Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SPECIAL SENSES
SPECIAL SENSES
CHEMICAL
SENSES
Gustation Olfaction
3) Retina
outer pigmented layer and
an inner nervous tissue
layer
contain photoreceptors:
rods & cones.
Structures of the Eye
Pupil and Iris
▪ The iris (visible ring like structure) can increase
or decrease the diameter of the pupil (round
opening in the center of the iris).
Constriction: contraction of circular muscles via
parasympathetic stimulation → pupil constrict
Dilation: contraction of radial muscles via
sympathetic stimulation → pupil dilate
Lens
▪ Suspended from suspensory ligaments
▪ Attached to muscles called ciliary bodies
Interior of the eye
▪ 2 fluid-filled cavities separated by lens.
▪ Cavities are transparent to permit light pass through.
▪ The fluid-filled cavities are :
vitreous humor
aqueous humor
▪ Vitreous humor
▪ semi fluid jellylike
substance.
▪ to maintain the spherical
shape of the eyeball
▪ Transmit light
Aqueous Humor
▪ Fills anterior chamber between cornea and lens.
▪ Contain a clear, watery fluid.
▪ Secreted by ciliary bodies to provide nourishment to lens
and cornea
▪ Drains into Canal of Schlemm.
▪ Inadequate drainage : glaucoma.
Aqueous Humor
Retina
▪ Neuron axons in the retina are gathered at a
point called the optic disc (blind spot).
▪ Blind spot – lack of photoreceptor
▪ Blood vessels also enter here.
As light passes into the eye
▪ Light passes through the cornea and into the aqueous
humor of the eye.
▪ Next, it passes through the pupil, which can change shape
to allow more or less light in.
▪ Then it passes through the lens, which can change shape
to focus the image.
▪ Travel through vitreous humor. Finally, it hits the retina,
where photoreceptors are found.
Pathway of light:
Cornea → aqueous humor →
pupil → lens → vitreous
humor → retina
Structures of the Eye
RETINA &
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
Cones
▪ Receptor for bright light and provide high-
resolution color vision
▪ Light pass through the ganglion
and bipolar layers before
reaching the photoreceptors in
all areas in retina except fovea
(most distinct vision).
▪ Fovea, located in the exact
center of the retina, cones
found here.
Bipolar and ganglion cells layers a
pulled aside so light strikes the
photoreceptors directly.
Layers of the Retina
Dark Adaptation
Accommodation:
Ability of eye to change its
focus from distant to near
objects (vice versa) → by
changing lens shape
PHYSIOLOGY OF LENS
Focusing on near objects
Ciliary muscles contract, pulling border of choroid toward the
lens
Suspensory ligaments relax
Lens thicker, rounder → focusing on near object
more curvature-more bending of light
▪ Convergence of the eyeballs
Focusing on distant object
Ciliary muscle : relax
Pulls on the suspensory ligaments
Causing the lens to thin - not so curvature (less
bending light)
This is good for distant vision
Lens
Accommodation
HOMEOSTATIC
IMBALANCES
(REFRACTIVE PROBLEMS)
Myopia
▪ Nearsightedness
▪ Distant images are brought to a point of focus in
front of the retina – image appear blurry.
The following are the cell type, present in the retina except
▪ A. amacrine cells.
▪ B. bipolar cells.
▪ C. vestibular cells.
▪ D. rods and cones.