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    21 views16 pages

    KCH 4.2017.2017' V I B N

    Uploaded by

    Minh Giang Nguyen Hoang

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Khao cé hoc Vietnam Archaeology VIEN HAN LAM KHOA HQC XA HOI VIET NAM VIEN KHAO CO HOC Khao cé hoc 6 s6 mot nam - $6 2/2017 (206) TONG BIEN TAP Bai Van Ligém PHO TONG BIEN TAP Nguyén Gia Déi TRUONG PHONG BIEN TAP VA TRI SU. Hoang Thay Quynh ‘TRINH BAY BIA Than Thj Hing TOA SOAN VA TRI SY’ S6 61 Phan Chu Trinh, Ha N6i Tel: 04. 39330732, Fax: 04.39331607 Email: tapchikhaoco@gmail.com 3-6-0 he e— J POSTS ing Wa hay MUC LUC Trang NGUYEN KHAC SU K nghé so ky Da ci An Khé véi thoi ky Nguyén thity ‘Vigt Nam NGUYEN NGOC QUY ‘Nehign ciru sy phan héa 6 xa hi Cdn Rang qua tu ligu m6 tang, NGUYEN QUANG MIEN, LE CANH TUAN, LE MINH SON Khéng gian van héa tién sir ving ngép man Ding Nai qua tur ligu khao cd va anh vé tinh TRINH SINH ‘Nhiing trdng ddng loai II Heger mang dau dn nién dai LE INH PHUNG ‘ ‘Tin nguong va ton giéo Champa qua tai ligu khéo 6 hoc DANG VAN THANG én than Hindu trong vin héa Champa BUTHOU TIEN Hoa van trén gach va ng6i thé ky I - VI 6 mién Bac va mién Trung Viét Nam © Gidi thigu sich we 25 36 48 hip La DEN THAN HINDU TRONG VAN HOA CHAMPA DANG VAN THANG’ 1 V: thuat nga - Stupa (tiéng Phan va Pali: FY, stiipa, nghia den 1a "bai t6c") hay thap (tir tiéng Trung: 4% hay $38), hay phi dd (AB), hay that (tir tiéng Lao, xudt phat tir Phan ngit: dhatu) theo truyén thong Phat gido la ng6i m6 chén gid mét phan xa Igi (di thé ciia Dire Pht) hay dé tudng nigm Dire Phat va mén 4é cé thanh tich. Déu vét kién trite Phat gido cé nhat cia stupa la 6 An D6 vao thé ky IV - I truée Céng nguyén, dang ban cau, xung quanh cé6 lan can, duge trang tri bing nhing hoat cinh vé cu6c doi ‘Die Phat, trén dinh la hinh tugng chiéc long. Theo tuong truyén trade khi vién tich, Phat durge héi: am thé nao dé bao tin su ton kinh di thé Phat? Phat gap tur do ca sa, up bat dung thitc an Ién, rdi dat cdi gay chéng lén trén cing rdi tich (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki). Thuat ngit Stipa-Thiipa-Pagoda, trong Tit dién Phan - Anh (Sanskrit - English Dictionary), Monier-Williams dinh nghia stipa 14 mot ling md Phat giéo, mot dagoba (thug trong hinh thire kim ty thép hay gidng mai vom va duge dung trén nhiing thénh tich cia Bite Phat hay noi dign ra sw kién trong di séng cia ngai) (Monier-Williams 1992: 1260). Tie dién Bach khoa Tén giéo va Dan téc (Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics) giai thich tiéng Sanskrit stipa/stupa la mOt cong trinh king tm (mausoleum) Phat gido, thuong duge goi la fope (tir tiéng Pali ¢hipa) 6 An DO va nhiing quéc gia lan fn, Sau nay n6 c6 nghfa ki noi linh thiéng va tn nghiém. Stipa lun duge xay dung trong hinh ding cha thap (tower) 6 trén dinh c6 mai vom va mt hay nhiéu céi long, 6 di: (James Hasting 1922: 901). Theo Tir dién Phét gido phd théng (A Popular Dictionary of Buddism), stizpa la m6t m6 dat. Lite dau la ‘mOt go cao trén mat dat, sau d6 dugc bao boc bang gach. G Sri Lanka né duge goi la Dagoba. © Nepal, né la Pagoda var 46 thust ngit nay duge sit dung 6 Trung Quéc va Nhat Ban (Christmas Humphreys 2005: 219). Ciing theo tir dién nay, hinh thite pagoda phat trién tir stipa. No xudt hign lin dau tién 6 Nepal vao thé ky VI, sau nay phat trién hon & Trung Quéc réi dén Nhat Ban (Christmas Humphreys 2005: 160). Robert E. Buswell & Donald S. Lopez trong b9 Ti dién Phét gitio (The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism) giai thich kha ky stijpa (Pali rhijpa) trong tiéng Sanskrit la noi dé di hai, ban dau céng trinh trong hinh dang mot go dat hinh ban cau chira dyng di hai hay nhing di vat cia Dire Phat hay cla mot vi thanh. Trong Mahdparinibbanasutta, Ditc Phat n6i ring sau khi ngai vign tich, hay ct gitt di hai cia ngai trong m6t stiipa, Vao thé ky III truéc Céng nguyén, Asoka (A Duc Vuong vi An D6 tir nam 273 * PGS. TS. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV, Dai hoc Quéc gia TP. H8 Chi Minh 66 Khéo eb hoc, s62- 2017 dén nim 232 truée Cong nguyén) 4% chia nhé thanh tich ciia Dire Ph§t trong nhieu stapa 6 khip noi a6 tich g6p cng dite va bio vé vuong quéc cia 6ng, Asoka duge cho la da xy dung £4,000 stopa. Stipa dan mé rong khap thé giéi Phat gido véi nhiéu bién thé trong hinh thire cdu tric (Robert E. Buswell & Donald S.Lopez 2014: 859), = Tower la toa thap bat ngudn tir tiéng Latinh urris, thudt ngi nay chi mt cOng trinh cao vi mye dich ban dau dé che chan, bao vé va duge gin voi phin dén Ity cia m6t thanh phd, lau dai hay thanh tri (Encyclopedia Britannica 20) 10). Con theo Tix dién Bach khoa thé gibi (The World Book Encyclopedia), tower 1a mt c6ng trinh kién tric ma chiéu cao cita n6 én hon nhiéu so véi chiéu rong va d6 day cia n6. Cac tower thuting cao hon cdc céng trinh kién tric xung quanh. Ching c6 thé ding ‘mét minh ho&c duge gin véi tu’mg thanh hoe cdc cng trinh khéc. Céc tower duge ding cho myc dich quan sy hay céc myc dich tn gido... Tower rt quan trong trong kién triic t6n gido (The World Book Encyclopedia 1990: 348-349). = Temple (tir tiéng Latinh la Templum) 1 mot cu tric danh cho t6n gido va cdc hoat déng tam Tinh nhu lei cu nguyén (Prayer) va ciing té (Sacrifice), Thuat ng cemple nghia la dén duge sir dung trong An D6 gido, Ph§t giéo va dao Jain cing nhu cdc ton gido cb dai khac nhu tn gido ciia Ai Cap cd dai (hitps:/en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple). ‘Theo Tit didn Bach khoa Ton gido va Dén t6c (Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics), tir temple bat ngudn tir tiéng Latinh templum, c6 cing géc tiéng Hy Lap la téyevoc, Nghia dau tién cia tir nay 1a mét noi thiéng liéng dugc chon danh cho mt vj than, trong d6 vaég la nha ciia vj thin. O nghia rong, temple la noi 1é bai than (James Hasting 1922: 236-237). 6 An Dé. dén (Temple) duge xy dung danh cho viéc 1é bai than (worship), hay duoc xem nhu la noi & cia than (the dwelling place of God) va dén Hindu that sy la ngéi nha cia than (Hindu temple is truly a house of God). a than thé cia than (Temple as the body of the Deity). 6 Bic An, dén theo phong cach Nagara (Nagara style) c6 xu huéng vuon cao, nén dén Hindu la than thé cia than véi tu thé ‘dig, trong khi 46 6 Nam An, dén theo phong cdch Dravida (Dravida style) c6 xu huéng thép hon, nén dén Hindu 1a than thé cia than vi tu thé ngOi nhu Ia thin Shiva ngdi trén bé (Seated Shiva). Khi dén xy dung phitc tap hon, c6 cdng dén (Gopura) hay nha dai (Mahamandapa)... thi dén la thin trong tw thé nim, Luc nay trén than thé ctia than e6 bay lun xa trong Tantric Yoga: phan trén dau la Sahasrara (luén xa bay), dau la Ajina (ludn xa séu), ¢6 la Visuddha (luan xa nam), nguc la Anahata (Iuan xa bén), ‘bung la Manipura (Iuén xa ba), rén la Swadhisthan (Iudn xa hai) va noi e6 linga la Muladdhara (Iuan xa mét) (G.Venkataramana 2010: 62-65; Dang Van Thing 2016). ‘Thuat ngtr dén (Temple) cdn duge sir dung trong Phat giéo. Khong nhu dén thin cia dao Hindu, én la ngoi nha cia thn, dang dén la than thé cia than v6i tu thé dimg, ngbi hay nim, trong khi dén trong Pht gido thé hign Tam gidi vd try. Don cir nhu dén Phét gido Borobudur (Borobudur Temple) 5 Magelang, mién Trung Java, Ind6néxia la mt trong nhimg ng6i dén Phat gido Ion nhat thé gidi, duge xay dung vao thé ‘ky IX, bidu hign Tam gidi vi tra cia Phat gido: dudi cing la Dyc gidi(Kamadhatu), gitta la Sic gi6i (Ropadhatu) va trén cing la V6 sic giéi (Ardpadhatu). Trén duimg lén dén dinh ng6i dén, Khdch hanh huong sé di qua mt hé théng clu thang va hanh lang rng Ion, qua 1.460 tim cham khdc trén tu’mg va lan can thé hign hai gidi: Duc gidi, Sac gidi va phin trén cia dén la VO sc gidi véi cdc thép (Stupa). Bén Borobodur 1a noi 06 tp hgp phi diéu cham khic Jon nhdt va diy di nhat, cling véi thép bén trén thé hién ‘Tam gi6i vi tr cia Phit gido (hups:/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur) (Hinh 1). Ding Vin Thing - Dén thin Hindu trong vin hoa... 61 Dén Hindu trong van hoa Champa thét sy 14 ng6i nha cia thin (Hindu temple is truly a house ‘of God) va la hinh dang cia thin (Temple as the Body of Deity). Tir thé ky XX dén nay duge goi la Dén Champa (Champa Temple), Thap Champa (Champa Tower); va tir nfim 2000, m6t vai nha khoa hoc Vigt Nam sir dung tir Dén - Thép Champa (Temple - Tower of Champa’ Champa Temple Tower) (Nguyén Hong Kién 2001; Trin Ky Phuong 2012)... Trong TAp san cia Trutmg Vién Dong Bac cb (Bulletin de Ecole frangaise d'Extréme-Orient), céc hgc gid Php nhu H.Parmentier, R.P. Durand... déu sir dung tir Le temple dé néi vé nhig dén thin Hindu 6 Champa hay nhing dén than Hindu gido 6 khu vue Déng Nam A. Tuy nhién, khi di s4u vao miéu ta dan than, cdc éng vin ding tir thdp (la tour) 4é chi kién trac dén than; kiéu nhu m6t nhém (Groupe) hay dén than (le temple) thi cé thé cé mOt ho’c nhiéu thép (Ia tour) va thdp chi 1a mt phan trong tng thé kin tric ciia dén (Henri Parmentier 1909). Ding tir thdp (la tour/ tower) va dn thap (temple tower) trong kién tric Hindu la mt thudt ngit khong chinh xée trong Hindu gido. Borobudur Cross Section and Building Ratio Borobudur, Central java, indonesia Square holed stupa stupas Rhombus holed stupas: | Head=9 Buddha | statues Inside stupas Buddha statues Inside niches Arupadhatu Rupadhatu Main stupa 1 Circutar platforms B ‘Square platforms Hidden foot Hinh 1. Mét edt cita dén Borobudur voi Tam gidi vit tru cia Phét gido “~* (Nguén: hitps://www pinterest.com/gkartapranata/cool-infographics/) Trong Hindu gido, & An D6 tir dén theo tiéng Sanskrit la Mandir hay Prasada (Sanskrit: Aiea mandir, STATE prasada) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple) va tiéng Tamil la Alayam gan véi Khai nigm Temple trong tiéng Anh (https://books.google.com.vn/books) va vi véy, trong vin héa ‘Champa, tén goi chinh xéc nhét 14 Dén Champa (Champa Temple), la noi & cia than Hindu (the dwelling place of God) va dang dén la than thé ciia than véi tu thé ngdi hay nim do anh huéng dam da phong cach Dravida (Dravida style) cia Nam An voi 5 logi dén (K.R.Srinivasan 2003; Dang Van ‘Thang, V6 Thj Huynh Nhu 2016), 68 Khdo cé hoc, s6 2 - 2017 Riéng trong van hoa Champa, c6 thé nhn dang 3 loai dén thin Hindu sau: = Dén 6 ngoai tréi/ dén 16 thién (Hypaethral Temple), - Dén c6 mai che (Roofed Temple), - Dén c6 cu trac bing gach hay gach va dé (Structural brick or brick and stone Temple). 2. Cée logi hinh dén thin Hindu trong vin héa Champa 2.1. Dén & ngoai troi ‘Trude day, trong vin héa Champa thug chi ban vé nhimg dén xdy cao bing gach hay gach va da con thay sig sting trén mat dat tir phong cach cé hay My Son El (thé ky VIII), dén phong cdch mugn (thé ky XIV - XVI) (Tran Ky Phuong 2012: 179). Nhing dén ngoai troi/dén 16 thién hay dén 06 méi che thi dugc ghi nhén la dén bj sat dé. Dén thudc giai doan sém (thé ky III - VII) nhu thé nao thi chia duge 48 cp, hoe chi néi dén do kién tric vat ligu nhe nhu g6, tre, 1d nén da bi héa hoan (Lé Dinh Phyng 2015: 217). G An D6, loai dén & ngoai trai/dén 16 thién cé tir thoi van héa Harappa (2.500 - 1.500BC) va trong van héa Oc Eo va hau Oc Eo (thé ky I - X11), loai dén nay rat phé bién. Chi dén thé ky VIII, thoi ky hau Oc Eo méi thdy xuat hién loai dan cé cdu tric béing gach va 44, xy cao nhu dén Binh Thanh (Binh Thanh Temple) (Tay Ninh), dén Vinh Humg (Vinh Hung Temple) (Bac Liéu) (Dang Van Thing 2016)... va nhu cdc dén cdn thay hién nay thuge vin héa Champa. Hinh 2. Mat bing dén thin Dai Hitu (Nguén: L.Finot et Goloubew 1926: 470) Trude day, mét s6 cuéc khai quat 4a nhan ra c6 kién tric dn ¢6 truéc dén cin thdy hign nay. Cugc khai quat & dén Dai Hiru (Quang Binh) da tim thdy tru gidi bang gach trong long dén, bén trong Dang Vin Thing - Dén than Hindu trong van héa... 69 6 hign vat bing vang ¢6 hinh béng sen, ria cing nhigu vién d4 quy ede mau (Lé Dinh Phung 2015: 207) (Hinh 2). Vige tim thay try gidi cht Van (Swastika) trong long dén chiing t6 day 14 loai dén thude gi oan sém (thé ky III - VII) cba van héa Champa. va vige phat hign cde hign vat bing vang trong try gi ©6 hinh ria Kurma (héa than thir hai trong mudi héa than cia thin Vishnu) va hoa sen (biéu tugng cia than Sic dep Lakshmi - vo ciia thin Vishnu) chimg td dén Dai Hitu la dén than Vishnu. Cude Khai quét dén Van Trach Hoa (Thira Thién Hué) nam 2000 ciing tim duge try gi6i xéy hinh chi Van (Swastika) thing dimg lén day bé, trén dat bo Linga - Yoni, trong try gidi cd m@t sé manh vang tac hinh hoa sen (Lé Dinh Phung 2015: 207). Linga - Yoni la biéu tugng tinh nam (than Shiva) va tinh nf (vg ciia than Shiva - nd thin Parvati, nf than cia nang lugng, sang tao va chién thing cita céi thign truée cdi dc) ciia thin Shiva. Hoa sen 1a biéu tugng ciia thin Sic dep Lakshmi - vg ciia than Vishnu nén nhiéu kha nang dén Van Trach Hoa la dén than Shiva va than Vishnu. Cudc khai quat nam 2003 tai dén Fl - My Son cho thay, phia duéi dén F1 c6 mét kién tric dén hinh chi nhat, duge xay gach thuan nhat, trang tri my thudt dep. Theo nhing ngudi truc tiép khai quat, nién dai cia kién tric dén hinh chi nhat nay khoang cudi thé ky VIII, phan trén dén Fl duge xy dung ké thira phan dui ¢6 nién dai mun hon vao thé ky IX (Lé Dinh Phyng 2015: 224-225). ‘rong hai nim 2013 va 2014, Trung tim Khao cd hoc thuge Vign Khoa hoe xa h6i ving Nam B6 phéi hop voi Bao ting Binh Thuan khai quat khu dén Po Dam. Nam 1909, Henri Parmentier 44 céng bé viée khio sat nhém Po Dam (Groupe de Po Dam) va 6 kién tric dén (le temple) ma éng goi 1 thap (tour) va duge éng chia thanh 3 noi: hai thap phia bic (thap Tay Bic va thap Déng Bac), thip Trung tim va 3 thip phia nam (thép Nam, thép Tay Nam, thap Déng Nam) (Henri Parmentier 1909: 50-58). Két qua khai Hinh 3, Dén 6 ngodi trii géc tay bic cha khu dén Podam quat cho thay, noi day khong nhimg e6 (Nguén: Nguyén Khénh Trung Kién 2015) 9 ng6i dén ma cén cé céc céng trinh kin tre phy khac nhur nha dai (Mandapa), eéng (Gopura),tutmg bao va cée khbi gach xy (6 thé fa noi hanh 18 ngoai tre), Ngoai ra, hai kién tric Tay Bic va Dong Bic trude day duge dodn dinh véi chite nang 1a nhiing ng6i dén bi sat 46 cdu trac bén trén, thi nay véi két qua khai quat cho thay, chung la cdc kién tric dang

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