels) do trai tr8 da during gay ra Kénh truyén chon loc tan sé la kénh truyén cé dap img tin sé khéc nhau trén mét dai tan sé, tire dip img tin sé khéng bang phang trong toan bé dai t8 tai cdc tin sé khac nhau khi qua kénh truyén sé cé sy suy hao va xoay pha khac nhau. ‘M6t kénh truyén c6 bj xem 1a chon lgc tan s6 hay khéng cén tly thugc vao bang thong ca tin higu truyén di, Néu trong toan khoang bang théng cila tin higu dap img tan sé la bang phang, ta n6i kénh truyén khéng chon Ige tan s6 (frequency nonselective fading channel), hay kénh truyén phing (flat fading channel), nguge lai néu dp img tan s6 ciia kénh truyén khong phang, khong giéng nhau trong bing théng tin hiéu, ta néi kénh truyén 1a kénh truyén chon Ige tan sé (frequency selective fading channel). Moi kénh truyén v6 tuyén déu khong thé c6 dap img bing phing trong ca dai tan vo tuyén, tuy nhién kénh truyén cé thé xem 1a phng trong mét khoang nhé tin sé nao dé. in do, do dé tin higu Hinh 3.10a cho ta thay kénh truyén sé 1a chon loc tin sé d6i véi tin higu trayén c6 bang théng 1én nim tir 32 MHz dén 96 MHz. Hinh 3.10b cho ta thay néu tin higu cé ‘bang théng nhé khoang 2 MHz thi kénh truyén sé la kénh truyén fading phing. 1p Ung Tan So Cua Keah Truyen Multipath Fading IH) 48 f-tiiz Hinh 3.10 (a): Dép tng tan s6 ctia kénh truyén chon loc tan sé. 39)Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén Dap Ung Tan So Cua Ken Truyen Multipath-Fading 1H) 4B 25, 0 42 04 96 OS M2 a6 46 8 a fanz Hinh 3.10 (b): Dap ting tan sé cia kénh truyén phang. ‘Vita réi ta méi mé ta dinh tinh kénh truyén, bay gid ta sé xét dinh luong cac thong sé cha kénh truyén. Hinh 3.11: Tin higu t6i phia thu theo L dwéng ‘Tin higu tai may thu 1a tong cdc thanh phan tin higu dén tit L duéng nhu hinh 3.11 (chua tinh dén nhiéu) e6 dang 40Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén WO=Laxt-1,) G2) a, =a,Z¢(t): Hé sé suy hao 6 gid tri phite (suy hao bién d6 va xoay pha). T, =1,(t): Thoi gian tré co gid tri thye, yl0)= J x= 2). A(,2)de = x()* h(t,7) G3) Vel he = Lao [e-1,0)] G4) ‘A(t,r) 1a dap tng xung thay déi theo thé gian ciia kénh truyén, Tir (3.4) ta c6 dap tmg ham truyén thay déi theo théi gian: H(t, f= fatceedr G5) Méi kénh truyén déu cé mét dap img xung, do dé mdi kénh truyén c6 thé dic trumg bang ham ty tuong quan ACF (AutoCorrelation Function): Ritts t,.7,) = E[A*(t,.7,)-h,,2,)] = E[A*(6,7,).A(, + At,z, +0] G6) (B[f@]=] f@.p,@)4r) Ham ty tuong quan ACF qua phitc tap (theo 4 bien ¢,, t,, 7,, 7,) nén dé don gian trong phan tich ta gia str cac thanh phin phan xa la dimg theo nghia rong va khong tuong quan WSSUS (Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scatter). WSS: qua trinh dimg theo nghia rdng tire 1a ACF chi phu thudc vao At=t,-t, US: cdc thanh phan phan xa 1a dc lap nhau Khi qua trinh 1a WSSUS ta e6 him ty tuong quan ACF. R(t,,t,+At7,,7, + Ar) =R, (Att) =P (At7,).0(r,-7,) — B.7) P,(At,,) li mat d6 phé céng suat chéo tré (Delay Cross PDF) aChuong 3: Méi truong truyén Khi At=0, P.(,7) = P,(At,z) duge goi la profile tré céng suat (Power Delay Profile hay Multipath Delay Profile hay Multipath Intensity Profile), m6 té céng sudt trung binh ciia tin higu sau khi qua kénh truyén. Do dé céng suit ra cita tin higu duge tinh theo céng thite: P= [Pode 6.8) Lay bién déi Fourier (3.7) ta duge: R, (At, Af) = | R(Atre Ode G9) Ta sé ding c6ng thite nay dé phn loai kénh truyén chon loc tan sé (Frequency Selective fading) hay kénh truyén phing (Frequency Nonselective Fading), kénh truyén bién déi nhanh (fast fading) hay bién déi chim (slow fading). At =0 ta cé him tuwong quan ACF phan tan theo tin cdc khoang tin sé Af cia kénh truyén, , m6 ta tuong quan gita R,(AS)= Ry (OAN= | R(nye Pde 6.10) RAP) Moi kénh truyén déu cé mét khoang tan sé (Af), , tai d6 ti s6 xdp xi 1. Tite 1a dap img cua kénh truyén duge xem Ia bing phing trong khoang (Af), Khoang tan sé nay goi la Coherence bandwith. * Néu kénh truyén c6 (Af). nho hon nhiéu so véi bang théng cia tin higu duoc truyén, thi kénh truyén dé duge goi la kénh truyén chon loc tin sé (frequency selective channel). Tin higu truyén qua kénh truyén nay sé bi méo nghiém trong, * Néukénh truyén c6 (Af), 1én hon nhieu so véi bing thong ciia tin higu duge truyén, thi kénh truyén d6 duge goi ld kénh truyén khéng chon Ioe tin sé (frequency nonselective channel) hay kénh truyén phang (flat channel). Nhimg kénh fading phang cing duge xem 1a kénh truyén thay déi bién d6 va d6i khi duge dé cAp nhw 14 nhing kénh bang hep (narrowband) vi bing thong tin higu azChuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén nhé hon bing thing kénh truyén, Nhimg kénh fading phing gay ra hign twong fading sau, do dé yéu cau céng suat truyén lén hon 20 hod 30 dB dé dat duge téc a6 165i bit thip trong sudt thoi gian fading sau so véi nhimg hé théng hoat d6ng trén kénh truyén non-fading. Su phin bé d6 Igi tire thoi cia kénh fading phang thi quan trong cho viéc thiét ké két tuyén, va hiu hét su phan bé bign dé 1d phan bé Rayleigh. Mé hinh kénh truyén fading Rayleigh phing duge gid sir ld nhing kénh truyén ma gay ra bién dé thay déi theo théi gian dya trén sy phan bé Rayleigh. Tuong ty nh Coherence bandwith, hai thong s6 quan trong thudng duge ding khi xét kénh truyén 6 chon loc tan sé hay khong ngudi ta thuong xét t6i thdi gian tré gidi han trung binh 7, (Average Excess delay) va théi gian trai tré higu dung r,,,, (RMS delay spread) cia kénh truyén: Gl) (3.12) 7, thai gian tré cita ban sao thit k Pla cng suat cia ban sao thit k Théng thuong kénh truyén la chon loc tin s6 néu Ty, so sinh duge véi T,,.., 3.5 Kénh truyén bién déi nhanh va kénh truyén bién déi cham (Fast fading & slow fading channels) do sy trai Doppler gay ra Kénh truyén v6 tuyén sé c6 dap img tin sé khong déi theo théi gian néu nhu cdu t cia kénh truyén khéng déi theo théi gian. Tuy nhién moi kénh truyén déu bién déi theo thai gian, do cde vat thé tao nén kénh truyén luén tudn bién déi, udn c6 vat thé méi xudt hign va vat thé ci mat di, xe ¢6 Tudn thay doi van toe, nha eita, cng vien, co thé duge xay dyng thém hay bj pha hiy di, song, mii, bién c6 thé mé rong hode bj thu hep lai...Hinh 3.12 cho thay cong suat tin higu thu duge thay déi theo théi gian di tin higu phat di cé céng suat khéng di tire 1a kénh truyén da thay d6i theo thdi gian. aChuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén a a & : 5 3 Time Hinh 3.12 Kénh truyén thay déi theo théi gian. Khai nigm kénh truyén chon loc thdi gian hay khdng chon loc thi gian chi mang tinh tuong déi, néu kénh truyén khéng thay ddi trong khoang théi gian truyén mét ki tw Too thi kénh truyén do duge goi la kénh truyén khong chon loc théi gian (time nonselective fading channel) hay kénh truyén bién déi cham (slow fading channel), nguge lai néu kénh truyén bién déi trong khodng théi gian Tsymboi, thi kénh truyén dé duge goi ld kénh truyén chon loc thai gian (time selective fading channel), hay kénh truyén bién déi nhanh (fast fading channel), Méi trudng trong nha (indoor) it thay déi nén cé thé xem 1a slow fading, méi truéng ngoai tréi thuéng xuyén thay déi nén duge xem la fast fading, Trong cde cell di déng, khi thué bao MS (mobile staion) di chuyén, sé lién tuc lam thay déi vi tri gitta MS va tram géc BS (base station) theo théi gian, tire 1a lién tue Lim thay ddi dia hinh, cau trac cia kénh truyén theo thi gian. Diéu nay cd nghia la kénh truyén cua ta lién tuc thay déi theo thi gian gay ra higu img Doppler lim dich tin song mang ciia may phat tai may thu mét luong tin sé. af =4f,~ G13) ¢ Sy: tan sé tai may phat v: van tdc cita thué bao MS c: van téc anh sing MS di chuyén cing nhanh thi Af cing lén va nguge lai, Sau day ta sé xét kihon cdc théng sé xde dinh kénh truyén 1a slow fading hay fast, fading. G phan 3.3 ta da cé cong thite (3.9): R, (ALAS) = | (Age? deChuong 3: Méi truong truyén Néu Af =0 ta c6 him twong quan ACF phan tin theo théi gian, m6 ta trong quan gitta cdc khoang théi gian Af cia kénh truyén. R, (At) = | R,(At,r)dt G.14) Phé céng suat Doppler duge dinh nghia li bién déi Fourier cua R,, (At) D,(f)= | (Ade "dat @ R,(A)= | D,(Ne""df— G.13) R, (At) Moi xap xi 1, Tae 1a truyén déu co mét khoang théi gian (Af). , tai dé dap tmg ciia kénh truyén duge xem 1a bién déi khong dang ké trong khoang (Af), Khoang thoi gian d6 durge goi Coherence time. * Néu kénh truyén c6 (Af), nhé hon nhiéu so véi chiéu dai ctia mot ky te Tagg Ua tin higu duge truyén, thi kénh truyén dé duge goi la kénh truyén chon loc thd gian (time selective channel) hay kénh truyén nhanh (fast channel). * Néu kénh truyén c6 (Af). 1én hon nhiéu so véi chiéu dai cia mot ky we ciia tin higu duge truyén, thi kénh truyén d6 duge goi la kénh truyén khéng chon Igc thai gian (time nonselective channel) hay kénh truyén cham (slow channel). 3.6 Kénh truyén Rayleigh va kénh truyén Ricean Tuy theo dja hinh kénh truyén ma giita may phat va may thu c6 thé ton tai hodc khong tn tai duéng truyén thang LOS (Light Of Sight, duéng LOS 1a duémg ma anh sang c thé truyén tryc tiép tir may phat t6i may thu ma khéng bj can tré). Néu kénh truyén khéng tin tai LOS, bing thuc nghiém va ly thuyét ngudi ta chimg minh duge duéng bao tin higu truyén qua kénh truyén c6 phan bé Rayleight nén kénh truyén duge goi li kénh truyén Rayleigh fading. Khi nay tin higu nhan duge tai may thu chi li tong hop céc thinh phan phan xa, nhiéu xa va khitc xa. Néu kénh truyén tén tai LOS, thi day 1a thanh phan chinh cia tin hiéu tai may thu, cdc thanh phdn khéng truyén thing NLOS (Non Light Of Sight) khéng déng vai t quan trong, tite la khong c6 anh cia 45Chuong 3: Méi truong truyén din v6. tuyén ‘huéng qua x4u dén tin higu thu, khi nay duéng bao tin higu truyén qua kénh truyén co phan bé Rice nén kénh truyén dugc goi la kénh truyén Ricean fading. Ta da biét tin higu tai may thu c6 dang: = Laate- ) G.16) cae hé sé suy hao @, 1a cac hé sé phite nén c6 thé viét duéi dang: a=a,(t)+ ja,(t)=a(te” 3.17) Bien d6 a(t) = fai Qea (3.18) Goc pha g(t) =tg"' oS (3.19) Néu c6 rat nhiéu ban sao tin higu dén tir rat nhiéu dudng khdc nhau tai may thu, thi ta c6 thé 4p dung thuyét gidi han trung tam (central limit theorem), lic nay cé thé xem cdc hé s6 a,(t) va @,(t) 1a cdc qua trinh ngdu nhién Gauss. Néu @,(t) va @,(f) 1a cdc qua trinh Gauss c6 gid trj trung binh bang 0 thi: tinh théng ké theo him phan bé xac sudt PDF Rayleigh * a(t) sé co aos p(a)=— 2" OSasw (3.20) o = var(a,,(f)) = var(a,(f)) 1a phutomg sai ciia qua trinh Gauss # 9) = tg" %© 66 phan b6 du trong khoang [0,27] Néu a(t) va @,(t) 1a cde qua trinh Gauss ¢6 gid trj trung binh khde 0 thi: * a(t) s& c6 dac tinh théng ké theo ham phan bé xac sudt PDF Rice: aA) ola le ) 1, (2) la ham Bessel loai 1 bac 0: J, (x) = 0 known pilots: Hinh 4.9 : So dé khéi cita gidi thugt wae lugng kénh truyén dyea trén kiéu sdp xép pilot dang hege ding bé loc thong thap FIR. hf, = Ltt. Spsameted Hi Upsampled+L.P. H.fk) Hinh 4.10: N6i suy bang b6 loc théng thap FIR 4.2.4.4 N@i suy sir dung b@ Ige tdi wu Wiener (Wiener filter) Ay 7 Paya tr0¢41 019g 44 wan Senin erga eb ys Hap) Hop Hinh 4.11: B6 loc Wiener BG loc Wiener duge img dung rdng rai trong cdc ky thuat can bing tin higu hay wae Iugng kénh truyén, Trong nhiéu tai igu khdc thi b6 Igc t6i uu Wiener duge goi 1a b6 aChuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. loc 151 binh phuong tdi thiéu (MMSE - Minimum mean square error). Cau tric bé loc duge mé ta nhu hinh 4.11. Dau vao cia bé loc 1a cae gid trj hé s6 kénh truyén Z,,,. tai cdc mau tin dan duimg. Céc gi tri ctia kénh truyén duge nhan véi cae hé s6 cia b6 Ige «, nhu & phutong trinh dudi day: = YD Opeynlew (4.22) G phuong trinh nay, tap P 1a tap tit ca cae gid tri cia i'n’. Co nghia la mét gid tri 77, duge néi suy tir cae phan tir /7,,. khéc nhau 6 ca mién tn s6 va mién théi gian. Khi do ngudi ta goi phép noi suy 1d n6i suy hai chiu ( two dimentional Wiener interpolation - 2D Wiener interpolation). Phép ndi suy nay mang lai tinh chinh xdc cao tuy nhign lai cé d6 phite tap cao. Peter Hoeher trong bai bio “TCM on Frequency- Selective Land-Mobile Fading Channels’” da chtmg minh duge ring bé loc Wiener hai chiéu c6 thé tach thanh hai b@ loc Wiener mot chigu (mét b6 loc thyc hign & mign thoi gian va mét bé loc thye hign 6 mién tan s6). Nha dé ma sy phite tap khi thy hign bo loc giam di nhiéu, tuy nhién chat long tin higu loc khong giam dang ké. Néu ta biéu dién cde gid tr dau vao /,,,. 6 dang vecto edt nhw sau: AO fe Hhyglh) Va cdc hé s6 b6 loc @,,,,, duéi dang vecto dong We tia Pensa A ay0.H404 DD, shim } Nhu vay phuong trinh (4.22) duge biéu dién lai nhu sau: Fi, y=Wi,h (4.23) aChuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. fic hé s6 cia bé loc, tuong duong véi sé cae tin higu dau vao Ohinh 4.11, N,, 1a s6 ciia b6 Ioe duge thiét ké A.,,,. sit dung dé ndi suy cho mot gid tri dau ra, Néu ede hi mét cach téi wu, thi 15i binh phuong gitta két qua néi suy A, va gid tri ly tung H,, 1a tdi thiéu. Su tinh toan cdc hé sé t5i wu cho b6 loc dua trén phuong trinh cia Wiener-Hop nhu duge trinh bay duéi day. Phuong trinh cia Wiener-Hop: Phuong trinh cia Wiener-Hop sit dung dé tinh cae hé s6 cla b6 loc. Muc dich cia bé Ige 1a dé t6i thiéu 16i binh phuong gitta hé s6 ly trong cia kénh va hé s6 duge uée lugng khi ding b6 loc. Ta bat dau bang phép biéu dién 16i gitta hé s6 ly tuéng cia kénh H,,, vahé s6 duge wée hrgng khi ding b6 loc AY, (4.24) Tri trung binh Idi binh phuong twong img durge viét lai la in = EL |= (4.25) 6: Jug= Ele, -al(n, -Wii)(11,.- WA) | -4 (1,,-W3A)(11,,-"W,) (4.26) =| +e[Whi"W2 J in, Af -e(n. a ELWLAH, | * Thanh phin thir nhét cia phuomg trink trén : £)|H, Fo, 1a phuong sai cia kénh, * Ky vong ciia phép nhan hé sé kénh H,, véi vecto A" cho ta vecto tong quan chéo (cross-correlation) ciia gia tri ly tuéng hé s6 ca kénh va céc gid tri dau vio b6 loc h” , Vecto tuong quan chéo do vay duge biéu dién nhu sau: 6Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. En (427) Ta cing cé thé biéu dién nhu sau: ELH, (4.28) * Ky vong eiia phép nhan E[ hh | cho ta két qua la mot ma tran ty twong quan ctia cc gid tri dau vao cila b6 Igc nhu sau: R-E[hh"] (4.29) Ay Fgh) (Hi in Onn Aarons, Nan)) Fa ayo.natyv0,1 Nap Néu ta dinh nghia r(k-m) = E[ #7) (m) | thi ma tran R duge viét lai: [r(o) (Nye D) Ral" (4.30) [rd Na) r(0) V6i su bigu dign cia veeto tong quan chéo PJ, nw & phuong trinh (4.27) va ma tran tuong quan R ta c6 thé viét lai phép biéu dién cia gid tri trung binh 16i binh phuong nohur sau Wn — Wik + WiRW (431) Lay dao ham theo vecto W,, ta duge két qua sau: 4Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. pe Mad =0-2P,,-0+2[ WR] (432) =-2P,,+2[ WLR] Hién nhién 1a gid trj trung binh 16i binh phuong J, ,s® dat gid tri t6i thiéu khi ma vecto dao ham A 1a mét vecto véi moi phan tir ctia né 1a 0. Diéu nay cé nghia 1 (4.33) Phuong trinh trén cing tuong duong véi W..=PR ‘ (4.34) Phuong trinh (4.34) duge goi la phuong trinh Wiener-Hop cho phép tinh veeto hé sb 'b6 loc W;, sao cho gid tri trung binh 16i binh phuong 1a t6i thiéu. Diéu kién dé tinh duge ede hé s6 cha bé Ige 14 ma tran tong quan ciia kénh R va vecto trong quan chéo cha kénh P”, phai duge biét truée. Bé minh hoa sy t6i thiéu cia tri trung binh 16i binh phuong théng qua sy tdi wu cdc hé s6 cia bé loc ta xem xét vi dy sau: Vi du: Gia thiét ma tran R va vecto P™, duge cho nhu sau: [1.0009 0.8465 [o.sa6s 1.009 0.6749 “| 0.9602) Dya vao phuong trinh (4.5.17) ta c6 thé tinh duge gid tri hé s6 t6i wu cia b6 loc nhu sau: wel (oe) w,) (13675 ) 425 in bang kénh cho hg thing OFDM phan nay gia sir kénh truyén khéng bién déi (hodc gan nhu khéng bién déi) trong mét khoang thdi gian cia mot mau tin higu OFDM va trong mét khoang tn sé 14 bé rng cia hai sng mang phy ké tiép nhau, Diéu d6 ¢6 nghia 14 6 mién thoi gian: H(jo;t)=H(jo;kT) voi AT StS (k+1)T (435) Va 6 mién tan s6: 6Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. H(jo;t)=H(jne,;t) voi (FJ Sos (» + se (436) Khi dé hé sé ham truyén twong img véi sng mang phy thir n va mau tin OFDM thir k dug biéu dién duéi dang AT St<(k+)T HM (jot) = Hna3kT) V0 WV, ca elng!\y (437) \ 2% ( 2) Tin higu sau khi giai diéu ché duge viét lai: d,, =H(jne,;kT)d,, (4.38) tin higu sau khi giai diéu ché ‘Tin higu phat duge kh6i phuc lai thong qua phép chia ‘voi hé sé ham truyén nhuw sau: 1 H(jne, kT) Phuong trinh trén chimg t6 bd can bing kénh cho hé théng OFDM duge thye hign mot cach rat don gian khi ham truyén kénh v6 tuyén da duoc khéi phuc. B6 can bing kénh dugc thyc hign don gidn bang phép chia tin higu nhan duge cho hé sé ham truyén cia ken, d, (439) 4.3 Cn bing Nhiéu giao thoa lién ky tu li mét loai nhiéu phd bién trong cdc hé théng vién théng. Nhiéu nay xuat hién & cdc kénh truyén phan tan theo théi gian. Chang han trong mét ‘méi tréng tan xa da duémg, mét ky higu cé thé due truyén theo céc duémg khdc nhau, dén may thu 6 cac théi diém khae nhau, do dé cé thé giao thoa véi cdc ky higu khae. Dé khie phuc hign tugng nl lugng hé théng, c6 nhigu phuong phdp khac nhau nhung phuong phap duge dé cip nhiéu nhat 1a sir dung bd can bang dé bu lai dac tinh tan xa thoi gian cla kénh truyén. B6 cn bang vé co ban 1a mét b6 loc hay tng quat hon 14 mot hé thing cae b6 loc voi mue dich 1a loai bé nhimg anh huéng khong mong muén cia kénh truyén. Trong hé théng théng tin sé, van dé phai déi mat thudng xuyén chinh 1a nhiéu lién ky tr (intersymbol Interference — ISI). ISI xay ra la do kénh truyén c6 sw phan tan vé bién 46 va pha, Sy phan tin nay gay ra hign tuong tin higu bj can nhiéu véi nhimg phin khdc ciia né. Anh huéng nay gay ra ISI. Tin higu xung dé mang dif ligu duoc thiét ké 6Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. sao cho dat cuc tiéu anh huéng ciia ISI. Tigu chudn Nyquist duge yéu cdu cho dang xung nay nhu sau: 1 k=0 lo kro PUT)=p, (4.40) Trong dé p(t) la mét ham cé dang xung nhung do anh huéng cia kénh truyén nén dang xung nay bi lam méo di. Do vay, i quyét van dé nay tai b6 thu thi phai thiét ké mot bé can bang. B6 can bang ting quat sé cé dang sao cho anh huéng ciia né nghich do lai véi hoat dong cia kénh truyén, Nhung trong qué trinh thye hign thi nhing két qua khong mong mudi é xay ra tai nhiing diém ma bd can bang khuyéch d: higu dé loai bo ISI. Sy khuyéch dai nay khéng chi khuyech dai tin higu ma con khuyéch dai lun ca nhiéu, Vi vay, vige thiét ké cdu trac va d6 Igi ciia b6 can bang dé vita loai bo ISI trong khi van cuc tiéu cé ju quan trong. ce nhiéu khae ki mot yeu B6 can bang don gian nhit 1a b6 can bang tuyén tinh duge thuc thi nhu mét bé loc c6 ap img xung hitu han (FIR). Ly do dé diing b6 loc nay 1a vi d6 phite tap thap va gid thanh ré nhung vi higu qua cia né khdng dit dap img nhimg mong doi cao hon B6 can bing tuyén tinh c6 wu diém 1a don gidn nhung higu qua triét nhiéu khong duge t8t. Do vay mét sé loai can bing phi tuyén duoc nghién ciru. B6 can bang phi tuyén phé bién nhat 1a b6 cin bang héi tiép quyét dinh (Decision Feedback Equalizer — DFE). B6 can bang nay cé tung binh binh phuong 13i (MSE) thip hon so véi bé can bang tuyén tinh, nhung né lai gap sy bat Igi cua viée lan truyén Idi (error propagation) trong vong lap hoi tiép cla no. Trong thye té hau nhu ham truyén cia hé thong va kénh truyén 1a khéng duge biét truée va dap img xung cia kénh truyén co thé thay déi theo thi gian va suy giam dan, két qua 1a b6 can bang thong thuong khéng thé thiét ké duge, Do vay ngudi ta thudng 1d khai thae b6 cén bing thich nghi, BO cin bing thich nghi thuémg ding giai thudt thich nghi dé hdi tu nhiimg hé sé (tracking) duge su thay déi dap img xung cia kénh truyén. Bén canh dé dé dat duge diéu nay thi cdu trac bé thu phai phite tap hon. a nd vé gid tri ding va digu loi 1a né c6 thé bam. Ngoai ra thuat toan thich nghi dong vai tr quan trong déi véi higu qua cia bé can bing. Thuat todn phé bién nhdt vé phuong dign higu qua va dé phir tap 1a thuat toan trung binh binh phuong nhé nhat (Least Mean Square — LMS). Thuat todn nay c6 46 phite tap thdp va higu qua tét. No héi tu hoan toan néu nhing gid tri mong muén di cho 1a ding, Diéu gay can té cita gidi thuat LMS déi véi b6 can bang néu nhimg ky ty mong muén khéng ding 1d né khéng hdi ty. Vi vay b6 can bang ding gidi thuit LMS yéu cau mt sy suy dién ky ty da biét trong truéng hgp quyét dinh cia b6 can bang 1a sai. Gidi thuat t6t hon dé 1a giai thudt binh phuong eye tiéu hdi quy ( Recursive Least 7Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. Squares- LMS). Giai thuat nay cé dic tinh hdi tu tét hon giai thuat LMS nhung né cing doi héi 46 phéte tap tinh ton cao hon, Nhin chung d6 phic tap cua gidi thuat RLS tang theo binh phuong cua sé hé sé bé can bing. Ciing cé giai thuat RLS cé 46 phitc tap tinh toan tng tuyén tinh véi hé s6 cia bé cén bang, nhiing giai thuat nay goi 1a thuat toan RLS nhanh (fast RLS). Dé dat duge két qua vita y tir b6 can bang thich nghi, b6 can bang phai duge thye hign thich nghi véi m6t chudi ky ty da biét trade dac bigt 14 ngay tai thoi diém bat dau thong tin, Giai doan can bang nay cé thé lam cho b6 can bang dat dén diém hoat dng gan véi mite t6i wu, nhung hau hét khoang théi gian nay 1a hao phi. Ly do 1a chudi huan luyén khong hién dién hay khong thé giri trong hau hét thi gian. Khi chudi hudn luyén khéng hién dign, b6 can bing sé hoat dng khé khan. B6 can bang tuyén tinh théng thuéng cin phai biét dac tinh khoi dau cia kénh truyén. Néu khéng biét nhimg dic tinh cia kénh truyén thi bé cn bing khéng thé héi tu. Cach gidi quyét van dé nay 1a ding bé can bang md. B6 can bang mi ding giai thuat thich nghi khéc, gidi thudt thich nghi nay khai thie nbting dic tinh théng ké bac cao hon. Déi véi 9 can bing mi, giai thudt pl hat va duge chép nhan rong rai la gidi thuat modul khéng déi (Constant Modulus Algorithm — CMA). Cac bé can bang cé thé duge phan loai thanh ba lép: - Cée b6 can bang tuyén tinh “ée b6 cn bing héi tiép quyét dinh - Cie bé can bing MLSE (Maximum ~ Likelihood Sequence Estimation) ‘Cac b6 can bing MLSE sir dung giai thuat Viterbi, con cac b6 can bing tuyén tinh va can bing hdi tiép quyét dinh 1a céc b6 can bing thich nghi. Co sé hoat déng cia nd dua trén cdc giai thuat thich nghi, bao gom - Giai thuat binh phuong trung binh cue tiéu (LMS — Least Mean Square) - Giai thuat LMS cé dau ( Signed LMS) - Giai thuat LMS chuan héa ( Normalized LMS) - Giai thuat LMS cé kich thuée bude nhay thay déi (Variable-step-size LMS) - Giai thuat binh phuong eye tiéu dé quy (RI Recursive Least Square ) - Gidi thugt module khéng di (CMA — Constant Modulus Algorithm) 8Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. ESSE Zui 10 [aE aise | [a ante Dutibu kasi pave 0) (0) Tass Hinh 4.12 : So dé khéi hé théng thong tin str dung bé can bang thich img & may thu B6 can bang thuéng thuc hién tai bang tin géc hodc tai IF ci! may thu. Vi biéu thie sit dung dé biéu dign dang séng bing thong, dap img kénh truyén, tin higu da gidi diéu ché va thudt todn bé edn bing thich img thudng m6 phéng va thyc hign & bang tin géc. duéng bao phite bing géc cé t1 Hinh trén mé ta so dd khéi cia mOt hé thong théng tin str dung b6 can bang thich img tai may thu, Néu x(t) la tin higu théng tin géc, f(t) 1a dép img xung bang tan két hop cia may phat, kénh truyén, va bO phén RF/IF etia may thu, tin higu nhén duge tai b6 can bang c6 thé biéu dién 1a yO=HB/(O+, 0) (441) voi f*(p la lién hop phite cita ff), ny(t) la nhiéu bang géc tai ngé vao bé can bang, va la phép tich chap. Néu dap img xung ciia b9 edn bing 1a h,q(Q), thi ngo bing la: ca bd can AD=ADB/ MBA +A OSA (4.42) =x B gD, SAO véi g(t) la dap tmg xung két hop cita may phat, kénh truyén, bé phin RE/IF cia may thu va bé cn bang. Dap img xung bing géc phitc ciia bé can bing loc ngang cho bei halt) = Yoe,8(t-n) (4.43) V6i cy 1a cdc hé sé b6 loc phite cia bé cn bing. Ngé ra mong mudn ctia b6 can bing 18 x(t), dir ligu ngudn géc, Gid sit ny(t) = 0. Dé d(t) = x(t) trong phuong trinh (4.42), g(t) phai bang B= f(A, ()=80) (4.44) oChuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé thing OFDM. Mue dich cén bang 1a tha man phuong trinh (4.44). Trong mién tin sé, phuong trinh (4.44) duge biéu dién la Hg NF(-f)=1 (4.45) Voi Heo(f) va F() 1a bién ddi Fourier cita h.q(t) va fit). Phuong trinh (4.45) cho thay b6 can bing thye sy 14 b6 I9c nghich dio cba kénh tuyén. Néu kénh truyén chon Ige tn 86, b6 can bing nang cao nhiing thanh phan tin 86 6 bién d6 nhé va lam gidm nhimg thanh phan tan s6 ¢6 bién dé manh trong phé tan 86 nhan duge dé cho dap img tan s6 nhan duge bang phang phite hgp va dap img pha tuyén tinh. Déi voi kénh truyén thay déi theo thi gian, b6 can bang thich img duge thiét ké dé lan theo sy thay d6i kénh truyén sao cho théa man gan chinh xdc phong trinh (4.45). 43.1 BO cén bang thich nghi tong quat B6 can bang thich nghi la mét bé loc thay d4i theo théi gian phai luén luén duge tu diéu chinh. C4u tric co ban cia mét bé can bang thich nghi cho & hinh duéi véi k 1a chi sé rai rac théi gian. B@ can bang thich nghi 1a b6 loc c6 kha nding ty diéu chinh him truyén cia né dya vao m6t thuat todn ti wu. Boi vi sy phite tap ciia thuat toan t6i wu nén hau hét b6 can bang déu 1a nhiing b6 loc 86. [arabe ter [den x) — I +)-— adi, em) Hinh 4.13: So dé b6 can bang thich nghi 'Y tudmg ciia so dé khdi nay 1a b6 Igc thay déi (Variable Filter) sé tao ra mot sy ude Jugng déi v6i tin higu mong muén. Tin higu vao x(n) bang tng cia tin higu mong mudn d(n) va can nhiéu v(n) x(n) = d(n) + vin) (4.46) B6 loc bién déi 1a bé loc FIR (c6 dap img xung hitu han). Theo so dé khéi trén thi dap img xung bing véi hé sé ctia bd loc. Déi véi b6 loc bac p thi hé sé bé loc duge xdc dinh bai : 10) W, DoW (PI) (447) 70Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. ‘Tin higu 1éi hay 1a him tri gid (cost function) chinh la sy khée bigt gitta tin higu mong muén d(n) va tin higu ude Iugng din) e(n) =d(n)—ad(n) (4.48) B6 loc bién déi sé use lugng tin higu mong mudn bang cach chap tin higu ngd vao voi dap img xung : d(n)=wiX(n) (4.49) Trong d6 : X(n)=[x(n),x(—1),....x(0"— p)] la vecto tin higu ngo vao. Hon nita hé sé cia bé loc sé dug cp nhap nhu sau =w, + Aw, (4.50) Vi Aw, 1a nhan t6 sita sai cho hé s6 cia bé loc . Thuat toan thich nghi tao ra nhan t6 nay dya trén tin higu vio va tin higu 18% . Dién hinh cho thudt todn cp nhép hé s6 d6 1a LMS (Least Mean Square) vi RLS ( Recursive Least Square ) Téng quat, cdu tric co ban ciia mOt b6 cn bing thich nghi cho hinh 4.14 véi k 1d chi s6 ri rac théi gian. Chi ¥ 6 hinh 4.14 c6 mt ngo vao tai mot thoi diém. Gis tri y, phy thude trang thai tire théi cia kénh truyén v6 tuyén va gid trj cu thé cla nhiéu. Vi thé y, la ngdu nhién. Cau intic b6 cn bling thich nghi cho é trén goi 1a b6 loc ngang, va trong trong hgp nay c6 N thanh phan tré, c6 N+1 nhanh va N+1 diéu chinh da phan, goi la trong s6 (weights). Trong s6 cia bé loc duge mo ta bing vj tri vat ly cia né trong cdu trie dudmg tré va 66 mt chi s6 thir hai, k, chi sy thay déi cia chang theo théi gian. Nhimg trong so nay duge cp nhat lién tuc bang thudt toan thich nghi. Tin higu 16i ¢ diéu khién b6 can Jing thich nghi, Tin higu 161 nay rit ra tir so sénh giita ngé ra cia b6 can bang, d, , véi tin higu d, 1a tin higu dung véi tin higu phat x, hode c6 tinh chat biét trude ciia tin higu phat. Thuat todn thich nghi sir dung e dé giam thiéu ham ti gid (cost function) va cp nhat trong sé bé can bing bing cach gidm him tr] gid. Vi du thud todn trung binh binh phwong nhé nhét (least mean squares_LMS) tim cdc trong s6 bé loc ti uu hoac gan t6i uu bing cach thuc hién cdc bude lap lai sau: Cac trong sé méi = cdc trong sé truéc+(hing s6)*(16i truéc)*(vector vao hign tai) Voi: 164i tude = ngé ra mong muén trude —ngé ra thy trude ‘va hing sé cé thé diéu chinh bang thuat toan dé diéu khién dé thay déi cdc trong sé. ge gitta cde lan ign tiép. Churong trinh lap cdc bude trén dé héi ty va nhigu ky thuat 9 7Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. khdc nhau (nhu cac thuat toan gradient hay steepest decent) c6 thé sir dung dé giam thiéu 1i. Khi dat dugc d6 h6i ty, thuat todn thich nghi chét cdc trong s6 b6 loc cho dén khi tin higu 1i vot qua mite cho phép hodc cho dén khi chudi hudn luyén méi goi di, Input Signal d,output of equalizer Adaptive Algorithm that updates each weight yx dis set to x; oF represents a known, property of the transmitted signal Hinh 4.14 : B6 can bang tuyén tinh co ban ‘Dya trén ly thuyét cn bang, ham trj gid thong thudng nhat 1a tung binh binh phuong sai s6 (MSE) gitta tin higu mong muén va tin higu ng6 ra iia b6 can bang. MSE thi béi Bfe(k)e"(k)] va khi bin sao tin higu phat duge yéu clu c6 6 ngé ra cia b6 can biing (nghia li khi dy durge gan bing x,), chudi hudn luyén biét trude phai duge phat tuin hoan. Khi phat hién ra chudi hudn luyén, thuat toan thich img 6 may thu cé thé tinh va gidm thiéu ham tri gid bing céch thay d4i trong sé. iu ‘Dé nghién ctru bé cén bing thich img ¢ hinh trén, chimg ta thuémg sir dung vector va ‘ma tran dai s6. Dinh nghia tin higu vao bé can bang 1a vector yy véi: De Yes Mea end (451) Dé thay rang ngé ra ciia b6 cn bang thich ting 1a mot v6 hudng nhw sau: 4=Sou. 4532) Tir phuong trinh (6), vector trong sé 1a: (4.53) ne Oy Ox —~ Onl Sir dung phuong trinh (4.51) va (4.52), phuong trinh (4.53) duge viét lai nhur sau: 2Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. =ylo, = 0h, (4.54) Néu ngé ra bé can bang mong muén da biét (nghia la d,—x,) thi tin higu 165i 1a: e,=d,-d,=x,-d, (4.55) Vatir (4.54): =X, =H OLY (4.56) Dé tinh trung binh binh phuong sai sé |e,|* tai théi diém k, binh phuong phuong trinh (4.56) ta duge : AL HOLY IO, ~ 2x10, (4.57) Chit ¥ ring ede trong s6 bd loc oy khOng tinh trung binh théi gian, vi thé, dé thudn tign, ching ta gid sit rang ching héi tu vé gid tri t6i wu va khong thay di theo thoi sgian, Phuong trinh (4.58) sé don gin néu x, va y, déc lap. Tuy nhién, diéu nay khong thuc su téng quat ding vi vector vao tong quan véi ngé ra mong muén cia bé can bing (néi cach khac, b6 can bang rat khé lay ra tin higu mong musn theo théi gian). Thay vi thé, vector tuong quan chéo p gitta dap img mong muén va tin higu vao duge dinh nghia nhu sau: pa Elen )= Ebi xs Aes eal (4.59) ‘va ma tran tuong quan ng6 vao duge dinh nghia 1a ma tran vudng R cap (N+1)x(N+1) voi: SE WaYer Wades Taw Rezpyyileg 2h" Yea Hew (460) YewYk Yaw Ver Veen Yer ‘Ma trdn R d6i khi goi la ma tran sai bigt ngd vao (input covariance matrix). Duéng chéo chinh cua R chita gid tri trung binh binh phuong méi mau ngé vio, va khdi niém chéo chi ra khai niém tu trong quan cé duge tir tin higu vao lay mau bi tré. Néu x; va yx li 6 dinh thi cde phan tir trong R va p 1a cach théng ké thir hai khéng déi theo théi gian. Str dung phuong trinh (4.59) va (4.60), phuong trinh (4.58) 6 thé viét Iai nhur sau: BChuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. ‘Trung binh binh phuong sai s6 = € = E[x? +o’ Ro-2p'@ (4.61) Bang cach cuc tiéu héa phuong trinh (4.61) theo vector trong s6 o, phuong trinh (4.61) ding chinh b6 can bang thich nghi dé cé duge dap img phd bang phang (cue tigu IST) 6 tin higu thu duge. Diéu nay 6 duge khi tin higu vio y, va dap tmg mong mudn x; 1a c6 dinh, trung binh binh phuong sai sé (MSE) 1a phuong trinh bac hai theo ‘; , va eye tiéu héa MSE dan dén giai php t6i uu cho 0. 4.3.2 C&c giai thuat cin bang thich nghi Cac ky thuat cn bang truyén théng str dung mét khe thoi gian dimg dé cung cp tin ‘higu hudn luyén, tin higu nay da dugc biét tai may thu, dua vao méi quan hé gitta tin ‘higu hudn luyén thu duge va tin higu hudn luyén cé duge 6 may thu. May thu sé higu chinh bé can bang dé c6 duge chat yong kénh truyén tdi wu. Nhimng gi b9 can bang thich nghi thye hign dé 1a tién hanh cdp nhfp co ban nhing hé s6 clia né voi ky ty dang dén bé cn bang. Nhiing tai ligu truyén thong vé OFDM chua bao gid that sy dé cap viée sir dung b6 can bang thich nghi mét cach chinh thite béi vi né that sir khong khai thée duge nhimg mat thudn Igi cia ky thudt OFDM. Hai b6 can bang thich nghi duge tim hiéu sau day hoat dong trén mién théi gian trén nhimg ky ty dai nén. Hau hét cdc tai ligu vé OFDM déu ding bé can bing hdi tiép quyét dinh (Decision Feedback Equalizer_DFE) bao gdm mét bé loc ngang tién va mét bé loc ngang héi tiép (forward and backward transversal filter) nhung trong khuén khé cuén ludn van nay sé khdng dé cap dén bé can bing DFE. G day sé quyét dinh di sdu vao tim hiéu hai giai thuat cén bing thich nghi ndi tiéng la LMS va RLS va tim ra nhing diém thudn Igi va bat Igi cia ching khi 4p dung vao can bang cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. Giai thuat thir nhdt dya vao phuong phap steepest descent. Giai thuat thir hai hinh thanh trén co sé b6 loc Kalman. 4.3.2.1 Phuong phdp Steepest descent Phuong php Steepest descent 18 mt kj thudt thich nghi dya trén eo sé Gradient. Dé higu y twong co ban, ta dinh nghia m6t him tri gid (cost fumetion) J két hop véi trung binh binh phuong Idi nhu sau: J=E[dnle*{n]]= | letnf | (4.62) Trong d6 e[n] 1a vector 16i, Thusmg thi J 1a him cua nhimg hé s6 cia b6 can bang w, nghia la J(w). Ta c6 thé biéu dién hé s6 phite thé k nhu sau: w, 1, + jb,, —k=0,1,2. (4.63) Digu nay cho phép ta dinh nghfa todn tir gradient nhu sau: 74Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. a é v,=S+j+, 3a, "7 2, k=0,1,2 (4.64) Ap dung toan tir gradient V_vao ham tri gia J, ta c6 duge vector gradient V J cho phan tir thir k nhu sau: VJ= os ah k=0,1,2. (4.65) Ga, * 0b, Bay gid ta cé thé m6 ta gidi thuat steepest descent nhu sau: 1 wnt) =n) —> WSO) (4.66) Trong dé ji 1a kich thuée bude, w(n) la vector trong s6 cia bé can bing tai thoi digm thir n, Phuong trinh (4.66) cho thay thi tue d¢ quy trong vige cép nhap trong sé eta bd can bing. Cau héi duge dat ra i lam thé nao dé tim VJ(w) va théng sé kich thuée bude 41 ding dé lam gi? Ta c6 vector gradient e6 thé biéu dign theo ham cia veetor twong quan chéo p va ma tran ty tung quan R nhur ede phuong trinh sau: V(w) =—2p +2Rw(n) (467) Trong do: R= E[x(n)x"(n)] Véi x(n) 1a vector ngé vao bé loc tai thai diém thir n. Ta c6 thé thay ma tran tuong quan c6 kich thuée MxM ciia x(n) véi chiéu M. Va: p=E[x(n)d*(n)] (4.69) P la vector tuong quan chéo gim m phan tir gitta ngé vao bé loc va dap img mong muén d(n). Sau day ta sé di vao tim hiéu giai thuat LMS 43.2.2. Giai thugt LMS Nhv ta da thay trong trrong hgp bé loc Wiener, ta phy thuge rat nhiéu vao ham tong quan chéo R,, [7] va ham tu tuong quan R,, [mn] va phai biét truée cdc ma tran nay. Nhung trong nhiéu truéng hop ta khéng thé dodn dau ude Iuong ching dé c6 thé cb dinh nhimg trong sé ciia bé loc. Hon nita, nhimg gid tri théng ké thay déi chim theo théi gian nén tir dé ta cé thé x4p xi thé va cé dinh gid tri trong sé mét cach dn dan. 75Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. Giai thuat trung binh binh phuong cuc tiéu LMS khéng yéu cau ta phai bam gitt nhing ngé ra cia b6 can bing dé thuc hién ude wong théng ké nhung vin cé mét nhuge diém dé la vie thich nghi dién ra chim. Giai thuat LMS ma ta thue hign yéu cau phai duge phirc héa vi nhing ky ty thu duge trong mién tan sé & phia thu (frequency downconverted symbols) cé gid tri phite. Dang phite cia gidi thuat LMS duge dé xuat béi Widrow-McCool-Ball vao nam 1975. Dé c6 thé tim duge gid tri ciia vector gradient VJ(w) tai thoi diém n mét cach chinh x4e thi yéu cau phai biét trude ma tran trong quan R va vector tong quan chéo p. Vi nhimg gi can phai lam trong giai thuat LMS 1a sit dung nhig gid trj wée Iugng tire thoi ciia R va p réi thay thé ching vio phurong trinh (4.67). Gid tri uée hrgng tte thai cia R va p duge dinh nghia nhur sau: R=x(n)x"(n) (4.70) va p=x(n)d*(n) (4.71) ‘Thay thé (4.70) va (4.71) vao phuong trinh (4.67) ta duge: VJ (w) = —2x(n)d *(n) + 2x(n)x" (non) (4.72) Ké tiép thay thé nguge tré lai phuong trinh (4,66), ta duge: Wn +1) = Wn) — px()d *(n)— x" (n(n) | (4.73) Tir nhiing két qua trén ta rt ra duge 3 bude dé thye hign gidi thudt LMS: 1. Tinh ngé ra bé loc y(n) = w" (n)x(n) (4.74) 2. Tinh todn 161 e(n) = d(n)— y(n) (4.75) 3. Cap nhap trong sé Wn +1) = W(n)+ Ux(n)e*(n) (4.76) G day y(n) 14 ngé ra cia bé loc can bang va e(n) 1a vector 1éi thé hign sw khéc nhau giita tin higu mong mudn va tin higu da duge loc. Vi ta thue hién phép nhan tire théi gitta e*(n) va £(7) thay vi lay ky vong théng ké nén gid tri Iuong nhé hé sé cia bé loc tai mai bu xi ciia ta hau nhw khéng chinh xée. Nhung néu ta chi diéu chinh mot Gc thd gian, nghia li nhin véi hé sé bude e<1, Khi d6 c6 thé dat duge gid tri trung binh ciia cde 181 x4p xi tite thai va cudi cing hé sé cia b6 loc sé dich chuyén cham dan huéng dén gid tr t6i wu. C6 nhiéu bai bao viét vé cach chon gid tri cla 4 nhung nhin chung thi néu chon gid tr] 44 l6n thi sé ting t6c d6 h6i tu nhung ciing sé din dén xu huéng dao dong xung 76Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. quanh nhimng gid tri hé sé ti wu. Thong thudng khi méi bit dau ta sé chon gia tri cia /¢ lon va sau dé khi thuat todn di hdi ty thi ta sé chuyén qua ding gid tri 42 nhé hon. Thong s6 44 c6 thé duge thiét lap nhu sau: (477) Trong dé: S,,, 1a gid tri mit 46 phé céng suat cue dai ctia ngé vao bé loc x(n) va M 1a chigu dai cita b6 loc. 43.2.3. Giai thut 4¢ quy binh phwong nbd nhat RLS ‘Téc d6 hoi ty ciia thudt ton LMS dya trén gradient rit chim, die biGt Khi eigenvalue cia ma tran sai bigt ngd vao Ryy trai rat lon, nghia Li Amar /Amin >>1. Dé dat durge 43 ‘hi tu nhanh hon, céc giai thuat phite tap ddi hoi thém nhimg théng sé khac. Cac giai thudt cé d6 hdi tu nhanh hon dya trén ky thuat binh phuong nhé nhit, déi lap voi ky thudt thng ké sir dung trong gidi thugt LMS, D6 1, d6 hoi tu nhanh dya trén phép do sai s6 biéu dién trung binh théi gian tin higu thu duge thye té thay vi trung binh théng k@, Gidi thudt dé quy binh phuong nhé nhat (RLS) gitip ci thign d6 hdi ty cita bO cin bang thich img. Sai sé binh phuong nhé nhat diya trén trung binh théi gian duge dinh nghia la: J(n)= Sx" *e"(i,n)e(i.n) (4.78) ‘vai 2. 14 hé sé trong sé gan bang 1, nhung nhé hon 1, e(i,n) 1a lién hop phite cita e(i,n), va sai sé e(in) 1a: e( in) = x() —y'NG oun) (4.79) va ynli) = [Y@.yl-1),..-- ny NHDT (4.80) véi yy(i) 1A vector dit ligu vao tai thai diém i, va oy(n) a vector 46 loi méi tai thei diém n. Do d6, e(i,n) la sai s6 sit dung dé loi méi tai thoi diém n dé kiém tra dit ligu ct tai théi diém i, va J(n) la sai sé binh phuong liy tich cia nhing dé loi moi trén tat ca dif ligu ca. Cach gidi RLS 1a can tim vector d6 Igi cia b can bang wy(n) dé sai s6 binh phuong liy tich J(n) duge ewe tiéu héa. N6 sir dung tit cd dit Higu trude dé dé kiém tra nhing 46 loi méi. Théng sé 4 1a hé s6 gan trong sé dit ligu, do 46 tinh cia dit ligu méi trong viée tinh toan, vi thé J(n) co khuynh huéng bé qua dit ligu cdi trong méi trong khong dink, Na é kénh truyén tinh, 2 c6 77Chuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. Dé dat duoc cuc tiéu sai sé binh phuong nho nhat J(n), gradien cia J(n) trong phuong trinh (4.78) bing zero. é 30, J(a)=0 (481) Sit dung phuong trinh (4.79) (4.81), rat ra Ryy()on(n) = px) (4.82) v6i Gy la vector dé Igi 161 wu cua b6 can bang RLS. Ruy ln)= oe vey) (483) Pyln)= yer FOO (4.84) Ma tran Rys(n) trong phwong trinh (4,83) I ma tran tong quan quyét dinh theo dit ligu vao cia bd can bing yy(i), va py(i) trong phuong trinh (4.84) la vector tuong quan chéo quyét dinh gitta cdc ngé vao cita bé can bang yy(i) va ngd ra mong muén d(i), voi d() =x(). Dé tinh toan vector trong s6 b6 cén bing ay sit dung phuong trinh (4.82), can phai tinh R'yx(n). Tir dinh nghia Ryy(n) trong phurong trinh (4.83), ching ta c6 thé thu duge mot phuong, tinh dé quy biéu dién Ryy(n) theo Ryy(n-1) + Ryn) =ARyyeln=1) + vv (myn) (4.85) Ba bién trong phuong trinh (4.85) déu la nhimg ma tran NxN, mot bé dé nghich dao ma trin dugc sir dung dé rat ra viée cap nhat d¢ quy cho Ry theo nghich dao truée 46, Ryy(n -1). 1 — 1) Rawle =Dyn ld vin) Ri Sav (0) = | Rine(—1) ey voile) = Hm) Ryiol—V yy) (4.87) Dva trén nhimg phuong trinh 4é quy nay, cue tiéu hoa RLS dan dén cdc phuong trinh cap nhat trong sé sau (4.86) x(n) = @x(n-1) + ky(n) e"(n,n-1) (4.88) vi n) — Rinela=Dy y(n) 4.89 a ta) (4.89) BChuong 4 :Uée lugng va can bang thich nghi cho kénh truyén trong hé théng OFDM. Giai thuat RLS cé thé dugc tom tat nhw sau : Dau tin cho (0) = k(0) = x(0) = 0, R"(O)= Slyy, véi Iyy 1d ma trin ding nhat NxN, va 5 la hiing s6 duong lén. ‘Tinh cé thé tom tat qua trinh cp nh4p trong sé cho giai thuat RLS thanh 5 bude: 1, Tinh toan ng6 ra cia bloc —d(n)= 0" (n-1)y(n) (4.90) 2. Tinh toan 161 en) = x(n)-d(n) (4.91) 3. Tinh vector dé Igi (n= Bn o(n)_ (4.92) Ty WRI) 4, Cap nhp ma tran twong quan nguge (4.93) 5. Cap nhap trong sé (2) = ohn —1) + (n(n) (4.94) Trong phuong trinh (4.93), 4 1a hé s6 gan trong sé cé thé thay déi higu suat cia b6 can bang. Néu kénh truyén khéng thay déi theo théi gian, 4 cé thé cho bing 1. Thuéng cho 0,8

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