Khao cé hoc Vietnam Archaeology*y’ VIEN HAN LAM KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM VIEN KHAO CO HOC Khao cé hoc 6 s6 mot nam - $6 4/2017 (208) TONG BIEN TAP Van Liém PHO TONG BIEN TAP Nguyén Gia Déi TRUONG PHONG BIEN TAP VA TRI SU Hoang Thay Quynh TRINH BAY BiA Than Thi Hang TOA SOAN VATRISU ‘6 61 Phan Chu Trinh, Ha Noi ‘Tel: 024, 39330732, Fax: 024. 39331607, Email: tapchikhaoco@gmail.com MUC LUC Trang NGUYEN SY TOAN i sing ar dan cdc vin héa Tién Dong Son qua 46 gém ‘TRINH SINH Cac phuong phép dic tring dong loai Il Heger 9 PHAM LE HUY Hign vat an “Sdée ménh chi bao” nhin tir 6 chite Hanh khién ty (Noi mét vign) thoi Ly - Tran 2 NGUYEN VAN DAP Di tich thanh Xuong Giang (Bac Giang) qua tu ligu khai quat khao c6 hoc 43 DANG VAN THANG Kién trac va tugng trong thp, chila Viét Nam (tiép cn khao cé hoc Phat giéo) BANG HONG SON Luge thuét tinh hinh phat trién khdo cé hoc bién dao 6 Trung Quéc trong 30 nam tré lai day I PHAM MINH PHUC ‘Nghién citu so sanh nha 6 cita nguéi Dao Ao Dai 6 hai tinh Ha Giang va Lai Chau 93J KIEN TRUC VA TUQNG TRONG THAP, CHUA VIET NAM (TIEP CAN KHAO CO HQC PHAT GIAO) DANG VAN THANG” Treo Gido su Ha Van Tn, Phat gido du nhap vao Viét Nam khoang dau Céng nguyén. Trong khoang thai gian 46, céc ng6i chiia 4a dan dan moc lén trong cdc théi gian va trén céc khéng gian Khée nhau & Viét Nam... cho dén hic, mi lang c6 mt ng6i chia. Khao sét nig ng6i chiia 46, khong, nhimg thay duge dic diém cia Phat gido Viét Nam, dc diém cia ton gido va tin nguéng Viét Nam ma cin gidp hiéu durge mOt mat quan trong eta lich str vin héa va tu tuéng Viet Nam (Ha Van Tén va cong sy 2010). Trong Phat gido, hién con tén tai nhiéu Joai hinh di sin ma nha khao c6 hoc c6 thé tiép can. nghién citu, trong bai viét nay chi dé cp hai loai hinh co ban: Kién triic Phat gido va Tugng Phat gido. Nehién cttu hai loai hinh nay khong nhting g6p phan vao vige nghién ciru lich sir - vin héa Phat gido Viét Nam, lich sir - van héa Viét Nam, ma cdn g6p phan vao viée nghién ciru su tiép bién van -héa gitta ‘Vigt Nam va cdc nude khac. 1. Kién trae Phat gido Trung tam Phat gido sém nhat 6 Giao Chau 1a Luy Lau, ttre ving Dau, nay la Thuan Thanh, tinh Béc Ninh. Thai ky nay, Phét gido Vigt Nam chju anh hudng cia An DG, nén o6 ngudi cho ring chita bay gig c6 hinh thite két hop gitta tinh x4 (vihara) va Phat dién (chaitya), nghia 1a c6 céc ting phong lam noi & va tu dgo cho céc nha su va noi Phét ngu. Binh dd kién tric chia thoi ky nay c6 thé a theo hinh vuéng. C6 thé da xudt hign cdc thép (stupa) (Ha Van Tén va cong sur 2010: 12-13). 1.1. Thép Nhgn Cée nha Khao 6 hoc Vigt Nam da khai quat mt phé tich thap thoi Tuy - Bu’ng vao thing 8 - 9 mim 1985 va thang 3 n&m 1986. D6 la Thap Nhan 6 thon Nhan Thép, x4 Hong Loan, huyén Nam Dan, tinh Nghé An. Thap xay bing gach, phan chan thap hinh gan vudng, canh (9,6 x 9)m. Xung quanh chan thap cfing 1a mt sn lat gach gan vu6ng, chiéu bac nam 14,2m, chiéu dng tay 14m. Da tim thdy nhiéu vién gach, ng6i, dau ngéi éng cé hinh trang tri, Trén mot s6 vién gach, c6 cham hinh voi, su tir, mat ngudi va hoa sen. Dac biét, trén m6t vién gach cé hinh pha diéu ba vi Phat va BO tat ngdi trén toa sen, trén dau cé vong hao quang, mic 4o dé hé cénh tay phai, tay dat theo An thién dinh (dhyanamudra) thuge Phat gido Dai thira (Mahayana) (Hinh 1). Hinh anh phi diéu ba vi Phat va BO tat a thay trén digu khic 44 cia An D6 6 Gandhara, thude phong cach Gandhara 06 nién dai Khong thé ky Il - III. Ba vi gom Phat (Buddha), Quan Thé Am Bé tat (Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara) bén trai Phat va Di Lac BS tat (Bodhisattva Maitreya) bén phai Phat, cdn hai ngudi bén ngoai la tu si Phat giéo (Buddhist monk) (Hinh 3) (https://pl.pinterest.com/pin...). Diéu quan trong 1a trong khi khai quét long thap, cc nha khdo c6 hoc d phat hign hai manh than cy khoét rng ghép thanh mt try tron chén thing dimg. Trong than cay chita day than citi va dat xép, 6 mt chiée hop bang déng khdi chtr nhat, dai 12cm, rong 8em, cao 8cm. Bén * PGS.TS. Trdg Dai hoc KHXH&NV, Dai hoc Quéc gia Tp. Hd Chi MinhDang Van Thing - Kién tric va twgng trong thap, chia Vigt Nam... 61 trong chiée hop dang lai c6 chiéc hp bang vang, dai 8cm, rong Sem, cao 5,5em. Hp bing vang cé nip trang tri hinh hoa s4u cdnh va than trang tri hinh hoa sala (Hinh 2) (trong kinh dién Phat gido, Bite Phat dan sinh & géc cay sala (Shorea robusta), trong vuim Lumbini (Lam-ti-ni), va nhp diét gitta hai cay sala (sala song tho) tai Kusinara (Céu-thi-na) (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki... Trong chiéc hop vang, c6 tro, manh nhimg hat gao chéy va hai vién tron mau tring to bing hon bi, ma nhimg nguvi khai quit cho 1a hig vign xa Ij (sarira) va do 46, ho coi chiéc hop 1a hp dug xa lj va Thap Nhan la thap xé Ij. Thap ‘Nhan la bing chimg ro nhat vé méi quan hé Viét - An - Hoa (Tran Anh Diing va Nguyén Manh Cudng 1987: 69-83). Viée tim thay mét thép x4 Ij thoi Tuy - Dudng 6 Nghé An, xa ving lm vyc séng Hong, chimg to bay gid Phat gido da lan réng khip dat nude nay (Ha Van Tan va cng sy 2010: 15). Hinh 1. Gach cé hinh ba vj Phét va B6 Tat Hinh 2. H6p bing ving dung xé it ngéi trén toa sen (Nguén: Trin Anh Diing, Nguyén Manh Cucdng (Nguén: Trin Anh Ding, Nguyén Manh Cuong 1987, Sdd: 77) 1987, Sdd: 75) Hinh 3. Dé cham Pht (gitta), Quan Am Bé tat (bén trai Ph@t), Di Lac Bé tét (bén phai Phét), thé ky 1 - TT (Nguon: https:/{pl.pinterest.com/pin...) 1.2, Chia hang Bai Dinh (chita Bai Dinh cb) Chia Bai Dinh cd (Bai Dinh cd ty) 1a loai chia hang (cave pagoda), sit dung hang déng ty nhién dé lp chia, nim gin trén dinh cia mét khu rimg ndi Bai Dinh thugc xa Gia Sinh, huyén Gia62 Khdo cé hoc, s6 4 - 2017 Vién, tinh Ninh Binh va cach dign Tam thé cia khu chia Bai Dinh méi khoang 800m vé phia nam. Tén goi Bai Dinh mang y nghia la hung vé, Ié bai vé ndi Dinh, 18 noi dign ra céc sy kign quan trong trong lich sir Vigt Nam. Chia hang Bai Dinh noi vua Dinh Tién Hoang (968 - 979) lap dan té troi cu mura thudn gid hda; noi vua Quang Trung, vao nim 1789 chon lam 1é té cd déng vién quan si, trude khi tién ra Thing Long dai pha quén Thanh. Dudi chan nii Chia hang Bai Dinh la Giéng Ngoc (Hinh 4), xy hinh mat nguyét c6 duong, kinh 30m, sau 6m va do xy 6 chan nti nén khéng bao gid can nudéc. Tuong truyén giéng 1a noi thién su Nguyén Minh Khéng (1065-1141) da lay nuéc sac thudéc chita bénh cho dan va chifa bénh cho vua Ly Thin Tong (1127-1138). Lén thim hang dOng 6 nui Bai Dinh phai bude trén 300 bac d4, qua céng tam quan & lung chimg néi. Khu chia nay quay huéng chinh tay, hai bén c6 hai day ndi theo kiéu ta Thanh Long, hitu Bach Hé, nim gan trén dinh cia mét ving rimg nui kha yén tinh, Lén hét déc la toi nga ba, noi cé mot nha tién dudng 6 gita, ré sang bén phai la hang Séng, rOng (25 x 15)m, cao khong 2m, Phat dién dat chinh gitta (nay 1a Cung Tam bao Phat) (Hinh 5), réi dén dén than Cao Son & sat cudi cira sau cita hang Sang, vi thn cai quan ving nui Vi Lam. Phia trén cita hang Séng c6 4 chit dai tu “Minh Dinh danh lam” khéc trén dé do vua Lé Thanh Téng ban ting, c6 nghia la: “Danh lam ndi tiéng”; ré sang bén trai la dén Thanh Nguyén tire Nguyén Minh Khéng li ngudi sng lap chia Bai Dinh. Ong 1a mét thién su, php su tai danh duge vua phong Quéc su va nhfn dan tén sing goi li Due thanh Nguyén. ROi dén d6ng tdi cia Mau va Tién. Trong dng tdi cé giéng ngoc tao thanh do nude lanh tir tran déng roi xuéng. Cac vi Tién dugc 6 nhiéu ngach trong dOng, Noi day nim 6 ving dat hdi tu day di yéu t6 nhan‘kiét theo quan nigm dan gian Vigt Nam, 46 la ddr sinh Vua, sinh Thénh, sinh Than. Nam 1997, cha duge cong nbn la Ditich lich sir - van héa cp quéc gia (Ha Van Tén va céng sy 2010: 302; https://vi.wikipedia ory/w Hinh 4. Giéng Ngoe Chita hang Bai Dinh Hinh 5. Cung Tam bio Phét (Nguén: Téc gid, 2015) Kiéu chia hang xuat hign dau tién la hang Ajanta & An D6 va 1a cia Phat gido, sau dé anh hudng én dgo Hindu va dgo Jain, Nhung day khéng phai la hang dng ty nhién ma la hang déng nhan tao, dye vao da tao hang, vi vay nguéi An ding tir Layana va ding tiéng Anh la Rock Cut Cave Temple. (K.R Srinivasan 2003: 23-72). Hang dng Phat gido duge xay dung dau tién la hang Ajanta (Ajanta caves) © huyén Aurangabad cia bang Maharashtra (An D6), voi quan thé khodng 30 hang d6ng (Rock - cut Buddhist cave). Nhing hang déng dau tién gdm hang d6ng 9, 10, 12, 13 va 15A, duge thy hin trong khoang théi gian tir nam 100 truée Céng nguyén dén nim 100 sau Céng nguyén, thudc Phat gido Tiéu Thira (Hinayana). Trong s6 nay, hang dng 9 va 10 la Bao thép (stupa) trong Phat dign (chaitya) va hang Ong 12, 13, va 15A la Tinh x4 (vihara); Nhimg hang dng giai doan sau gdm hang déng 1 - 8 11, 14 - 29, duge thy hign trong khoang thai gian tir thé ky V dén thé ky VII sau Céng nguyén, thude Phat gidoDang Van Thing - Kién tric va tugng trong thap, chia Vigt Nam... 63 Dai Thira (Mahayana). Thoi ky nay 4 c6 hinh Dire Phot tac trén mat thap, Dire Pht (Buddha) vi BO tat (Bodhisattva) duge tac tugng hay thye hign bite hoa (painting) trén tung, (https://en.wikipedia,,.). Kid Jam chia hang dye vao dé (hang nhén tgo) nay da anh hudng va duge thye hign 4 Trung Qube, Ching han nhu hang Mac Cao véi 492 hang dng, 45.000m? bich hoa vi 2.415 pho tugng, 5 ngOi nhi gb ttr thot Dudng, Téng. cach trung tim thanh phd Don Hoang, tinh Cam Tie 25km ve phia dong nam (https//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang...); Hang Long Mn, céch thinh ph Lac Duong, tinh Hai Nam 12km vé phia nam (https: ipedia.org/wiki/Hang...); Hang Van Cuong nim & phia nam chin nai Va Chau, phia téy thanh phé Dai Ding, tinh Son Tay 16km vé phia ty. Hang duge dye khfic vio nim 453 dén ntim 494 thoi Bac Nguy (386-534). Trong hang hign cdn tai 45 dng chinh, 252 khém dng Kin nhd vi 51.000 pho twong 44 (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang...). Chia hang Bai Dinh tir thoi Ly 1a kidu sir dung hang dng ty nhién dé Igp chia, D6 1a didu khéc biét gitta chia hang Vigt Nam (hang ty nhién), so v6i chia hang cia An Bd va Trung Quéc (hang nhén t20). 1.3. Thdp Pht Tich (sau phdt trién thanh chita Phat Tich) ‘Thap Phat Tich (Phat Tich Stupa) saw la chila Phat Tich hay cdn goi la chiia Van Phac tt mot ngoi chia nim & sum phfa nam nai Tién Du (cdn goi ndi Lan Kha, Phit Tich), thuge x Pht ‘ich, huyén Tien Du, tinh Béc Ninh ngay nay. Chita Phat Tich duge xép hang Di tich lich sit - vin héa tai Quyét dinh 56 313/VH-VP, ngay 28/4/1962 cia BO Van hoa va xép hang Di tich Quéc gia dic bigt tai Quyét dinh 66 2048/QD-TTg ngay 31/12/2014 cia Thi tuéng Chinh phi (httpsi/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch...), ‘Thap Phat Tich duge x4y dung vao thoi nha Ly. Tam bia d& “Van Phuc dal thién we bt” nim Chinh Hoa thir 7 (1686) cho biét: “Vua thie ba nha Ly (tee Ly Thanh Tong), vaio ndim Long Thuy Théil Binh thie 4 (1057) da xdy dung cdy thap béu cao nghin trugng, lai cho dieng pho twgng, mink ving cao 6 thieéc” (Ha Van Tan va cng sy 2010: 88). ‘Theo tai ligu cia Trudng Vién Dong Bac cb Phép (Ecole frangaise d'Extréme-Orient) thi khoang truéc nam 1945, kién tric su ndi tiéng cla Phép la Louis Bezacier da tién hdnh trang tu ngoi chia Phat Tich. Truéc khi tring tu, theo yéu cu cia Trung Vien Dong Bac cd, dng 4 tién hanh khai quat nén chia, 44 phat hién ra nén ciia ng6i thap thoi Ly cdn nlm nguyén ven dudi long chia, cing rit nhiéu di vat tiéu biéu cho nghé thudt dc sic thoi Ly. Louis Bezacier da nghién ctu, do vé rit cdn than, 16i gitt nguyén trang di tich va dp di. Nam 2008, khi tién hanh tring tu x4y dyng chia Phat Tich, nén thap o6 thoi Ly duge phat hién lai. Nén méng chan thép c6 hinh vudng, v6i kich thude chan thdp (9,1 x 9,1)m, tuéng thép méi canh day trung binh 2,4m, long thap rong 82,81m*, chan th4p dugc x4y bing gach thi Ly, ky thuat x4y mong nén thép c6 thé so sdnh vi céc mong nén gach kién tric LY & Hoang thanh Thang Long. Nhing vién gach xAy thép 06 dé chtt: “Ly gia dé tam dé Long Thuy Thal Binh te nién tgo” (Va this ba disi LY, nim Long Thyy Th4i Binh thir 4 xy dyng - 1057) hoe “Chuang Thanh Gia Khénk” (nién hiéu cia Ly Thanh Tong tir 1059-1065) (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch..) ‘Thap hay stupa (tiéng Sanskrit va Pali: FAY, stiipa, nghia den la “bai t6c"), theo truyén thong Phat gido la ng6i thap gitt m6t phdn xé Ij (sarira) (di thé ctia Dike Phat) hay dé tuong ni¢m Disc Phot va mén dé 6 thénh tich. Dau vét kién tric Phét gido cb nit cia stupa la & An DO vao thé ky IV - I trude ‘Céng nguyén, dang ban cau, xung quanh cé Jan can, dugc trang tri bang nhing phi diéu vé cube doi Disc Phét, trén dinh la hinh tugng chiéc long. Theo tuong truyén truéc khi tich, Ph§t duge hoi: lam thé nao é bao thn sy ton kinh di thé Pht? Phat gip ty 4o ca sa, Op bat dyng thie an lén (khong nén ding tir bat khdt thuc vi khong déng tinh than Ph§t giéo 6 An D6), ri dat cAi gay chéng Ién trén cing 1di tich (https-/vi.wikipedia.org/wikiPh.Khdo c6 hoc, 864 - 2017 Trong s6 84.000 bio thép ma A Duc Vuong (Asoka) dai dé tgo dymg trong thoi dai Mauryan (321-185 true Céng nguyén), cd mét ngon déng tai mién Trung An, céch Bhopal d6 40 dim. Dé la Dai Bio thép Sanchi (Roy C. Craven 2005: 82). Dai Bao thap Sanchi la cdu tric da lau ddi nhdt 6 An BO va 4a dug x4y dung du6i thoi hoang 4& A Duc Vuong (tri vi 273 - 232 truéc Cong nguyén). Hat nhén cia né Ia mOt cdu tric gach ban cdu don gin xdy dmg trong nhting di tich cia Bite Phat (https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi) va thé hign ding véi truyén thuyét: gap tu 4o ca sa, ip bat dung thite an Ién, ri dat céi gay chéng lén trén, Nhung chuyén bién ro nhét vé thap Phat giéo 6 An D6 la 6 hang Ajanta. Nhiing hang dng dau tién thudc Phat gido Tiéu Thita (Hinayana), Bao thép trong Phat dign duge tac tir nui da (thép dic), chua c6 hinh Dire Phat vi thudc thoi ky phi thanh tugng (aniconic) (tude Cong nguyén) ciia nghé thudt An D9. Nhting hang dong giai dogn sau thudc Ph&t gido Bai Thira (Mahayana), cing duge tac tir nti da. nhumg da ¢6 hinh Bite Phat tac trén mat thép, Duc Phat va BO tat duge tac twong hay thyc hign bite hoa (painting) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves) va cling trong thoi ky thénh tugng (iconic) cla nghé thuat An DO. ‘Thap Phat Tich thoi Ly duge xAy vao nim 1057 nhu bia dé “Van Phiic dai thién te bi” da ghi, 1a kién trite chinh 6 trung tém, la Ph§t dién (chura ¢6 chia nhur sau nay), bén trong c6 tugng Phat, la mot bude phat trién cita thép Phat giéo so véi thap Nhan (Nghé An) la thép x4 Ij. Thap c6 kich thuée Ién (9,1 x 9,1)m va dé réng 6 gitta, trong dé dat tung Dire Phat bang da dat vang, thé Phat ngy trong, thap (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch...). Trén bg tuong Phat cé trang tri hinh cénh sen 1a biéu tugng cita Phat gido, bén trong cénh sen cé hinh “luong Jong tranh chau” 1a biéu tugng cla Nho gido va cing a biéu tugng phan anh tu tuéng két hgp Phat gido - Nho gido thoi Ly - Tran. Phat gio da ‘hoa quyén Bao gido, lai thu hat cd nhiéu tin ngudng nguyén thy va tré thanh quéc giéo (Chu Quang Tnir 2001: 105). Vi vay, c6 thé n6i trong Phat & thép Phat Tich la m6t kiét téc cia dan tc Vigt Nam, la téc phdm nghé thuat “dc nhét v6 nhj” trén thé gidi. Kich thuéc tugng kha Ién, cao 1,87m, ké ca bé cao 2,77m (Dang Van Thang 2014: 857 - 874), Kiéu thdp la kién tric chinh 6 trung tém con o6 thé nhan ra nhu thap Hoa Phong. cla Chia Dau 6 xa Thanh Khuong, huyén Thugn Thanh, tinh Bac Ninh. Thap duge xay dung 6 trung tam Luy Lau tir rét sm va 06 kich thuée In. Trong thép treo mt qui chudng ding diic nam 1793 va mot chiéc khanh déng dic nam 1817. Cé bén tugng Thién Vuong bing g6 son son thép vang. cao 1,6m 6 bén g6c (Ha Van Tan va cng sy 2010: 60-65). Trung tim Phat giéo Luy Lau duge hinh thanh do sy viéng thim cia nhiing ting st An D6. Céc vj tng si nay dén Viét Nam bing dudng bién, theo cdc thuyén buén ngudi An (Nguyén Lang 2010: 25). Chi tiée ring qua nhiéu lan tring tu nén khéng thé nbn ra nhig hign vat minh chimg nién dai sém cia thép, c6 ching on tong mét con ciru dé bén trai cira thap, dai 1,33m, cao 0,80m con sét lai tir thoi Han (Ha Van Tin va cGng sit 2010: 62). ‘Thap Phat Tich thoi Ly xdy dymg hda hgp vao méi trudng thién nhién, noi c6 cénh tri dep, trén ba bac nén 6 sudn nam nai Tién Du. Bac nén thir nhét la sn phia dudi thép, giéng rong 6 khic dau rong duéi day giéng, tong truyén véi vudn hoa mau don, noi xay ra cu chuyén truyén ky diém tinh Tz Thite gap tién; bac nén thit hai la thép Phat Tich va cac kién trac 06 trong 46 06 bé da chan c6t cham khiic hoa sen, ban nhac thoi Ly, gach Ié dé Iéch trang tri hinh réng, sau nay ngOi chia Phat Tich thai Lé ciing xéy dymg trén nén nay nhung nén chia Phat Tich cao hon nén thap Phat Tich; bac nén thir ba & cao nhét, 6 Long Tri (Ao Réng), la m6t cai ao hinh chi nhat, duéi cé khiic hinh than va chan ring, 4 ké xung quanh (Ha Van Tan va cng sy 2010: 89-90). 1.4, Chita Thdp Dam (chita Dam) Chita Thép Dam hay chiia Dam, tén chit li “Dai Lam Thén Quang te”, hay con goi li chia Ba Tam, chia Cao, chita Tram Gian, chila Lam Son. Chia dya vao ndi Dam, nhin vé phia song Dung, thudc x4 Nam Son, thanh phé Bac Ninh, tinh Bac Ninh.Dang Vin Thing - Kién tric va tung trong thép, chia Viét Nam... 65 Sir sich ci cho biét: Nam Quang Hyu thir 1 (1085), Thai hau Y Lan di choi noi c6 nai sng. canh dep, c6 ¥ muén xdy thap 6 d6. Dén nim Quang Hy thir 2 (1086), vua Ly Nhan Téng cho xay dung chia trén ni. Chia thugc loai “Oude ne” (chiia cia Quéc gia, chia Hoang gia) vi dugc triéu dinh nha Ly cho xy dung véi quy mé Ién, trong suét 8 nam lién, Nam 1094, chia lam xong, nha vua dén tham va ban tén chit cho chia la “Canh Long Dang Khdnh”, ban 300 mau rugng ty dién (rugng thude nha chia) dé chita c6 hoa 1gi huong kh6i va bay gia dinh & mé duéi nti duoc giao vie chuyén dong - mé cita chia. Nam 1105, tiép tye cho xay ba thap da 6 chita Dam (Ha Van Tan va cng sy 2010: 96). Vang dét Nam Son cé day néi Dam, dét khéi, ndi gitta nhiing cénh ding, ao hd, song, ngdi, bo bai la mOt bite tran thién nhién tuygt my va chia Thép Dam dua vao nd, hoa hop véi moi tru’ng thién nhién. Cac lang mac nim quanh chan ni Dam duge goi la cdc “King Dam” gém: Triéu Thén, Son Trung, Ty Thon, Mén Ty Thai Bao. So sdnh bé thé gitta chia Thap Dam va thap Phat Tich thi chia Dam to Ién hon nhiéu, boi chia Dam durge xay sau va 4 hoc hdi kinh nghigm tir chia Phat Tich. Chia chiém dign tich trén hai mau Bac BO (khoang 7.200m’), véi bén cAp cao din kéo mét truc dai 120m bam theo trién déc ciia néti Dam, chiéu réng mat nén 70m. Cac cp nén chia déu c6 xép da chéng x6i 16, chan hoi choai, chéch khoang 70° va cao 5 - 6m, durong xudng mdi cap ciia chia gém 25 bac da. Da xép déu durgc Khai thac tai ché, déo got vuéng van nhu vién gach, dai réng chimg 50 - 60cm. Néi cac tang nén v6i nhau la cdc bac thém lat a, Trén céc tng nén c6 gach ngoi thoi Ly, hoa van hinh réng, phugng, sen day, cic day. Nhimg chan c6t bing da 6 kich thude (0,75 x 0,75)m va duge cham néi nhong canh sen rat nghé thuat. Cp nén dau tién ma dan dia phuong goi la Bai H6i, khdch di lén bing mét 16i ciza, ting bic cao, ca khoang bac rng 16m. Lép nén thit hai e6 ba 16i hep hon, a 5 ting bac thép hon. Lép nén thir ba va thir tu déu chi c6 hai ‘Hinh 6. C6t dd cham “Lung long chau ip nén thir hai 1a nén chia chinh. Trén nggc” ciia Chita Dam (Nguén: hitps://vi. wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch) Idi hep. Ke da & da xy cé cham hoa van séng nude, nét hoa van to néi Khéi, do cham sau. Trén nén ting nay, 6 khoang gitta ba ita, bén phai chia c6 Khu dat vudng, canh 7m, cao 2m, ké da cham van séng nuée théi Ly. Trén nén thir hai khu dat nay c6 dung m6t tém bia trén lung ria. Than bia cao 1,5m, rong Im. Ca mat bia déu mon md, chi cdn doc duge hai chit “46” (tin thi) to, su 6 mat hau. Diém bia cé hoa van day leo c6 lé duge khie sau nay (khoang thé ky XVI). Phan trén khu dat tron nay, c6 dung mét cét da Ion nguyén khdi, khong ké phan chén sau chim, tat ca cao gan 5m, Cu tric Ot lam hai thét khdi, cing lay tugng. hinh vudng tron troi dat. Khdi géc nhu h6p vuéng tiét dign, canh 1,4m va 1,6m. Khéi try dat 6 trén khi vudng, dudmg kinh khodng 1,3m. Doan dui phan tru tron ndy cham néi d0i réng phong céch thoi Ly dau vuon cao theo kiéu “Ludng long chdu ngoc”, than quén quanh ct, dudi ngodc vao nhau, Trén cOt a cham “Luding long chdu ngoc” nay 06 sau 16 mong, ching t6 c6 phan kién tric bén trén (inh 6). Rat c6 thé bén trén Ia kién tric g6 va c6 dat trong Quan Am giéng nhu chia Mét Cot & Ha N6i xéy dung vao nam 1049, xay trée chia Thép Dam - 1086, doi vua Ly Thai Tong (1028-1054) (htps://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch...)66, Khdo cé hoc, s6 4 - 2017 1S. Chita Gide Lam theo kiéu Mandala Chia Gide Lam (quén Tan Binh, thanh phé Hé Chi Minh) ld mét ng6i chia cé tiéu biéu nhat & Nam B6. Sach Gia Dinh thanh thong chi chép: “O trén g6 Cam Son, céch phia tay lity Ban Bich 3 dam, ot khéi 1 kim d6i (gd ddt hinh tron) nlue bite binh phong, nhue cdi nén, nhue cdi man, tdm ném, rong 3 dam, céy cao nlue rimg, hoa né tea gdm, sting chiéu may khoi néi bay quanh qudt, dia thé tuy nhé ma c6 nha thi, Miva xuén n&im Gidp Ty (1744), doi vua Thé Tén thit 7, nguai xii Minh Huong li Ly Thuy Long quyén cia xéy dung nha chita trang nghiém, cita thién u tich” (Trinh Hoai Bite 1972: 89). Budi dau thanh lap chia 6 tén Cam Dém (do ngudi try tri chia tén Lé Van Cam lam nghé thdu dém, phan phat di cdc chg). Nam 1774, khi Thién su Vién Quang vé tru tri chia Cim Dém, da adi tén chia thanh chia Gide Lam. Nam Mau Ngo (1798), Thin sir Vién Quang dimg ra tién hanh tring tu ln thar nhat chia Giéc Lam, kéo dai trong 6 nam méi xong (1804). Trong lan tring tu nay, tai bén H6 Dét chia cho dung mét léu nhé cho huong dang nga gitt g6 kéo tir bén lén. Ng@i Iéu dy sau la Quan Am cdc va dén nam 1850, Thién su Hai Tinh adi tén Ia chia Gide Vién (Quan 11, thanh phé Hé Chi Minh). Nam 1900, Thién su Héng Hung Thanh Dao tién hanh tring tu chia Gide Lam lan thir hai. Lan tring tu nay chi thay ddi m@t sé nét kién trac nhu: xAy vong rao, lét gach 6 chinh dién, xy vach nha T6, lam bao lam tai chanh dién, trang tri trén vach chia bing gém Binh Duong... (Tran Héng Lién 2008: 10-21). Mat bing ng6i chia cé hinh chit Tam (=), trong dé nha chinh dién, t8 duémg va nha trai dong Ta nha I gian 2 chai theo kiéu Mandala, cén nha ging dudmg la nha 3 gian 2 chéi. Vi cita ba ng6i nha theo kiéu vi xuyén trinh/ dam trinh ca nha rung hay kiéu vi trinh tréng. Do nha chinh dién, t dung, va nha trai duéng 4 nha 1 gian 2 chai theo kiéu nha rung nén 4 cét cai chiu luc 1a bén cbt lon nhét, cot hang nhat cia ngéi nha va cing 14 gian rong nhat, vi thé ma c6é ngudi cén goi 1a nha tir try. Tir 4 c6t hing nhat ny mo rong ra bén bén, méi hang 4 cét, tong cOng thinh 12 ct hang nhi. Tir 12 c6t hang nhi mé réng ra bén bén, méi hing 6 cét, tong céng thanh 20 cét hing ba. Tir 4 cOt cai tg hinh vudng nu thé mé rong din ra thanh cdc cét 6 bén bén tao nhiing hink vung mé réng, chinh li ‘theo kiéu Mandala. 6 phia trude va sau ‘ng6i nha cdn lam thém 6 e6t hang hién. ‘Trong khi 46, nha gidng theo kiéu nha ring 3 gian 2 chai, gdm 8 cét cdi hay Wi cimachseu fj Ripaanses (7) Aripachaty c6t hang nhét, 4 cét hing nhi truéc sau Hinh 7. Binh dé todn thé dén Borobudur, biéu hién Tam gidi: thanh 8 c6t, 4 cGt hang 3 true sau Duc gidi kimadhatu, Sic gidi rapadhatu thanh 8 c6t, 6 cét hién bao bén mat va V6 sic gidi arapadhatu thinh 20 ct. Kiéu nha 1 gian 2 chai (Ngudn: https://vi.wikipedia org/wiki/Borobudur) vuéng Mandala nay chi dinh riéng cho Phat, Than. Trong khi nha giang 3 gian 2 chai a kiéu nha sir dung phé bién trong dn gian.Dang Van Thing - Kién tric va twyng trong thap, chia Vigt Nam... Co thé tham khio kiéu dén Mandala Phét gido Borobudur bidu hign Tam gigi: Duc gidi Kamdadham, Sic gisi Rupadhatu va V6 sic gidi Arupadhatu, duge xy dymg vio thé ky IX & Indonesia (Hink 7). Cac bao lam & chénh dign chia Gide Lém eiing hét site dc do. Tinh tir trong ra thi bao lam iu tin cham hoa sala cng (cay sala & Kushinagar ~ An BQ la noi Phat nhgp Niét ban va chim Ong). Bao lam thir hai cham ctu long (chin rong tim cho Phat, gin lién véi noi Dire Phat dan sinh & Lumbini ~ Nepal). Bao lam thir ba cham mai diéu (hoa mai va chim - dé tai mia xudin) va chim duge thé hign theo dang bach diéu (nhiéu chim), gitta bao lam cé khic chat Ky Dau nién (4 PYG) (1849), trén c6 bite. hoanh phi Giae Lam ty (3 #48). Bén trai va bén phai bite bao lam thir ba ld hai bao lam miu don tri (hoa m&u don va chim tri la loai hoa va loai chim dep nhét). Khéng phai chi kién tric chia Gide Lam ma trong bai tri twgng trong chinh dign cling thé hign ‘mét Mandala. Tring tém la tam thé Phat theo chigu doc, A Di Da trén cing (Phat qu khis), durdi la Phat Thich Ca (Phat hign tai). duéi nia 14 Phat Di Lac (Phat tong lai). Xung quanh la cher vj BO tat, La Han va ning vi Khéc. Ng6i chinh dign durge coi a hinh anh tong trumg cho nui Tu Di va Phat dign la hinh anh tugng tai hién cudc phap hdi lon da timg ra 6 d6, két hgp v6i cdc thanh t6 khdc nham biéu thi mét dan trang Mandala (Huynh Ngoc Trang 1998: 24). Trong nhiéu dén chia 6 Trung Quéc va Nhét Ban (nhur chiia Todai 6 Kyoto). thi céc bitc tugng chur thin ciing durge sip xép theo bé cyc ciia Mandala (htps:/'vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M. Chinh dign chia Gide Lam ciing thé hign Tam giéi vi try cba Phat gido: Duc giéi Kamdadhatu (B6 tugng Thép dién Dim vuong... ), Sde gidi Rupadhatu (B6 tuong Phat Bat La Han...) va V6 sic gidi Arupadhatu (Phat va céc vi BO tat...). Cé thé tham khdo dén Phat giéo Borobudur & Magelang, mién Trung Java, Indonesia la m6t trong nhting ngéi dén Phat gido lén nhat thé gidi, dugc xy dung vao thé ky IX, biéu hign Tam gidi vi try cia Phat gido (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur). 2. Tugng Phit gido 2.1. Tugng thoi LY - Trin Vao thoi Ly (1010 - 1225), s6 lugng chia rat lon va do dé sé lugng tugng 6 chia cing rat nhiéu, rigng nm 1040 4% khénh thanh hon nghin pho tugng Phat (Chu Quang Trit 2001: 57). Can cir vao sit ligu, bia ky va tugng con lai t6i nay, c6 thé ghi nhén vao thoi Ly o6 nhimg logi trong sau: - Tugng Phat A Di Da chia Phat Tich (Bde Ninh), tong Phat chia Huynh Cung (Ha N6i), tugng Phat 6 chia Ngo X4 (Nam Binh); - Tugng Phat Di Lac (Maitreya): Dai Vit sit ky toan tue ghi “Nim 1041, vua Ly Thai Tong én nii Tién Du xem lam vign Tir Thj Thién Phic. Khi vé xuéng chiéu phat 7.560 cn dng 48 dic Phat Di Lac va hai vj BO tét Hai Thanh Cong Bite cling chudng dé 6 vign y”. Trong céc chia thoi Ly, Di Lac v6i tu cach Ia Phat Vj lai, duge dat cling voi Phat qua khir (A Di Da) va Phat hign tai (Thich Ca ‘Mau Ni), lam thanh’bO Tam thé; - Tugng Bé tat Quan Am 6 chita Dién Huu (chia Mét Cét); & chia Dién Phuc, trén tam bia “C6 Vigt thon Dién Phéc ty bi minh”, dyng khoang nim 1157, 6 x& Tan Viét, huyén My Van, tinh Hung Yén cho biét trong nha chinh dign chia nay, Bd tat Quan Am dit gitta cdc BS tat Van Thi va Phd Hien; - Tam vj Kim Cuong (Vajrapani): Trong van bia chia Dién Phéc c6 néi téi tam vj Kim Cuong, gt 6 hai day hanh lang. Tugng Kim Cuong vén 6 cita thép Phat Tich (Bic Ninh) va séu trong Kim Cuong vén & eiia thap chia Long Boi (Ha Nam);68 Khdo cb hoe, 6 4 - 2017 = HO Phap (Dvarapala) trong bia chia Dién Phic va tugg HO phép chia Phgt Tich; = Bén Thién Vuong (Lokapala), = Pham Vuong (Brahma); - DE Thich (Indra), ~ La Han (Arhat); = Nor than ngudi - chim Kinnari, danh tring & chia Phat Tich, danh chim chog 6 chia Long Doi; ~ Nhing con thé huyén thoai (rong, phugng, sdu...): rong & c6t chita Dam (Bac Ninh); rong & dé bia chia Long Doi; rong, sdu 6 chira Phd Minh (Nam Dinh); rong, s4u & chia Dau (Bac Ninh); = Nhting con tha c6 that: su tir, voi, tau, té gidc, ngya & trén dai sen chiva Phét Tich (Bac Ninb); khi, vit chita Churong Son (Nam Dinh) (Ha Van Tn va cOng su 2010: 18-23; Chu Quang Tris 2001: 57-100). Ring 10 con tha (su tr, voi, tréu, t€ giéc, ngya) trén dai sen dit hai bén thanh timg doi tude ita thép Phat ‘Fich la nhting hién vt to Win, doc d4o va ly thi, Ngo Van Doanh cho ring, day la hé théng hai vj than H6 Phap va tam vj than trdn gitt tam phuong troi. HO Phap dimg (hoge ngdi) trén minh su tir dat hai ben ira chinh; ké la Indra (Bé Thich) cui voi, nhiép chinh phuong dong; Yama (Diém Vuong) cuési trau, nhiép chinh phuong nam; Agni (Than lira) cui té giac, nhiép chinh phuong. phy d6ng nam; Vayu (Than gid) cu6i ngya, nhiép chinh phuong phy tay bac. Cling c6 khi thé hign tam con voi tran gitr tam phuong (Ng6 van Doanh 1982: 219). Viée dat tam con voi tran git tim phuong da thay trong van héa Oc Eo. G Go Xoai thugc khu di tich Binh Ta (Buc Hoa, Long An) da tim duge mot thap Phat gido cé nién dai thé ky VIII - IX. Trong try gidi gach xay hinh chit “Van” gdm 16 lop nam sdu trong long dat, lop duéi cing c6 tm hinh con voi bang vang dat & bén géc 6 cat trang, voi dO cao khée nhau, tgo thanh hinh hop. Trong hp cét tréng nay c6 dgt Phap thin ké, 1a bai ké duge coi ka tom tt tu tuéng co ban ciia Phat gido, thé hign trén vang. 2.2. Tugng thoi Lé- Nguyén ‘Tir thé ky XV, Phat gido mAt vai trO chinh tri va ¥ thie he 6 triéu dinh, trong b6 may nha nude, nhung né van tiép tye phat trién trong céc lang qué va xuét hién chia theo kiéu “tién Phat hau Thanh”, én thé ky XVI, triéu Mac, c6 nhiéu b6 tugng tam thé (ba pho: Qua kht, Hign tai, Vj lai) nhu 6 chia Dau (Bac Ninh), chia Thay (Ha N6i)... Dac bigt c6 rat nhiéu tugng Quan Am nhu tugng Quan Am nghin mat nghin tay (cb 42 tay 1én va 652 tay nhé) & chia Ba Tén (Ha N6i). Trén dign thoi Mac, cae tugng d4 dng dic hon, trong 46 tugng Quan Am nhiéu tay thutng duge dat chinh gitta, chi khong phai la vj Bé tat dat bén trai Phat A Di Da. Céc thé ky XVII, XVII, hinh thanh Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong va Phat gido van tiép tuc phat trién. Dang Ngoai xuat hién phd bién kiéu chia “ndi Cong ngoai Quéc” véi hai day hanh lang ndi tién duomg voi day nha sau, thuémg duge goi lé chia “trim gian”. Tir thé ky XVII, 6 Dang Ngoai, trén dién gan nhu di cdc tugng Phat va BO tat nhu hién nay nhu sau: ~ Di Da tam t6n: Phat A Di Da ngdi gitta, Bd tat Quan Am bén trai, BO tat Dai Thé Chi bén phai nhu bé Di Da tam tn thé ky XVII & chia Thay (Ha NOi); ~ BO Tam thé: Phat qué kh (A Di Da), Phat hign tai (Thich Ca Mau Ni) va Phat vi lai (Di Lac) nhu & chia But Thap (Bac Ninh); = Quan Am nghin mat nghin tay, Quan Am toa son nhu & chia But Thap; - Van Thi BO t4t cudi su tir nhu chia Bat Thép; = Phd Hién Bé tat cui voi nhu 6 chia But Thap;Ding Van Thang - Kién tric va tugng trong thap, chia Vigt Nam... 69 ~ H@ Phap 16n bing dat nhu van bia chia Long Khanh (Ha N6i) cho biét nim 1607 da dip 6 day “hai tugng H6 Phap”; - Kim déng, Ngoc nt, Thi gia; - Tung Miu; + Tugng chén dung: Tuong Hoang théi hau Trinh Thi Ngoc Tric, Cong chia Lé Thi Ngoc Duyén, Quéin chia Trinh Thi Ngoc Co 6 chia Bit Thap (Ha Van Tén 1997: 848 - 851; Bui Phat Digm va c6ng sir 2001: 90-91). Dén thoi Nguyén, bai tri tugng kha nhiéu va tén tai dén nay. Mot ng6i chia tiéu biéu & mién Bac cdc trong gm: + Tién dwéng cb: H6 Phap khuyén Thién; H6 Phap trimg Ac; Dire Ong va Gia Lam - Chén Té; ‘Thanh Tang va Digm Nhién - Dai si. + Thiéu hucong ob: Giém Trai; Thé Dia; nim vj Digm vuong bén tréi; nd vj Diém vong bén phi + Thuong dign c6: Thich Ca So Sinh (Citu Long); Pham Thién; Bé Thich; Ngoc Hoang Thuong Dé; Nam Tao; Bac Dau; Phat Ti Lu/Di Lac; Bé tat Van Thi; Bé tat Pho Hién; Phat Thé ton/ Phat Niém hoa; 61 (Ca Diép); Té 2 (A Nan Ba); Phat A Di Da; Bé tét Quan Thé Am; Bé tat Dai Thé Tai; BO tét Quan Am Thién Thi Thién Nhan; BS tat Quan Am Toa Son; Tir vi BO tat; mot sé tugng Hau, + Hai hanh lang c6: Tis tn; Chin vj La Han bén tri; Chin vj La Han bén phai. + Héu durong o6: Mau Thién (Thién phi); Mau Thoai (Thuy phii); Mu Thuong Ngan (Nhac phi); Mau Bia (Dia phi); Cong chia Quynh Hoa; Céng chiia Qué Hoa; BO Dé Dat Ma va céc Té chia; Ban tho Tam Nguyén (Chu Quang Trir 2001: 364-366). Tom lai, trong kién tric Phat gido Viét Nam da c6 thap nhu thép Nhan & Nghé An (thoi Tuy - Duvng) bén trong cé xé li, thép Phat Tich (thii Ly) bén trong c6 tugng A Di Ba bing da sau phat trién thanh chita Phat Tich, thép Dau (théi Hn) sau phat trién thanh chia Dau (Bic Ninh). Ciing c6 thé phat trién thanh chia thép nhu chia thap Dam xy bén sudn nai (Bac Ninh). Dac biét trong kién tric Phat ‘gido Vigt Nam ¢6 chiia hang nhur chiia Bai Dinh cé (Ninh Binh). Diém khéc cia chia hang & Vigt Nam 1a chia sir dung hang ty nhién, trong khi chia hang 6 An D6 va Trung Quéc 1a duc da tao hang nhén tg0, Chinh dign, trai duong va cach b6 tri tugng thé 6 chinh dign cia chia ciing theo kiéu Mandala nhu chita Giéc Lam (thanh phé Hé Chi Minh). Vé tugng thi s6 Iugng tugng trong chiza ngay cng nhiéu, dic bigt dén thoi Lé va thoi Nguyén, Phat dién da day di Phat, BS tat, La Han... Trong tugng, néi bat nhat la tugng A Di Da & chia Ph&t Tich (Bac Ninh) thugc logi “d6c nhat v6 nhj” trén thé gidi, voi viée thé hign hoa van két hgp gitra Ph&t gido (hoa sen, cdnh sen, Id 48) va Nho gido (réng) thé hién tu tung Nho ~ Phat ciia Vigt Nam thoi Ly. TAI LIEU DAN BUI PHAT DIEM, DAO LINH CON, VUONG THU HONG 2001. Khdo cé hoc Long An nhieng thé ky déu Cong nguyén. Long An. CHU QUANG TRU 2001. Tuong c6 Vigt Nam voi truyén théng diéu khiic dan téc. Nxb. MY thugt, Ha NOi. DANG VAN THANG 2014. Gio duc Phat gido qua tiép cn khao cé hoc. Phdt gido voi cde muc tiéu thién nién ky) ctia Lién Higp Quéc (HGi thio Quéc té), Nxb. Dai hoc Quéc gia Tp. Hd Chi \: 857-874, HA VAN TAN 1997. Tir minh van trén 14 vang 6 Gd Xoai (Long An) ban thém vé php than ké. Theo ddu cede van hda cé. Nxb. Khoa hoe XH hGi, Hi NOi: 848-851.70 Khdo 6 hoc, 864-2017 HA VAN TAN, NGUYEN VAN KU, PHAM NGQC LONG 2010. Chita Vigt Nam (in lin thr tr ¢6 bé sung, sira chita). Nxb. Thé gigi, Hi NOi HUYNH NGOQC TRANG 1998. Dac trung kién trac truyén théng cia chia Nam BO. Nguyét san Gide Ngo, 86 27 (6-198): 22-25. NGUYEN LANG 2010. Viét Nam Phdt gido sit ludn I - II - III, Nxb. Van hge, Ha Néi. NGO VAN DOANH 1982. Vé nhimg con tha bing dé chia Ph§t Tich (Ha Bac). Trong Nhiing phdt hién mdi vé khéo cé hoc ndm 1980. Uy ban KHXH Vigt Nam, Ha N6i: 219. K.R. SRINIVASAN 2003. Temples of South India, National Book Trust, In ROY C. CRAVEN 2005. Mj thudt An B6 (Nguyén Tuan va Huynh Ngoc Trang dich). Nxb. My thugt, Ha NGi. TRAN ANH DUNG, NGUYEN MANH CUONG 1987. Thép Nhan & Nghé Tinh qua hai Kin khai quét. Khao c6 hoc, sb 3: 69-83. TRAN HONG LIEN 2008. Chica Gide Lam di tich lich sit - véin héa (tai ban lan thr nhdt). Nxb. Khoa hoc X3, hoi, Ha NGI. TRINH HOAI DUC 1972. Gia Dink thanh thong chi (dich gid Tu Trai Nguyén Tao), tap Ha. Nha Vin héa Phi Quée vu khanh die trich Van héa xuét ban. hups://vi. wikipedia orgAviki/%C4%90%E I%BA%A7u_1%6C3%A2n hutps//ii.wikipedia.ora/wiki/Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%EI%BA%ADt T%C3%ADch hutps:/pl.pinterest.com/pin/531354456012820899/ htps/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_QuY%E1%BB%9 1c S%C6%B0 hups://vi.wikipedia.org/viki/Ch%C3%B9a_B%C3%A 1i_%C4%90%C3%ADnh hutps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta Caves hutps:/vi.wikipedia.ore/wiki/Hang_MY%E1%6BA%A I. hups:/viwikipedia.org/wiki/llang_%C49%91%C3%A 1_Long_M%C3%B4n hutps://viawikipedia.oreAviki/Hang_%C4%91%C3%A |_V%C3%A2n_C%C6%BO%C%A Ing hups://vi. wikipedia org/wiki/Ph%C3%139_%6C4%9 1%1:1%6BB%93, iane/ten wine oro oe hups://viawikipedia oraPuifBorobud ur ARCHITECTURE AND STATUES OF VIETNAMESE TOWERS AND PAGODAS (APPROACH OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BUDDHISM) DANG VAN THANG ‘The paper refers to some of the typical types of Buddhist architecture in Viét Nam such as Luy Lau (Bac Ninh province), Thap (tower) Nhan (Nghé An province), Bai Dinh pagoda (Ninh Binh province), Phat Tich tower/pagoda (Bac Ninh), Dam tower/pagoda (Bac Ninh), and Gide Lam pagoda (Hé Chi Minh city). Each of these types has significance of Buddhist ideas from various historical periods and reflects the original features of the national identity. The systems of the statues and arangements in the Buddhist towers/pagodas are also referred to, through which, it is possible to realise the changes in Buddhist thoughts as well as the influences of the social and political life on the development of Buddhism in Viét Nam.