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Lecture 1
REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS
Newton's Laws of Motion
1st Law: An object will stay in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted
on by an external force.
2nd Law: This states that the force produced is proportional to the mass
times the acceleration, and can be written as:
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Continuity equation
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This relationship is stated in Bernoulli's theorem. The theorem states
that : The total energy per unit mass of gas is constant for a fluid moving
inside a duct, and that the total energy consists mainly of pressure
energy and kinetic energy (provided there are no losses).
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Total Energy
This energy can be measured as a ram pressure and is usually called the
total head or Pitot pressure (PT) (Henri Pitot, French physicist 1695 -
1771). It is measured by placing a ram tube (Pitot tube) in the fluid flow
which is parallel to the flow and the open end facing the flow.
A gauge connected to this tube always displays the total head or Pitot
pressure regardless of the rate of flow. Where there is no fluid flow the
static pressure (Ps) and the total head pressure (PT) will be the same.
When there is fluid flow the static pressure (Ps) drops while the total
head pressure (PT) will remain the same.
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As previously stated a gas can be compressed, and as such, flow at
subsonic speeds causes a change in density as it passes through the
various ducts in the engine.
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The resulting device is called a Con-Di (Convergent-Divergent) nozzle.
The gas released into the divergent section will now have the following
properties.
- Pressure will decrease
- Velocity will increase
- Temperature will decrease
The change in velocity causes an equal and opposite reaction, which is
felt on the walls of the divergent part of the nozzle. This creates an
increase in thrust, which is normally known as Pressure Thrust.
Con-Di Nozzle
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Flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle
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