MATHEMATICAL PHYSICSeeu Wye oy wont srupext snus Shh Aconee nl atiten rein oe rg Arm test tit Woe Sate ies en ay best ely nse cis 0 Wht coe Sipe ty AadoonWesey ort atoraed tre tbo may ct be ‘extort frm the cor 1 wich thas become a matte ‘eilintheUniodSuerl Anercnoripovesone i © tn Adc Coney i ame: No ‘Emory ty em ci ec pc ey roa (Sse par ws pomete a he per Ova simp te Unt ‘Sete Anan rlctsnhuny noma yer 9 yet angen Cad Net 681381 PREFACE, Duin the pst decade we Have wits emt nce the narber of stedentssekig ihe clin ar walls the deelopment fray new eles Sand univers, The ieitabe more f condons pee in erent intone ecsitates coniderate variety tn purpose, geal approach and The lel a istration in ay given dito, Ti as natural cob the polation af teas amo any toi and eae af mathemati Fk isso exception Theres mueber of text th Bel, eso of Ver {re undoatcy af oataneing aty, "Neverthe, ny facher fe el th none ofthe exiting es propery suite, for oe enon ante fr the partes Move ior, ‘Modes vraines complain tha he hae iii tying the sj em {eas of unquestionable merit This fot suprising sans; Some ents fave an enyelopeaie charac, wie he material seanged i mde ender fiom the wey i nuly taught others Beco too much inated i complet ‘matheatel nays, preempling the avaible space Toe paca cps, AA thers conr a very wie vary of topes with tment brevity, Kaving the Student to Svegpe with 2 uber of eeu quo af thom nae “True enouph, 2 we-eeored ad bepht tnent sald te abet fd i ay through most such aietie A erie soent many, however nd ey ‘it to grasp and sso the multe of nem cone sewn Atos to ‘need te ‘Under these cicamstance, i ses dale ove meses fo he pede gil se of ct tomate t more rendabe othe stent ad nee ste for Independent ivy. Hopetly, the pest work epresene ep ti ection What severe fetre designed to conform the phan avons sae ty ‘eeivablyTllow in neqing the Knowledge of the suet Fit, the native appeschir ated in sachehape roughou the boot. Fl lowing the Fenders af modern ply he tent srt ently devoted to Inet prbiems, bat the nying cone fina sac arly evel ether Inte the ook fer the stint ir expo tom umber of practi ahem techniques. As, almost every chapter sit Witham exarpe or dacsion of Clementry sate, si sabhet mater tha fe pebably fale to the seme ‘The ireuton of pew eomepts mae aalntafaila Bckgrond sr Inter etended to more sophie steers. A types exampc's Chapter ve the base npc of pata inal equations ae Mate ting the “lementryTontons excaiey. Another feet of th end i the vested tue af the harmon sister andthe sircbed stag ae yal model:stp side to seat may probiens For these at pose, but ether {oshow how vais thods cn be edt the ume end within = falar pe Ealccmen I the process of nang, students inesitably pose a ruber of questions ecesary 10 ariy the mater under svn). While mos of thse questions arly belong to clesroom dation, eatanly bent to attempt fo nicpate sme of thn Ina tet The Remorks and many fotte are eign {O contipte to the gra. The author hops they ane some question in the ‘rin of the sdet ae well eget some new one, sdating on eet furher ingury. A numberof reserves ses sna purpose, lava ‘he reader to make multi use of various sete of he book The aence of ‘anbered foam: these bother Tock in the ndetod etn of pag, He should ot singly check thatthe quoted formal" indeed ‘ter bt eter, ghee Uvough text and reals eign ad meaning “The question of rathtzl rigors quite inportant nthe abject treated rsp althouh i onctine entree the sthor' opinion theo- ‘etal physi should know mba stds, wheter hes prongs on dee ties, quoting somebody ces prot, or jot ong remantle conjcte ‘Cansegucth esol be eed nih deton, an the tens soul be writen In thir spi On the other hand, f wuld be unnse 10 oer vey stent ‘tk mathe for tuo rin casonm fi, Bena ofthe Britain fine ithe asroom andthe apace In et, and scond,becaee pit te ato ‘hangs their atonal potter nezoon a exernentl pss eres OpFor {och merstions The reader can find exanpie f the ter pleco fa (Chaperta 6 of thet. Wheter he author wa abe te fol thee pines Sef to the judment of air of ths book ach chapter supple with stare of probes popodtions to tbe dnc resumed to be alloted fot sty. ‘The stent may fd soe ofthe robes Father ical snc they require more compebeasion of he mater rter than ‘es tecnigue, Fo tan thin vay of hints and explaration ate olen topple. -Arsers are nt given ecnane many proces contin the answee in {hee formation; th emsiing orc maybe uot steal of he stadt For intpendent work, The enter within the tent sxn be wed ue problens to (ete scent” manipultive se For many of the metho of irction of mathematical phys peste in {hi book, the authori indbied 0 is own techs a the Unversity of Bish CColmbis and MeCil University The encouragement of his colleagues and students nt St. Jobns University and Heater Collegeof the City Usiversity of New York rely appreciated Alo, the ther wires to thank Me. Luca Verein and Mi Anne Maris Nomor forthe Belin the preparation gf the sane aio Alt, Cet Bp. ‘August 1966 hep u Comte 3 3 uu Ma CONTENTS. ‘tr Ma and Com ‘Ghargs of Aue. Rowaon Mvies ‘ Reged Rost. Matic Maiti : ‘Skew Caren Sone. Mate Gc 1 Yes etn Sc % vines Couns x Pacts of Comes Voile onste: Mendes “ [Sse Alger sed Geet of Compe Nanton s Be Mole Fermin re Ensson of Roos & Cooper Facom Ee Forme 7 ° ‘neato of Pes Fem s atau Furst sd Ramon Sas s ‘ive ance Grey Tees s Ste ge! Theor Casey eet Foal a ore Spr @ aon nd Segue c * ‘Treneiae Yenc Aptos 3 entra Marin by Arye atone Siete {iced Pm st nny 1 {near Din Eqatin of Sand Ores (Gena Ston of Fe Honea: Eaton bs ‘The Hho Egnla. Yorinon of Conant he Powe Sr Sates hs Some oer Meh Slebon aa rte 5 st ge 6 cover 7 “Tigonee Sees Delano rors eee rege f Foster Sve Comes ne Ben ‘opts o Fae Seis ‘The Lape Toman pertinal Caee ‘Toetapice inten! Taos Propet of apie Teo [Adora ropa of pace Taso fete Raaton~ ‘roles Lape Tans Cont te Tito Dros Siro Fesked Funston nd The Dia Dele Fron erate f egrets f Bela ncons Aapcrton oe Caen Commpondos a Fanctore and Dsintuont ‘rope of Betton Eo Se toe eres Tmt epee of «Fein Friar row Fre Feuer sums itn encanto Foe ones. 5 nino Csi 180 Parl Dieta tnt “ha Mat ef Soprano Xt sn Centos Suet ps Vinwrow ote ntane Desens Fomuatn tnd Hes Egon Sort Pcs tnd a Sper Coorser {ant Operators Fer gna See ‘od Fonsiont ‘eed een Fens Sera ne Fncons i Seer Nance oe Dine Ln Spee aioe ion Be Fn Linu Opener, rcs ee ire re ani iy Gira The Rothee Gen Mates Mai torte 9 ier pcos estate ciao Stee tne ih Cenerod raeptiy{Gron's Fanatoe fot Sam Lutte Opie ‘Site apron fr GUID. ‘Grr’ Fcon fr Bean Cancion Gasol Coninwes Spector : ‘he Eeeagang Egan i ues Pecipe Probie lnvbing Stare lurie Opert's ‘The Rajah tie Method ‘ersten! Formton ef ease Foes ‘erst Poke o Many Dinos arwulten of Bzvaoe Potene by The ato Maibod “Treating Wares Rado, Sentterng Motion nine Ste Sung ropspton of hit! Condene line Sing Uo Syme opera erga re wns Seed See adaton of Sow tom # Pung See “Tao ves Nonbonogenoet Medi ‘Sentrng Aptos ud hase Site ‘Stern te Te Dwr Pel Woe Ana etwtmoe Mtate Ineaton f i ‘The Born Apirsinton Frsetnion a geveie Plone Fost One Raye Sebodinge Teor ‘Te Sean Onder Nene Tony Toe Cave of Degree eran Py 3 ‘ipa of Cain Teens : Doves Tran St Tomar od Hooke La ‘Toworin Skew Cresun Funes Cont ao 163. gta of Gera ientor. Rl aCHAPTER 1 VECTORS, MATRICES, AND COORDINATES To be sl to fellow thi tn without undo dics, the ede x expected 0 have adegetepeepation in thomas tnd yess Tas votes «sod ‘Notking vowlede of odvaned clei,» tenure niet ston, {nd ati cous in undergaduate alga. Rudimentary Heomledg of comet ‘ames matic, nd Fourier sere very dese but ot een [AS forthe subjects inp, the reader hoot have compte the saad Indegadete raining In mchanic, thermody, eetrosagneti, td ose physi. Despite thse pees, mead i oer recognized for viewing some of the preparatory mater the Reining os ter. Let foo th caso oe ‘este Some te to the eb f veto analgesia more ‘ch the muta developed in this et OF cour, sack 2 vow tin wet omit all the dete, in ptr those tv, eae: fered to sandr textbooks 9 advanced {alelisand vector sett for afl dssuson, On theo hand, we ope to ‘row stention to sone intresting pints tains ephed consmosly 1m many eemensty teutoak 2 vector defined a a quaty character by ‘opiate od sein We sl we Caer 1 tht sestrs ech mo fener ha he but ro ey tat the eocep wets ma tt {teed into mate (y phys) orem "ater mth Seen,” ‘ee, diplaceret ly, oer, ee. Downes tyne tests and Dt fein nd of vectors 'As we wal know, quanties with deton canbe graphy pein by susows bd ae subj oto Basie operations 1) maliplkaton by sald) ale. ‘These operation ar sited in Fig. 1 Far errple AB Tyo, Adon Clad TM. Api Mana! A ‘Wo spn aan Caaee {Unt we ac end ac cmon wes (Chae 0) we sl eae tt as2 seerons, warmers, a0 coonDINATS 12 12 Le In many ets we can plot various wets tom a singe pont, the ci “Then cach sector eam be curated by the coordinates of "up:” Vals ‘oordnte nse eve peste bl he crt xo eae the ma ‘lovee. The reaea i vry spe and very dep: The atsian coordinates | te pointeanserveas the compnsent ofthe cereponieg vector at th exe ie ‘Tose uated ia Pip 12, here oop eatedan syste, plane and Groce, ue sete." Nove ta he tvcedmensonal ster "ipithanded Im genera we shall we igchanded ste nth book Mewes Weean now aoc witha etore in space) set of ee sates tnt such that he will ctrspoed {0 Ot My Dy) od wk wl coresond 16 Gert teayet Opts hod. Note that sch roe Rl pret i 2 ‘chase cretion’ by eter tp of coordinate, eg sper o yids “a addion extagen catean eoorintes ret in very dap formas fox oer common anes nsocitd with vector sich a 1) length (epitade) of «vector Wen Obed a's, 1) proton ofa sector on soortinate sf aoe Hoon, He EON. = HoH, ‘Rotation of the sai by 9 to exincide with the pais appenrscautertocie or {Steer oan ae: Tesolin tne eons, TSeinch the putt (a) stn fo Be nage boca he dete Bw ©) projection of «vectra aie dr om deel by vector 2 (Fig. 13) OF y= neon alae) mg con D+ arco 8, 4) sess prodhet (ot produ) of tno veto (on = woolen Ht Ho £2 str prnuct fers prose: Hes tex = 2+ Cte — me + (28 — a “Theinportentgisintve Fest of theron rot tha aX # [VX ramet, ot conmutatv: rer, i andeammutte: lx eds xa ever: Apart ors impotsat shat aplesns, he C05 pofet of two ‘ctor ie u he one of coed wea” The made oa se ise (on) oqo hemes of te pce food by nen Te die tape] ca ae to digs toe "poste se" he pean fr fo Seer” Fiawe 14 Sows two he of he see pence nag er fo tw we ‘Coy rate to this propery the concept of = ikaw of sects Any hee vector nd wk der, ae i orm ip nel (or poste pe if the ole wile pret Gx le potve® This happen if i onthe sme side of he plane dened by the ‘estore wand 1,28 dlanate in Fig 5. set hae owe tat fe 9) ‘Sorrentino, te veioe Yo he parallel formed bythe estore sand See ves form had gv Ube (2 aE 94 vecrons, rnc, nD coon RATES 13 {ipl product i unchanged oder cjlc permateon of want tat aonb Ge ahd = HW We ve een that given itor ei aston wt ae of he bes, rams icomponentg wih eget some orthogonal cates stem. Hwee ibe that ifthe tom tae ie chang, the component change swe Let rity the changes ‘Cones oy vert in plane, change inthe estan of ane ich ie pro- ced by tlton by the angle a lard in Fg 16, The 8 ystem t (ep and the new ese ise 99 Sine w= il gh the x'component of Eke Sum of postion ef clos wand uf oe the aad larly for they componeat From the dnpant we ee ba ells Lake mconey msin y= sing apo 1s irate to note that the angle Between the ws and panei (6/2 ~ 6) ‘hie the angle Bence he yond anes (o/2 0). ew of and money): we ta el a cnt se ots pe i fe Timeless cul st an gan ah 0” ey qian eh Sates ere So ey brant oe mie a ne ima of “opens the om “cote of el” afin an 0 Sein 10). ew ep olin, Clee Mache, Section 5 Faden, cilet cmtbton tr the thie vets nd tid and btn tem wecos D+ wyeon DF acon, wet i cours, the wnt wt in the eto. Noe that the coins involved ate the erection caine of th x eton with pet toe waited ‘sero for haar, the do products of Flt. ond 1 clear tat sin fms cam be write oro ae AL As ge, however, ie very convenient oswth oa eco vitgn tested of wy (Gry) wee yaya) asia Ga oe. Mere et ete by any th agi between the ma pried sa nd te ik rind {3 (vee sah ales are asked Fig. 1.) and tyne te eoresponcing cin (hat fy ton ~ Ose This tem etaion pers to wie Ihe ‘tasfrnation Torus nun ealynemoraed pte th = on ote + eae of sien te comet Form nen Baw OND rom hs ana we conclae htthe now components (afm) canbe ined Yrs thee cemponent (yu aa mith the lp of he cnt0 13 6 vecrons, san, ND COORD “These ise counts, acanged in the sltenplanatory ater blow ae it tooret manie® We shal dente rates capital ters. Columns tard tom mers ements oes cto ‘einen as te ow ante ond oe od he eto se erie ele syed whe necon ee Hh fom wih he Oo demet every oie calle so econ an the acto counts in ean slo aor’ Tar some ie y he TRANS Toy ares mont ean bet compen of ee ete ae Meee 2 aces word to mate open snd ea o> re merpteon tel ctr fT ee shu py tear tens th pune rae of srl panes ets mpc wl esr Soppse he vine ytnwas td int ony be tensor cat Ten he conporens of are (6,0 ‘Eee clndgs nthe ear theca optem vow rae, Then componente Been 7 ss aut + an + 240 ~ an tm ant eu on = da Wm al + on0 + a0 = e Wee: thet the ist colmn vector of mist 4iscompors ofthe ne conpnents (econ Tn ies wot, we cam 2 tht tbe new comnts Of Fae nai) and weean write B= ays + on + oa ements rene j a to the second ap hind clan vectors of Fate that in th ouaion te wnt eters asuve ale dependent of {he reper cordate sues, The aera rated tthe vets ht IP plc ol ee then ferred fo the rte syste fans. ° aogepedd 03 % Inti fed. The rer anes cerststan eae SORES once rts 13 mes oF aus. novation arcs 7 Ener Eo pemetial measing of he ow vce of ma 4 reesting ‘The defor nzedued ove alow the computation of (a8) oe (au ggrtn) by the Fllowing eles To bins take the dt prod of th th ro af mat A ih the weir wo gen Bp the tne uy). Sic oA ces each sow ofthe matrix "eed wlth (ym We eay ead 1s-sme find of mobpicauon of «vector bya ati fat, the operation = ‘commonly nom atoetr-metr mapa ao eval ese x sow 222]: }{2 | Matiz A Cohimnvector# Cohima vetor sf ‘As we sth ld components ae arranged in x cola which we shall denote ty a Tis column vcore mule by the netic dare renin other ‘colnet, dented by a. "The muipicaton means of eobses Far te ‘dt prod of te fst ro of A with for the fat component os th fo the a produc of the seced row ofA mth ae ad an forty Tene rowed symbole wrt as ena. oe tat et (nna) arg i aaa ote deed imp {pre trate by eu snl «The pt at te one ur ee, {ah aod eee th escrow apr fn rest Seon fe ‘Wermat that e's ara no dln memati of ond he ea ss Before we dics frther topes ivang males, Ket teen the fat that our stra aot ots cece of rine stay salar Ke ati ‘ment ae ierdeperde and posses the following popes 2) The columns ofA ar ortega! cach oer, nay, autre entae + anit = 0, fiatia + apateyFaaytys = 0, ates anates beaaeas~ 0. “Thi propery follows fom the fc tha the eons af ae rereetations (ee the new sete) the sector jad Ka han store ey fthogoet Toe ol sous ot ceed wt the mage af ctr a ich ao cove8 vecrons aarmce, AND coompinas u 1) The cola A Nave wit mate ames abated rca snd are ait esr ) The tows of Aare ao mutually ethogoal and ave nit agsitde, This itveted by edablaing the geometrical seating of the ow vector of A Maize stsying these thes proper ze ale ethogonal. We may then one Wat the murs epee otation of erthogeal cartesian yes {apace are orthogonal mates. Remerk "Tere me ctrl mis which do oot repeat rota Ketaion ‘races have sa nin pope tae (i Be determin of the ‘Ghtsononn equ! 0.11 Othe rthgae! aes an Sethe er ‘rare The et ht ton mont ght Pande! We yorimt eco alee 41) bechamel 14 ROPEATED ROTATIONS. -MATRUX MULITPLICATION “The mtn ntaion fot fn the preeliog ton is patty wsefat rhea we re face wih opened hangs coordinate exes. fn ston the Jel sn unpre syste aed fy a mati 4 et ce bea thi doable ried apt’ of axes ly?) and Tet be reed othe med ase sity, he ten (72) cant etd ay othe stn 7.2) hah oms mae £ aed or ak oe he a eet timate crete ne aed Bi Mee Bt b+ + B= 4 Bl $b BE~ ba bh Ps j= oun + am + fi niue + ae +e ; Denn + nt + te wag town in Cope 10 hat ay 9 % Non which ties an.) ahem A see etn thc of hi caper smmicenon 9 ‘com wich it follows at 6 = (bus + brane + busts + Caaia + Bites + teas + Cuais + Bytes Pusan 1 Gent ban bm One Sn + bad + (ayais + bayer + besdsa in, a 5 = Case + bons + Pantan © Cen + Baten + Asean + tbaayy + ists Ban i The rote of mali elements above becomes guile managetbe if we observe Unt vey coefiientsocinted wih uy 2 dt produto sere row of wate ‘dso eau f tat A.A cls lok the sates lea Ut the flowing stemcnt: Phe coment ng of max Cte aained by taking the ‘et pret of tema oof rai Bh them cham of mati ‘Now. we ecard oa elatonahip nthe vis mats symbol notation Baty WR, a Gy ‘he we re maul othe relation w= C= mA, Ie seams reasonable ow to def the product of two mates, Khe B a A, to be egal tos thd atin. sy C, 30 tthe above velatnsip may bedieatied w= Ca (84 In thir sere we write enea en | [an fa On | [on en oe can ean cas [=| bar Bae boy || ane aoe ass ean Ge ein | | ban Bao Bon | | ann ese ave ox symbol, tien thatthe atin erent of Care dine by the rl get above. Having ivoduced te nation of sat mulation, we are oataly intersted n eteiing whether it asthe ame popes he muito sf ordinary marbers (aloe) A snple check shows tht the ariel bois Ie malty thee ties 4,8, and Cn that onde, han th a be done into ways ABC = (ABYC = ABC) (berets understood tat he opstin in patentee efor ie) The tro if cours, ht eB) hc ala velo tigi By teraction rnc rarely Inthepec are ce : de gel es eane ast ine mn tH sedetme) (nthe other hand tn melita Is or comma: 4b A, and furthermore, there is wo simple ation, n general, between 4B and BA. THs noncommetaiy Tete presades the possibly of ning “mauix ‘vaions™ Homers, pone to talk abut the ese of at and iS ‘ovept aris ntl in our diemsio of rotations Indeed i we rte ont fhopoel caren sym fe, ae coordinates of ver wae obtain {fom the etormatin eatin sy ta they vom Ssppoie now that we fits the ane back to thi gal postion. The new Somponcnts af vector w te Gen by (yey) a theo anes are sven (rubra; tee components mast be ltd by some matrix 2: ining thes relations we ob = BAe) = (Ba “Tetfoe the mi BA east trav the component (rt them ‘Then Tis eany tose that he ak cco bythe eile mare (Cenity mati -|o1e oor ace, Sho tht f= (Bf bol ora sary wor teh A ms acauliy te fe re frm ear weed tsa aio, Wis now estar local B the ners of mati A and to denote symbol Act ihat weave 4-14 = [Since we ot have prfred ox ation in ‘eet one not bard w ace tat AD = Tas elt fy AIA mi Ad Gn owe two tain toes ay ot comm, a oation mit eee commutes wis vee Ewe write 4/B = X Ue qestion would cise whether weimply A ~ Bor A ~ XB. { SeeSecton Ht Yr pre tater ht eet. amy now be fneret ore the elements of al B othe of mae A. Torobtain Bag ne seul, In pine, solve the eeation on 3 fOr ‘ieaiuy- However, nthe cae of rotons, we hve 8 mack Sine od (ou pos” Leto mite the ntrineuaion BA = Fa dtl ty babe | [en en an] [100 by bis baa || ons aes any [=| 01 0 fn bn bu || on en ann | [008 To get the stow of 7 we mut ake the dt proudest row eta of B stheath of he clin vectors ofA. Howeer, we know bat the ater are ot he vector ks aew epreenttion We seta he Bat tow vestr of Bs ‘tthogonal 0] and wand ado prodect with ean. Comequey, ke soul be nothing els bu the vector Gi new representation of our) and We coe Aol Bay = tye Bh2 = apy td ya — aay Repeat thr argue Tor fhe oe toms o ode ht the ows f see he columns of and vce eran This a xyes by the form Ang two maces 4 and HE sathying tee conan: ae ale iran of ch ater abd ae dened by B= 4 and A= Whee nor, gor ‘ue that he fvese sed rapose ofa ma are tent, ale Bode for ‘elton tres end very we 15 SKEW CARTESIAN SYSTEMS, MATRICES IN GENERAL 1 the coordinate aes i caren sytem orm apis che han 30, we hive 1 show caren ayuca, igure 18 thors two ack sysemy one in owe sad ne im apace song wih the Secompoation of a wtor ino i reapective ‘omponeas12 yeeros, Mantes, AND CECRONNATES 1s Skew aytens are apie ty the angles between the ates (one in line Ace in spc wich ay vary Nebeer ae 18D. As before jad & wl Shed denote uit etre ote icon of ates Note hat we ans tk bout iahtheael ystems apc, where he vector i tat ode! frm ‘rig tad wile The vor are aed and multiplied by salar acorn othe same let tat wee sated before. Hower the lngth of vets snow ven by a ire Towle, Fa stem, fr 3 pare vector me have rom Fp 13), by the csi fs on 4 aD 4 Dupes wa ad = tan conte woth : = VE In prea, the dot pods isn loge ven by he sm of the rode of ot Here et by aoe complesed forms, As 8 Wale ff we sal en Todos nce man fort and ca the ier proc ttn veer wich it ther dete i (09) Ibo (60 “The aon i that we mou he to retain he ane dt prod to mean the ast Uribe produc of component of two vector, repardss Of wheter the axes tue orogorl or skew* ‘The Garvaon of formal for inser product ina shew gy greatly ys bse prope, aml, WOW = entam, 1.9, nosmalter which cordnate system sed, we ee ha (G0 bm) = ffm cone = I However, HA = WP + FH; since MP isthe pejection of yon a we hae Ja) HB) co -cos( ry nnd sinlry for, establishing the res ‘tht ts acgment ane vad for vectors nso. ‘Now we cor mie for two seters in plone @ = wf ah and ¥~ prey FF ta core oo Ie, tom (2) = AOD O84 Gh 0+ Ol 0 te wy oncend Hy ‘Note thi Form rece othe waldo rect wen # = 97 + Wi i dition the dot pect becomes on arr eset tein the caster mated goer cence desde of coreae ‘Sie two etal rose he sen tone Poa (ers te date Ha (99) = OM bs [S400 CARTENAM SYSTEMS MATRCE IN GENERAL 12 “het po dey now in estab ober ose for skew sytem, pane or in spe. We eal ot go nt thee dete Bat rather conser sether Tnpertantqueston: th ranctoreation of cocriates fm an arhegenl fo 8 ‘ew sytem of sree Come, or itaee, F110; ve shew XYsstem ‘rth ont wets ff spertypoed onan erhogonslxpysem wit uit ed} A given lor can berereseted cher ase = a+ hor 8 t ewes Fie t18 Attough Y= 4 te components al ay ae ao equ athe, we have Wn OF - OB - TG OP = ws, te new compe ef, alerted fo the fl ompones ‘hi reionhi cam be repeated by mean of yeor-mati. GESIE “This cam be wien symbol as rsa forthe okra lor (nigh, The sbi ference fom the resis cassis thatthe mat hues beh si kerma of wes ny adit eco : me eta no lng the anne ofHE wecons, sara, ND cooRDETES 6 ie sl te thatthe colo fA are he od wit eto in new represen in (Fig. LN, ha, fere PhO, be unt beers. ‘The rows of matrix 4 do wot havea single poetic intepretaton, tthe ans of matric A=! do hve one? From the above ans we may conjetre that gata, «change from ‘neste ui vector to snote ina plans or inspce oles ea relation Np ‘etree he od nd new components ofa welt expesbe byw rector matt ‘olson w= Ae (A a? 32 or a3 % 3 mate) Weal cone his ‘robe in dtl in Chapter 10. Porte tne bing we sal mention he ft tat or very mors A can repent sch elation. Conder, for festane, ie Totowing hyptteteal relation between the new ahd old coordnaes of some 1 we ater to sole these tno equations for me fd ite ane treater, We my that hema oct rot posts an laerse; such mates are led guar metrirs. Meno t seat intbienarne the pai cant poss ep {Eat anarbrary vector i lane: Oureqetions imply a ~ 2 >that there ie cy one independent component ised of the wo regeked fr plane evar. 18 of iro nse hati = 2 acl sie, ou se of ‘anton hes ify of seins foe n'y Cine tweens vedo to Sle ony Fartermore fa onl roped ~ nosed he stem fas nevi fr ~ beng = eg) Al thee Fs eal be renee ‘Se thy ripen a phy pletion 16 SCALAR AND VECTOR FIELDS So far me ave bean dcusng constant veto, bot we can ao conten ‘clos which depend on oe of more arial proet', The smplest example E perbap, x pslton vector whi depends or ime © n'a fd cobdte ‘etm, hs bean to saying tht ie components ae foetion of Gime Eig av ete, be vows Awol been wih colsnase 4°" ap. say HO) = MOE WMO 80 Such tors canbe diferemnad with expect to the vale ¢ ccndng to the ‘inion wet an — wo goo ‘Wi wand a+) capes in es of tr compoeat is vil to delice hat 4 yey = Meee 4 By 4 dco = ri 4 ey 3 nk 2 that the operation of dierentntion of vector i reduced to difeactation "wie vectors depeneg on time ae widely we in mechs of pales, wv shallbe mae itereed inate ype af varie vec hes depending» fn space coordinates (x21 Sich vcr ce sid Lo Fvm wetor fel and ‘abe dented es fllons fe AO 7 ME eg Fale Common expe ae elec and maga Bel apace, veloc Bel of {vid in ation aed ober "The tmp Lndof ic a ek s probably tesa gant elt wich «an be deed from s sng waar Iocion pla) wily tered fo a8 ‘tv et Faia anno ale Rls inde te tonperstore ttn {eld dy, deny of ronhomegeneos ted, costae poten ee "A snare ges sue to mumerons other quits tows te avout prt devas. In pst, let ws concentrate uration 00 2) the tua dieertiat Be, dow aes Bayt and 1) the rection derivative dle _ de de 5 de dp , Bed ada tod tad es cr my so deed on ne, ble sal be most intrest tt ‘overeat, shee hon tne ed ae, {seals led core fl or otal fal i |e na of ¢ prt gh nome pre drat dvactad ny PS AESCSIM aS culeFuone cet Soeees hoop oe16 vectors, warms, Ax Coots 6 ‘he exprsions onthe ighthand se ofthe enuations in () a (hae he ppesrmce ofa dot prod Ith convene 0 fie the grade of ale doe. 2) by the net “Then we can write p= toro) here dk = del + dyb-b deh epee infiitesinl dslscerent fn some Siren nt ie ty gt wn ie ie isthe wit vector inthe pce drain * Since cory diferente scalar Sell generates © eden Bel it snarl to ask whether any Ber wer fel w= wd. 2) ay nt Be he gradient of foe lap The anes fenepatve a he Nese ea as we eae the tal properties of patent fel In hs sey we sl peed certain asemptions, anieg the siferntabity of varios fonlone and arly properties of ‘rcs andsvfaces involved i vector analyse. We sal mento thes 5p tion we nad them, In many ese they evn be rene an thers cn Be cero, bot ne hal cone euros to econo teins encountered Sap. ‘Rcurveetpae ical oth i it cn be eset by re yar THO whee (0 ane heve continous devious wih respect the pramter Gr a.carve hn span, singly ct +=). Snood ares poses (pets st ‘points and veto ie dement ca be deine a ny poi. The sooth ree getaicestheereac of line Ineyals} Thi st property ily ‘atende fo piece oot ces; Le, the conn a a inte aon of ‘Snooth port, We shall some hata carves eomidred by Ste zee noah Rearing the silently of various fonctions we most remember the fetonng sons nd stati th mero f= spere of aay rate ¢ (atl thougt to besa) centered a sore pit Ms, 2) called meh ‘root thi pin Gina plane replee “bere” by “rde) Wat pas Gime Gt oe/ds~ oem, oe the deta ess of the etn sendy oy. {We hal cet il tp te Ran tera wick ar defor oor rons Forename se Apo’ p76 armor pee am ta enh 16 seaLan an vtcton nite 17 sore neghboroot of eer oe of pint thn ‘Sha open etFor tate the rr of enon apn ety we ean Soup das wailaperetost ah nto poi wk wale mney ie ccabe Mower, ecb ih andy pos htt tolang a ope The eso he cps etek apna ess ot Reon inagce re detae by ig roca th to eerie, We at inate sue a eon ra en set bee any a fs, aera it ego in ale, we sal te only nerd in conned pen ws, oF dos. "The ar ope say two put ohh canbe cece ty 3 agen 1 Se nh i oe hy +e uber af conan! gh ep From son on wo sa ate tat om paca eolh aed Shr th undue mdrConaeton (cr Reed Cipro eae i posse cont fd pare erties {UE coe to te ropes grt Bl. Sappore ht = nade) sn consider the Flowing intel beeen pints Miser 23) a0 MEE she og sme cre Irvin Jf Geet areca) Un he ero gneve ls an fees es eB dem [am ed a, her tan ae ie fhe rater sontpodig op Ma Neto inepals spy eee of es 2) pts Nant Montoro the ke soe Gomer few seca de Fenton 4 ota 7.8 = ("Cady = [Oude h art 26 = Feo sow on, we sal ocasionly we the en path” tinct picewie noth16 yrcros, warmers, ano cooRomArAs 6 « Pies Tee now seple to show tat gad =. Foran, eet ay 2) abeaed = [MM tet dy + mt) imme ‘nd the sntement vy ~ a/8 elows from the andamertl theorem of iter re hye then exalt lloingtheacer: The weesory and suet ‘ondion hate gee the ndepedens of path ofthe ner flee) "An seroative way f stating thi reel fellows Irom conidaton of de inte form corer a spl ced ph Caled the cicuvion of west atound C. By simple lone mean m cone path which doe mot inter el® "Te flloniag toe hells: The creation aw anes for an ebrary imple led ph © ia dra 0) and ont if seiner f(a a) de ene of pas (nD) aden Tet C (Fig 1.128) be & simple closed path. Choose two aritary printf and N/0n Cand write fle d= fi woey + [P c0-8s) = PP (0- ds) ~ fare. 1 be ital E(u independent of path, the ight-had side vanishes and {te celation 210 ‘Convermiy if to pas Cy and Cy conmectag two points (Fig. 1.120) do ot intact (espace, a simple ote path can be Fred rom thet ad the ‘hore eqantion holt the felt band ide f eo, 29s the ghd se, Yielding oe independence of path. IFC, ar Cy nest fie ruber fies, {he poo obitied by siting th closed path no inte nomber of se Biren mg he cin iat rd or ae fn the rater exceptions case when Ci and Gy ers exch other erste of tines, a Hing prone can be evoked reduing Ot se to the reeing one onart. Win te cnt of above cin tit np at br of. 9) ‘sean a ‘el-efoed si aed fone ove th ee onan a ting ‘hat oper late Yamany tesa he mapa he 5 nti eae mei ral at H= gah no lay to de wien ove the re coeur Ub ths cot fo WS is pale, the cent of dotnet) should now be dear that many vector Hl Joo al into the enegry of gradient Sells Sece cay To comrct a veto for which tbe ines es) wil stay depend om pach We perk even ease to ketch seme {teh dg ark facta by the iatadution 9th cone of fed es ‘Thee fit er ave cures wih tangents deed long the vector eld w a ‘ery pat. For feta, Fig 13 sows the velo eld the ere) of Ai cating around scl obetce In thi ase he Belles ae the ras [eto long which the pres of id actly mae. on wee 1s eident tat the drain of the veo sete sound any one of the cles n Fig. 3 camect be ser the produt w= dn the sume sigh a each Pint ft cine) Conse, the above Ral canot ben radi eld "Te vlcty ldo fui fy prhap, he bet tating pn for vestiaion of ter type fveson fell eer mtu ead st nate ndametal neg the fx oa eco el. “Consler the element a8 of 2 wrace$ (Fig 1.14) Jat asin the case of ‘carey, we shall del oly wh eco sat suns, one coasting OF The deine may be foe 0.1. Keligs, Founders of Pema Theor { Atlant at nant bot certo i re le Rens {aces Rit and Miler, Fmd of Bkononsyate Tr, Seton BE20° vecrons warmets, avo coonsares uv rite numberof smooth portions. By = smooth sere we meen surface [Fepsetate by Aap ye read = Hd where pang ae independent params and the fanctons yan «Bae one {ieeour at prin wih vespect to ps lathe Jovan ender coseation, ‘tooth surfers posses angen planes at al points aml can be vented; Isres cna datingush eten the pote sie aad the nea seo the sfc ‘We'll abo some tat our pete sooth srfce are comtrctd in sch {nay tht thy are ceed * Tt eatlomary to represent sare Semen dS ty vectors of magitdes thal sereced along he pst normal othe st face as ileteted In Figs LA, Soppoue tha the etor Bed w represen the flo of toving Bud. Ht canbe soe tha the ger pods (8 25) fepee sth amount of Md pening through dS pe wi ime Indeed, the partes ‘ttiidcrosing da tne il occpy the fce ABCD ofthe shown parlepped tte fa and ll prc of oid which ve exssed 9 tetera {at wil be oeted at 1+ aise the puaiepiped. Conseawetiy, the “mount o fd ping though A nthe interval ve bythe volume the pralepiped, eal © 45 fol econ = (aa) de Dive by dan btn the deed teen Dy aniogy with these observations defi, ogee he Mex of vst fie hough afar bythe surace tera ao ffee-as. {a this formule, S canbe either am open o cov sce, Avery Cami ee ‘ofthe aie i fond in Gas here i toate 17, VECTOR FIELDS IN PLANE ‘According othe materia he preceding veton ita represent tin td fs te impotatinthe sof Vector Bes Foe Wet the eaation nepal a the fret felt m ftedt band circle plane, Inari type can be nay by rans of Gres theorem: fC rece ee sooth) singe coed care tn @ simply ernie damn D end f POLY) For dl cont eg Kala, 9. 0 : {Unless tei cannon to ake he ection of inerain fc [ieee Latte rime ea ereemercie Sip since dora uy cmc dein Foes as ond 00% 9) Recon report D hor fesrom-[f(2-Ss shee 5 the area beaded by “The impotance af th egret that Cit spe closed curve (ep. 1) See nthe fat that econ ding the intr the curve fom i exesce ‘by the folowing aes As we poosed long the crt inthe dresion cf & we Sige he repon apenring em argh athe exterior sed Ut on car it She interioe f the entve eros uf ch formation dst comadton {shoal be obviews by comlering a cove inthe shape ofa gare it” ‘Nomina places sid to empl comecied i every simple choses care ta ithay sir inde the doin ae wel” Figural speang, drmla Is singly connetediFihas no "els" (Fp 15). ‘Withoat pong into mathematics dtu we shall sketch a posite method of proving Green even wach gray fates He phys itr, Fist ofa ot at Fs, 9) and (3,9) alas be trate the components tats) and a9) of tome veor Bel, and etal ndop, for commence, ths Beaten. Let us now die the aca Salo a network of meses satel io Fi. 1.16), Taking the ima J(ea) around each mesh in22 vacrons, nates, sn coonowsnree fo _courterlocknize iretion we can ety deduce tha fled = E feocay (Tie conttaion from a common boundary biween two meshes canes Tense af oppose oeatatiens of tector de foreach men this ees nly he btn rem the lees of C) Furthermers, mliping and ving ach {Erma the um by te ren AS ofeach mea, we Un Suppose now tha the numberof wees ncesed to Ffaty and that exch mesh “brink ta pin 20 tat 85D, the iit ion Fst) Be S569 - ton ca an indepen of he sap f AS? ten hes ede a ier Sidwenne f= ffranes “Therefor it emg for to evaluate the Fri (sy. A type mesh bs Bown ie Fig. 116(0);® nod pot be rectangular since the gues peered tetow ar vl foram aeirary shape It and ty have coPuou pata, hen we can write toma oart (2), 0-01 (8),0- 9 nae +) wih the appeonimations being wit the fst order in be — and Ip ~ ol There Ph) ithe fn poe to whch 45 elinntly sents ant MC 9) 1 tuba plat on the Bouaary ofthe mes Weg now foray fase fads i Ea ht arg eter of Sat epench m0: the nes sho wo become Intent in weenie fete ere {hy the tee cna to feel, needy te com of 040-9 Ww ‘ecron nee rua 23 sree hatte following i tga wil be ede $e fen fame free fro The ist two me zt, the second two ate +85 and —AS, especie, andthe Insttnn ae aero. As reat we he foams (Me in £04) _ 34 ote ae as any fords CConequely, Kan~ ‘wher the stilton thatthe pal ae to be cued a Pan be omit Since Pic now an arbitery pont within ©. Weave the he ren fens nor-ffr-S)a ‘Which simply Gree’ theorem ia stain. "With rege toa vector ald w = kh the Feet f(s») it known a the cr of wo that By dion, Fed) cute = Jin £53 ‘We have then eshte the expen for ett in (rho cree co vga in pare! oar Aten een te et ht fra ect ln plc sv sr alm etr The pat vets me mat an aes ‘ovenbest + Brand ln eyo type eer ent oce ed a ‘A sclr fl which ret cel at some point called an satan ld (tise point If sotalol in nply connected dons, the by Green's theory it a conserve eld (gradient Bl) in the demain ei hab 200 ‘Seaton. The comer hs tobe worded rather cael: Tw pradent etd (oummiyu = prado, then iirtatiral prided te coninons cc ‘ter part drvtves in amore cata nme cel cle peor to te pan rove of carga get he ed pero mtcanpl: Soe Sen 10524 yecros, mame a8 commis W : c, y bos oretat ewe tt Example. The magyctic indction fell (fe) dee wo an Infite corer ‘arging wes knows to be (outset wit )® Bm ee MRSA un) Ie the spplane (shown in Fig. 17), ptr ont 2, Bea bn Be Beosy = Bel oe oe + “Thin Std happens to be iroationl everywhere excepto the ogi. Tere Fold) = O1C does ok soc he eign, ta nt otherwise. A foncton Leh maybe found ch that B= grad x ha soply comes dori D, Pot {his can te done ony ifthe desnn des wt contain the igh “The De ide te wes Rrewe ob = Baro hese Ristherniof ewe, Mees ~ — ul! 0 By ~ al, “Te ik ot tana an anno be presen as pad pamper {et ws ow tn ou ateson Co the coer of Bu for etorsin plane. The tao the threes ease the Inesat ae fcomar= cee) inten over a eure C (oot aecesaily cost) with ne bring the wie noel to (vecuve td d= age Tie suse in Tip. 18. is he il tr ht eget he ce ean around he a fhe wi, uv vecTon mmLos IK ean 25 Ei Fora oof id ne pen rb te tal ahve oe aunt of Mit toting te ce pt Un Spey pa fa are In many ppiatins, efx teosgh alse crs isnvlie. Evident chodet | ayer den apt as $060) $ ord ~ na). aud he nea cant tafe hy means f Gens fuweff rao ‘ovided, of coms, that the pri te continous everwhere inie This etionsN is wally refered to the sergerce harem Gn plone) sod sete fect [fovea ster sano eon derivable om a lord a shown asthe dergence oa "Wiles above derivation sraighforward does ot even the geomet (ox piycea mening a div. Tei ststtv to ke the cig tet in Green’ theorem: Dividing te aren Sino network f meses, we Ha tht int hard welsh tht because th veer da tthe common boanday of two cent ten ar o- fostelyerecee. Tne obzervonperaite wr to dee the deren of 22 fi ot af a nitecmal ten per tae any, sive jin, £0280 mc Dei te fora civ ~ iu +: a sting en he nove = ina athe segment aap theft. Spl e oons 113 sandr coment at fer est eres lane nd od sc be ‘sec te poe nna Be ates ea,ener. Fre io of cat ne wt sen at bot repre etd ‘deve noel cir wth ret oats ee te an nies sl dog luna) cate = im FEM, sing = tin $0, ss ~ Be as rye otto menon that earn af seal a be erent ‘tft oolong tee onto nS Anoie tenn oberon hat cnx cae aed oa itn an dive tan eral vig de Inde be ei (eae ea, oa = Xa ot ed 10 yn poi we cl hes est two vein in lan SETA elon! Bingo do Conseqsenty elven teen alee? fax, en FOX A co E's Vector fs which have ara verve ar cal soll fds. They are rey coma in pyc For inane, the setottc Rl sled {he ttac of charged mater the magretcsoducton Bl iasueial every, 14 VECTOR FIELDS IN SPACE ie wool now lke to extnd the anal of the Ts eton to vector in space ‘We sal start with the a ofa yctr Bel oop slowed ete, eras ths integrals, perhaps, eset to Hane 1 seats = fh 00) = $$ dS, 4 665, 4 08, where dS dS, and ae pejections of vector 48 on the corsnate xs, negro th lye canbe Rance by Gaur shor I Si 0 (eceise mouth lsd erent soce coined, lng wih is inror, 0 domain D (ed Listy Ms, 9, 3h and MCB J) hace anno Ft pri, then ffs. se was = [ff (Ge Sf +E) here Vite volume bowed by S. ‘ A yal com protect of wo ect nk eto = 5 File fo ‘ecantisp ie corpiel deed by mete and mg Gece wou ‘Hows fee onat on. wich wey leat oectere tha ho rode itt plan ins poendoater ard dene). wecron reine wi snace 27 Pome ‘Gaus theoren cam be reste i vector naation, hy ening L, My and 1 with the components ofa vector Sed w= ax gh} mk The concept ot Giegerce om sire a icy td ht Gn tet an be eit ff 0 ffenrea nds fen refed to asthe degece ere “The dodecton of Chia theorem an be done asin by 4 msthod elogs te Thain the preceding ection. In this ease we et ie veane n l es, Say, etagule eck, one of which stows In Fig 1.19. Uwe ete the fh oF w thigh each Uock at 288 al the rel, we mist btn the fa ‘rough the outer Dourdary 5. Jota before th of throagh a intestace fecnen two blocks mest pps in he sim tie, tt wih The Spe Sn ‘tase ofthe changed destin of the “outward normal” ec the fstnte ro cose fhe = 28G Mor Inotucing for an obvious purpose, the volume AY of ach lock We now av the vergence of ease oF ‘Ha-as) dive = fin, Has {Gans theorem can ow be deuce by iting oat the math de tas and developing the Fortsla for divw i catesan eeordintes, We sell28 vectors, armers, Ano coosoONATS 18 ‘ve a simple seion ofthis fam the consideration of a revtangsir block 2° dip 1D). wot herd to show hat th ae of w ough a rectangle sich as ABCD, Isler niin he st exer ny and 2 by Senco Cr ABE. sete (ap ised athe cele of the vectangle. Inde or ny point iin aC we have wa eet (),o-94(%),6=0 eth ts to tern il eo when ntated over the aces ABCD. Conseycey the on of trough the ace ABCD” be detained by the sae of a the ene hia and i ven by [oor 2) os ‘Silly the fo hough he opposite ace =o), “Ter x mies sin in font Beouse we now want the pose nora inte tewnve dco, Adding tee wo ons we btn “het ough her or eosin i sar wy ning 9 Tememer seu ets rashes ard a (ee Mey ar tare (Mee BB), “The epson for vergence om realy flows aed conelades our analyst tur now cont the oetion of crelaon of vector in spsse. Sich an Integral ha ie Form $00) =f (ode + mpd bands we shall assume tnt Ci (pecenie evo imple closed ene in sce. Tecan ba phe carve bt we shal azure that cn be pare y (ee ‘seam ont sce 5; hat C em seve asthe bud for ch { pssuing a poate noel in he paste reton & x ° ufc he station fied i Fig 1.20) 1 tndad convention 1 in the psve dren of setiog noun sues dene 93 tht fom the "ightand ren gems wht poe sora othe sacs "The pte eon of teat ul te ave eae CB toni at coe eth on terse ie 20, Whe a ssn, nccan gute Ste en: is ce Samet) neta face ons 9 ete) pe so C, mutually oriented as described, then a a rarer ried by Mond W hes cots prin domain cons and eben ya Wa econo oe. By the tom fier tecgn, we dide 8 to's hewak of (eevee {Fie 130) ond on ai a1 NM yas (=) an 4 (M2) ara] Flude td td) eeeaer ae as Contig sl es abou point 91 web fore pit ME ote bunny (Pe 3), sieeee toone ears (8), ce— 9+ (),0= 08 (% Aral wal hapw fom he stay fap ub eeWe tal ed itera ike fie fede fiydis fords, soe eae teas can be eat by proetng our mes on the ‘Soda plane. ‘at ne ant Lo obtain te laterals of he (pe efx Dee amd Sista) dy. Se the pine M snd AV (ee Fi 120 tae he te = p ‘Bes fuga rue to ffx phde ted Fes gh dp rept forthe ie ‘nbc depends onthe creation of he med ffinien ef Renin nt MY deserts Tn counter. ‘The pl sign for Cave Fi 21), where the ‘i 1200), wh 0 alg ‘oese ction, the wna sgn i Yor Cae Seebeiet Te part, note dat, fideo finde forte= af rde= 0s, hte AS" ie the sea Rourded by 1, i, the aren ofthe prjection ofthe mesh Deon g By inet in meant to inate counterlockie integration! ee the {The atin of cmt chon wl cnet een the eto A Inthe pnt deren tnd he eh ‘om the apple Since the meh eal we hve (Fig 121) inCwe, (here ng isthe wit normal 0 AS). Ie citer ems, » AS asco (enh) ASS Sco (anh) ie Cue fjrte= asc Sint, we cas dedae fx tascorun) focaaas| Towolucng the cr of x veri gue (eich snow tetra dtinon| othe plane sn) by mean eh eae ote Bie Bis Ge Be nic ko sess to te sttement tha cetaton of @ aroun a nite (ental sen decribed hy i egal to (las) Toun Sther Weare ha now be wit nthe Cormac orm* f 00rd = feat oa [Asin the cave of ets in plane, the tr fds stiying v9 tata slencfal ned thone saying coi w= @ ae aed enna, he oncep of wroains ie lowly tld fo the comet comma fe (e's grad) ba here tn Fis should notte etd heen a opto ‘completions In pacar slit ertaoal inn damn 2 oe et one 4-The spe of the area element ie; econ of this we nn Kl a BERT ao Passe ay ae422 vectors, warm, tm coomONATES u | ato hate iesiation about an aia spl cloud cere in Dis ero. The ort in that ne rng nat be abl to iaroke Stoker Coren twos We ay NOE Ile iconic asta panning srfaceS which woul i inside D. camp. Comider sil wound coi of cavent-atyng wire in the shape of tovon Te eld lose he toes etadomal; fee, co sates he tenth ousronn snd there cree denity Sand no dace tment cucet in th imerior of he tora: we vue 3 destation.Howeve, the Bel st {he centro exch ar ofthe eis Keown 0 be = orl ying ncrelton tor the cena he Co th tr: y $0: 8) = nat 208 0, aaa et tat ag ce nig Cat meesyeeng caiete tors aden oh nnd B= 8 Siete genes dv ad cca ln ve ten tnd et ts 3 sis Gre npc hsb el nen rte (Say yee ace hap ce ane Sistine haat woe marae cute = me, HES, the surfer over he boundary easing the vluwe AF. We secs poe of heaton cvsdering AY in te frm of resample [ansepiped rr shown in Fig. 22. The contibuon to fas X w] fom He {op foc vole ony ul ted nf 0d i in he wal notation, [Jess nsssn [+3 4)s- (0 89): nbereP isthe center ofthe paslepped, The oto face wi have 28 wih The drain reversed ond forens-vl 88). D4 * One of Mazes equations; se, Ret 4 Millon, pp 296-707, Ainge, we bin (Ge) Gi) favor CContitions fom the other oer Feta ested sn, eishing the We sill conchide this ston by mesioning some eu From te een op ‘bere the et rs ttn is involing gradient, vergence, cal, Ft al culate ‘pcg the ate ht orev fl lay onion ‘Sai Gen pi oy ecru eed Sep 2, These operation ef snk: Wp yk aon te Lape Salva opr Pray be agndan aes Pend ead, ‘ih de wlan creo In caren cons ven Beate te get hit Gs Ath eft operations Bae i entra fr plane vec. Thee sry two operation ich ne ely pont fr ncn pce: vce fd eteate Sighforard sison i canecen comdate Slt vette.” A ore tphisite sgumnn of sane inet fro he 2 ‘loed sce Sina Soran Dvr cet de le pone have imino pra Spt Sito pats, 08 Sy yvonne inFig LD. By Sher theown, a fy (4-0) = fieate-dsy ~~ ffeae a8 cal abo 4 operator erie eee opi of rernig set, cartes anf cul Wy meas of te ts ilies eva (a see TSW the onthe sake1 veons, sarmces, 0 co0RD the mins sen ates fom the “ron eviettion of Sy with eget Lo Congest. {feet es fee was» fhe {or any cloud src in D. Apving te svete thorn, we obtain ffesounar 0 as) “The see hs refer an arbitrary volume FD, follows that iv caw = 0. TReuing the operation curr we can deve ie following expen forthe crt coarser celeade = paddivw — Fy, sere the symbol 0% sac forthe operation Pus} up Dusk. This Tov, however, eld for lhe coed sens uci Vite sore ra wig te exes for erect ai, nd ‘lncaesan corde ts. fs Perea 9 CURVILINEAR COORDINATES Sometimes it is more convenient (oe cordate syste lier tha cares Inpora apt space con be desea by te pares which we wi Bac ty Lin Awstknown etomple ss gen pha! coos iva, av sown le Fig 124, slg whe vial eatin comedies 3,2 coupe youl olf th opine, uty ra va = ut a poate beat sce We dee et nek he oem "aha ape tcomponceto hich te etd to by In genera 7. ca be though a eng Fanctions Fm Fe Mma), hmm, tlm ‘We shall enn tha eat within one domsin D in sce ve continue censor to bette fr me re te 7.2h pee mts yh ao men) (Ober a th isis hate Sabin a Men am 3 owe as ces ot vaih* Let us now choc «patie point with exit oor ‘es 9) can aso be Seed M(H, tes f the cores mum IE we keep m = p= cost adn =v cont apd change thee tin» Giooth) carve pasing tough M which may be called the Fue ‘Shirly, enn dene mcaree and cre ‘Thi how nF 1.25. Farther ‘moe, we cam inrodace unit vector Inn an log the fans to these orn Gite the erection Bf hezeng Tmo). Ts esas © Toa! rom of are. Fer conven, he abel mse chosen 2 hl (leat 83) form hc ie "Our al tems pss In generate oon features whch dings ‘tem em these ore yearn wit vector J and The es may ot be ethogona;mereowes, the angles Between theses may 2. The oretton of Ione Coithcespct tL.) ay chan rom one pin to soother, ve tare betocen theses rain te sre 3. The phy meaning of parameter Zn may aot Bethe length, 2 ddnsar ead no be senal nih he ches do of are Ue tespete at aie propre (0, and (3). Wecan alway ink of pot 1M as teng diel by» postin soe f= Ef hake Tring a Se Kal 93 et36 wecrons, wares, 26 coononanes 9 ovens fim we ca write AG. + mn + mm Changing by ce amouts to changing 72 by ds dd whic ent, aed by charging my yl. dn dn. We bree following encrl aton oe ae am Sa, y= Bins Bn toa Mas ams Hn Ire move song th Harve thn dn = dy = 0 2 dr becomes? ae ebb ay be de when = (i+ Bie Ge) a “This eines th drive a wid spc othe parame L 2 he, or, eet By its ery meaning 2/8 vector along the ein Oly These Ip ‘ante exes tga SAL. Gulati + Qp/00) + @s/20k 1 ara” eaulane + yl + (TTR The ceaty ne GY GY tesa singe oma tpt: Te kh eet pee ten nly change hem d= [Daal = el Te inde fashion we dedice ne = Ge!am often + Oslo, te + G)+ Gy lo org eto, 4 IEE We eth ion fm Fce amedyeames’ (eg ears ch dt whee learbe conan, sate Suppose now thi he ple tami. 6 3 tga pe. Then we at ‘he rato ar sf for mvt cowie syemsenglyed in phys in prior tri te for spol and yea cone sony at Sn beet seed, fae eee Ths amy cries foe (1) of fr syste of aes Rearing the vst of Fst tat He ed sayfa pa pa fo sn ct om ay a ie {nas tasted ty spherel and ine coo Bvets wis ome ce Derters umn repent anger rat this kag At eel il, he nent dace dvempon Song else fe il ad tat ant an nat hades ens Dion by espe formal, aaa en the let of as ts = tl = VIE PS Re Bea For asc, for phil conta, he = fy = n= rand = VTA Pa a We shal mae ou sarvey of cuinear coordinates ty the derision of fxs for common alferenat operations in veto cle ovder to ‘re lod etn term fnew tes ad ow eres we coud sat wth mates athe, ae" Hae fd eso expen inf of feta A vice wy fo alin he tend 9 dm do 8+ Et + Bon The ied comnts ae hen le etn ots,none snd in eo onsen = (nats (8) eats (Eee {hom which few inmate that wade fet “The calelaton of dvergenoe can bea ated ont sating fom te gee Aksien ‘Without os of eenerity, AY ct be taken a volume eesti theses thong the Fy my and mesrve (Fi. 1.22) In perl the ax Crowe an ee Ietery ah vented in he yen ive by gd. [As we sub the aes though the areas ACW’! and AINPQ we mo {org tat nt oy Bat sso hah, ate Tnetions of fom, and mt BY 28 Srpument silat tht on p38 (ne ie ete sbi version). me dee fat he net oor Box rough hes tno Tne Bota end ‘Ating the analogois contiotion fom the ter four faces and ding by the volume of ur volane clement whi 1 yal dh de), me bt ineneditly tiv = gpl |B uhahad +B Coahahid + Z Cush (GSI, We ely sume bat he cones te ots Hecrteien cordate, = hy = Ae = Ws cunvuneas coomoutee 9 Example lspci coordinstes me ie fm wi 18 by py barirep embry viey pie heekerd eke Give ahag Re snsent Zesinem + 20 “his my be simplified anf eal, amt ede to ou cote yt ay Ben SHEE St ins ot “eect af wan be asd from the esatin fw ara the Fe the ‘ooyatme volune emer ian, he face MPO yi (Fig 1380) [ioe fsa» tater = Crue» hen, Souham an, tien condom teut ey tactn ican = {2548 ~ ft] ms ‘Tis ctemines the Feomponent of cate. The comple forma rade might — Soaps ++ a jem ~ Sewn ++ phe Boost ~ Sento Filly the exprcion forthe Laracian © i obtsined by combing the Fonts for pete and epee tame jacicln(' fi) ane am) ane) For instance, the phere ytem i ede (fertigation) ECA +m watery ® HaasAcre TM Mate dnt, Renting, Mas: Adon Wey Posing apn We Aone Cal, Reading, Mos: Ain Wey Pblig Co. 1957 Keeioos, 0. Feu of Per Thy, Rein Serine Vetot Oh 1. ar J. and 1 Mono, eons of Ercromoee Ter, Reding Me "hao wesy Poin Co 1. Cal Mechs, Renin. Mos: Non Wesley Pung Co, PROOLEMS 1 And, be ad ty te gr cones of ti (ese dod by rs), obo ow Bs et tno wets toe tedand tn nctlaad te trbnrivand 1 le ear ron of ee er it ee te een 6 (1 ‘Show that forty tes estos ong ey hl xt x oll BX (0 all + eX fe] = 0. (ex mx ell = bar ctw, “Te above frm, om th Jaca ei, apa in any ote bys mater 5. Contes th fling tee we nae en by hr corns GRD GAB ACL ED. (0 Wed tt ha reste tector, oo! ech er and em "hha pi ocre a be 1 Carters te tntauon aie afocing the old components of 8 vcr (Gael tae win eoet tothe eves (nih rep, «Ent ween mga the Rew oor of te et SOD. MC aca and ca, heat) Cangan ther pone {Stn af pcs bi of vei? 4.4) Show Sate hile radu (93) of wecers ei an an, vy 2n0 mon nnmhean beers ty he dees = rw. 1) ig te pov at 2353 mine rbogona ten i ermine eve aly ve inter P00 eee 0) Comite beats ote] ee Pava8 svar 4 ool on) bo mw vial. oot ae eet: {tee wh ns gtk, dee te soma 5 cern ei sn AB eo 3X matin cot one =sne ont sd giv tgs ineettin of is eh 1. Show tha emt sing some dirt gen ation se, Gi weil nan nati ie Se SS cea wc es ee rm atan P21 a(42 wacrons, marcas, no coonomares 1. Find he eric ofthe along mics by shin he eqns A= I p40 oa 4 Ae]otonih ae] ecw wa “104 ain vs ~vu6 4a tos a-|aas} a-] 1 a 0 pad aes Oat Slat iy) tote conde ofa point inestew fy ‘ran atm le atte an a8. ‘mak ani td 8 petty, wi te wa {12 Sort ta ih AEE PTE D7 = 2) = meimcenaaiisacmm fF, ete em Rewetat ‘Show tat te or = 7h — De can Be exe in hls aon, tn more then om way Cie theta cxpnon fhe ate Aa ves pet 11 Ene tb lowing tre rod tcc x4 9 = Witiseomennt 9) Seay mre = Gy — 3b + bey = Foe act 12+ yap 8 lesan ote = CF ~ 2 dnd om p28. 12 Let Flay) = 01 ~ 7. Bante 1) 128 nd F- a) sng te ce» = 2, 10 f SE arama cc 89? — 1 Hee ate deta den 13, Show tthe wer fee = ot rah +n beth cata nd wei Tod pach tat wady ws Con you fod vce dd Ah ta T= 0 14, Prove he flowing Heir esi and ete ee ce: 2 wad f= Fenty 4 pad, ~ Meal = fete’ eed fo, 1D avn = fale) = cat, sing eercse end Stake tere is omen nat he allowing ines 9) Hate 29, show 9 = 84 A Phan 8 hee aa abot fora) whee y= t+ 7 + Pend Sk eae in), ©) Patedyat ted 2d whee Se ean 4 Fete ween “3p t | hand Pm the Ge inten = 2 ‘at ik ots soo th minal is plat eng eek ete ‘Show iat hv eer a any pot ent dk ee eon Pat bbe Considers enti mcr nth al ae yr.) and vite feet diy 2) Let 9 be any wn th he a oe Uy heen smth) closed sree 5 Contr tefl amount of rae iste and hve eng ite nk ne ooh te mac eet $fffecsna~-$bonmes Wh toby ete here dla ce on nt artes Ung the ech loed in Seti 17a 1, te te pie proce tte oloning sateen ee ee eo eis Mf a ars divergence, curl, and the Laplacian i cylindrical cooctinate. HcuaPreR 2 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE In he cova fsa of rons ales eqatons ang in pts he eae “uion iat bee found convenient to inuece the ene of number ‘he sane equal to 1 By weltesabsed rion, sewer 6 rooted by and we ete? lands = y/—I- Henlow ito be malipid {rr mumbo cn the s-aled iogiay nor” the fre (ere lave Ith wel ru of isan are extended to eapinry numbers, then we ms cone tht he produce af gary number ae rea umber Imereti oars se neal fa mbes. For ise (04-4) ~ O49 = ¢ (C308 = 9 =. It inspeay mambo ate ade (re mbes We Have a stm witin uth ce pvorm moligiaton aed vio (yy se of a). Ween thatsnh som od uncer mtipceton ad sion ower ‘usec tor adon an acon} Tlie is iELsp ce trsntenros, Thome We RxD = B 4K (ob reatoumten) and are asa to chy wppropinte algebraic rubs. AS wl be shown below, {he yatem otcomples nusere closed oer ation sasction, mali tion, and dso ls the “etoton of ots” operation Ue shart it has al the ‘Satie spi haat and vests exten of the veal mane Spc. The say ef complex mbes table or every pays cae {he econ of ys wr sch ore complied without them -Jmginary number rel alle ure imayinary moors arene he sition fom (ee ie tench sce tum nr "Ihe mane aad rs the ee ‘BegEits nes onl corer member ao not eps Sey erate ‘Sobol Sra Wile hsp of vw © fom monty abot he ‘Vite ot & wt ceed nr te open of etacon af the wine root ier [ercumae Vis ten el ue) esa 2 NSC ALGERA AND CAMRY OF conmUEE NewaNRS 4S 22 DASIC ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS eomplexumbersrewtten nthe wi Fra +o (ora +b he the waa lps operation th hen re Sfned slows. 1 Adition (L404 los Hite) = (as Had + bs + 2. Matiszaon Ge, Cos + d= 1p ~ By + Hoe abd. “he econd rule ic ny 10 Flow ie recognize at the exprenions 4 ase sil ip the ame me rn, ang the tbe sd set Then ands repiced by = ‘Compl numbers the Tim a + (are ty iene wih ea be sine they obey these algebra rules and ae gery Indngabe rm {och eles” Compler nambee ofthe frm Osh ae then (pte) inane) hombets. Tei estomary to writ ainmy a} 10 rand bib Bh Sue Tron af compen martes be end ers oon thai i (oy 40 ~ et im = eo OV B= EE Mea +) frm which flows that ken n a and pbb An tcratine sto Fr he negate ofa compen mater, ett) = le += 1 Kab = me — ib, ‘There or divion ca be arty deduced by vesting he mito, [stove cod gen by he len ten kW ab eM Gort Wt ihe od) Spa eae wih, femal oe SBE ET tL exo is rely se ha th zr can te ay eomplex nner exp rey ‘tember 01, which wlque and mite ry 0) et tess af es mantr neeponeees ees Fits gly posed ht xy sy =ty 4 pean iy = xesed yh =46 roncrns OF & commen YAMA aa 1. Tae itn of comptes mire ys te ame rl the nen of erin lens panded send bre acd vth components ret No, bust bat ‘femulipetonof canter mors lr rm he frmaon of ott ee "The wc of he symbol and he ed Bem 2 | convention, tt wot inpeenti Is foe 19 doo cnplr nomer s+ pe of ra br ‘Cyprabeying ceria por vk, ce mation cn be deel ty 2 abi rd 90. sos ae at he fom a+ i it preening tis Satamary te represen comes numbrs by pies nthe soca om ex ple, ov Agand dnpam (Fp. 21) It we dence the complex nimber FE tgs singe sya s and wite 2 = x 4s then Wo cach F tere cor responds pati the complox plane wth the abi «and Ue ct). “Te iden st eae ur othe tgonamce representation of compen nabe: (eu bleu) ~ (ues — Bi Farland tino, wie 6 VET pnd ene te te pa {Msreposentation ve unique (poate guste eo, sere comers | ine [ieee arc musiedeues cman fama 9 < Of <8. "Fh oltwinesomecatar nd notation wil be widely sed: 1 mb = 1 cond Hain) tee EE ReE tthe real yas os sy = Ime isthe imaginary ptf 6, = lo inthe mor of ao Known asthe maps ratte eat 02 1 ithe erumcnt of 2 called the polar onl pet The somber ~ i cae the comple cong of the sue & = 5 4 Ip Sind yee vara, Wer dente by, We can say hat >and = eee (on ‘he cnpen pam) he fection ack ober i spel ote Yea { Anste commely we omenton 0 @ oRle— ohana acne “The sltion (0 4/8, = a) nly red fh ven ere, "The aang: the compen mth fy te epee Fem the tha the atl process sing the ext ice very We he render the eaolation (parton of he el ar) i rect oman (eal sch rota nd ttre coe be edd f al4 rINcTIONS OF 4 cou YAMA 26 14 MULIIVALUED FUNCTIONS AND RIEMLAS SURFACES Certain complex furtions are mtv and thy are uly considered a siting of nce, cach branch being siege vain! Toncton ef 2 For Instance /() = 3c beat no two Wane acovlg fhe al fore onthe rots = 1 Principal ranch, $40) = v0, 2 Sand tame, fay = rel, ‘Sil spehing fe) and) are two separ orton bt they ate itinatly ‘ranestd tnd forthe reaon they are ated Lgetior ae (wo Dacha of 2 (dvb ar fasion) = Vz ‘ote thatthe priya brweh doce net map the ele onto the ene septa, bu rather onto te gh hale (Rew > 0 10 nhc the postive Taney seman ( aed. The neptve agiary sens wo ede. ‘The meond tach, which ha m6 spc ate aps the rane ako the le alplane Rew <0 ls the meative impor emia Except Tor 2 ~ 0, ‘no other pnt on he wlan omige plone) dupieted by bth apps. “Ave carve acter impor festere of the tno brah.” Hach ach taken separately ie romana on te pave rea seni, The meine of thea Fllow The ples reeaigeed eit where #2 smal postive number, 6 very clo cach ler. Hower thet isge unde the pial banehmaprng mae Wen) = EFA aad files) HH, ae very i rom sth athe. On the othe (be map 0 namely, Silex) = erates, is ery hone othe pit le appents that he contin of maping ea be acd if we ich ances awe ros the negative ra ema “Fo th Hen a more prche rain we mal defi the concept of cor tins fron oa comple ssa, Let m= f() be ceed some ni tarood Ge pp. AT aa 6) of pia zs and et 2a) ~ wer We sty that J) ‘conn sso J) renter #2 nthe sme ha gen > 0 (ecbivary soy the neat [f@) nl <4 hae whenever IF = tol for sates smal. Wr esiy Sowa that i = us 7) B42 them the contin af pes he comity 9) ants, 7) nd Yer. rd, ok tht he ae of 2 der FA wr a i 0) = { Forempa ne Kaplan, 195 16 MENU ROIONE JD MAO SURES SS Riemann proposed an igesour device eee bh ranches by means ‘fa single contncous mapping: Inapie {wo seperate x ptnes et lon the ‘ete real semis rom "mina ity” to vere Tope tt Fm ae Superimposed on ech ter Bot retin the separate entity he sane of ‘0 she of pape lat on top ofeach ater” New suppose thet the second ‘iarant ofthe upper et jined log the alto he oth Queen ttt tower sheet to form coninions sure (Fg, 24), It now pesble to art {carve Cin the td quanto he ope she, arn hes ress te sgntive el semis sto the Wire eendrant ofthe lower tein co Snaps mio (emaning on the ee). The cove canbe cori nthe Tomer het arco the rin int the soon uray the owe she. rant ofthe lowe set joined tthe tid “quart ofthe uper set lor the same ca deen the fe ai ek ‘stil dpa ts exten). The eee C ean thon be conan te tht ‘rest a rear The ct ts jing to planes Kade othe fralon a Roan ove with oh of 885 ope contin sac Fores a 0 Rion she Fi 27) ‘An sport rrr now in rd The ne btwn the con qudrant the upper shel and the the quadrant ofthe toner st eto Re omer 8 ‘Son fo thee tees th son qunant fi wets ad the tid ‘quant ofthe upper oe This is where the pope model als ws Acari {his med the pega ree Seas appear tele where all our ees of ow at mt." Homacs the Rn ss broach age ee oe ‘0 eal negate sees on te Rien sie ot tee met el po ne seman ‘The rapping (0) ~ Vs may tpt vile th: The piel teaveh maps the oper Riemann het (nea vel semi ealode) to lhe repien Rew > O ofthe weplin. The ie amin he ean wope othe ied ower idan i lo tapped by te pica banc to the poate init sian Te Tower Rlenze sheet (npn el sos exe) israpoed bythe second branch eno the reion Rew ©, The be joing the sccoed lowe wt he thd wpper quran ip (y the second base) ‘wo the naive inary soma In thi fon the ete Remove oe16 ramenens oF «cows vane 26 is mapped one-one onto the plane (2 = 0 ie mapped esto w = 0: this attr covcaponire, sly speaking, belongs to elher branch sce {he polar angle nt deed for = 0. "The iiog ofa mld function nto brances ie abivary 0a ret tet For intance, deine llowig wo Teco which abo may be rented St brancer of) = 110)= (ets fe OSES, - nf Be Oct ‘Note ha ranch ominous onthe negative el seman bat sont ‘on the pose ral ela (5 branch B), ‘The two branches consi, Together the dvbleomived fenton (3) = /, abd is eepeseatation is m0 Teter and no wore taste previous ae- Also sre that he Riemann race bit op by thee two tance he sare a the one esibed eee anit oe that he neti 2) = Van be split inte branches in wany oie mys Inall hem, bower hare wil be Branch ie (tBratch ‘np extening om 7 = 010 infey. Ths ie may be» curve The Riemann ‘vac cone obtsined ty ying to Ria shes Avo the ut a hs Siac sige The poi = O where any baech Hoe mut st (or ed) {ea bch pon. The postion the heap temo! he natare ‘the lvls fonction wade ndopendent of he coke a ree. "fi tecique can be caened to other mulialed fonctions, Some rece snore han two Riemann Set (or sence f()~ requests). Some ‘eave tno Rican hc but wo branch post Jt) = VE THEE DD. le "There are fain reuring a infer of Plan shes sc 8 Flo) —'= wih ration! nd me of transcendent fncions wh we sal ‘wieny couse below. se the detinson of exponential fnew, Fe eooy + in, ve ty deine tigenomeic ad hyperbole Fonts: SB egy Sen 0 hate nec ems 26 MOLTVALUED INCE Ae aaNO BUHEACES 57 Al thet fncions are pei: an co Have (rine pied 2, {ons has a (imi) period, nah sand cae: Dave prime) pi 2A coe of fama loeag can be eb for isan, se, 29) = ny com 4 8082529 sin say = 2eos2E Min 2, te ‘No et a : ee che = cons) sabe = sina) is wettie to mention hat ins nd ot by o mes bound ty iy Tor bc aie in 2324, “he lps fartion deed a he inves of exponent fn Sing 2 = reform bine ner soo = NUE WE oe = nee, “Ts fenton is uate: es rel ane i wy dented byw = loge 2c i elon aie uf loge = bert Gras. “The emir maid fonction refered to as w= Logs = loge ne “These formals ae often ite wth the lp the artnet of function which sae mulieud he pip ranch ting amin t (orcesa athe ene octonveaing Arg? = ag Jae, That we may write loge = lpi + fan, Lops = tole +1 Araz ‘he finton Arg and Lop # rete &Rimmonsufce cnsang oii sneny Rinna shea “Te defaton of inene Wianonetic and hyperbole fenton now en fotowe Aare aan a Avcons = iLog(e+ VET, Actin: = 5 Tee Ash ~ Log (e+ VED, ‘Acosh2 = Lope + VF=D, Asis = Hop Ee Arians = } rota = f Log58 rovers OF 4 comune VARIABLE a “Thi penis rancher ae deote by avec 2,6 The genera power fico PS Eine Foran oa ~ p/ where pg te neers ang 0) th faction oir sik Ye" (q > 0 oF wit C2)" (g <0) aed tg Graches. For ition ‘Tike pone fonction aftely lave 2a feuLImC HNCHIONE. CAUCHY TORE tah eto es i hemes fas of ons ome tne fGen ar coy acne Ton ey emai oak toe at tm pte oo gue secrecy) fr canna feos ieeniaes. A So ‘Sa Ron sa animoue ntn cron Eee pent toh caren compen) onan on te ng ee! fume cat be defined and expen intra of a nea by ting flo) = 9) xy) and de = a Lays [serie [cede — oan tif (ode + 2a, inthe cine fo vas — 0a foe ud) ae known crt ae sah intonation me seed Ser rae aa ca a ts Isto ots inte eee so ot a Sgt ra eye, eet cee el ep Sous tower thie [Ui sede ~ [fended © [pent =f fords “C= cmpercontenn, 0) [ierden [sede + [sot o where Ci decrmpon into to curves, C, and Ca, The abate valu of an Tiga can beatae bythe fa [fA] sa vce M = aan Yoon, and the length fC ‘Fanatic wideaprend notation Baten x = ss, ami ¢ = sh, ad soon { Foret, Karen 0.6 [nthe ome of Ronson eCourant Va 1,19, 998 Kalan 29 a MLE YONIONS CALEY TOR 59 [As our ext conept we sal dene the doveie of comple finstion ‘Changing int 2 + 35 (wih comps 3) weebiain (+e) and econ we= = 1 = fp py BE i nt cro ae hat is, x +z muy appraach 2 along any curve or by any sequence. This rather satan ica estar ita He mace apne parsed att a yt {come nchar teens ofthe cfriny Te eae comple ele els catia th sate tenedons “itacaeasanantieittittamrnarae ‘Ses titer vate) at Sate ef cepts sei Sovten peg ° : F Kvn) = 0182 4 8 uy, a ete SE-B. etme we nt ant P= stey, ° fereer a tien ® san Te ie of cone tne i wy or real functions: If w = J), then de = (2) dz. i Cee Le) = MeN th tn ten oe dere Fey ty Ce Anh AN = Wp Be any ba a ‘The lintng val on the igh Sand side st he the sre for thea for he aby proach a2 =, In prc, st 8s = Ae (approach lg th eal 33) the re = B48 “een nti th att ore diton oH {evee, Keo Phyo Fotos Yo6 rencro oF & cour YARANLE 2 Avera set Ae £2 approach slong the ign) 248) th ro Wotows hat ftw diteenibefntian ~ wt we mat Bae fie, wm “Thx te the Cech Rion condos hey follow det frm he defiton TUG desiaie Mri, fof aay, en 72m Be onan which, ita Epis hs the pal drones w and ar oninous “I sats tec to los: I (3) sed es 9) bave conto Si | port derivatives ssttying Cauchy-Riemaan condthon in some neighborbood Gtr then f(@) = och analy at = = MSpace ast Toney poss some Yery implant prope. Pet ape moat fordunetel e expel bythe Coc seem: If) ‘bei a simply comected domain D, and is (pense soo) simple nda Dy hoe ff = 0 Pr Writ the gra a fillod= §,lods 064 if, 0dr bd. rst of) inp contin of uti dete a a Gis ee apse. Howorss the te Cay Baan snd ™ fw -vanaff(-+p)eons fosruana ff Gi Z)aon sd th hore flows. “The 2 comers of the Catchy thorn, known the ‘Morera heocem:t IC f(s continuous in a domain D and i $f) de ~ Pay sng ose pain D wih Utero also In D, Cen 2) is seasin D. ies at be Cry eo rhe iad coin cee cpa Cex a crn Fee ee, Kavi. 1 opm Pho a Pcios,Vob Ge, te pt dos vot nce ke; Fg LAS, Site eto efor ‘ie integral tora bat nil be quoted er, wae “he ven con ep an re sou img ec path) ‘cine rte toe npn pen neg Tne dec Soe of Sarton 1 an teal Cay to coat heals lee fhe astenent I 7o)ds~ Ofer te ips pty ten eng [Loa independ of path (teen 2a 2) Seppo ow tt te fst Zp te I te nepal Da is oe ai hae ee cn tee es ‘imi tino 8) Cr anche go (9) floes fo he Karl ern tales FS te say ee ‘at, fan, Fe ~ [seat ‘sab ona nD and 1) = oF Pra Since fei sagt the ina i independent of pth an thecore A oetion In he expesaon Fe) UE af Cade 08 +f fade + 08), Sot enw niet of pth Gre thee ad the ray ena eon) Habe flow tat wi, w 10 that and ost the Caney Rima condions aswell Therefore Fe) ‘Banas Moreover, Brett we fa, sd he theorem ollons, Any two priv fons mest er bya (ome) const; hi allows fete at) ~ Bing 0) = oa eds = uy = 0, Foe Kap, p20“Ls OTMER INTEGRAL THEOREMS, CAUCHY INTEGRAL FORMULA 11 shuld e empha that al conons sated inthe Cauchy theorem must te cred before eppaton, Consider fr ite, te itera te 1s his ipl veo oot Geneaiy speaking, f= Mle ~ os a0 attention haifa e anal tome (oly ome) point, rae, Fe Ta fction isnot sven aca ths pon sd thus enna poses eae TE th curve C involved the deflion of ea ingle cloned curve. Then, it ve poi 2 > a b ome the env, the Cay ere bold aed = 0. Tt mie, the Cay theovern anno be appl. fc, he negra i ot ‘yun so so, denntited by te flowing cosas Ca ce of {alias Retard at 7, then the nepal exuly vaunted hy sing PONCE he i hice de = Ie aed ra ff 1th = tet const 14 not iat 0 show thatthe ame rent ue fr any simple aed hc, ih nice poet 2~ a. Suppose hat Cy ete inside the cle E(hig 20), Tha thin chanel made op of ves By ad By can be contre fosoniet he inter af Cy wh he eter ef Can the Gack theorem ik te sped to he shaded region; » domain D canbe consrtet co that the ‘adel region sith The intel ove Cy i locke As the ides By ul Bs ofthe thane se allowed fo approach ach fer, the igs of Form ite a) along By nd By wl Gite cane ont eving ith ‘Se ntenent oe f.serdet f, tore = Reversing te detion ofthe ead ineraton to untecackwe, we obab flee §, feds Pent (itn bh recone comerocknise) Tre iemely win Cate prt sla. IF Cand Cy nterct t prot seven singer cai, Pott 8 prot of dhewued atone en that Cand Cnet 1 the intra Ji evaluated aro! cles path which not sept ‘alue is nat necessarily 2. In eases of practical interest i wll be al 10 m2 ete isthe number fines the pa ences the pot za Coontlokns [es the numberof ies it entinen the pots ~ a kis. OF cure isha be andonoo ht inepal FV de may tngen to tear een if the Cesena dct nt apy Fe ane tse tenees! ae ‘ren pate ter ala oy a honor a Raround z ~ @. Using x ~ a+ Re®, obtain in “hs et evident for ny md pth encieig In both hse cmp, the pom of te pa ~ s bing exon te uh of ine ar ne sp nee ‘canola be eae. Whenever ts sates wcusn patea robes the path ot be deformed tae he be poi, How bh ted Atpends on the ater th problem ‘nction (in the Cnty theorem mut of cove, be singe wed may tes partic broch f« male sled fon, bt then ers shou ‘aken tha this ptr bene saab. Coser for inane, he neta vies alone thet cc seat gin. a he an a the (obec Fanetion ¥/= rmst be specified. Suppose iti the princpod branch. Then 4 frien [Meet a= a Te Cay hate ot ape ene tani hee THs he po oer eo eee be tae fo Bo“ is Zo mre 0) bce canes NO Se a ie F4GYis continuous at x ~ 0, iis not analytic at that point either. 7 ‘Soc he ee $oana Pe ‘neste shen Scion 129,runcmons of A conten VARIABLE a tetanus = =2 i 2, ie pir ach icon sr Cay nent tc ewer Vo 5 ating te tesa on aaview 8 Oct n cane ces, Van veer HOES Vic Views ncaa sea ‘Now te branch cts lng the pov re sexs and exch rane is ante iin Condon) the cic e-F3]= 1a the Cocky theorem may be nti. a ore 220 “ue cael hoe can be ener or tan ae way, Obes the mee Met land pth eee Spy omen ene ih eestor efoto A (ie) cfc 0 reitereing sone [etna fr t maliiy coveted domo wise 0 Fe 210 Se pe CC nd Ca orm he oy a he ey comet) domain 5. Mavens down Oe conto Cj, Cy ad Gy ol Talon see (esp) The pose etn of creonwond Cu Co ee are demain Sopp ei Tsien ow MD ‘Soweto ef Crocs dont den oC “a pcs oh cae Cac tere for mally coed rn Sica ati emt Soman won ey Bens of fa ‘Mtr mp sed ps ee $, fode~ 9, rod) samt Sonn Beh natien coin tin ite ce trey Te wee scored iow ata whe tetas fans. wi ty gators thes) co 1 ete Ts cee Coy een ee a ‘oer rieDROW. eave ToRMNLA 6S the contour tobe located wi Some simpy cones orein D._ Acti, ls conon cam be retated ae teflon bundy intra orm be J) sarap ia tensor So a sap ceed pth C anf) comin on Gt then $e at ~ 0. The proce based on he neon 9 eotoat whic sn Sand arbitrarily love to Cs the Cauchy thrern vai or ‘The cominlty offi then ult show tat she imepa ve Crt asc ‘bengal vee Cat ©" appontie se Ince cn ceeded ny ter roe oe {ebro ting the Cauchy ral ermal ff) alice and oh Caf he pot * the teri of © hee fede = ey Pref. Const a sie C* about = « with an arity sll rai ‘ck hat th cali within C (Fg 212). The integra ver Ceviche ‘Sie a the ner over Cee the cine chase) Resets nce Sa fas nf Ae “fm by provou elt. The rraing nega onthe set end de st be inde- Pendent ofthe rds R (beck ober er ar pent), econ alto be etna tat. [fz feal cf UO Boho Maan ere AF = man) ~ (0 0 the cncle CIR ig bose sunt mal, then Bf canbe mide i ‘Thevtre he Ld + fae ‘can b shown tbe ese than any posite be, orate how small Thee pou cays fe tthe thorn ftlovs, To hai, ond 9 pion Capped rm he ii,(ranean OF conmese vamae 29 “The Cauchy itera ora tees a remarkable property of any fae tina tthe els o's foneton ae spect long sed conto, then fates alan atary pot ine the conto 8 akendy predetermined, To paves ti rpce oi ow formas by = (ible) an denote te Eureny vary a 1 fs p0- fOE- 1 ifr the inte non € the (abe) paraetes = am can be teenth reget to 2. The following theorem (ati ae) Tatows rom te corespondine properties of eal aes Ef mona = fee (contour € mat te a snp closet carve inthe ul seas, mam it shold tol eveed fini, other the eontergenr questions rast be conser), ‘Roneton of te enter t he Cauchy teal harem yan = ‘a expen fo the deriva: Ho 1 f fom oF Repetition of thi proces iver ws te ath erative 2p tf to: obi Mite 25 COMPLEX SEQUENCES AND SERIES wri ly of ele ation i pone witout he repeniaion Melia tne nto ao oer i ‘Sob ef tec Ow fo ob com ene ee “Anne inf compce monies a) enseeed bd to cower he cl ets pond Innaice fost g conan att oie er, Con “vergence ‘Seer ‘sequences is reducible to that of real sequences by the fot Teeter Te sqenes (a) roe fe ond pi Revs cme renin omer) Prone AR 2g = eg x80 Ug = arty i ee A= = DFAS Ia ED ACID TI Fe Koon 9.28 29 cons sequences an sts 67 feel te, Comer ~ a 1 core he ois (8) Seca, Knopp, Py at drltin fia See, Secon