ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΡΟΦΗ ΤΗΣ ΝΟΗΜΟΣΥΝΗΣ-teliko arxeio

ɅɃȿȵɀɃɇȳȻȰɈȸɁȾȰɈȰɇɈɆɃɌȸɈȸɇ
ɁɃȸɀɃɇɉɁȸɇ

Ȼʘʍɼʔ-ɍʌɼʍʏʉʎȾ͘Ⱦʉʆɷʐʄɳʃɻʎ͕
ɅʐʌɻʆɿʃʊʎɌʐʍɿʃʊʎͬɸɿɷɿʃɸʐʅɹʆʉʎɸɿʎʏɻʆɅʐʌɻʆɿʃɼɇʖɳʍɻ͕ʏɹʘʎȵʋʀʃʉʐʌʉʎɈɸʖʆɿʃʊʎ
ɅʌʉΖɿΖʍʏɳʅɸʆʉʎɸɿʎʏɻʆȳɸʆɿʃɼȴɿɸʑɽʐʆʍɻɅɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎɅʐʌɻʆɿʃɼʎȻʍʖʑʉʎ͕ɸɿʎʏʉ
͞KŶƚĂƌŝŽ,ǇĚƌŽ͟ʏʉʐȾɲʆɲɷɳ͕ʏɹʘʎȴɿɸʐɽʐʆʏɼʎ;DĂŶĂŐĞƌͿɇʖɸɷɿɳʍɸʘʎ
ɇʐʍʏɻʅɳʏʘʆΘȰʆɲʋʏʑʇɸʘʎɸɿʎɸʏɲɿʌɸʀɲʏʉʐȾɲʆɲɷɳ͘

ȵʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʅɸʏʉʆʍʐɶɶʌɲʔɹɲ͗
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼȰʆɲɴʑʍʍʉʐ͕ϭϵϬϭϯȰʏʏɿʃɼ͕ȵʄʄɳʎ͕ʏɻʄнʔɲʇϮϮϵϭϬ-ϱϱϮϳϱ͕ϮϬϬϭ
ɅȻɁȰȾȰɇɅȵɆȻȵɍɃɀȵɁɏɁɈɃɉȲȻȲȿȻɃɉ
1. ɅʊʄɸʅʉʎɶɿɳʏɻʆʃɲʏɲʍʏʌʉʔɼʏɻʎɁʉɻʅʉʍʑʆɻʎ
2. ȵʍʙʔʐʄʄʉʆʉʅɿʃʉʑʋɸʌɿʉɷɿʃʉʑ͞Ʌʉɿʆɿʃɼȴɿʃɲɿʉʍʑʆɻ͕͟Ƀʃʏʘɴʌʀʉʐϭϵϵϵ
ϯ͘ȸɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶɿʃɼɁʉɻʅʉʍʑʆɻʘʎɹʆʆʉʅʉɲɶɲɽʊ
4. Ʌʉɿʆɿʃʉʑɷɿʃɲʀʉʐ ɽɸʙʌɻʍɻʏʉʐʋʉʄɹʅʉʐɶɿɳʏɻʆʃɲʏɲʍʏʌʉʔɼʏɻʎɁʉɻʅʉʍʑʆɻʎ
5. ȾɲʏɲʍʏʌʉʔɼʏɻʎɁʉɻʅʉʍʑʆɻʎʃɲɿȵʍʖɳʏɻɅʌʉɷʉʍʀɲ
6. ɇɻʅɸɿʙʍɸɿʎɸʋʀʏʉʐɳʌɽʌʉʐ͗ȾɲʏɲʍʏʌʉʔɼɁʉɻʅʉʍʑʆɻʎ;ȴɻʅɿʉʐʌɶɿʃɼʎͿʃɲɿ
ȵʍʖɳʏɻɅʌʉɷʉʍʀɲ
7. Intelligence law action
ϴ͘ɇʏʉʖɲʍʅʉʀɸʆʏʊʎʏɻʎʔɿʄʉʍʉʔʀɲʎʏʉʐȴɿʃɲʀʉʐ
3
4
ȆȅȁǼȂȅȈ īǿǹ ȉǾȃ ȀǹȉǹȈȉȇȅĭǾ ȉǾȈ ȃȅǾȂȅȈȊȃǾȈ
Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , 2001
ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȩȢ ĭȣıȚțȩȢ/ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ȆȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ. ȆȡȫȘȞ ǼʌȓțȠȣȡȠȢ ȉİȤȞȚțȩȢ

ȆȡȠȧıĲȐȝİȞȠȢ ıĲĮ țİȞĲȡȚțȐ ȖȡĮĳİȓĮ ȠȝȐįĮȢ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ǹȞĲȚįȡĮıĲȒȡȦȞ țĮȚ
ʌȡȫȘȞ ǻȚİȣșȣȞĲȒȢ ȈȤİįȚȐıİȦȢ ȈȣıĲȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ǹȞĮʌĲȪȟİȦȢ, ıĲȠȞ ȀĮȞĮįȐ.
ȉȫȡĮ İȡȖȐȗİĲĮȚ ıĲȠ Ǽ.Ȁ.Ĭ.Ǽ., 16604 ǹșȒȞĮ.
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ
ȉȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ

ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ(ȆȀȃ), ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣĲȩȢ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ İȞĮȞĲȓȦȞ ǼșȞȫȞ, ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ țĮȚ
ĮĲȩȝȦȞ (ʌ.Ȥ İȞĮȞĲȓȦȞ ȀȡĮĲȚțȫȞ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ, ĲȦȞ ǼȞȩʌȜȦȞ ǻȣȞȐȝİȦȞ, ĲȠȣ
ǼțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȠȪ țĮȚ ǼȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȠȪ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ, ǼȝʌȠȡȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ, ȣȥȘȜȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ, ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ, ț.Į.). ȅȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ
įȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒȢ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐĳȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĲȐıİȚȢ ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ
ʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ıĲȠ șȑȝĮ. ȉȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȝİȜȑĲȘ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİĲĮȚ ȦȢ ǼșȞȚțȐ İȞȦĲȚțȩ șȑȝĮ(țĮȜȑȢ ȚįȑİȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞ Įʌȩ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠĲİ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȩ țȩȝȝĮ ,Įȡțİȓ ȞĮ İȓȝĮıĲİ
ĮȞȠȚțĲȩȝȣĮȜȠȚ) țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȖȚĮ ʌȚșĮȞȠȪȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȠȪȢ įȚȤĮıȝȠȪȢ. ǼȜʌȓȗȠȣȝİ ĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ
ȐȡșȡȠ ȞĮ įȚİȖİȓȡİȚ ĲȘȞ țȡȚĲȚțȒ țĮȚ ʌȡȦĲȩĲȣʌȘ ıțȑȥȘ țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȒ ıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȒ
ȑȡİȣȞĮ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ.
ȁȑȟİȚȢ țȜİȚįȚȐ: ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ , ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ , ȐȝȣȞĮ , İʌȓșİıȘ , ȑȡİȣȞĮ
ȈȘȝİȓȦıȘ
Ǿ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ĲȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ[1] țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ

ıțȠʌȩ ȝĮȗȓ ȝİ ĲȠ ȐȡșȡȠ[1] ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ĲȠ ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȞȠȝȚțȒ
ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ȆȩȜİȝȠ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ. ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ƞ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ
ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ȐȡșȡȠȣ șİȦȡİȓ ȩĲȚ ĲĮ ǲșȞȘ țĮȚ ȀȡȐĲȘ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȑȕȠȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ
ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮ ǻȚțĮȚȫȝĮĲĮ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣĲȐ įȚĮĲȣʌȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮ ȞȠȝȚțȐ țİȓȝİȞĮ ĲȦȞ
ǻȚİșȞȫȞ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ, ȩʌȦȢ ĲȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ ǾȞȦȝȑȞȦȞ ǼșȞȫȞ, ĲȠȣ
ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ ĲȘȢ ǼȣȡȫʌȘȢ, ĲȘȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ, ț.Į. ,țĮȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ
ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ ıİ țȐșİ ǲșȞȠȢ țĮȚ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ «țĮȜȠȓ» țĮȚ «țĮțȠȓ»
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ǾșȚțȒȢ. ȉȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ
ĮĳȚİȡȫȞİĲĮȚ ıĲȠȣȢ ĮȖȫȞİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮ ǻȚțĮȚȫȝĮĲĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ İȣȤȒ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ
ǻȚțĮȚȩĲİȡȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ǹȞșȡȦʌȩĲȘĲĮ[32]…
Ȋ.Ȉ : ȉȠ ȐȡșȡȠ [1] , ȝİ ĲȓĲȜȠ «Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȦȢ ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ», Įʌȩ

ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ, įȘȝȠıȚİȣȝȑȞȠ ıĲȠ ȞȠȝȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ
«ȆȠȚȞȚțȒ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ» , ȅțĲ. 1999, ı. 1055 İʌ., ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİĲĮȚ ȦȢ
ʌĮȡȐȡĲȘȝĮ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ.
5
0. ȆİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞĮ
1. ȅȡȚıȝȠȓ İȞȞȠȚȫȞ
2. ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
3. ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ

3.1 ¨ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȒȢ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ(ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ motivation)
3.2 ¨ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ
3.3 ¨ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ(İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ, ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚıȘ,ț.Į)
3.4 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ȂȑıȦȞ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ (ȂȂǼ)
3.5 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
įȚĮȕȚȫıİȦȢ
3.6 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȀȡĮĲȚțȑȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ(ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ, ȤȡȠȞȠȕȩȡİȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ,
ȡȠȣıĳİĲȠȜȠȖȓĮ, ĮȞĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ, ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ, ț.Į)
3.7 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȝȚıșȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
3.8 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ
țĮȚ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ıİ șȑıİȚȢ «țȜİȚįȚȐ» İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ( ʌ.Ȥ. İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ,
įȚʌȜȦȝȐĲİȢ, ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ, įȘȝȠıȚȠȖȡȐĳȠȣȢ , ț.Į)
3.8.1. ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ȝİȚȫıİȦȢ Ȓ ıĲİȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮȢ
3.8.2 ǼȝʌȩįȚĮ ıĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ
ǹȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ
3.8.3 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ/ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ țĮĲȑȤȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ șȑıİȚȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
3.8.4 ǼʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ȥȣȤȠȖȜȦııȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ
3.9 ȆĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ İȞȐȞĲȚĮ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
3.10 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ ȝȣıĲȚțȫȞ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıȣıȤİĲȚȗȩȝİȞȦȞ ȝİ ĮȣĲȑȢ
ǿįȚȦĲȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȦȞ , ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.
3.11 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠʌĮȖĮȞįȚıĲȚțȑȢ ĲĮțĲȚțȑȢ
3.12 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ șȡȘıțİȓĮ
3.13 ¨ǱȜȜȠȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȆȀȃ
4. ǹȞĲȓȝİĲȡĮ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
5. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ
6. ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȓİȢ
7. ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ
6
1. ȅȡȚıȝȠȓ İȞȞȠȚȫȞ
ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ [1], ȞȠȠȪȝİ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ, ĲȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȜȪıİȦȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ(İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ,ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȐ,ț.Į) Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ȝȘ ĲȣȤĮȓĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ȝȓĮȢ
ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘȢ(optimum) İʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ ıİ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȢ, ȝİ ȤȡȒıȘ İȞȩȢ
ĮȜȖȠȡȓșȝȠȣ, Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ȜȠȖȚțȑȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ, ıĮȞ ĲȘȞ
İʌĮȞĮȜȘʌĲȚțȒ(iterative) įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ İȡȦĲȒıİȦȞ [īȚĮĲȓ; , ǻȚȩĲȚ… , ǲȤİȚ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ: ] ȖȚĮ
ĲȚȢ ĮȚĲȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮĲĮȞȠȘșȠȪȞ.[2],[3].
ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ [1], ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ıİ ȜȪıȘ

ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ʌ.Ȥ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ, ǲȞȠʌȜİȢ ǻȣȞȐȝİȚȢ, ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚĮ,
ǼȝʌȠȡȚțȠȓ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ,ț.Į), ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ȜȒȥİȦȢ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ
,ȤȫȡȠ-ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ țĮȚ ĮȞȐ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ, țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘ İțĲȑȜİıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ
ĮȣĲȫȞ.
ǺȑȜĲȚıĲȘ(Optimum) ĮʌȩĳĮıȘ [1] ,ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩĳĮıȘ İțİȓȞȘ ʌȠȣ

ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲȘȞ ʌȚșĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘ İȞȩȢ ıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ıĲȩȤȦȞ ȤȫȡȠ-
ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ țĮȚ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ȩȝȦȢ İȟĮıĳĮȜȓȗİȚ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȫȞ
ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ Ĳİșİȓ ıĲȠ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ıȪȞȠȜȠ ĲȦȞ ıĲȩȤȦȞ.
ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ[ȆȀȃ] [1], ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝİ įȩȜȠ Ȓ ȝİ

İȖțȜȘȝĮĲȚțȒ ĮȝȑȜİȚĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȝİȡȚțȫȢ Ȓ ȠȜȚțȫȢ, ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐ Ȓ ȝȩȞȚȝĮ ĲȘȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Ȓ/țĮȚ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ. (ȅ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıİ İʌȓʌİįĮ ĳȣıȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣ, ȞȠȝȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣ, ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ
ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ. ȈĲȘȞ ȕĮȡȪĲĮĲȘ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȡĳȒ ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĳșȐıİȚ ȑȦȢ ĲȦȞ
İȖțȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ İıȤȐĲȘȢ ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮȢ[4])
2. ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ȉĮ ʌȐȞĲĮ ıĲȠȞ ĮȚıșȘĲȩ ȝĮȢ țȩıȝȠ İȟĮȡĲȫȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȞȩȝȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ
ĳȪıİȦȢ, Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ «ĲȪȤȘ» țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ
ȗȫȦȞ[1].
ǹʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞĲİȢ ıȣȞȐȖİĲĮȚ ȩĲȚ Ș ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ıțȩʌȚȝȘ
İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ıİ ȖȒȚȞȠ Ȓ İȟȦȖȒȚȞȠ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ, ıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ȜȒȥȘ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ
ĲȘȞ İțĲȑȜİıȘ ĲȦȞ. ǹțȠȜȠȪșȦȢ , Ș țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ ȤȫȡȠ-ȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ
İțȜȠȖȒ İȞȩȢ ıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ıĲȩȤȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘ İʌȓĲİȣȟȘ ĲȠȣ ıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ĲȦȞ ıĲȩȤȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȒ ıȣȞȐȡĲȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȦȞ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ[1].
ȁȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ, ıȣȞȐȖİĲĮȚ ȩĲȚ Ș țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ, İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıİ
țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ, ȜȩȖȦ ıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ
«ȘȜȚșȓȦȞ» ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ. ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ, Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ Ȓ/țĮȚ Ƞ
7
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ȝİ țĮĲİıĲȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ(ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ ȕĮșȝȩ) ĲȘȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
ĲȠȣ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ʌİȚșȒȞȚȠ ȩȡȖĮȞȠ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ İțĲİȜİȓ, ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ĳȠȡȑȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ țĮȞ ȞĮ ĲȠ
țĮĲĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚ, ĲȚȢ İȞĲȠȜȑȢ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ ʌȠȣ țȐȞİȚ ȆȀȃ
İȞĮȞĲȓȦȞ ĲȠȣ.
ǹʌȩ ĲĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȒȢ Ș șİȝİȜȚȫįȘȢ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ șȑȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ
ĮȞĲȚȜȒȥİȦȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȒıİȦȢ ȩĲȚ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȆȀȃ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣȢ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ ĮțȠȜȠȪșȦȢ ĲȘȢ șİȝİȜȚȫįȠȣȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĮʌĲȪȟİȦȢ ıȤİĲȚțȒȢ
ȐȝȣȞĮȢ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ ıİ İʌȓʌİįȠ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ, ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ.
ȈȘȝİȓȦıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫıĲȘ/ȝİȜİĲȘĲȒ:

ǼʌİȚįȒ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȞĲĮȤșȠȪȞ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ
țĮĲȘȖȠȡȓİȢ, ȖȚĮ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ ĮȚĲȓĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮ İʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘ ĲȠȣ țİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ıİ
įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȑȢ țĮĲȘȖȠȡȓİȢ , ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ĮȪȟȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ʌȜȘȡȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ
țĮĲȘȖȠȡȚȫȞ.
3. ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ
Ǿ ȖİȞȚțȒ ȚįȑĮ ıĲȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ İȝʌȩįȚĮ Ȓ ȞĮ

ȝİȚȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ(Ȓ ĲȦȞ) įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ(ȦȞ) ȜȪıİȦȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ(ȦȞ) ıĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ Ȓ/țĮȚ ıĲȠȞ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ.
3.1 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȒȢ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ(ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ motivation)
ǵĲĮȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ(ʌ.Ȥ. ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ

ȝȚıșȫȞ țĮȚ bonus , ʌȡȠȫșȘıȘ ıĲȘȞ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȘ șȑıȘ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ȝİ ĲĮ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ ʌȡȠıȩȞĲĮ, įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ, ȘșȚțȐ ȕȡĮȕİȓĮ, ț,Į) ĲȩĲİ įİȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚ įȚȐșİıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȜȪıȘ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ, ĮȜȜȐ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓĲĮȚ Ș ĲȐıȘ ȖȚĮ ĮįȚĮĳȠȡȓĮ
țĮȚ ĲİȝʌİȜȚȐ.
ǹȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ ĲĮ bonus(ȤȡȘȝĮĲȚțȐ ȕȡĮȕİȓĮ, ȘșȚțȐ ȕȡĮȕİȓĮ, ț.Į) ʌȠȣ įȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ
ĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȚțȐ, ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ Ș ĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȩȜȠȖȘ ĮȝȠȚȕȒ ĲȦȞ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȦȞ,
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȫȞ , ĲȠȣ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ İțʌĮȚįİȣȝȑȞȠȣ țĮȚ İȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ,
ț.Į ʌȡȠıİȜțȪİȚ țĮȚ ĮȞĮʌĲȪııİȚ ĲȠ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȐ
ʌȡȠıȩȞĲĮ țĮȚ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ. [14],[25].
ǿįȚĮȓĲİȡȘ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ țĮȚ ȝİȜȑĲȘ ĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȞ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ įİȞ įȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ
țȓȞȘĲȡĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ , ĮȜȜȐ ĮȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ įȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ĮȞĲȚțȓȞȘĲȡĮ
ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ(ȆȀȃ).īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ
ȀȡȐĲȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ İȚıȠįȒȝĮĲĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐĲȦȞ
«ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ» ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ{ʌ.Ȥ ĲȦȞ ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚıĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ
ĲȡĮȖȠȪįȚĮ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȝȓĮȢ ĳȡȐıİȦȢ ʌȠȣ İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİĲĮȚ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ
ıİ ȑȞĲĮıȘ ĳȦȞȒȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ʌȩȞȠ ıĲĮ ĮȣĲȚȐ țĮȚ țĮșȚıĲȐ ĮįȪȞĮĲȘ țȐșİ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȒ Ȓ ȜȠȖȚțȒ ıȣȞȠȝȚȜȓĮ , ĲȠ ȝȠȞȩĲȠȞȠ ĲȦȞ ʌȠįȠıĳĮȚȡȚıĲȫȞ (ʌȠȣ
ȓıȦȢ ıțȩʌȚȝĮ –ȆȀȃ- ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȞĲĮȚ ʌȡȫĲȠȚ ıĲĮ ȂȂǼ, țĮșȣıĲİȡȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȚȢ
8
İȚįȒıİȚȢ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ ıȣȞĮȞĲȒıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ǹȡȤȘȖȫȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ĲȘȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ
ǲȞȦıȘȢ), ĲĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȣȥȘȜȐ ȘȝİȡȠȝȓıșȚĮ İȡȖĮĲȫȞ ȝİ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ȝȓĮȢ Ȓ įȪȠ ĲȐȟİȦȞ
ǻȘȝȠĲȚțȠȪ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ}, İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ İȚıȠįȒȝĮĲĮ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐĲȦȞ «ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ» ʌȠȣ įȪȞĮȞĲĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞȣȥȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ{ʌ.Ȥ ȐȡȚıĲȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ȝİ ȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȐ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ
įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȐ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ}, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȤİįȩȞ ĮįȪȞĮĲȠ ȐȡȚıĲȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ȞĮ ĮȖȠȡȐȗȠȣȞ ĲĮ ʌĮȞȐțȡȚȕĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ
ıȣȖȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ
ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮ ĲȘȢ įȚĮȕȓȦıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ
ȣʌȠȕĮșȝȚıȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıĲİȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢ, ȜȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȣĳȓıĲĮȞĲĮȚ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȦȞ, Ș
įȚȐșİıȘ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȚĮțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ıĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȐ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞİȢ ıȣȖțȡȚĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢ ĲȦȞ. ȉĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮ
ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ, ȝİıȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȝȚțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȠȜȑșȡȚĮ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ǼșȞȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ įȚȩĲȚ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ǼșȞȚțȑȢ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢ
ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ ıĲȠȞ ǻȚİșȞȒ țĮȚ ǼșȞȚțȩ ĲȠȝȑĮ țĮȚ
İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Ș ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ Ș/țĮȚ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ
țĮȚ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘȢ ȜȪıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ, ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ
ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȚșĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȫȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȫȞ
ıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ țĮȚ ȤĮȝȑȞȦȞ İȣțĮȚȡȚȫȞ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ǼșȞȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ.
Ȉİ ǼșȞȚțȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ Ș ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ İȚıȠįȘȝȐĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ
ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ» ȝİ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞȘ ĲȘȞ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ İȚıȠįȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȦȞ
«ʌȘȖȫȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ» İȓȞĮȚ ȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȐ Ƞ ʌȚȠ
ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȢ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ,
İȞȩȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ǼșȞȠȣȢ,ț.Į). ȉȠȪĲȠ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ ȤİȚȡȩĲİȡȠ ȩĲĮȞ Ƞ ȜĮȩȢ
įȚįȐıțİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȑıĮ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲĮ «ʌȡȠȧȩȞĲĮ»
țĮȚ ĲȚȢ «ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ» ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ» țĮȚ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ įİȞ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡİȓĲĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ țĮșȩȜȠȣ(İțĲȩȢ ȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ) ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ,
ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ.
3.2 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ

(ʌ.Ȥ ĮȞĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ, ĮȞȘșȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ)
Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįȘȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ

țĮșȠȡȚıȝȠȪ ıĲȠ ʌȠȓİȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ șĮ İțĲİȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ıĲȠ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ĲȠ
țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠ țȜȓȝĮ ʌȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȕİȜĲȚıĲȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĲȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ĲȦȞ įȚĮșİıȓȝȦȞ ʌȩȡȦȞ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ.
ǻȣıĲȣȤȫȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȗȦĲȚțȐ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȑȢ
țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ(ȀȡȐĲȠȢ, ǿįȚȦĲȚțȑȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓİȢ,ț.Į).
īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȓıȦȢ ıĲȚȢ ȀȡĮĲȚțȑȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ ǲȞȠʌȜİȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ
ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ Ȓ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȦȞ Ȓ ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠȚ ıĲȘȞ İțĲȑȜİıȘ
İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȫȞ ĮıțȒıİȦȞ Ȓ ȣȥȘȜȐ įȚĮțȡȚȞȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȐ ʌİȡȚıĲĮĲȚțȐ įİȞ
ĮȝİȓȕȠȞĲĮȚ, ĮȜȜȐ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞĲĮȚ Ȓ ĲȠ ȤİȚȡȩĲİȡȠ įİȞ ʌȡȠĮȖȐȖȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠȣȢ
țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠȣȢ ȕĮșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ șȑıİȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ, įȚȩĲȚ ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ ʌȠȣ
9
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ʌ.Ȥ ĳȚȜȚțȑȢ Ȓ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ įȚĮıȣȞįȑıİȚȢ Ȓ įȠȜȚȠĳșȠȡȐ Ȓ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
ȑȝȝİıİȢ İʌȚȡȡȠȑȢ Įʌȩ ȟȑȞĮ țȡȐĲȘ țĮȚ ȟȑȞĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.
ȉȩĲİ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİĲĮȚ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ʌ.Ȥ. ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ,
ǼȞȩʌȜȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ, ț.Į) țĮȚ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȜȩȖȦ
ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ Įʌȩ ĮįȚțȓİȢ, ț.Į).
ȀȜĮııȚțȩ ȗȦĲȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȆȀȃ ıĲȚȢ ǲȞȠʌȜİȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ
ĲȦȞ ʌȚȠ ȞȠȘȝȩȞȦȞ ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞ İȞ ĲȘ ȖİȞȑıİȚ ĲȦȞ, ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ
ĮʌȜȠȓ ıĲȡĮĲȚȫĲİȢ Ȓ ȣʌĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠȚ
İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ, ȜȩȖȦ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ įȚĮĲȐȟİȦȞ ĲȦȞ İȞȩʌȜȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȑȖȚȞĮȞ
ȣʌȩ ȑȝȝİıȘ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ Įʌȩ ȟȑȞİȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ İțȝİĲĮȜȜİȣȩȝİȞİȢ ĲĮ ıȣȝʌȜȑȖȝĮĲĮ ĲȦȞ
ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȫȞ(ʌ.Ȥ İȖȦȧıȝȩ,ț.Į). ȅȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ İȓȞĮȚ
țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȑȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ țĮȚ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȐ ʌȠȜȜȐ ǼșȞȚțȐ
ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ İįĮĳȚțȒ ĮțİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ ȑșȞȠȣȢ (ʌ.Ȥ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ
ȓıȦȢ ȘȜȚșȓȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ Ȓ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮȢ ȜȪıİȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȠ
ȤȫȡȠ-ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ țĮȚ ĮȞȐ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĲȡȩʌȠ ıİ țȡȓıȚȝİȢ ıĲȚȖȝȑȢ ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ)[5].
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĲȠȞȚıĲİȓ ȩĲȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ ıĲȘȞ İʌȠȤȒ ĲȘȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
țĮȚ ĲȦȞ İȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ȠȜȚıĲȚțȫȞ(global view) įȚ-
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ, ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ țȡȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ĮȞĮȞĲȚțĮĲȐıĲĮĲȠȚ ,țĮȚ Ș
ȝȘ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ Ȓ Įʌȩ ǿįȚȦĲȚțȒ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ
ȠȜȑșȡȚİȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ Ȓ ĲȘȞ ȚįȚȦĲȚțȒ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȜȘĳșȠȪȞ
ȠȚ ıȦıĲȑȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ȞĮ ȣʌȠıĲİȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ ıĲȠȞ İıȦĲİȡȚțȩ
ĲȠȝȑĮ Ȓ/țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ įȚİșȞİȓȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ Ș ȚįȚȦĲȚțȒ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ ȓıȦȢ ȞĮ
ȠįȘȖȘșİȓ ıİ ʌĲȫȤİȣıȘ.
3.3 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ(İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ, ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ,

ț.Į)
Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ İȞĲȣʌȦıȚĮțȫȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȚȡȡȠȒȢ ȝİ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞȘ

țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ĮțȡȚȕȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ, Ș ʌİȡȚȖȡĮĳȒ țĮȚ Ƞ ĲȠȞȚıȝȩȢ
ȝȘ ȠȣıȚȦįȫȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ, Ș ĮʌȩıʌĮıȘ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒȢ ıİ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ĮıȤȑĲȦȞ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ, İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțȡȪʌĲȠȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ĮȡȤȑȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ «țȜİȚįȚȐ»
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ, Ș ȝİȡȚțȒ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌȩțȡȣȥȘ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȒȢ «İȚțȩȞĮȢ»
ĲȠȣ șȑȝĮĲȠȢ, Ș ȝȠȞȠȝİȡȒȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ țĮȚ Ƞ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıȝȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ
ʌȠȜȜȫȞ ĮʌȩȥİȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ȓıȦȢ ȦȢ ȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ İȖȤİȚȡȓįȚĮ
ĲȠȣ ȃǹȉȅ țĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ țĮȞȑȞĮ Ȓ İȜȐȤȚıĲĮ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȚĮțȐ ıȣȖȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐ ıİ ǼșȞȚțȑȢ ʌȠȜİȝȚțȑȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢ) İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȆȀȃ.
ǹțȩȝĮ ĲȠ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȤȡȒıİȚȢ ʌȡȠȧȩȞĲȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ) İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȤİįȩȞ ĮȞȣʌĮȡȟȓĮ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
țĮĲĮȞȩȘıȘ ĮȡȤȫȞ țĮȚ ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡİȚȫȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ıȤİįȓĮıȘ ȞȑȦȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞĲȦȞ , Ȓ Ș
ȝİȖȐȜȘ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ ıȣȖȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ Ș įȚĮșİıȚȝȩĲȘĲĮ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ
ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ıȣȖȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȘȝȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ĲȠȣ
ȆȀȃ.
10
ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȒȝȚıȘ țĮȚ İȣȡİȓĮ įȚĮĳȒȝȚıȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȑıĮ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ
ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ(ȂȂǼ) {ȉȘȜİȩȡĮıȘ , ĲȪʌȠȢ,ȡĮįȚȩĳȦȞȠ,ț.Į} șİȝȐĲȦȞ
ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ(ʌ.Ȥ ȠȚ ȘȜȚșȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ĲȘȢ
ĮıĲȡȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ĲĮ ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮ ĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘȢ ĮȤȡȒıĲȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ,ț.Į) ȝİ
ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞȠ ĲȠȞ ıȤİįȩȞ ʌȜȒȡȘ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıȝȩ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘȢ(ʌ.Ȥ
İʌȚĲİȣȖȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ, ĲȘȢ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ĲȘȢ ĳȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮȢ țĮȚ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪ, ț.Į) İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ
ȆȀȃ țĮĲȐ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ.
Ǿ įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮ șİȝȐĲȦȞ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ Ȓ ȓıȦȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȜĮȞȘĲȚțȒȢ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ Įʌȩ ȕȚȕȜȓĮ Ȓ țĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȑȝȝİıĮ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ,
ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ ȝİ ȐȖȞȠȚĮ ĲȦȞ, Įʌȩ ĲĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ȟȑȞȦȞ țȡĮĲȫȞ Ȓ ȟȑȞȠȚ ıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȚ ıİ
ǼșȞȚțȠȪȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ İȟȣʌȘȡİĲȠȪȞ ȟȑȞĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ
İʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ țĮĲİȪșȣȞıȘ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȘȞ ȜȒȥȘ
ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ(ȀȡĮĲȚțȑȢ,ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ,ț.Į) ĮĳȒȞȠȞĲĮȢ ȓıȦȢ ȝȩȞȠ ĲȘȞ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ
ıĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ Ȓ ıĲȠȣȢ ǼșȞȚțȠȪȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȞĮ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫıȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ĮıȒȝĮȞĲİȢ
ȜİʌĲȠȝȑȡİȚİȢ, İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȆȀȃ.
ȈĲȘȞ ʌȡȩȠįȠ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ/ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȓıȦȢ
įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ İʌȚĲȡȑʌȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ İȣȡİȓĮ įȚĮĳȒȝȚıȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȫșȘıȘ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ șİȦȡȚȫȞ
țĮȚ ȚįİȫȞ ʌȡȠȢ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ țĮĲİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ
ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȘȝȚıȝȑȞĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ǿįȡȪȝĮĲĮ, ĮĳȒȞȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ ĲȦȞ
ȜİʌĲȠȝİȡİȚȫȞ ıİ ĮȣĲȑȢ ĲȚȢ țĮĲİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ , ȓıȦȢ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȦȞ
įȚİșȞȫȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȫșȘıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ȚįİȫȞ ıĲȠ
įȚİșȞȑȢ įȓțĲȣȠ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȫȞ ĲȠ INTERNET, ȝȑıȦ ȓıȦȢ ĲȠȣ
İȜȑȖȤȠȣ ĲȦȞ ʌȚȠ įȘȝȠĳȚȜȫȞ search engines ĲȠȣ INTERNET .
Ǿ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȤȡȘȝĮĲȠįȩĲȘıȘȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȕȚȕȜȚȠșȘțȫȞ țĮȚ Ș țĮțȒ
İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ıȣȖȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ıİ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțİȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ
ȝȓĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ įȚȩĲȚ ıĲİȡİȓ ĲȘȞ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ ʌȐȞȦ
ıĲȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚ Ș ȜȒȥȘ ĲȦȞ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ.
Ǿ ȝȠȞȩʌȜİȣȡȘ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ ıĲİȞİȪİȚ ĲȠȣȢ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȠȪȢ ȠȡȓȗȠȞĲİȢ, ȖȚ ĮȣĲȩ
ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĮȢ ıțİʌĲȩȝİșĮ ȩĲȚ Įʌȩ țȐșİ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȩ țȩȝȝĮ Ȓ țȐșİ ıțİʌĲȩȝİȞȠ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ(ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌĮȚįȓ Ȓ ĲİȜİȓȦȢ ȐıȤİĲȠ ȝİ ĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘ ȝĮȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ )
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥİȚ ȐȝİıĮ Ȓ ȑȝȝİıĮ ȝȓĮ țĮȜȒ ȚįȑĮ, țĮȚ ȝȓĮ țĮȜȒ ȚįȑĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıİ ȝȓĮ ʌȠȜȪ İʌȚĲȣȤȒ ȜȪıȘ İȞȩȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ, ȖȚ ĮȣĲȩ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ĮțȠȪȝİ ȝİ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ țȐșİ țĮȜȒ ȚįȑĮ țĮȚ ĳȣıȚțȐ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ĮȝİȓȕȠȣȝİ ĲȘȞ ʌȘȖȒ ʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘȢ ĲȘȢ țĮȜȒȢ ȚįȑĮȢ, ȫıĲİ ĲȠ ȐĲȠȝȠ ȞĮ
İȞșĮȡȡȪȞİĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞİȤȓȗİȚ ȞĮ ȝĮȢ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ĲȚȢ ȚįȑİȢ ĲȠȣ.
ǲȞĮ ȐȜȜȠ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȝİșȩįȠȣ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ıİ İțʌĮȚįİȣĲȚțȑȢ İȟİĲȐıİȚȢ(ʌ.Ȥ ıİ
ȆĮȞİȜȜȒȞȚİȢ İȟİĲȐıİȚȢ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒȢ ıĲȘȞ ȉȡȚĲȠȕȐșȝȚĮ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ , ț.Į) ȞĮ įȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ
ʌȠȜȪ İȪțȠȜĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ, ȠʌȩĲİ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡȠȚ ȣʌȠȥȒĳȚȠȚ ȕȡȓıțȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ıȦıĲȒ
ĮʌȐȞĲȘıȘ ıĲĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȩĲİ Ș İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ĲȦȞ ȣʌȠȥȘĳȓȦȞ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȝİ
ȐıȤİĲĮ țȡȚĲȒȡȚĮ ʌȡȠȢ ĲĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ İȟȑĲĮıȘȢ, ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȝİ țȡȚĲȒȡȚĮ
țĮȜȜȚȖȡĮĳȓĮȢ, İȪıȤȘȝȠȞ ĲȠȣ ȖȡĮʌĲȠȪ, ȠȡșȠȖȡĮĳȓĮȢ, țĮșĮȡȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȘȢ ȖȡĮĳȒȢ
ȤȦȡȓȢ įȚĮȖȡĮĳȑȢ țĮȚ ȝȠȣĲȗȠȪȡİȢ țĮȚ …ĲȘȞ ĲȪȤȘ ʌȠȚȩȢ İȟİĲĮıĲȒȢ șĮ įȚȠȡșȫıİȚ
ĲȠ ȖȡĮʌĲȩ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ Ș įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȝİĲĮȟȪ İȞȩȢ İʌȚĲȣȤȠȪȢ ȕĮșȝȠȪ
ʌ.Ȥ. 19.0 țĮȚ İȞȩȢ ĮʌȠĲȣȤȩȞĲȠȢ ȕĮșȝȠȪ 18.5. Ǿ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ĲȦȞ ȣʌȠȥȘĳȓȦȞ ȝİ
ʌȠȜȪ įȪıțȠȜĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ȝİ ȝİȖȐȜȘ įȚĮțȡȚĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ șĮ įȚĮțȡȓȞİȚ İțİȓȞȠȞ ʌȠȣ
11
ȑȜȣıİ ĲȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ, Įʌȩ İțİȓȞȠȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ĲȠ ȑȜȣıİ, ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ İʌȚĲȪȤȠȣȞ
ȠȚ ȣʌȠȥȒĳȚȠȚ ȝİ ȠȣıȚȫįȘ țȡȚĲȒȡȚĮ țȡȚĲȚțȒȢ ıțȑȥİȦȢ ,ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȜȪıİȦȢ
įȪıțȠȜȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ İʌĮȡțȫȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ. ǹȢ șȣȝȘșȠȪȝİ ȩĲȚ ȠȚ
ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡİȢ įȚȐȞȠȚİȢ ĲȦȞ șİĲȚțȫȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ȒĲĮȞ țĮțȠȖȡȐĳȠȚ țĮȚ ĮĲȘȝȑȜȘĲȠȚ
ıĲȘȞ ȖȡĮĳȒ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ İȟİĲĮıĲȚțȩ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ ȝİ ʌȠȜȪ İȪțȠȜĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ șĮ
țĮĲĮĲĮııȩȞĲȠȣıĮȞ ȓıȦȢ ıĲȘȞ țĮĲȘȖȠȡȓĮ ĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĲȣȤȘȝȑȞȦȞ ȣʌȠȥȘĳȓȦȞ, įȚȩĲȚ
ȐȜȜȠȚ ȣʌȠȥȒĳȚȠȚ(ʌȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȣĲȠȓ ȑȜȣıĮȞ ĲĮ ʌȠȜȪ İȪțȠȜĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ) șĮ
ȣʌİȡĲİȡȠȪıĮȞ ıĲĮ ȐıȤİĲĮ įİȣĲİȡİȪȠȞĲĮ țȡȚĲȒȡȚĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ.
ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ ȠȚ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȠȓ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȒ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĲȠ șİȝȑȜȚȠ ĲȘȢ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȒȢ İȣĲȣȤȓĮȢ
ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ , įȚȩĲȚ ȑĲıȚ ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Ƞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȜȒȥȘ
ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȦȞ ȤȫȡȠ-ȤȡȠȞȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȞȐ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ ıĲȚȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ
ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ.
3.4 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ȂȑıȦȞ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ(ȂȂǼ)
ȉĮ ȂȂǼ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ įȚĮıțȑįĮıȘ ĲȠȣ
țȠȚȞȠȪ. ǵȝȦȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȐ țȡȚĲȒȡȚĮ țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ įȣȠ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ȣʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ, ĲȘȢ
ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ. Ǿ įİ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ
įȚĮıțȑįĮıȘȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȐ ĮȞȫĲİȡȘ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩ, ıİ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ȝİ
ĲȘȞ ȗȦȫįȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȗȦȫįȘ ȑȞıĲȚțĲĮ. ȈĲȘȞ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ
ıĲȘȞ ʌȜİȚȠȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȆȀȃ ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ țĮȚ
ȠȣıȚȫįȘ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲĮ, ȣʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȦȞ șİĲȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıĲȚțȫȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ,
ĮȜȜȐ ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıİ ȝĮțȡȪĲĮĲȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıĲȘȝĮ ĮıȒȝĮȞĲİȢ
ȜİʌĲȠȝȑȡİȚİȢ, ȝİ ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ țȡȣȝȝȑȞȘ ĲȘȞ ȠȣıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȠ
țȠȚȞȩ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ĲȘȞ «İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ» İʌȓ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıĲȘȝĮ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ
țĮĲĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚ ĲȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȐ ȑȤİȚ ıȣȝȕİȓ, ĮȜȜȐ ȞĮ ȣĳȓıĲĮĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȒ
İʌȚȡȡȠȒ ȣʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȝȠȡĳȒ șİĮĲȡȚȞȚıȝȫȞ, ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Ș
țȡȚĲȚțȒ ıțȑȥȘ țĮȚ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ĲȘȜİșİĮĲȒ,ĮțȡȠĮĲȒ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȖȞȫıĲȘ.
ȅȚ İȚįȒıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ ĮȞĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ ʌȐȞĲĮ(ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ) ıİ ĲȡȠȝĮțĲȚțȐ
țĮȚ įȡĮȝĮĲȚțȐ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲĮ, ȝİ ıȤİįȩȞ ʌȜȒȡȘ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫıİȦȢ İȣȤȐȡȚıĲȦȞ
ȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞ Ȓ ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫıİȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠȩįȠȣ(İțĲȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ), ȝİ
ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ Ș ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȘȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİĲĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȒ İȚțȩȞĮ ĲȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ, ȝİ
ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚ ĮįȚĮĳȠȡȓĮ țĮȚ ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮ ĮȞȠȤȒ ȖȚĮ ȝİȖȐȜĮ
țĮțȠȣȡȖȒȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ İȤșȡȩĲȘĲĮ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȠȞ ȐȖȞȦıĲȠ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ
ıȣȝȕȐȜİȚ ıĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ țĮȚ ıİ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȠȕĮșȝȓȗȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ. Ǿ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮȞȫĲİȡȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ ȩĲĮȞ ĲȠ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ĲȘȢ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ, ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȘșȚțȒȢ(ʌ.Ȥ įȚįȐȖȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ
ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒȢ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ).
12
ȂȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ
țĮȚ ȠȚ įȚĮĳȘȝȓıİȚȢ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜȘ ıȣȤȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞ ĮıĲȡȠȜȩȖȠȣȢ,ȝȐȖȠȣȢ
țĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ «ĲıĮȡȜĮĲȐȞȠȣȢ-ĮʌĮĲİȫȞİȢ» ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ,
İțȝİĲĮȜȜİȣȩȝİȞȠȚ ȗȦĲȚțȐ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ țȣȡȓȦȢ ĲȦȞ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ,
ĮȜȜȐ įȣıĲȣȤȫȢ ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚİȢ ȘȜȚșȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ İʌȚȤİȚȡȘșİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıȠȣȞ
ȝȑȤȡȚ…ʌȚȜȩĲȠȣȢ ĮİȡȠʌȜȐȞȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĲȦȞ ȕȚȠȡȣșȝȫȞ),
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞĲĮȢ ȑĲıȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠȜȒȥİȦȞ, ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ
ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓĲĮȚ ȑĲıȚ țĮțȠĲȣȤȓĮ, İʌİȚįȒ ȥȐȤȞȠȣȞ ȞĮ ĲȘȞ ȕȡȠȣȞ, ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ
ıȣıȤİĲȓȗȠȣȞ ǹȈȋǼȉǹ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲĮ ȝİ ĮȣĲȐ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮȝȑȞȠȣȞ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ʌȡȠȜȒȥİȚȢ ĲȠȣȢ.
ȂȓĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ĲĮ ĲȘȜİʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮ ʌȠȣ ĲȠȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȣʌȑȡȝİĲȡĮ ĲȘȞ
ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘȢ ıİ ȐȤȡȘıĲİȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠțȜİȓȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ
țȡȚĲȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĮȝİȓȕȠȣȞ ȝİ ȕȡĮȕİȓĮ ĲȘȞ ȐȤȡȘıĲȘ ȖȞȫıȘ.
ȂȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȘȢ ĲȡȠȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ İȓȞĮȚ ȩĲȚ
ĲȡȠȝȠțȡĮĲȠȪȞ ĲȠȞ ʌȠȜȓĲȘ țĮȚ ȑĲıȚ ĲȠȞ țȐȞȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ İʌȚȡȡİʌȒ ıĲȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ʌȠȣ ĲĮ
ȂȂǼ İʌȚȕȐȜȠȣȞ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ ıĲȘȞ ıțȑȥȘ(ʌ.Ȥ ĲȚ șȑȝĮĲĮ șĮ ıȣȗȘĲȐ țĮȚ ĲȚ șĮ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ) țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ(ȐȝİıİȢ Ȓ/țĮȚ
ȑȝȝİıİȢ İʌȚȡȡȠȑȢ Įʌȩ ĳȓȜȠȣȢ, įȚĮĳȘȝȓıİȚȢ țĮȚ ıĮʌȠȣȞȩʌİȡİȢ(classical
conditioning-Ivan Pavlov) ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ĲȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȐȟȠȣȞ țĮȚ ĲȠ ĲȚ ĮȝİȓȥȠȣȞ(operant
conditioning-Skinner), ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ, ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ, ȞĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȑȡİĲĮȚ
ıĮȞ «ȡȠȝʌȠĲȐțȚ» «ĲȘȜİțĮĲİȣșȣȞȩȝİȞȠ» Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ. Ȃİ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĲȠȣ
ȆȀȃ ȝİȚȫȞİĲĮȚ ,ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ, ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲĮĲĮ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ ĲĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ. ȅȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲĮĲİȢ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ȖȚĮ
ĲĮ ǼșȞȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ, įȚȩĲȚ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȐ įİȞ șĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ İȣȡȑȦȢ įȚĮșȑıȚȝȠȚ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲİȢ
ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ıĲĮ ʌȠȜȪ įȪıțȠȜĮ țĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȜȠțĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ĲĮȤȪĲĮĲȘ țĮȚ ȓıȦȢ ĮȞİȟȑȜİȖțĲȘ, ıİ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ĲȘȢ,
İȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ, ĲȘȢ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ , țĮȚ ĲȦȞ įȚİșȞȫȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ.
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ș ıȣȞȒșȘȢ ȐȡȞȘıȘ ıĲȠ ȞĮ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ ȖȚĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȚȢ(İțĲȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ) țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİȚ ĲȚȢ İȣțĮȚȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȘȢ įȚĮȞȩȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ,ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ ıĲİȡİȓ ıĲȠȣȢ
ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ ĲȘȞ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĮʌĲȪȟȠȣȞ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ țĮȚ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ ıİ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ șȑȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȠȪȢ ȞȠȒȝȠȞİȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȢ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ Ș
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ Ș ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ ȞĮ țȡĮĲİȓĲĮȚ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȩ
İʌȓʌİįȠ. ǹȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫıİȚ ʌȡȩĲȣʌĮ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ «ȩȞİȚȡĮ» ĲȘȢ
ȞİȠȜĮȓĮȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȝȓȝȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȠįȠıĳĮȚȡȚıĲȫȞ,ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚıĲȫȞ «ıțȣȜȐįȚțȦȞ
ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȞȒșȚțȦȞ ȘșȠʌȠȚȫȞ, ĮȞĲȓ Ș ȞİȠȜĮȓĮ ȞĮ İȞșĮȡȡȪȞİĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ
șĮȣȝȐȗİȚ įȚĮțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ, ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ & įȚĮȞȩȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ .
ȅȚ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȠȣ
țȠȚȞȠȪ[26], ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ȩĲȚ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ ĲȘȢ
ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢ (perception management) ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ ,įȚȩĲȚ ĲȠȣ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȠȣȞ ʌȚșĮȞȑȢ
İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝĳȦȞİȢ ȝİ ĲĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȦȞ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞ
ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȫȞ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĲĮ ȣʌȑȡȝİĲȡȘȢ ȕȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȡȠȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢ
ĳȚȜȝ ĲȦȞ ǾȆǹ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ ĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ʌȚșĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȝȚĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȑȞĮ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȞĮ İȡȝȘȞİȣșİȓ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȦȢ ĮʌİȚȜȘĲȚțȩ .ǼȐȞ Ƞ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȗİȓ ıİ ȑȞĮ įȚĮȡțȑȢ ĮʌİȚȜȘĲȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ(ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ
13
ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȘȢ ȕȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȡȠȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ) ĲȩĲİ ȝİȚȫȞİĲĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ Ș
ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖȐȜȘ ʌȡȦĲȠĲȣʌȓĮ(creativity) țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȜȪıȘ ʌȠȜȪ
ʌİȡȓʌȜȠțȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ, įȘȜĮįȒ ȣĳȓıĲĮĲĮȚ ȆȀȃ ʌȠȣ ȝİȚȫȞȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĲȘȞ
ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.ȅȚ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ ıĲȘȞ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȒ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ, įȚȩĲȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıİ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞ țĮȚ
ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ıİ ȜȐșȠȢ ȠȡȚıȝȩ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ, ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ įȠșȠȪȞ ȜȐșȠȢ Ȓ
ʌĮȡĮʌȜĮȞȘĲȚțȑȢ «ȜȪıİȚȢ» ıĲȘȞ «ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ» ʌȠȣ ĮȞĲȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİĲĮȚ Ƞ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ, țĮȚ ȕȐıȘ ĮȣĲȒȢ (ĲȘȢ ȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȒȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ) ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞİȚ
ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ, ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ĲĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ.
ȈĲȘȞ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘ ȝĮȢ İʌȠȤȒ ȝȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ įȚİșȞȒȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ĲȠȣ
įȚİșȞȠȪȢ įȚțĲȪȠȣ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȫȞ INTERNET ȝİ ĲȚȢ ʌȚȠ įȘȝȠĳȚȜȒȢ
search engines(ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ) ıĮȞ ĲĮ Yahoo, Altavista, Lycos,
Netscape, Microsoft, ț.Į ıĲĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ įȓįİȚȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ «țȜİȚįȚȐ» țĮȚ ıȠȣ ȕȡȓıțȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ
ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ įȚİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ ȩʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ
țȜİȚįȚȐ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚȢ įȫıİȚ . ȅȚ ʌȚȠ įȘȝȠĳȚȜȒȢ search engines(ȩȜİȢ ıĲȚȢ ǾȆǹ)
ĳĮȓȞİĲĮȚ ȩĲȚ ıȣȞİȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĮȗȒĲȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ
Įʌȩ ĲȠ INTERNET ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡĮțȐĲȦ
ʌİȡȚıĲĮĲȚțȩ:
ȅ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ȐȡșȡȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ĮȞĮʌĲȪȟİȚ ĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ șİȦȡȓĮ
«ĬİȦȡȓĮ İȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ İȞȩȢ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ» ʌȠȣ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĲȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓ
ĲȘȞ șİȦȡȓĮ İȟİȜȓȟİȦȢ(İȞȩȢ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ) ĲȠȣ ǻĮȡȕȓȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȚıȤȪİȚ ıĲȘȞ
ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘ ȝĮȢ İʌȠȤȒ ĲȘȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ/ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ. Ǿ
șİȦȡȓĮ ĮȣĲȒ įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲȠ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ ĲȦȞ İȞȫıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ
ȅȜȜĮȞįȫȞ țĮȚ īȐȜȜȦȞ ĬİȦȡȘĲȚțȫȞ ǺȚȠȜȩȖȦȞ ĲȠ “Acta Biotheoretica”, 45(2),June
1997, p. 181-182 țĮȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ țĮȚ Ș ıȤİĲȚțȒ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘ ĲȠȣ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑȦȢ ıĲȠ
INTERNET www.ncmr.gr/Kondylakis.html
Ǿ ĬİȦȡȓĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĲȠȣ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ ȑȤİȚ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ
İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıĲȘȞ ǺȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ,ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ,ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ,ǾșȚțȒ,ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ,ĭȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮ,
ȅȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮ, ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝİȢ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ,
ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓĲĮȚ ȗȦĲȚțȒ Ș İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ ĲȠȣ įȚİșȞȠȪȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪ
țȠȚȞȠȪ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȞȑĮ șİȦȡȓĮ.
ȅ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ(ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ țȐȞİȚ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒ)
ʌȡȠıʌȐșȘıİ 2-4 ĳȠȡȑȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȑĲȠȢ(țĮȚ ĲȠ ȑȜİȖȟİ țĮȚ Ƞ ʌȠȓȠ ȑȝʌİȚȡȠȢ ıĲȘȞ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒ İʌȚıĲȒȝȦȞ ĲȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ) ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜİȚ ĲȘȞ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘ ĲȘȢ İȞ
ȜȩȖȦ șİȦȡȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ıĲȠ ǿȃȉERNET ıĲȚȢ search engines Yahoo,Altavista,Lycos,
Netscape,Microsoft țĮȚ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ȐȜȜİȢ(țĮȚ ȝȓĮ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ) ĮȜȜȐ ıİ țĮȝȓĮ įİȞ ȑȖȚȞİ
įİțĲȒ(İțĲȩȢ ĲȘȞ Altavista) ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȝȓĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȒ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘ
ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȦșȘșİȓ įȚİșȞȫȢ.
ȅȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌİȡȚıĲĮĲȚțȠȪ ȓıȦȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȝȑıȦȢ ʌȡȠĳĮȞİȓȢ ȖȚ
ĮȣĲȩ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĲȠȞȓıȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ Ș ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȝȚĮȢ ǻǾȂȅĭǿȁȅȊȈ search engine ʌȠȣ
șĮ ȣʌȠıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǲȞȦıȘ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȚȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȓȦȞ ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȫȞ
ȞȑȦȞ țĮȚ țĮȚȞȠĲȩȝȦȞ İȝʌȠȡȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞĲȦȞ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȣȞ İȣȡȑȦȢ
ȖȞȦıĲȐ ıĲȠ įȚİșȞȑȢ țȠȚȞȩ, ȝİ ĲİȡȐıĲȚİȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ, ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ.
14
3.5 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
įȚĮȕȚȫıİȦȢ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ İȡȖĮıȓĮ Ȓ/țĮȚ įȚĮȕȓȦıȘ ıİ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ȝİ ʌ.Ȥ įȠȞȒıİȚȢ

țȠȝʌȡİıȑȡ,ȚıȤȣȡȒ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ țĮȣıĮİȡȓȦȞ,ĮȞȣʌĮȡȟȓĮ İʌĮȡțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȤȦȡȓȢ ĲĮ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮ ȑʌȚʌȜĮ țĮȚ ȐȜȜĮ ĮʌĮȚĲȠȪȝİȞĮ ȝȑıĮ, İȜȜȚʌȒȢ
ĳȦĲȚıȝȩȢ,țĮĲĮșȜȘʌĲȚțȩȢ ȤȡȦȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ Ȓ ʌȠȜȪ ȑȞĲȠȞȠȢ țĮȚ İȡİșȚıĲȚțȩȢ
ȤȡȦȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ ȤȫȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ țȠȣȡȐȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ȩȡĮıȘ țĮȚ ĲȠ ıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ, ʌĮȞĲİȜȒȢ
ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ įȑȞįȡȦȞ țĮȚ ĳȣĲȫȞ, ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ įȚĮțȩıȝȘıȘȢ,ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ
İȡȖȠȞȠȝȓĮȢ țĮȚ țĮșĮȡȚȩĲȘĲȠȢ ıĲȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮȚ ıȠȕĮȡȩĲĮĲĮ ıȣȖțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȐ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıȑȜİȣıȘ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȤȫȡȘıȘ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ(Ȓ ĲȘȞ ȠȚțȓĮ)
ıȠȕĮȡȩĲĮĲĮ ȣʌȠȕĮșȝȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ.Ȃİ ȐȜȜĮ ȜȩȖȚĮ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ ʌȠȜȪ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ.
ǲĲıȚ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȚĮĳȠȡȐ (țȣȡȓȦȢ ıĲȘȞ ȜȪıȘ ʌȠȜȪ
ʌİȡȓʌȜȠțȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ĲȩıȠ ȖȚĮ ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțĲȚțȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ) ȩĲĮȞ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢ İȡȖȐȗİĲĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȜȚȩ țĲȓȡȚȠ ıĲȠ ȚıȩȖİȚȠ ĲȘȢ ʌȜĮĲİȓĮȢ ȅȝȠȞȠȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ
ǹșȘȞȫȞ țĮȚ ȩĲĮȞ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ İȡȖȐȗİĲĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȩȝȠȡĳȠ ȞȘıȓ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ Ȓ ıİ ȑȞĮ
ʌİȣțȩĳȣĲȠ İȟȠȤȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ ıȦıĲȐ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞȠ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȐ
țĲȓȡȚȠ[27]. ȆȡȠĳĮȞȫȢ ĲĮ ȓįȚĮ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ȆȀȃ ȩĲĮȞ ȑȞĮȢ țĮĲȠȚțİȓ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ȒȜȚȠ ȣʌȩȖİȚȠ(İʌİȚįȒ ȦȢ… İʌȚıĲȒȝȦȞ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ İʌĮȡțȒ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ) ıİ ĮȞĲȓșİıȘ ȝİ
ȝȓĮ țĮĲȠȚțȓĮ ıİ ȝȓĮ ȒıȣȤȘ ȞȘıȚȫĲȚțȘ ʌĮȡĮȜȓĮ(ʌ.Ȥ İȞȩȢ
ʌȜȠȪıȚȠȣ…ʌȠįȠıĳĮȚȡȚıĲȒ).
3.6 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȀȡĮĲȚțȑȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ(ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ,ȤȡȠȞȠȕȩȡİȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ,

ȇȠȣıĳİĲȠȜȠȖȓĮ, ĮȞĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ, ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ,ț.Į)
ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ Ș ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ İȟĮıțİȓ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌȩȜİȝȠ ıĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ

ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ įȚȩĲȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ İțȞİȣȡȚıȝȠȪȢ, ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ įĮʌȐȞȘ
ȤȡȩȞȠȣ ıİ ȐıȤİĲİȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ ȐȤȡȘıĲİȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ țĮȚ ĮȞĲȚʌİȡȚıʌĮıȝȩ Įʌȩ
ĲȘȞ țȣȡȓĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ, ĮʌȠȖȠȘĲİȪıİȚȢ(ȚįȓȦȢ ĮȞ ĲĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ
ȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İțȕȚȐȗȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ȤȡȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩ ĲȠȣȢ) țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȫȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ
ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ.
Ǿ ĮȞĮȟȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ(ʌ.Ȥ ȜȩȖȦ ĳȚȜȚțȫȞ Ȓ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȫȞ įȚĮıȣȞįȑıİȦȞ) țĮȚ Ș
ȡȠȣıĳİĲȠȜȠȖȓĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ ĮȞȓțĮȞȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȧıĲȐȝİȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ Įʌȩ ĳȩȕȠ ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ ȤȐıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ șȑıȘ ĲȦȞ, ȝİ İȟȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ ȞĮ
țĮĲĮıĲȡȑȥȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ įȚȐșİıȘ ȖȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȣĳȚıĲĮȝȑȞȦȞ
ĲȠȣȢ(ʌ.Ȥ ĲȠȣȢ ȣʌȠȤȡİȫȞȠȣȞ(ȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮʌİȚȜȒ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȩȜȣıȘȢ Ȓ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
15
ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ) ıİ ĲȣĳȜȒ ȣʌĮțȠȒ įȚĮĲĮȖȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ĳȠȡȑȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȠȜȑșȡȚİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ(ǲșȞȠȢ, İȝʌȠȡȚțȒ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ,ț.ĲȜ) țĮȚ
ĮțȩȝĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ(ʌ.Ȥ ıİ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ǹȞĲȚįȡĮıĲȒȡȦȞ[13] ,
īİȞİĲȚțȒȢ, ȆȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ, ț.Į) țĮȚ ıİ ĮʌȠĲȣȤȓİȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȠĳİȓȜȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ
ĮȞȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ, İʌȚȡȡȓʌĲȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ İȣșȪȞİȢ ıĲȠȣȢ ȣĳȚıĲȐȝİȞȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ, İȞȫ
ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĮȖȐȖȠȣȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȩĲİȡȘȢ ĮʌȩįȠıȘȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ İĮȣĲȩ
ĲȠȣȢ ȣĳȚıĲĮȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ įȚĮĲȘȡȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȓțĮȞȘ İȟȠȣıȓĮ ĲȦȞ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.).
ȈȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ĲĮ ĮȞĲȚțȓȞȘĲȡĮ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ țĮȚ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȐȡȚıĲȠȚ
ȣĳȚıĲȐȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȓĲȘıȘ ĲȦȞ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ʌȠȣ
İȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ, ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ Ȓ ȚțĮȞȩĲĮĲȠȚ ȣĳȚıĲȐȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞ ȦȢ ȐȕȠȣȜĮ ȩȞĲĮ
ʌȡȠıįȠțȫȞĲĮȢ ȝȩȞȠ ĲȘȞ…ıȣȞĲĮȟȚȠįȩĲȘıȘ ĲȦȞ, ȝİ țĮĲİıĲȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ ĲȘȞ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȦȞ .
3.7 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȝȚıșȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ
ȃȠȝȠșİıȓİȢ ,ȞȠȝȠȜȠȖȓİȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ İȣȞȠȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ

ȤȡȘȝĮĲȚțȫȞ ĮʌȠįȠȤȫȞ ıİ «ʌȘȖȑȢ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ»(ʌ.Ȥ. ʌȠįȩıĳĮȚȡȠ,
İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ «ıțȣȜȐįȚțȦȞ» ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚȫȞ, ĮȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠ İȡȖĮĲȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ
ȠȚțȠįȠȝȫȞ{ʌ.Ȥ İȡȖȠȜȐȕȠȣȢ},ț.Į) İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ
ȤȡȘȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ĮʌȠȜĮȕȑȢ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ»(ʌ.Ȥ İȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȠȚ ȚĮĲȡȠȓ ǿȀǹ ȝİ
ȝȚıșȩ ȝȚțȡȩĲİȡȠ ȝȓĮȢ…țĮșĮȡȓıĲȡȚĮȢ, Ȓ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ȝİ ȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȑȢ ıʌȠȣįȑȢ
ȝİ ȝȚıșȩ ȝȚțȡȩĲİȡȠ İȞȩȢ…ȜȠȤȓĮ ıĲȡĮĲȠȪ) șİȦȡİȓĲĮȚ Ș ʌȚȠ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ
ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȜȑȠȞ ȞȠȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ ȝİ
ȖȞȫıİȚȢ, ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ. Ǿ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȦȞ
ĲİȡĮıĲȓȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ įȚĮȕȚȫıİȦȢ, ĮįȚțȚȫȞ, țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ıĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ĲȘȢ ĮįȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȘȢ
ĮʌȠțĲȒıİȦȢ ĲȦȞ ĮʌĮȚĲȠȣȝȑȞȦȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ʌĮȞȐțȡȚȕĮ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ıȣȖȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ, ț.Į.) țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ĮȞĲȚʌİȡȚıʌĮıȝȩ ȞĮ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȝİ
ȐıȤİĲİȢ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȤȡȠȞȠȕȩȡİȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ ȜȩȖȦ İȜȜİȓȥİȦȢ ĲȦȞ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ĮȖȠȡȐȢ ĮȣĲȠțȚȞȒĲȠȣ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȠ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȤȐıȚȝȠ
ȤȡȩȞȠȣ ıĲȚȢ ıȣȖțȠȚȞȦȞȓİȢ, İțĲȑȜİıȘ ȤȡȠȞȠȕȩȡȦȞ ȠȚțȚĮțȫȞ İʌȚıțİȣȫȞ, ț.Į) ıİ
ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ(ȜȩȖȦ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ) ȞĮ ȟİțȠȣȡĮıĲȠȪȞ ȝİ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒ
įȚĮıțȑįĮıȘ, ȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȐ ȞİțȡȫȞİȚ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ,įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ
țĮȚȞȠĲȠȝȓİȢ ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ. ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȩ ĲȠ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ
ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȫȞ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȠȣ ȝİ įȚİșȞȒ ĳȒȝȘ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȫȘȞ ȈȠȕȚİĲȚțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ ʌȠȣ
įȠȣȜİȪȠȣȞ ȦȢ…ȠȚțȠįȩȝȠȚ ıĲȘȞ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ.
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ș ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ İȚıȠįȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ»
ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ Ș țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ țĮȚ Ƞ «ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢ» ĲȠȣȢ(ʌ.Ȥ «ıțȣȜȐįȚțĮ»
ĲȡĮȖȠȪįȚĮ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ) ȞĮ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ǼșȞȚțȒ țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ įȚȩĲȚ ĮȣĲȠȓ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĲĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȤȡȘȝĮĲȠįȠĲȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ ĲȠȣȢ, İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȠȤȡȩȞȦȢ Ș țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ țĮȚ Ƞ
16
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ» țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİĲĮȚ țĮȚ
ĮĳĮȞȓȗİĲĮȚ įȚȩĲȚ ȠȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ȞȠȒȝȠȞİȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĲĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ȞĮ
ȣʌȠıĲȘȡȓȟȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮʌĲȪȟȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩ ĲȠȣȢ. ȅȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ĲȡȠȝĮțĲȚțȑȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ǼșȞȚțȩ ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩ , ȩʌȠȣ ıȤİįȩȞ ȩȜĮ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ
ʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ» țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ ıȤİįȩȞ
ʌĮȞĲİȜȫȢ İțȜİȓȥİȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ Ƞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩȢ ʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȩȢ
ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȩȢ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ» (ʌ.Ȥ țȜĮıȚțȒ ȝȠȣıȚțȒ, ĳȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮ,
įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȩȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ ȖȚĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ țĮȚ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ șȑȝĮĲĮ,
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ, ıȠȕĮȡȒ ȜȠȖȠĲİȤȞȓĮ, ț.Į) țĮȚ Ș ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ʌȓİıȘ ĲȠȣ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ ĮʌȠįİțĲȠȪ, ȩʌȦȢ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ, ȑȤİȚ ĮȞĮȖțȐıİȚ
ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȝȩȡĳȦıȘȢ ȐĲȠȝĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ țȣȡȚĮȡȤȠȪıĮ țȠȣȜĲȠȪȡĮ
ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ ĲȦȞ «ʌȘȖȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ» ʌȠȣ țĮĲȑȤȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ
ȚıȤȪ.
ǹȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȩ ȩĲȚ Ș ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ țĮȚ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ʌȡȩȠįȠȢ
ĲȠȣ ʌ.Ȥ ȀĮȞĮįȐ țĮȚ ǾȆǹ țĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ĮȞİʌĲȣȖȝȑȞȦȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȫȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ
ȠĳİȓȜİĲĮȚ ıĲȚȢ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȑȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ ĮʌȠįȠȤȑȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȝİȓȕȠȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ «ʌȘȖȑȢ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ» ʌȠȣ ȝİ ĲȚȢ ȞȠȒȝȠȞİȢ țĮȚ ȝİ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ
țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝĮ, ȝİıȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ țĮȚ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ
ĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ İȣȘȝİȡȓĮ ĲȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ,ǿįȡȪȝĮĲȠȢ.ț.Ĳ.Ȝ)
ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ İĳǯȩıȠȞ Ș ȀȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘ İĳĮȡȝȩıİȚ ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıĲȚțȒ
ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒ șĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĲĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȠșȠȪȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡȠȤȑȢ ıĲȠȣȢ
ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıİ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȝİ İȚįȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ(ĬĮȣȝĮıĲȩ
ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒȢ ĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ ȅȜȜĮȞįȓĮȢ).
ȅ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ȞȠȒȝȦȞ țĮȚ ȝİ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȕĮıȚțȐ ȤȡİȚȐȗİĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
ĮʌȠįȫıİȚ ĲĮ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ țĮȚ ȐȝİȚȕİȢ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ(motivation) ,İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ĲȦȞ
ĮʌĮȚĲȠȣȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȡȠıȩȞĲȦȞ[14], ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ ȐȞİıȘ , ȠȚțȠıȪıĲȘȝĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ȠȚțȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İȣʌȡİʌȒ țĮȚ ȐȞİĲȘ įȚĮȕȓȦıȘ, İȜİȪșİȡȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ, įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
ȗȦȒ(șĮ ȝȠȣ İʌȚĲȡȑȥİĲİ ȞĮ ʌȫ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ{ʌ.Ȥ. ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚıȝȩȢ}
ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĲȠȞ İȞȚıȤȪİȚ ıĲȚȢ įȪıțȠȜİȢ țĮȚ ĮʌİȜʌȚıĲȚțȑȢ ıĲȚȖȝȑȢ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ȦȢ
ȘșȚțȒ), ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ İțȞİȣȡȚıȝȠȪȢ , ȝʌİȜȐįİȢ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ,įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲİȢ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ įȚĮıțȑįĮıȘ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ,
İȣȤȐȡȚıĲȘ țĮȚ ȞȠȒȝȠȞĮ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌȘȖȑȢ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘȢ.
3.8 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ

ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ıİ șȑıİȚȢ «țȜİȚįȚȐ» İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ(ʌ.Ȥ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ, įȚʌȜȦȝȐĲİȢ,
ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ ,įȘȝȠıȚȠȖȡȐĳȠȣȢ ,ț.Į)
ȅȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȐ ıțİʌĲȩȝİȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫıȠȣȞ

ĲȠȣȢ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȠȣȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȐ ʌȡȠıȩȞĲĮ ȐȜȜȦȞ
ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȞĮ ıȣȞİȚıĳȑȡȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ıĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȦȞ
ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ, ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȠ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ȞĮ įȚĮĲȘȡİȓ ĲȘȞ ȘȖİȝȠȞȓĮ ĲȠȣ ıİ
įȚİșȞȑȢ İʌȓʌİįȠ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȠȣ ʌȐȞȦ ıİ ȐȜȜĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ. ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ
17
İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫȞİȚ Ȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİȚ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȩĲĮĲĮ ĲȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞ ĲȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮ İȟİȜȚȤșȠȪȞ ıİ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪȢ, İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪȢ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ ĮȞĲĮȖȦȞȚıĲȑȢ ĲȦȞ İʌȚȕȐȜİȚ
ĲȘȞ ȘȖİȝȠȞȓĮ ĲȠȣ ıİ ȐȜȜĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ . ǹȝȣȞĲȚțȐ ĲĮ ǲșȞȘ țĮȚ ȀȡȐĲȘ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
șİȦȡȒıȠȣȞ ʌȡȦĲĮȡȤȚțȩ ǼșȞȚțȩ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞ țĮȚ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ
țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ(National Human Capital) ĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ ĲȠȣȢ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȐ ʌȡȠıȩȞĲĮ,
ĮȡȤȓȗȠȞĲĮȢ ʌȡȫĲĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮȞİȪȡİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ĳȠȚĲȘĲȚțȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ țĮȚ ȝİĲȐ ȝİ
ĲȠ ȞĮ ĲȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ ĲĮ ȝȑıĮ, ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ĲĮ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ țĮȚ ȐȝİȚȕİȢ
țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ(motivation) ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĲȠȣȢ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ, įȚȩĲȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ,
ȖȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ĮȣĲȫȞ ıĲȘȡȓȗİĲĮȚ Ș ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȒ ʌȠȡİȓĮ țĮȚ
İȣȘȝİȡȓĮ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ, țĮȚ ĳȣıȚțȐ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİĲĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȚıĳȠȡȐ
ĲȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȞȚıȤȪİĲĮȚ Ș įȚȐșİıȘ ĲȦȞ ȖȚĮ ʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ʌȡȠıĳȠȡȐ ıĲȠ
ǲșȞȠȢ ĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ǹȞșȡȦʌȩĲȘĲĮ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ.
Ǿ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝȠȡĳȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ
ıİ ȟȑȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ȝİ ȖȞȦıĲȑȢ Ȓ ȐȖȞȦıĲİȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ
ĮȜȜȐ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢ ȞĮ İʌȚįȡȠȪȞ ıİ ĮĲȠȝȚțȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ʌȠȣ șȑȜȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫıȠȣȞ.
3.8.1 ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ȝİȚȫıİȦȢ Ȓ ıĲİȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ

ǲȡİȣȞĮȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮȢ
īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȝİ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȦȞ

ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ(ʌ.Ȥ gatekeepers ıĲȚȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ țĮȚ ıĲĮ ȂȂǼ)
țĮȚ ȝİ ȐȜȜİȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıĲȠȪȞ ǼșȞȚțȐ Ȓ/țĮȚ įȚİșȞȫȢ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜȠ
ȕĮșȝȩ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮȢ ȐȡȚıĲȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ĲȦȞ İȜİȖȤȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ȝȘ
ȤȐıİȚ ĲȠ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ĲȠȣ ȝĮȗȓ ȝİ ĲĮ ȠĳȑȜȘ ʌȠȣ ĲȠȣ
İʌȚĳȑȡİȚ(ʌ.Ȥ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ, țȪȡȠȣȢ, ȚıȤȪȠȢ, ț.Į).ȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȩĲĮȞ
ĮȟȚȩȜȠȖȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ įȘȝȠıȚİȪȠȣȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ĲȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįİȚȢ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ țĮȚ ȜȑȟİȚȢ, ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ĮȡȚșȝȠȓ
ʌĮȡĮʌȠȝʌȫȞ ıĲȘȞ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȦȞ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ
ĮȜȜȠȚȫȞİĲĮȚ ȑĲıȚ ĲȠ ȩȞȠȝĮ , Ș ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ țĮȚ Ș ʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȒ ȚįȚȠțĲȘıȓĮ ĲȠȣ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪ ĲȦȞ, ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ ĲȠ ȩȞȠȝĮ ĲȠȣ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑȦȢ ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİĲĮȚ ȦȢ Ƞ ĮȜȘșȚȞȩȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȩȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȩĲȣʌȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ, ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ıĲȠ țİȓȝİȞȠ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİĲĮȚ Ș ȑȞȞȠȚĮ
ĲȠȣ țİȚȝȑȞȠȣ, ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȜİȓʌȠȞĲĮȚ «țȜİȚįȚȐ» ȜȑȟİȚȢ țĮȚ ĳȡȐıİȚȢ ȫıĲİ ĲȠ țİȓȝİȞȠ ȞĮ
ȤȐȞİȚ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ, Ȓ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ ĮȝȑıȦȢ įİțĲȒ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ
ĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ…ȞĮ ĮȞĮȕȐȜȜİĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȑĲȘ Ș įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ȑȦȢ
ȩĲȠȣ Ƞ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ ȞĮ ʌȐȥİȚ ȞĮ ȡȦĲȐİȚ ʌȩĲİ șĮ įȘȝȠıȚİȣșİȓ, Ȓ ȞĮ țĮșȣıĲİȡİȓ
ȖȚĮ ȑĲȘ Ș įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ ıİ įȚİșȞȑȢ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ ȑȦȢ ȩĲȠȣ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȐȜȜȠ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩ
ȐȡșȡȠ ȞĮ įȘȝȠıȚİȣșİȓ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ, Ȓ ȞĮ ȤȐȞȠȞĲĮȚ (ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ıȣıĲȘȝȑȞĮ)
ȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ ıĲȑȜȞȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ ıİ įȚİșȞȑȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ
ʌȡȦĲȩĲȣʌȠ ȐȡșȡȠ(ʌ.Ȥ ȠȖțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ), Ȓ ȞĮ ĮȡȞȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ
ʌȡȦĲȠĲȪʌȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȪ ȜȩȖȦ ĮȞĲȚțȡȠȣıȝȑȞȦȞ ıȣȝĳİȡȩȞĲȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ȐȡșȡȠȣ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠȑȕȜİȥİ ĲȚȢ ĮȚĲȓİȢ{ʌ.Ȥ ĮȞȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ įȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ,ț.Į} ȖȚĮ ĲȠ 3Ƞ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȠ
18
ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȩ ĮĲȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȒ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ țȡȚĲȚțȒ[13]) țĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ įȓȞİĲĮȚ țĮșȩȜȠȣ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ʌĮȡĮȝȩȞȠ Ș ĮʌȩĳĮıȘ ĲȠȣ țȡȚĲȠȪ
Ȓ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȠȖȓİȢ ıĲȐȞĲĮȡĲ ȩʌȦȢ ȩĲȚ ĲĮ ĲȣʌȠȖȡĮĳȚțȐ ȜȐșȘ «ȠĳİȓȜȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠȞ
«įĮȓȝȠȞĮ»ĲȠȣ ĲȣʌȠȖȡĮĳİȓȠȣ».ȆȠȜȪ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ, İȝʌȠȡȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȚĮțȫȞ įȚİșȞȫȢ
įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȚȠ įȘȝȠĳȚȜİȓȢ search engines of INTERNET ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
įȑȤȠȞĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚ įȚİșȞȒ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ
ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓİȢ,.ț.Ĳ.Ȝ. ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ Ș ıĲȑȡȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ıİ
ȩĳİȜȠȢ ʌ.Ȥ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȘȝȓȗȠȣȞ ȝİ țȐșİ ĲȡȩʌȠ țĮȚ ȝİ
ȩȜĮ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ĲĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ĲȠȣȢ ǿįȡȪȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ ǼʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ĲĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȦȞ.
3.8.2 ǼȝʌȩįȚĮ ıĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ

ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ.
Ǿ ȣʌİȡİȚįȓțİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ Ș İȞȓıȤȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ĲȐıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ

ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȝİ ıȤİįȩȞ ĲȓʌȠĲĮ ȐȜȜȠ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ İțĲȩȢ ĲȘȞ ȣʌİȡİȚįȓțİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ,
ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ĲȐıȘ Ș İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȞĮ İțĲȚȝȐĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ
«ʌȠıȩĲȘĲĮ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ»(ʌ.Ȥ ʌȜȒșȠȢ įȘȝȠıȚİȪıİȦȞ) țĮȚ ȩȤȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ «ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ
ĲȦȞ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȦȞ» ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȚȢ ĮıĳȣțĲȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠșİıȝȓİȢ, ĲȘȞ
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ , ĲȘȞ «ıĲİȞȠțİĳĮȜȚȐ»(ıĲİȞȩĲĮĲȘ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ) ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ įȚȩĲȚ ȥȐȤȞȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ «įȑȞįȡȠ» țĮȚ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞ ĲȠ «įȐıȠȢ»(įȘȜĮįȒ
ȝİȜİĲȠȪȞ ȑȞĮ İȜȐȤȚıĲȠ ĲȝȒȝĮ ĲȘȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĲȚıĲȠȚȤİȓ ıĲȘȞ
ȣʌİȡİȚįȓțİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ «ıȣȞȠȜȚțȒ İȚțȩȞĮ» ĲȘȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ) țĮȚ
ĲȠ ıʌȠȣįĮȚȩĲİȡȠ ĮʌȠțȜİȓİȚ ʌȠȜȪ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȠȪȢ «İȖțİĳȐȜȠȣȢ» ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȝİ ȗȦĲȚțȠȪȢ ĲȠȝİȓȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ țĮȚ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ/ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȜȩȖȦ ȗȦĲȚțȒȢ İȜȜİȓȥİȦȢ įȚĮșİıȓȝȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ İțĲȩȢ
ĲȘȢ ȣʌİȡİȚįȓțİȣıȘȢ ĲȦȞ. ȉȠȪĲȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ȜȩȖȦ ĮȞĲȚʌİȡȚıʌĮıȝȠȪ
țĮȚ ĮįȚĮĳȠȡȓĮȢ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ șİȝİȜȚȫįȘ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȗȦĲȚțȐ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ ǹȞșȡȦʌȩĲȘĲĮȢ.
ȂȓĮ ȐȜȜȘ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ıĲİȡȠȪȞ ĲĮ ǲșȞȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȠĳȑȜȘ
ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȡȓıĲȠȣȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ, İȓȞĮȚ
ȝİĲȐ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠĳȠȓĲȘıȘ ĲȦȞ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚĮ, ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȦȞ ȩĲĮȞ ȣʌȘȡİĲȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȒ ĲȦȞ șȘĲİȓĮ ȞĮ
ȣĳȓıĲĮȞĲĮȚ «ʌȜȒȡȘ İȟİĳĲȚȜȚıȝȩ» ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ ȦȢ ĮʌȜȠȓ ıĲȡĮĲȚȫĲİȢ
Ȓ ȦȢ ȣʌĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ Įʌȩ ıȤİįȩȞ ĮȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȣȢ ȣʌĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ
ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȦȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȫȞ Įʌȩ ȟȑȞİȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ ʌȠȣ İțȝİĲĮȜȜİȪȠȞĲĮȚ ĲĮ
ıȣȝʌȜȑȖȝĮĲĮ ĲȦȞ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȫȞ(țȣȡȓȦȢ ĲȠȞ İȖȦȚıȝȩ ĲȦȞ,ț.Į) ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȑȢ įȚĮĲȐȟİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ ȠȚ ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠȚ
İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ țĮȚ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȑȢ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȦȞ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȣʌȘȡİĲȠȪȞ ȦȢ ĮʌȜȠȓ
ȠʌȜȓĲİȢ[5].
ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ȆȀȃ ʌȠȣ ĲȠ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚ İȜȐȤȚıĲİȢ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ ĮʌȠȜĮȕȑȢ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ ıİ ʌȘȖȑȢ «ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
19
țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ»(ʌ.Ȥ ĲȠȞ ĮȡȚıĲȠȪȤȠ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞĮ,ț.Į) ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
ȣʌȠĲȡȠĳȓİȢ,țĮȚ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ĮʌȠȜĮȕȑȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡȠȣȞ
ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȐ ȀȡȐĲȘ ıİ ĮȡȓıĲȠȣȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȠ ȖȞȦıĲȩ
ĳĮȚȞȩȝİȞȠ ĲȘȢ «ĮʌȠıĲȑȡȘıȘȢ İȖțİĳȐȜȦȞ(Brain drainage)»[28] Įʌȩ ĲĮ
İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ȩʌȠȣ ȠȚ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ĲȦȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ȝİĲĮȞĮıĲİȪȠȣȞ
ȖȚĮ ʌȐȞĲĮ ıĲȠ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ(ʌȠȣ ıĲȘȡȓȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ȘȖİȝȠȞȓĮ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ «Ǿ
ȖȞȫıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȚıȤȪȢ») ȩʌȠȣ ıĲȠ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ,ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ
ĲĮ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ȞĮ ȝȑȞȠȣȞ ʌȐȞĲĮ ȣʌȠĲİȜȒ țĮȚ ĮʌȜȠȓ ʌİȜȐĲİȢ ĲȠȣ
ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȠȪ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĮȞȓțĮȞĮ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ıĲȚȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝİȢ
țĮȚ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ. ǱȜȜȘ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĳĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠıĲİȡȒıİȦȢ
ĲȦȞ «İȖțİĳȐȜȦȞ» ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȩĲȚ ıĲĮ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ȠȚ șȑıİȚȢ
«țȜİȚįȚȐ» İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮĲĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ȝİĲȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ țĮȚ ȓıȦȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȐȝİıĮ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıĮ İʌȚȡİʌİȓȢ,ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ĲȠ țĮĲĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ,
ıĲȚȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ Įʌȩ ȟȑȞĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ, (įȚȩĲȚ ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ įİȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ țĮȞ ĲȘȞ
ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚĲİȓ ȚțĮȞȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ), ȝİ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ
ĲĮ ǼșȞȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȦȞ İȜİȖȤȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ȗȦĲȚțȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ
ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ, ȝİıȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ țĮȚ ȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳȠȞĲĮȚ (ȆȀȃ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ{ȀȡȐĲȠȢ}).
3.8.3 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ/ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ

țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ țĮĲȑȤȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȑȢ șȑıİȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȆȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ıĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ «ȑȜİȖȤȠ İȖțİĳȐȜȠȣ»(Mind

control) ȑȤİȚ Ș C.I.A (ȝȣıĲȚțȒ ȣʌȘȡİıȓĮ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ ĲȦȞ ǾȆǹ), ȝİ ĮȡȤȒ ȓıȦȢ
Įʌȩ ĲȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĲȘȢ MKULTRA, Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ ĲȠȣ 1950, țĮȚ ıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝİ ĲȠȞ ʌȡȐțĲȠȡĮ ĲȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȒ Ewen Cameron ĲȠȣ McGill University,Montreal
ĲȠȣ ȀĮȞĮįȐ ȖȚĮ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȑȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȩʌȦȢ ĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȚțȒ țĮșȠįȒȖȘıȘ
(psychic driving),ț.Į[7],[8],[9],[12],[22],[24],[29],[30].
ȂȓĮ ȕĮıȚțȒ ȚįȑĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ «ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȠȣ İȖțİĳȐȜȠȣ» ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ(ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ, įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȫȞ, ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞ,
įȘȝȠıȚȠȖȡȐĳȦȞ,ț.Į) İȓȞĮȚ ıĲȠȞ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ȞĮ İțʌȑȝʌȠȣȞİ (ʌ.Ȥ
ıĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ, ıĲȘȞ ȠȚțȓĮ ĲȠȣ, ıĲȠ ȟİȞȠįȠȤİȓȠ, ıĲȠ ĮȝȐȟȚ ĲȠȣ, țĲ.Ȝ) ıĲȠ
țĮĲȫĳȜȚȠ ĲȘȢ ĮțȠȒȢ ĲȠȣ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ,įȚȐĳȠȡİȢ ȚıĲȠȡȓİȢ, ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ
ȞĮ ȝʌİȡįİȣĲȠȪȞ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ıțȑȥȘ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ȚıĲȠȡȓİȢ ȞĮ șİȦȡȘșȠȪȞ ȦȢ įȚțȒ
ĲȠȣ ıțȑȥȘ ,ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ĲȠȣ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȠȣ(perception
management) ıĲȚȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ĲȦȞ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ İʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞ, ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ
İʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ ĲȠȣ. Ǿ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ĲİȤȞȚțȑȢ ȣʌȞȦĲȚıȝȠȪ ȫıĲİ ȝİ
ȑȝȝİıİȢ İȞĲȠȜȑȢ[10] țĮȚ ȝİ ȝİĲĮȣʌȞȦĲȚțȑȢ İȞĲȠȜȑȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ İțĲȑȜİıȘ ĲȦȞ ıȤİįȓȦȞ
ĲȠȣȢ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ʌȜȘȡȑıĲİȡȠȢ Ƞ «ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ĲȠȣ İȖțİĳȐȜȠȣ» ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ. ȅȚ
ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ĮıțȠȪȞĲȦȞ ĲȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ
ıĲȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĳșȐıȠȣȞ ȑȦȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȝİȞȘ «ĮȣĲȠțĲȠȞȓĮ» Ȓ
țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ «ĮĲȣȤȒȝĮĲĮ». ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ıİ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ
20
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ, ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ Ȓ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȒȢ țĮĲĮıțȠʌȓĮȢ ,İțʌȑȝʌȠȞĲĮȢ ıĲȠ
țĮĲȫĳȜȚȠ ĲȘȢ ĮțȠȒȢ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ, ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĲȠȣ ĮʌȠıʌȐıȠȣȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ țĮȚ
ȚįȑİȢ ,ĮȞ įİȞ ĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșİȓ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ Ȓ ȝİ ĲİȤȞȚțȑȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ/ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ ȞĮ ĲȠȞ ĮȞĮȖțȐıȠȣȞ ȞĮ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıĲİȓ ȝĮȗȓ ĲȠȣȢ, ȝİ ĲȠ ȞĮ
İțʌȑȝʌȠȣȞ ȝȓĮ İȡȫĲȘıȘ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĲȠȣ ȗȘĲȠȪȞ ʌ.Ȥ. ȞĮ țȠȣȞȒıİȚ İȜĮĳȡȐ ĲȠ țİĳȐȜȚ
ĲȠȣ įİȟȚȐ İȐȞ Ș ĮʌȐȞĲȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮȚ Ȓ İȜĮĳȡȐ ĮȡȚıĲİȡȐ İȐȞ Ș ĮʌȐȞĲȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȩȤȚ .
ǹțȩȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ țĮȜȐ ȝİȜİĲȘȝȑȞİȢ Įʌȩ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȚȐĲȡȠȣȢ ȚįȑİȢ
țĮȚ İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ȖİȞȠȞȩĲȦȞ(ʌȠȣ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ) ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȜȘșȠȪȞ ıĲȘȞ ıțȑȥȘ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȝȓĮ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ țĮĲĮıțȠʌȓĮȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȝȣıĲȚțȑȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȐ ĮȞİʌĲȣȖȝȑȞȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ ȞĮ ȘȤȠȖȡĮĳȠȪȞ ĲȚȢ
ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ıİ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȩʌȦȢ İıĲȚĮĲȩȡȚĮ, ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚĮ,
ȚįȚȦĲȚțȑȢ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ ıİ ıȣȞȑįȡȚĮ[18], Ș ĮțȩȝĮ ıİ ȠȚțȓİȢ, ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ țȜȑȥȠȣȞ
ĲȚȢ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡİȢ ȚįȑİȢ țĮȚ ȝİĲȐ ĲȐȤȚıĲĮ ȞĮ ĲȚȢ İțʌȑȝȥȠȣȞ ȓıȦȢ ıĲȠ țĮĲȫĳȜȚȠ ĲȘȢ
ĮțȠȒȢ ĳȘȝȚıȝȑȞȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ıĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ĲȠȣȢ(ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ĲȚȢ șİȦȡȒıȠȣȞ įȚțȑȢ
ĲȠȣȢ ȚįȑİȢ) ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȚĲȪȤȠȣȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ıĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ,
ıĲȚȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ įȘȝȠıȚİȪıİȚȢ, ıĲȘȞ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ
ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ĲȠȣȢ (Ȉİ ĮȞĲȓșİıȘ ȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȦĲȩĲȣʌȘȢ
ȚįȑĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȠȜȜȐ İȝʌȩįȚĮ șĮ ĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ĲȦȞ ȚįİȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ). ȅȝȠȓȦȢ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȩ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ĲȪʌȠ[19], ĲİȡȐıĲȚȠ ʌȜȒșȠȢ
ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȫȞ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚȫȞ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞĲĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ǾȆǹ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ
įȣȞĮĲȩȞ, ȝȣıĲȚțȑȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ, ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ țĮĲĮıțȠʌİȓĮ
İȞĮȞĲȓȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ țȜĮʌȠȪȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ Įʌȩ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪȢ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȠȪȢ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȑȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȠȚ ıĲȠ
INTERNET țĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ ıȤȘȝĮĲȚıĲİȓ ʌȡȠĳȓȜ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ
İȞįȚĮĳİȡȩȞĲȦȞ ĲȠȣȢ, Įʌȩ țȜȑȥȚȝȠ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚ ȜȑȟİȚȢ țȜİȚįȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ıĲȠȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȒ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȠȢ ıĲȠ INTERNET ,ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ Įʌȩ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȠȪȢ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȑȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠĲȪʌȦȞ ĲȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢ ĲȦȞ țĮȚ İȞįȚĮĳİȡȩȞĲȦȞ ĲȠȣȢ Įʌȩ
ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȚıĲȦĲȚțȫȞ țĮȡĲȫȞ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ. [17],[31]. ǼʌȓıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȝĮ
ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫıȚȝȠ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ȀȠȚȞȠȕȠȪȜȚȠ[33] ȩĲȚ ĲĮ ISDN ĲȘȜȑĳȦȞĮ ıĲĮ
ıʌȓĲȚĮ , İĲĮȚȡȓİȢ țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ ĲȚȢ
ȠȝȚȜȓİȢ ıĲȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ĲȦȞ ĲȘȜİĳȫȞȦȞ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȩĲĮȞ ĲȠ ĮțȠȣıĲȚțȩ İȓȞĮȚ
țĮȜȐ ĲȠʌȠșİĲȘȝȑȞȠ ıĲȘȞ șȑıȘ ĲȠȣ, ȝİ ĲȘȞ İțʌȠȝʌȒ İȞȩȢ monitor signal ,İȓȞĮȚ
ĲİȤȞȘĲȐ įȣȞĮĲȒ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ Ș ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘ Įʌȩ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İȣȡȓıțȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲȘȞ
ǹȝİȡȚțȒ. ‘ǲĲıȚ ʌĮȡĮȕȚȐȗİĲĮȚ ĲȠ ȚįȚȦĲȚțȩ țĮȚ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ ĮʌȩȡȡȘĲȠ ĲȦȞ
ǼȜȜȒȞȦȞ țĮȚ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȓȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ȤİȚȡȩĲİȡȠ ĲȡȩʌȠ…
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ıȠȕĮȡȩĲĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ ȑȖțĮȚȡȠȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ĮȞĲȓȝİĲȡĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȒ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒ, Įʌȩ İĲĮȚȡȓİȢ ĲȦȞ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ.,
ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ ıȣıĲȘȝȐĲȦȞ(operating systems) ȖȚĮ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪȢ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȠȪȢ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȑȢ ıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıĲȠ ǿȃȉǼRNET , ȩʌȠȣ șĮ ĮʌĮȚĲİȓĲĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȒ Ș įȒȜȦıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȜȒȡȘ ıĲȠȚȤİȓȦȞ ĲȠȣ
ȚįȚȠțĲȒĲȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȠȪ ıĲȘȞ İĲĮȚȡİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıĳȑȡİȚ ĲȠ
ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓĮȢ ĮȞȐ ʌȐıĮ ıĲȚȖȝȒ ȞĮ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ țȜȑȕİȚ ȩȜİȢ ĲȚȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ(ĮȡȤİȓĮ,e-mail,mailing
lists,ȑȖȖȡĮĳĮ,ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ,ț.Į) Įʌȩ ȩȜȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȠȪȢ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȑȢ
21
ıĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ĮȣĲȐ ĲĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ Ȓ ȐȜȜĮ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȐ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮĲĮ ĲȠȣ INTERNET (Browsers,cookies,e.t.c). ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș
ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țȜȠʌȒ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ĮȣĲȩȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȤȒ țȜȠʌȒ
ĲȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ, Įʌȩ ȩȜȠ ĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ, ȞĮ İȞȘȝİȡȫȞİȚ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ ȑȞĮ ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮȢ
ȤȦȡȘĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ įȚĮȤİȚȡȓıİȦȢ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ĳȣıȚțȐ ȞĮ
įȚĮȞȑȝİȚ ĮȣĲȑȢ ĲȚȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ȩʌȠȣ İʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞ ȠȚ ȕĮıȚțȠȓ ȝȑĲȠȤȠȚ țĮȚ įȚİȣșȣȞĲȑȢ
ĲȦȞ İĲĮȚȡİȚȫȞ ĮȣĲȫȞ Ȓ/țĮȚ Ș țȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘ ĲȦȞ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ.
ȅȝȠȓȦȢ șİȝİȜȚȫįİȢ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮȢ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȒ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ĲȘȢ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪıĮȢ ĲȘȜİȩȡĮıȘȢ (interactive TV), ȩʌȠȣ ȩȜȠȚ ȠȚ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠȚ, ıİ
ȩȜȠ ĲȠȞ țȩıȝȠ, ʌȠȣ șĮ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȞȘʌȚĮțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ʌȜȒȡȦȢ șĮ
«ĳĮțİȜȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ» Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓİȢ țĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ ȩȜĮ ĲĮ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ
ĲȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ șĮ țĮĲĮȖȡȐĳȠȞĲĮȚ ıİ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ ȕȐıȘ, ıİ ȤȫȡȠ-
ȤȡȠȞȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮȞȐ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ șİȫȡȘıȘ.
ȈĲȚȢ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞİȢ įȪȠ ʌİȡiʌĲȫıİȚȢ (Computer operating systems ,
Interactive TV) , .ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ , Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ıȣȜȜȑȖȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ıȣȞĲȐııİĲĮȚ ȝİ ʌȜȒȡȘ ȜİʌĲȠȝȑȡİȚĮ ʌȡȠĳȓȜ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ ȤȡȘıĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐ İȞȘȝİȡȫȞİĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıȘ İțȝİĲȐȜȜİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ
ǹȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ(ȀȡȐĲȘ, ǿįȚȦĲȚțȑȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓİȢ, ț.Į).
ǼʌȓıȘȢ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ ıİ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȒ ıȣıțİȣȒ(ʌ.Ȥ.
ĲȘȜȑĳȦȞȠ, Fax, Computer, ț.Į) ıȤİįȚȐȗİĲĮȚ Ȓ ʌȡȠȑȡȤİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ. ,
įȚȩĲȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȑĲıȚ țĮĲĮıțİȣĮıȝȑȞȘ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ Ș țȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘ țĮȚ ȓıȦȢ țĮȚ
ȚįȚȦĲȚțȑȢ İĲĮȚȡİȓİȢ ĲȦȞ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ, ıİ ȩȜȘ ĲȘȞ ȣĳȒȜȚȠ, ĲȚȢ
ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ıĲȑȜȞİȚ Ȓ įȑȤİĲĮȚ Ƞ ȤȡȒıĲȘȢ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȠȣ ȞȩȝȠȣ ĲȦȞ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ.
ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑȖȡĮȥİ Ƞ ʌȡȩİįȡȠȢ Clinton ĲȘȞ 24-10-1994 ĲȠȞ “The FBI Bill” [17].
ȉĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ İȓȞĮȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįȘ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ǻȚİșȞȒ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮ
ǻȚțĮȚȫȝĮĲĮ țĮȚ įİįȠȝȑȞȠȣ ȩĲȚ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ ǻȚİșȞȒ ȈȪȝȕĮıȘ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȝȣıĲȚțȐ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮȕȚĮıĲİȓ Įʌȩ ǾȖİȝȠȞȚțȐ ȀȡȐĲȘ, ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ ĮʌĮȚĲİȓĲĮȚ ıȣıĲȘȝĮĲȚțȒ țĮȚ İȚȢ
ȕȐșȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȜȐĲȠȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚ ȝİȜȑĲȘ ĲȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ. Ȉİ İʌȓʌİįȠ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ
¨ǲȞȦıȘȢ Ș ȐȝȣȞĮ ıĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ȝİ ĮȣıĲȘȡȩĲĮĲȘ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ İțĲȑȜİıȘ ĲȘȢ
ıȤİĲȚțȒȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȝİ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞȘ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ ȣʌȩ ȀȡĮĲȚțȩ țĮȚ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ¨ǲȞȦıȘȢ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȫȞ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȫȞ ıİ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ĮıĳĮȜȑȢ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ, ĮıĳĮȜİȓȢ Browsers
of INTERNET, Search engines of INTERNET, ĮıĳĮȜȠȪȢ țȡȣʌĲȠȖȡȐĳȘıȘȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ
ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȩ ĲĮȤȣįȡȠȝİȓȠ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ ĮıĳĮȜȫȞ șİȝİȜȚȦįȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ
ȘȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıĲȫȞ. ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȑȞĲȠȞĮ ȞĮ ĲȠȞȚıĲİȓ ȩĲȚ ȜȩȖȦ ĲȘȢ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮȢ[33] įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȢ țȜȠʌȒȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ Įʌȩ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ĲȦȞ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ. țĮȚ ȐȜȜĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮȢ ĮȟȓĮȢ țȜȠʌȒ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ, ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ, ȀȡĮĲȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȚĮțȫȞ
įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ «ĳĮțİȜȫȝĮĲȠȢ» ĲȦȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȓȦȞ ȆȠȜȚĲȫȞ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ., ĲȠ
ıȤİĲȚțȩ șȑȝĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ țĮȜȐ ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȩ țĮȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȩ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ĲȘȢ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĲȪȤİȚ ȪȥȚıĲȘȢ ʌȡȠĲİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȖȚĮ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ, ȝİȜȑĲİȢ, ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ, ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȒ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ
ĲȘȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ , ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ ĲȦȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȓȦȞ ȆȠȜȚĲȫȞ, ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.
22
Ȃİ ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚȠ ĲȡȩʌȠ ıİ įȚʌȜȦȝȐĲİȢ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȦȝĮĲȚțȠȪȢ ĲȦȞ İȞȩʌȜȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ (ʌ.Ȥ ıİ ȝİĲİțʌĮȚįİȪıİȚȢ ıİ ȟȑȞȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ,ț.Į )İțʌȑȝʌȠȞĲĮȢ ıĲȠ
țĮĲȫĳȜȚȠ ĲȘȢ ĮțȠȒȢ ĲȦȞ ȞĮ ĲȠȣȢ İȚıĮȖȐȖȠȣȞ ȚįȑİȢ țĮȚ İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩĲȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ĲȠ ȐĲȠȝȠ ȞĮ șİȦȡȒıİȚ ȦȢ įȚțȑȢ ĲȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĲȠȣ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȘȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĲȦȞ(perception management) ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȦȞ
ȫıĲİ ĲĮ ȐĲȠȝĮ ĮȣĲȐ ȞĮ ʌȐȡȠȣȞ ĲȚȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ(țȣȡȓȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȚȢ țĮĲİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ)
ʌȠȣ İʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣĲȠȓ İʌȚșȣȝȠȪȞ. ǹțȩȝĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝȑșȠįȠ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ
ʌİȓıȠȣȞ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢ ıĲȘ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ
ĮĲȩȝȦȞ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐȜȠȖİȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ĲȠȣȢ
ĲȡİȜȐȞȠȣȞ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐ ȥȣȤȦĲȚțȑȢ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȚȢ ıĲȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ĮȣĲȠȪȢ,
Ǿ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĲİȤȞȚțȒ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ıȣȞįȣĮıĲİȓ ȝİ İțʌȠȝʌȒ ȝȚțȡȠțȣȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȝĮȖȞȘĲȚțȒȢ ĮțĲȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ ȠȝȚȜȓĮȢ
țĮĲİȣșİȓĮȞ ıĲȠȞ İȖțȑĳĮȜȠ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ʌİȡȓ ĲȘȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮȢ
ȝİȜȑĲȘıİ ʌ.Ȥ. [11],[12],[15],[16],[23]) ʌȠȣ șĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ ĲȠ ȐĲȠȝȠ ȞĮ ĮțȠȪİȚ «ȠȝȚȜȓĮ»
ʌȠȣ ȓıȦȢ șİȦȡȘșİȓ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ȚĮĲȡȚțȩ țȩıȝȠ ʌȠȣ ĮȖȞȠİȓ ĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ȦȢ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒ țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ. ȆȠȜȜȠȓ įȚĮțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ʌȒȖĮȞ ȝİ ĲȚȢ
țĮȜȜȓĲİȡİȢ ʌȡȠșȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȘșȚțȒ ȖȚĮ ȝİĲĮʌĲȣȤȚĮțȑȢ ıʌȠȣįȑȢ Ȓ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıĲȠ
ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ Ȓ ıİ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞȠ Įʌȩ ĲȠ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ țĮȚ ȓıȦȢ,
ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ĲȠ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ, ȑȖȚȞĮȞ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮĲȩȗȦĮ ȖȚĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ
,İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ țĮȚ ȜȠȚʌȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȠȣ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȠȪ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ.
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȩ(ʌ.Ȥ[8]) ȩĲȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ/ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȑȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑȥȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ
ĲȦȞ įȚĮĳȠȞȠȪȞĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȣĲȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȖȞȦıĲȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ĲĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȐ ıȤȑįȚĮ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȫȞ Ȓ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦĲȚțȫȞ
ȀȡĮĲȫȞ .
3.8.4 ǼʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ȥȣȤȠȖȜȦııȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȑȢ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ȩʌȠȣ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȜȑİȚ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȤȦȡȓȢ ıĲȘȞ
ȠȣıȓĮ ȞĮ ȜȑİȚ ĲȓʌȠĲĮ ĲȠ ȠȣıȚĮıĲȚțȩ Ȓ ȩʌȠȣ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ıİȜȓįȦȞ
İȞȩȢ ȖȡĮʌĲȠȪ țİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡİȓĲĮȚ ĲȓʌȠĲĮ ĲȠ ȠȣıȚȫįİȢ. ȅȚ
ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ĮȣĲȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĲİȤȞȚțȑȢ ȆȀȃ țĮȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ
ȂȂǼ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ȖȚĮ ǼșȞȚțȒ Ȓ/țĮȚ įȚİșȞȒ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ .
Ǿ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ĮțȡȚȕȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ,ĲȘȢ ʌȜȘȡȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞĲȠȝȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ
İțĳȡȐıİȦȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠțȡȪʌĲİȚ ĲȚȢ ȠȣıȚȫįȘȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ,ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ țĮȚ șȑȝĮĲĮ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ
ĲİȤȞȚțȒ ȆȀȃ.
Ǿ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ĲĮȚȡȚȐȗȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞ ȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ ĲȠȣ
șȑȝĮĲȠȢ ȣʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ĮțȡȚȕȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ(ȜȑȟİȚȢ «ĲıȩȞĲİȢ»), ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȘșȑıĲĮĲĮ
23
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıİ ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȘȝȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐ țĮȚ ȐȜȜĮ ȑȞĲȣʌĮ țĮȚ ıĲĮ
ȂȂǼ, ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ĮıțȒıȠȣȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ ıĲȠȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫıĲȘ, İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ
ȕȜĮȕİȡȒ ĲİȤȞȚțȒ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ. ǻȣıĲȣȤȫȢ Ƞ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ ȑȤİȚ ʌĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ
ĲİȤȞȚțȒ ıİ ʌȜȒșȠȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ıȣȖȖȡĮȝȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ȠȡȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ıİ
ȐȡșȡĮ ǻȚİȣșȣȞĲȫȞ ıİ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȒȢ İȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢ,ț.Į.
ȅȚ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ĲȦȞ İȞȞȠȚȫȞ ĲȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ıĲȑȡȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ Įʌȩ ȜȑȟİȚȢ
ʌȠȣ įȚİȖİȓȡȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ Ȓ Ș İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȦȞ
ȜȑȟİȦȞ ĮȣĲȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȒ ĲİȤȞȚțȒ ȆȀȃ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȑȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩ ĲİıĲ
ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİĲİ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȚȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ
ȞĮ ȝİĲȡȒıİĲİ ĲȘȞ ıȣȤȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ȜȑȟİȦȢ «ǻȚȩĲȚ…»(ĮȡȤȓȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ȜȠȖȚțȒ
ĮȚĲȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ) , ĲȘȢ ȜȑȟİȦȢ «īȚĮĲȓ; » (ĮȡȤȓȗİȚ ĲȘȞ ȜȠȖȚțȒ țȡȚĲȚțȒ) , ĲȘȢ ȜȑȟİȦȢ «ǲȤİȚ
ȑȞȞȠȚĮ; »(ĮȡȤȓȗİȚ ĲȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ țĮȚ țȡȚĲȚțȒ ĲȘȢ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ) țĮȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȐ șĮ
İțʌȜĮȖİȓĲİ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ ĮȡȞȘĲȚțȐ ĮʌȠĲİȜȑıȝĮĲĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ ıİ
ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ țĮȚ ıİ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ȂȂǼ(ĳȓȜȝȢ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.) ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ
ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ, ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȓıȦȢ ȞĮ țȡĮĲȒıİȚ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ
ĲȠȣ ıĲȠ İȜȐȤȚıĲȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țȡȚĲȚțȒȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚȠ ʌȠȜȪ
įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȐ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞȠȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ĲȘȢ ȀȡĮĲȚțȒȢ
ȡȠȒȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ.
Ǿ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ĲȠȣ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȠȪ ĳȠȡĲȓȠȣ ȜȑȟİȦȞ, ȝİ ıȣıȤİĲȚıȝȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȝİ
įȚĮĳȠȡİĲȚțȐ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȐ ĲȠȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮĲȚțȩ țȩıȝȠ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ (ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȚȢ) țĮȚ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ ȐȝİıĮ Ș/țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıĮ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ[15].
Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ ȜȑȟİȦȞ țĮȚ ȠȡȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ʌȠȜȪ ȣȜȚıĲȚțȠȪ ʌİȡȚİȤȠȝȑȞȠȣ( ʌȠȜȪ
ıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞȠ ıĲȚȢ ǾȆǹ) ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓıİȚ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĲȘȞ șİȦȡȘĲȚțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ
ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ,ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ(creativity) ıİ ȞȑİȢ ȕĮıȚțȑȢ ȚįȑİȢ(concepts)
,ĲȘȞ ĳȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮ țĮȚ ĮȞȫĲİȡȠȣȢ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȠȪȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȠȪȢ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ
İȞİȡȖİȓ ȦȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ. Ǿ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȒ ıİ ȣȜȚțȐ ĮȖĮșȐ . īȚĮ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
İȟȑȜȚȟȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮ Ș ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȒ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ȐȨȜȦȞ ĮȖĮșȫȞ.
Ǿ ĲȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮțȡȚȕȠȜȠȖȘȝȑȞȦȞ İȞȞȠȚȫȞ ĲȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ «įȑȢ ĲȚ ȗȑıĲȘ
țȐȞİȚ » ĮȞĲȓ ĲȠȣ ȠȡșȠȪ «ĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȗȑıĲȘ;» ) ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ
įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒ ıȪȖȤȣıȘ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ įȡȐ ȦȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ .
ǼʌȓıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȖȜȦııȚțȒ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ
İȞȩȢ țİȚȝȑȞȠȣ(Ș ȝȓĮȢ ȠȝȚȜȓĮȢ) ȞĮ İțĲȚȝȘșİȓ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ĮĲȩȝȠȣ(ĳȣıȚțȐ
įȚĮȜȑȖȠȞĲĮȢ ĲȠ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠ ȖȡĮʌĲȩ țĮȚ șȑȝĮ ʌȡȠȢ ȝİȜȑĲȘ).
3.9 ȆĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ İȞȐȞĲȚĮ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.
Ȃİ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞİȤȠȪȢ ĲĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Įʌȩ ʌĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ

ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ İȞȐȞĲȚĮ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ(ʌ.Ȥ țȜȠʌȑȢ, ȜȘıĲİȓİȢ,
țĮțȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ, țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ țȚȞȘĲȒȢ țĮȚ ĮțȓȞȘĲȘȢ
ʌİȡȚȠȣıȓĮȢ,įȣıĳȘȝȓįİȚȢ,ıȣțȠĳĮȞĲȓİȢ,ĮʌȐĲİȢ,ʌȜĮıĲȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢ,ȥİȣįȠȝĮȡĲȣȡȓİȢ,
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȠȪȢ șȠȡȪȕȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ȝȠȜȪȞıİȚȢ ıĲȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ Ȓ/țĮȚ
24
ȠȚțȓĮȢ, ĮįȚțȓİȢ, ıțȩʌȚȝȘ ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ, ȐȡȞȘıȘ ʌĮȡȠȤȒȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ
,ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ıĲȘȞ ȝȚıșȠįȠıȓĮ,țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ) įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚ
ĮĳȩȡȘĲȘ țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ ȗȦȒȢ ıĲȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ, ȝİ
ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮįȪȞĮĲȠȞ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ȞĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȐ țĮȚ
İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖțȐȗİĲĮȚ ȞĮ ĮıȤȠȜİȓĲĮȚ ȝİ ȐıȤİĲĮ ʌȡȠȢ ĲȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȠȣ șȑȝĮĲĮ
(ĮȞĲȚʌİȡȚıʌĮıȝȩȢ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ), ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ Ș ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ĮȣĲȒ
ȆȀȃ ȞĮ ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲȚȢ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲİȢ țĮȚ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ.
3.10. ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ ȝȣıĲȚțȫȞ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıȣıȤİĲȚȗȩȝİȞȦȞ ȝİ ĮȣĲȑȢ

ǿįȚȦĲȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȦȞ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ
ǵȜİȢ ȠȚ ȖȞȦıĲȑȢ țĮȚ ȐȖȞȦıĲİȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ĲȠȣ
ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ȝȣıĲȚțȑȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ
ȝİ ʌȚșĮȞȩ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ıȣıȤİĲȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ ȝİ ĮȣĲȑȢ įȚİșȞİȓȢ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȠʌȚțȑȢ
ȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȚȢ(ȝȣıĲȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ĳĮȞİȡȑȢ) țĮȚ ȚįȚȦĲȚțȐ clubs ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ țȐșİ İȓįȠȣȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ(ȆȀȃ) ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȣʌȠĲȐııȠȞĲĮȚ ıĲĮ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȠȣȢ , ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĲȠȞ ĮȞĲȚʌİȡȚıʌĮıȝȩ
Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ țȣȡȓĮ ĲȦȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ, ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ
ȝİȓȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠįȩıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȦȞ, Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ıȣȞİȤȒ ĲĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȓĮ ʌȠȣ
ȣĳȓıĲĮȞĲĮȚ. ǼșȞȚțȒ ȞȠȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĲȚȝİĲȦʌȚıĲȠȪȞ
ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ĮĳȠȡȠȪȞ ĲȠ ǼșȞȚțȩ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ «țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ»
(ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ ȣȥȘȜȫȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠıȩȞĲȦȞ,țĲ.Ȝ.). ȈĲȘȞ İʌȠȤȒ ĲȘȢ
ǼȞȦȝȑȞȘȢ ǼȣȡȫʌȘȢ Ș ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ǼșȞȚțȩ ȞȠİȓĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȦȞ
ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȠșȑıȝȦȞ,ȝİıȠʌȡȠșȑıȝȦȞ țĮȚ ȝȚțȡȠʌȡȠșȑıȝȦȞ ıȣȝĳİȡȩȞĲȦȞ ĲȘȢ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ.
3.11 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠʌĮȖĮȞįȚıĲȚțȑȢ ĲĮțĲȚțȑȢ
ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȡȠʌĮȖȐȞįĮȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡĮĳİȓ Ȓ

țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ȣʌȩȜȘȥȘ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ). ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıĲȠ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ıĲĮ ȂȂǼ ʌȠȜȪ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ ȐȡȚıĲȠȚ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ıȤİįȩȞ ıǯȩȜȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȠȝİȓȢ
ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ{İțĲȩȢ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ}) , İȞȫ ĮȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ ʌȡȠȦșİȓĲĮȚ
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȐ Ș įȚĮĳȒȝȚıȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ʌȘȖȫȞ «ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ»(ʌ.Ȥ
ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚıĲȫȞ «ıțȣȜȐįȚțȦȞ» ĲȡĮȖȠȣįȚȫȞ, ȘșȠʌȠȚȫȞ ʌȡȠĲȪʌȦȞ ĮȞȘșȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ
țĮȚ ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ)
Ȃİ ĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȆȀȃ ȠȚ ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞĲĮȚ ıĲȠ ȞĮ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮȚ ,ȞĮ ıȣȗȘĲȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȝİ șȑȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĮȤȡȒıĲȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ (ȝȠȡĳȒ ĮȞĲȓ-İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ʌȠȣ
İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫȞİȚ țĮȚ ĮȞĮĲȡȑʌİȚ ĲȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ ĮĲȩȝȦȞ) İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ
25
țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİĲĮȚ Ƞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ ıİ șȑȝĮĲĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȦĳİȜȓȝȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ. ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ĲȦȞ
ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ (ʌ.Ȥ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȫȞ
ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȠȣ,ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ,ț.Į) İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ
ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ĲȦȞ ʌȘȖȫȞ «ĮʌȠȕȜĮțȫıİȦȢ»(ʌ.Ȥ
ĮıĲȡȠȜȩȖȦȞ, ʌȠįȠıĳĮȚȡȚıĲȫȞ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ).
ǼȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȖȞȦıĲȩ ȩĲȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠʌĮȖĮȞįȚıĲȚțȒ ȝȑșȠįȠ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞ ĲĮ
ȂȂǼ ĲȘȞ ĮțȡĮȓĮ İȟĮȓȡİıȘ ĲȠȣ țĮȞȩȞĮ ȦȢ ĲȠȞ țĮȞȩȞĮ , ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȣȞ
ĲȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ Ȓ ĮțȩȝĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȒ ʌȡĮȖȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ʌȠȣ
įȣıĳȘȝȓȗİȚ țĮȚ ıʌȐİȚ ĲȘȞ İȝʌȚıĲȠıȪȞȘ ıĲȠȣȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪȢ șİıȝȠȪȢ ĲȠȣ
ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİĲĮȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ ıİȕĮıȝȩȢ
ıĲȠȣȢ ȣʌȘȡİĲȠȪȞĲȠȢ ĲȠȣȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪȢ șİıȝȠȪȢ ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓĲĮȚ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ İȣȞȠİȓ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.ȀȜĮııȚțȐ ʌĮȡĮįİȓȖȝĮĲĮ ĲȠ «ȟİĳĲȣȜȚıȝĮ» ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ ȝİ ĲȘȞ İțȝİĲȐȜȜİȣıȘ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȦȞ İȟĮȚȡȑıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ʌĮȡȑȕȘıĮȞ ĲȠ țĮșȒțȠȞ ĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȘșȚțȒ .
3.12 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ.
«ǻȫıĲİ ȝȠȣ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡİȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢ ȞĮ ıĮȢ įȫıȦ ȑȞĮ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡȠ țȩıȝȠ»

- ǹȡȤȚİʌȓıțȠʌȠȢ ȋȡȚıĲȩįȠȣȜȠȢ -
ǲȞĮȢ ʌȠȜȪ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȢ ȆȀȃ İȞȩȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ

ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİ įȚĮĳȩȡȠȣȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ıĲȘȞ
ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒ ĲȠȣ ȗȦȒ Ȓ ĮțȩȝĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ įȚȐȜȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ĲȠȣ.
Ȃİ ĮȣĲȒ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȓ ȖȚĮ ĲĮ
ǼșȞȚțȐ ıȣȝĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ ȆȡȦșȣʌȠȣȡȖȠȓ(ʌ.Ȥ. ıĲȠȞ ȀĮȞĮįȐ).
ȅȚ ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ĲȘȢ įȚȐȜȣıȘȢ ĲȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ țĮȚ ĲĮ
ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȐ țĮȚ ȣȜȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİȚ ĲȠ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȞĮ ĮıȤȠȜȘșİȓ ȝİ șȑȝĮĲĮ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ
ȖȞȫıİȦȞ. ǹȞĲȚșȑĲȦȢ ĲȠ ĮȡȝȠȞȚțȩ țĮȚ ȝİ ĮȖȐʌȘ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓ ĲȘȞ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ȤȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ
ĲȘȞ įȚȐșİıȘ ʌȡȠȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮʌĲȪııİȚ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıĲȚțȐ
İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞĲĮ.
ȂȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȚȐȜȣıȘ ĲȦȞ ıĲİȞȫȞ
įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ įİıȝȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıĲȚȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıĲȚțȐ ȞĮ
ĲȠȞȓȗİĲĮȚ ȝİ ʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮ ȝİșȩįȦȞ ʌȦȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĲĮȚ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ
țĮȚ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠĲİȓȞȠȞĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȑȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ
įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ įİıȝȩ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ «ȜȣșȠȪȞ ; » (ʌ.Ȥ Ƞ ȑȞĲȠȞȠȢ ĲȠȞȚıȝȩȢ țĮȚ Ș
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İȣțȠȜȓĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ įȚİȞȑȟİȦȞ ıĲȠ ȗİȣȖȐȡȚ, Ș ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ĲȘȢ
ĮȞȘșȚțȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȦȢ «İȟȣʌȞȐįĮȢ» ıĲȚȢ ĲȘȜİȠʌĲȚțȑȢ «ıĮʌȠȣȞȩʌİȡİȢ» țĮȚ ıĲĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȫıȝĮĲĮ ĲȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ İȞȫ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ ĮʌȠțȡȪʌĲİĲĮȚ țȐșİ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
ıȣȞİȡȖĮĲȚțȒ ȜȪıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ țĮȜȩ ĲȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ). ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȩȞȠȚİȢ ȖȚĮ
26
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ ıțȠʌȚȝȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ , ĮĳȠȪ Ș įȚĮȜİȜȣȝȑȞȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȓıȦȢ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡȠȢ țĮĲĮȞĮȜȦĲȒȢ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ(ʌ.Ȥ ĮȖȠȡȐ ȞȑȦȞ
ȠȚțȚĮțȫȞ ıȣıțİȣȫȞ, İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȑȟȠįĮ ıİ įȚĮıțİįȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȞİȪȡİıȘ ȞȑȠȣ
ıȣȞĲȡȩĳȠȣ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ įȚĮȜİȜȣȝȑȞȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ). Ǿ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ ȂȂǼ ıĲȘȞ
įȚȐȜȣıȘ ĲȦȞ ıĲİȞȫȞ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ įİıȝȫȞ ȝİȜİĲȐĲĮȚ ıĲȠ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȩ
ȐȡșȡȠ[6].
Ȃİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ İȣȞȠȧțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ țĮȚ ȤȡȒıȘ
ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ , ĲĮ ȂȂǼ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ĲȠ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ İȣȞȠİȓ ĲȚȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ. īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ıĲȘȞ ǺȩȡİȚĮ ǹȝİȡȚțȒ, Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ įİțĮİĲȓİȢ
ʌȡȚȞ, ĲĮ ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȒȝȚĮ, ȠȚ ǼȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȠȓ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ȠȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĳȡȠȞĲȓȗȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ ĲȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ıȣȞİıĲȚȐıİȦȞ,ȤȠȡȫȞ,ȠȝȐįİȢ ıȣȗȘĲȒıİȦȞ,ț.Į) ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ȞĮ
ıȣȝȕȐȜȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞ ĮȪȟȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȩįȠıȘȢ ĲȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ. Ȉİ ĮȞĲȓșİıȘ Ș ĲȡȠȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮ
ĲȦȞ İȚįȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ĳȓȜȝȢ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ ıȣȝȕȐȜȠȣȞ ıĲȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ.
ǱȜȜȘ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ, țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝİ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ȂȂǼ ʌȠȣ «țȠȡȠȧįİȪȠȣȞ»
ĲȠȣȢ ʌȚıĲİȪȠȞĲĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ İțʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ(ʌ.Ȥ
ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚıȝȩȢ) Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ İȜȑȖȤȠȞĲĮȢ ȐȝİıĮ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıĮ ĲĮ ȂȂǼ. Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ įȓįİȚ(İȟǯȠȡȚıȝȠȪ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ) ǹȖȐʌȘ, ȀĮȜȒ ǼȜʌȓįĮ
țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ʌȓıĲȘ ıĲȠȞ ĬȡȘıțİȣȩȝİȞȠ țĮȚ ıȣȞİȚıĳȑȡİȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
ĲȘȢ ȘșȚțȒ ıİ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡİȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ȗȦȒȢ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ «ıȦıȓȕȚȠ» ıİ ıĲȚȖȝȑȢ ĮʌȠȖȞȫıİȦȢ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌȠĲȡȑȥİȚ
ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ, ȞĮ İȣȞȠȒıİȚ ĲȘȞ ĮȞȐȡȡȦıȘ Įʌȩ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ {ȩʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıĲȩ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȚĮĲȡȚțȒ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘ} țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠĲȡȑȥİȚ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ
ĮȣĲȠțĲȠȞȓĮ. īİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ Ƞ ĬȡȘıțİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ,ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ, įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞİȚ
ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ(perception management) ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȐțȚȢ ȜȩȖȦ
ĮȣĲȒȢ ĲȘȢ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘȢ «İȣȡȓıțİȚ» ĲȠ țĮȜȪĲİȡȠȞ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ, ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ,
İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚȠ İȣĲȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȢ Įʌȩ ĮȣĲȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıĲİȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ ĲȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
İȣİȖİȡĲȘȝȐĲȦȞ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ.
3.13 ǱȜȜȠȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȆȀȃ
ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ ʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ʌȠȣ

ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĳĮȞĲĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ.
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4. ǹȞĲȓȝİĲȡĮ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.
ȉȠ ʌȡȦĲĮȡȤȚțȩ ĮȞĲȓȝİĲȡȠ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ

ȖȓȞİȚ ĮȞĲȚȜȘʌĲȩȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȩȢ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ıȤİĲȚțȠȪȢ ȣʌİȣșȪȞȠȣȢ, ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȜȘĳșȠȪȞ
ĲĮ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȝȑĲȡĮ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ, ĲȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓĲİȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞĲĮȚ Ȓ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİĮıĲȠȪȞ Įʌȩ
ĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ.
Ȉİ İʌȩȝİȞȠ ıĲȐįȚȠ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȐ ȠȚ
țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜİȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȦĲȚțȑȢ įȠȝȑȢ ıȠȣȢ ıȤİĲȚțȠȪȢ ȝİ ĲȠ șȑȝĮ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ
ĲȠȣ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ, ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȡİȣȞȘșİȓ ıİ ĮȡȤȑȢ țĮȚ
ʌȡĮțĲȚțȑȢ Ƞ ȆȀȃ, ȝİĲȐ ȞĮ ȝİȜİĲȘșİȓ ʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦ ĲȠ șȑȝĮ ıİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ
ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĮțȠȜȠȪșȦȢ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȒ ȐȝȣȞĮ İȞȐȞĲȚĮ ıĲȠȞ
ȆȀȃ ȝİ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝȘ,ȝİıȠʌȡȩșİıȝȘ țĮȚ ȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝȘ șİȫȡȘıȘ. īȚĮ ĲȠȞ
ıțȠʌȩ ĮȣĲȩ ĮʌĮȚĲİȓĲĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ įȚ-İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ İʌȚĲȡȠʌȫȞ ȝİ ıȣȝȝİĲȠȤȒ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ĲȦȞ șİĲȚțȫȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ĲȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ(ȚĮĲȡȠȓ ,ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ, ȥȣȤȓĮĲȡȠȚ, ț.Į), İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ ,ĲȘȢ ǾșȚțȒȢ,
ĲȦȞ ǻȚİșȞȫȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ, ĲȘȢ ȈĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȒȢ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ țĮȚ ĲİȤȞȚțȒȢ, ĲȘȢ ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ
ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ(Management and Motivations in Organizations) țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ȂȑıȦȞ
ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ.
ǹțȠȜȠȪșȦȢ, Ș ȖİȞȚțȒ ȚįȑĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĮȞĲȚȝȑĲȡȦȞ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ
ȝİȜİĲȒıȠȣȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ʌȚșĮȞȠȪȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȣȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȪȝİ
ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ĲȦȞ ĲȡȩʌȦȞ
țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ Ȓ ĲȠȣȜȐȤȚıĲȠȞ ȞĮ İȜĮȤȚıĲȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ
ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ,ȝİıȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ țĮȚ
ȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ıĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ , ıĲȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ țĮȚ ıĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ.
ǼʌİȚįȒ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ șȑȝĮ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȤİįȩȞ țĮșȩȜȠȣ įȘȝȠıȚİȣȝȑȞȘ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ, ȕĮıȚțȩȢ ıĲȩȤȠȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ȐȡșȡȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ ȝİȡȚțȫȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ,ʌȠȣ ĲȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩĲİȡİȢ
ȕȓȦıİ Ƞ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ, ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ ĲȠ ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ ȖȚĮ ʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ
ȑȡİȣȞĮ ıĲȠ șȑȝĮ, ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ țĮȚ İĳĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ,ȞȠȝȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ ıİ ǼșȞȚțȩ țĮȚ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ǲȞȦıȘȢ İʌȓʌİįĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ İȞİȡȖȒıȠȣȞ
ıĮȞ ĮȞĲȓȝİĲȡĮ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ.
ȂȓĮ ȐȜȜȘ ʌȠȜȪ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȒ ȐȝȣȞĮ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǲȞȦıȘ,
ĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ, țĮȚ ȠȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȗȘĲȒıȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȝİĲȐ ȞĮ
İțȝİĲĮȜȜİȣșȠȪȞ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȐ, (įȓȞȠȞĲĮȢ ĲĮ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜĮ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȑȢ
țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ (motivation) ), ĲȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ
ȖȞȫıİȦȞ. Ȉİ ĮȣĲȠȪȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȫıȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ ĲĮ įȚĮșȑıȚȝĮ ȝȑıĮ, ĲȠ țĮĲȐȜȜȘȜȠ
ĳȣıȚțȩ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ , İȣțȠȜȓİȢ , ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ ȫıĲİ
ȞĮ ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ Ș ʌȚșĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȞ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲİȢ(optimum) ȤȫȡȠ-ȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢ
țĮȚ ĮȞȐ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ, ıİ ıȤİįȩȞ țȐșİ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ țȡȚıȓȝȠȣ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓ Ȓ șĮ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȒıİȚ ĲȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǲȞȦıȘ, ĲȠ
ǲșȞȠȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ. ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ ıĲȘȞ ıȘȝİȡȚȞȒ ȝĮȢ
İʌȠȤȒ ȝȩȞȠ «Ș ȚıȤȪȢ İȞ ĲȘ İȞȫıİȚ» ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞİȡȖȓĮȢ(synergy) ıĲȘȞ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǲȞȦıȘ ȩʌȠȣ ĲȠ ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȠȣ ĮșȡȠȓıȝĮĲȠȢ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȚȫȞ ȝİ
ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖĮȜȪĲİȡȠ ĲȠȣ ĮșȡȠȓıȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȦȞ
28
ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȚȫȞ șİȦȡȠȪȝİȞİȢ ȦȢ ĮȞİȟȐȡĲȘĲİȢ(ĲȦȞ ǼșȞȫȞ), ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ĲȠ
ȩĲȚ «Ș ȖȞȫıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȗȦĲȚțȒ ȚıȤȪȢ» ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ, (ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȒ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ Ǿ.Ȇ.ǹ. ȑȤȠȣȞ
ȦȢ ʌȡȫĲȘ ĲȠȣȢ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝȘ ʌȡȠĲİȡĮȚȩĲȘĲĮ ıĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ĲȠȣ ȖȚĮ
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ȣʌİȡȠȤȒ ıĲȘȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȓĮ), ȝȩȞȠ Ș ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
«ĲȦȞ ʌȘȖȫȞ ĲȘȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ» ıİ ǼșȞȚțȩ țĮȚ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ ȑȞȦıȘȢ İʌȓʌİįĮ ȝĮȗȓ ȝİ ʌİȡĮȚĲȑȡȦ ȑȡİȣȞĮ, ȝİȜȑĲȘ țĮȚ ȐȝȣȞĮ ıĲȠȞ
ȆȀȃ șĮ ȝĮȢ ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıİ İȣĲȣȤȑıĲİȡȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ…
5. ǼʌȓȜȠȖȠȢ
ȉȠ ĮȚıȚȩįȠȟȠ ȝȒȞȣȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȩĲȚ Ș įȪȞĮȝȘ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ

,Ș ıȤİĲȚțȒ ȖȞȫıȘ țĮȚ Ș ʌȡȦĲȠĲȣʌȓĮ(Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫıİȚ ĲȚȢ
standard operations procedures ıȣıĲȘȝȐĲȦȞ,ț.Į) İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȚıȤȣȡȩĲİȡİȢ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫıȠȣȞ ȓıȦȢ ĲȡȚıİțĮĲȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ įȠȜĮȡȓȦȞ
țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȫȞ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȫȞ, țȣȡȓȦȢ ȩĲĮȞ ȣʌȠıĲȘȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ ĲȘȢ
ǾșȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ.
ȃȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩĲȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȩ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ Ș ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĲȠȣ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ[20] ĲȠȣ ʌȜĮȞȒĲȘ ȝĮȢ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ
įȣȞĮĲȒ ȝȩȞȠ İȐȞ ȠȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįİȚȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ țĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ĲȘȢ
ǹȞșȡȦʌȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȝİȜİĲȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ įȚ-İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ İʌȚĲȡȠʌȑȢ (ȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȝİȜİĲȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ıİ ȩȜȠȣȢ ĲȠȣȢ ĲȠȝİȓȢ ĲȦȞ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ
įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȠĲȒĲȦȞ) ʌȠȣ șĮ ĮʌĮȡĲȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ĲȘȢ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĲȦȞ ǾșȚțȒ țĮȚ ǻȓțĮȚȠ. ǼȓȞĮȚ țĮĲĮȞȠȘĲȩ ȩĲȚ ȠȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ
İʌȚĲȡȠʌȫȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȠȖȘȝȑȞİȢ ıİ İʌĮȡțȒ ȕĮșȝȩ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮĲȠȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıĲȘȡȓȗȠȞĲĮȚ ʌȡȫĲȚıĲĮ ıĲȘȞ ȜȠȖȚțȒ
įȘȝȠțȡĮĲȓĮ[21] țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ĲȩıȠ ıĲȘȞ ıȣȝĳİȡȠȞĲȠȜȠȖȓĮ ĲȦȞ įȚĮʌȡĮȖȝĮĲİȪıİȦȞ.
ȉȑȜȠȢ ıĲȠȞ ĲȠȝȑĮ ĲȘȢ įȚȐįȠıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚȫȞ ıĲȠ țȠȚȞȩ ȝİ ĲĮ ȂȑıĮ
ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ Ș ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȕĮȓȞİȚ ĲȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ ĲȘȢ
ǾșȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ , ȩʌȦȢ įȚĮȝȠȡĳȫȞȠȞĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ ǻȚİșȞİȓȢ ǹȡȤȑȢ ĲȦȞ
ǹȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ǻȚțĮȚȦȝȐĲȦȞ , ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥİȚ ,ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȐ, ȝȚĮ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡȘ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ
ȗȦȒȢ (Įʌȩ ĮʌȩȥİȦȞ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ, ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ, ȘșȚțȒȢ/įȚțĮȓȠȣ, ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ,
ʌȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠȪ, İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ/ĲİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮȢ, įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ İȞįȚĮĳİȡȩȞĲȦȞ,
İȜİȣșȑȡȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ, țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞĲȦȞ) ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ ȝİȜȜȠȞĲȚțȑȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȓİȢ…
6. ǼȣȤĮȡȚıĲȓİȢ
ȅ ȈȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ȐȡșȡȠȣ İȣȤĮȡȚıĲİȓ ĲȠȣȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȒ ǹ. ī.

ǹȞįȡİȩʌȠȣȜȠ ǹȞĲȚʌȡȪĲĮȞȘ ĲȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ȂİĲıȠȕȓȠȣ ȆȠȜȣĲİȤȞİȓȠȣ,
ǻȡ ȋȡȒıĲȠ ǹȞĮȖȞȫıĲȠȣ , ȀȠȞ ȆĮȞĮȖȒ īİȦȡȖȓȠȣ ,ȀĮ ĬİȠįȫȡĮ
ȀĮȡȕȠȪȞȘ , ǻȡ. ǹȜȑȟȘ ȀȠȞȓįȘ , ǻȡ ĬİȩįȦȡȠ ȀȠȣıȠȣȡȒ țĮȚ ǻȡ ¨ǼĳȘ ȀȫĲȠȣ
ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țȡȚĲȚțȒ țĮȚ ıȤȩȜȚĮ ĲȠȣȢ ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ.
29
7. ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ
[1] «Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȦȢ ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ» , Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ

ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ, įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲȠ ȞȠȝȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ «ȆȠȚȞȚțȒ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ» ,
ȅțĲ. 1999 ,ı. 1055 İʌ.
[2] «ǲȞĮ ȝȠȞĲȑȜȠ İʌȓ ĲȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ țĮȚ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ ĲȘȢ ȝȞȒȝȘȢ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȐʌȠȥȘ ĲȘȢ
ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ», Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ
ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ, 1983
[3] «ȈȣȝȕȠȜȒ șİȦȡȚȫȞ ĲȘȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȝĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ıĲȘȞ
țĮȜȣĲȑȡİȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒȢ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ» , Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ
ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ țĮȚ īİȦȡȖȓĮ ȈĮțĮȡȑȜȜȠȣ, ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıĲȘțİ țĮȚ
ǻȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲĮ ʌȡĮțĲȚțȐ ĲȠȣ
Ǻ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ ǻȚȠȚțȘĲȚțȫȞ ǻȚțĮıĲȫȞ , ǹșȒȞĮ , 2-ǻİțİȝ.-1990
[4] «KĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ İıȤȐĲȘ ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮ», Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ

ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ, ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ, 1997
[5] «ȅ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ıĲȚȢ ȑȞȠʌȜİȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ıȣıȤİĲȚıȝȩȢ ĲȠȣ
ȝİ ĲȠ ʌȞİȪȝĮ ĲȠȣ ȆȠȚȞȚțȠȪ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ» Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ ,
įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲȠ ȞȠȝȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ «İʌİĲȘȡȓįĮ ǹȡȝİȞȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ», 1999 ,
ı. 141 İʌ.
[6] «Media effects as a factor of breaking close relationships” ,

by Joseph-Christos Kondylakis, National Library of Greece, 1999
[7] «The search for the Manchurian candidate: The CIA and Mind control ,
The secret history of behavioral sciences, by John Marks, 1991,
Norton press
[8] «ǹȞĲȚʌȠȜȚĲİȣĲȚțȒ ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒ» Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǻȡ. ȀȜİȐȞșȘ īȡȓȕĮ, 1989 ,

İțįȩıİȚȢ ǿĮȞȩȢ, Ĭİı/ȞȚțȘ
[9] «Opinion of George Cooper, Q.C.. Regarding Canadian Government

Funding of Allan Memorial Institute, in the 1950’s and 1960’s»
(Prof. Ewen Cameron and the CIA brainwashing experiments at
McGill University in Canada) edition of Department of Justice of
Canada, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada K1A0H8 and
«I swear by Apollo: Dr Ewen Cameron and the CIA brainwashing
experiments” by Don Gillmor, 1987, Eden Press
[10] “Hypnotic realities” by Dr Milton Erickson et al,1976,Irvington publishers
30
[11] «ǺȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ĲȘȢ ȘȜİțĲȡȠȝĮȖȞȘĲȚțȒȢ ĮțĲȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ» Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ
ǼʌȚț. ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȒ Ȁ. Ĭ. ȁȚȠȜȚȠȪıȘ , ĲȘȢ ǾȜİțĲȡȠȞȚțȒȢ ĭȣıȚțȒȢ ĲȠȣ
ȆĮȞİʌȚıĲȘȝȓȠȣ ǹșȘȞȫȞ, 1997, İțįȩıİȚȢ ǻȓĮȣȜȠȢ
(ıĲȓȢ ıİȜȓįİȢ 51-53 İȝĳĮȞȓȗİĲĮȚ Ș įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȦȢ ĲİȤȞȘĲȐ
ȀĮȡįȚĮțȒȢ ĮȞĮțȠʌȒȢ țĮȚ ıĲȚȢ ıİȜȓįİȢ 55-56 İȝĳĮȞȓȗİĲĮȚ Ș įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ
ǼțʌȠȝʌȒȢ «ĳȦȞȫȞ» ĮʌİȣșİȓĮȢ ıĲȠȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ İȖțȑĳĮȜȠ , ȝİ
ȂȚțȡȠțȣȝĮĲȚțȒ ʌĮȜȝȚțȒ ĮțĲȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ)
[12] «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȞȠȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ»

Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ,
2000, ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ (țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȒ ȝȒȞȣıȘ ıĲȘȞ
ǼȚıĮȖȖİȜȓĮ ĲȠȣ ǹȡİȓȠȣ ȆȐȖȠȣ)
[13] «Some uncommon but very critical aspects of nuclear safety” by

Joseph-Christos Kondylakis, 1983/1997/2001 , ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ
ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ țĮȚ ıĲȠȞ ǻȚİșȞȒ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ǹĲȠȝȚțȒȢ ǼȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢ, ıĲȠȞ ȅǾǼ
țĮȚ ıİ ȆȡİıȕİȓİȢ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ıĲȘȞ ǹșȒȞĮ ț.Į.
[14] «ȈțȑȥİȚȢ ʌȐȞȦ ıĲȘȞ ȕĮıȚțȒ İȟȓıȦıȘ ĮʌȩįȠıȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ» Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ
ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ, įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲȘ İĳȘȝİȡȓįĮ
«Ǿ ȀĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ» ĲȘȢ ȀȣȡȚĮțȒȢ, 15-ȅțĲȦȕȡȓȠȣ-2000 , ı. 74
[15] «ȂȓĮ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĲȘȢ ıȘȝİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒ»
Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ, ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ,
1989
[16] «The zapping of America: Microwaves, their deadly risks and the cover-up»
by Paul Brodeur,1977, Norton press
[17] «The end of privacy», by Charles J. Sykes,1999, St Martin press
[18] «Confidential» (ȀĮĲĮıțȠʌȓĮ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ țĮȚ ǼȝʌȠȡȓȠȣ), by John Nolan,

1999, HarperBusiness publication
[19] «Big brother, NSA, and its little brothers», by Terry L. Cook,1998, SCM
publishing
[20] «Theory of evolution of an intelligent ecosystem», by Joseph-Christos

Kondylakis, “Acta Biotheoretica”,1997,45(2), p. 181-182
[21] «Logical Democracy», by Joseph C. Kondylakis, National Library of

Greece
[22] «Psychic dictatorship in the USA», by Alex Constantine,1995, Feral

House publishing
31
[23] «Auditory perception of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields», by
Chung-Kwang Chou & Arthur W Guy ,Journal
of Acoustic Society of America, June 1982, p. 1321-1334
[24] «Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control» by Harvey M. Weinstein,
M.D., American psychiatric press,1990
[25] «Motivation and leadership at work», by Dr R.M. Steers et al,1996,

McGraw Hill
[26] «Media effects-advances in theory and research», by Dr Jenning Bryant

(Edt),1994, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates publishing
[27] «Human factors in Engineering and Design», by Dr M.S. Sanders et al,

1992, mcGraw Hill
[28] «The Knowledge revolution- an analysis of the international brain market»,

by Dr D.N. Chorafas, 1968, McGraw Hill
[29] «Mass control: Engineering Human consiousness», by Jim Keith, 1999,

IlluniNet press
[30] «ȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȣʌȠĲĮȖȒȢ ıȣȞİȚįȒıİȦȞ», Įʌȩ ǻȘȝȒĲȡȘ ǼȣĮȖȖİȜȩʌȠȣȜȠ,

2000, İțįȩıİȚȢ ǼıȠʌĲȡȠȞ
[31] “Corporate espionage” by Ira Winkler, 1997, Prima publisher
[32] Internet site : www.ncmr.gr/Kondylakis.html
[33] “Development of surveillance technology and risk of abuse of economic

information”(98/14/01) , from European Parliament , Scientific &
Technological Option & Assessment. Internet site :
www.europarl.eu.int/stoa/publi/default_en.htm
[34] Additional relevant scientific articles exist at the INTERNET address:

www.ncmr.gr/Kondylakis/index.html
32
33
34
35
ȆȅǿȃǿȀȅȊ ǻǿȀǹǿȅȊ ĬǼȍȇǾȈǾ ȉȅȊ ȆȅȁǼȂȅȊ īǿǹ ȉǾȃ ȀǹȉǹȈȉȇȅĭǾ ȉǾȈ
ȃȅǾȂȅȈȊȃǾȈ
ǹʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ Ȁ. ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , Ǽ.Ȁ.Ĭ.Ǽ. ,19013 ǹĲĲȚțȒ ,ĳĮȤ 22910-763223 ,

ȉİĲȐȡĲȘ , 15-ǿĮȞ(1)-2003
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ : ȉȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ İȡİȣȞȘĲȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ , ʌȠȣ ȦȢ

ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ĲȦȞ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȣȝȑȞȦȞ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ȐȡșȡȦȞ ĲȠȣ ȚįȓȠȣ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑȦȢ «Ǿ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȦȢ
ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ»,1999 – «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȞȠȝȚțȒ
ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ»,2000 – «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ»,2001 ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ
ıİ șİȦȡȘĲȚțȩ țĮȚ ʌȡĮțĲȚțȩ ıțİʌĲȚțȚıȝȩ ȞĮ șİȝİȜȚȫıȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ȗȦĲȚțȒ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ
ǲșȞȠȢ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ ȞĮ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ ȠȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ
ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȚ ıȤİĲȚțȠȓ ĲȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ Įʌȩ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ(İȢ) ĲȘȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȦȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ , įȚȩĲȚ Įʌȩ
ĮȣĲȠȪȢ ȐȝİıĮ İȟĮȡĲȫȞĲĮȚ Ș ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ Ș İȣȘȝİȡȓĮ ĲȠȣ
ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ Ș ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ȗȦȒȢ ĲȠȣ ʌȠȜȓĲȘ(ȦȞ)…
ȍȢ ȆȩȜİȝȠ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ (ȆȀȃ) ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘ ȝİ įȩȜȠ Ȓ ȝİ İȖțȜȘȝĮĲȚțȒ

ĮȝȑȜİȚĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȝİȡȚțȫȢ Ȓ ȠȜȚțȫȢ , ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐ Ȓ ȝȩȞȚȝĮ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ
ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ) Ȓ/țĮȚ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ȦȞ). ȅ ĮȞȦĲȑȡȦ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ
ıİ İʌȓʌİįȠ ĳȣıȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣ, ȞȠȝȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣ , ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȀȡȐĲȠȣȢ. ȈĲȘȞ
ȕĮȡȪĲĮĲȘ ĲȠȣ ȝȠȡĳȒ ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȠĲȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĳșȐıİȚ ȑȦȢ ĲȠȣ țĮțȠȣȡȖȒȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ
ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ĲȠȣ țĮțȠȣȡȖȒȝĮĲȠȢ ĲȘȢ İıȤȐĲȘȢ
ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮȢ.[ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ 1999 , ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ 1997].
ȍȢ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȞȠȠȪȝİ , ıĲȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȐȡșȡȠ , ĲȘȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮ įȣȞĮĲȩĲȘĲĮ ȖȚĮ
ĲȘȞ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȜȪıİȦȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ(İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ,ȞȠȝȚțȐ, țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ,șİȦȡȘĲȚțȐ,
ʌȡĮțĲȚțȐ,țĲȜ) Ȓ/țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȝȘ ĲȣȤĮȓĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ȝȓĮȢ ȕȑȜĲȚıĲȘȢ(optimum) İʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ ıİ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȢ , ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ İȞȩȢ ĮȜȖȠȡȓșȝȠȣ , Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ȜȠȖȚțȑȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ , ıĮȞ ĲȘȞ Ȟ-țȪțȜȦȞ İʌĮȞĮȜȘʌĲȚțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
İȡȦĲȒıİȦȞ {īȚĮĲȓ; , ǻȚȩĲȚ… , ǲȤİȚ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ; }ȖȚĮ ĲȚȢ ĮȚĲȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮĲĮȞȠȘșȠȪȞ.
[ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ 1982 , ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ+ȈĮțĮȡȑȜȜȠȣ 1990, ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ 1997 ].
ȅ ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ İȞĮȞĲȓȦȞ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ) Ȓ/țĮȚ ǹȞșȡȦʌȓȞȠȣ

ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İʌȚĳȑȡİȚ ȝİĲĮȟȪ ȐȜȜȦȞ(įȚȩĲȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳİȚ ĲȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩĲȘĲĮ ȜȒȥİȦȢ
ȞȠȘȝȩȞȦȞ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ įȚȩĲȚ ȝİ įȩȜȠ (Ȓ İȖțȜȘȝĮĲȚțȒ ĮȝȑȜİȚĮ) ȘȜȚșȚȠʌȠȚİȓ
ĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĲȠȞ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ) :
1. ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ıĲȠ ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ ĲȘȢ ȊīǼǿǹȈ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ)
(ȒĲȠȚ ȆȀ-ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ (15Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ{ȆȠȚȞȚțȠȪ ȀȫįȚțĮ}
țĮȚ ȆȀ-ȈȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ǺȜȐȕİȢ (16Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ )
2. ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ ǻȣȞĮĲȠĲȒĲȦȞ
(ȒĲȠȚ ȆȀ-ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ {ȦȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ (1)
36
ȆȀ-ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ĲȚȝȒȢ (23Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ ) ǼʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞȠȢ , țĮȚ
ȆȡȠįȠıȓĮ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ (2Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ) ıİ ȚįȚĮȓĲİȡİȢ ʌİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ʌ.Ȥ. ıİ
ȆİȡȚʌĲȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑĳȠȞĲĮȚ țȠȡȣĳĮȓȠȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȓ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞİȢ ĲȠȣ
ǲșȞȠȣȢ ȝĮȢ, ȝİ ȩȜİȢ ĲȚȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ țĮțȒȢ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ țĮĲĮıĲȡİʌĲȚțȑȢ
ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǲșȞȠȢ ȝĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ İȣȘȝİȡȓĮ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȜȚĲȫȞ ȝĮȢ.
3. ȅȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ ıİ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ(ȠȣȢ) Ȓ/țĮȚ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ(ȠȣȢ)
(ȒĲȠȚ ȆȀ-ǼȖțȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮĲȐ ʌİȡȚȠȣıȚĮțȫȞ įȚțĮȓȦȞ (24Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ) țĮȚ
ǼȖțȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ȚįȚȠțĲȘıȓĮȢ (23Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ȆȀ) țĮȚ ʌȜİȓıĲĮ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ
ĲȠȣ ǹıĲȚțȠȪ ȀȫįȚțĮ+ț.Į)
4. ǹĲȠȝȚțȒ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ) Ȓ/țĮȚ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ(ȦȞ)
(ȒĲȠȚ ȆȀ- ȖȚĮ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ǹȟȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȊȖİȓĮȢ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ,țĲȜ)
5. ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ)
(ȒĲȠȚ ȆȀ- ȖȚĮ ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ(ıİ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ+ǹĲȠȝȚțȩ)
İʌȓʌİįĮ, ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ ȅȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒȢ ȗȦȒȢ ,ț.Į , țĮȚ ȐȜȜĮ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ ĲȠȣ ȆȀ
țĮȚ ĲȠȣ ǹıĲȚțȠȪ ȀȫįȚțĮ,ț.Į)
6 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ ıĲȘ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ(ȦȞ) ȑȝȝİıĮ (ȝİ ȝİȓȦıȘ ĲȦȞ
ȌȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞ įȣȞĮĲȠĲȒĲȦȞ țĮȚ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ {ʌ.Ȥ. ȘȜȚșȚȠʌȠȚȩȞĲĮȢ ĲȠȞ țĮȚ
«ʌİȓșȠȞĲĮȢ» ĲȠȞ ȞĮ ȝİȓȞİȚ İȖțȜİȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ ȤȫȡȠ,țĲȜ} Ȓ/țĮȚ ȝİ
ȐȝİıĮ ȝȑıĮ (ʌ.Ȥ. ȝİ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıĲȚțȐ ȝȑĲȡĮ ʌ.Ȥ. İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞĲĮȢ(ȝİ ȆȀȃ) ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ȞĮ ȜȐȕȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıĲȚțȐ ȝȑĲȡĮ)
7. ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȑȢ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣ ĲȠȝİȓȢ (ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ ȆȀ, ǹıĲȚțȩ ǻȓțĮȚȠ țĮȚ
Ș ıȤİĲȚțȒ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ǹȜȜȠįĮʌȫȞ ȀȡĮĲȫȞ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȠȡșȒ
țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȒ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ ĲȦȞ,țĲȜ)
ȅ ț. īȚȐȞȞȘȢ ȂʌȑțĮȢ , ıĲȠ ıȪȖȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĲȠȣ ȝİ ĲȓĲȜȠ «ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ» ,2002 {ȂʌȑțĮȢ,2002] șİȦȡİȓ ȩĲȚ ıĲȠ 15Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȠȣ ȆȀ «ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ
ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ» țĮȚ ıĲȠ 16Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȠȣ ȆȀ «ȈȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ» ĲȠ ʌȡȠıĲĮĲİȣȩȝİȞȠ
ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȣȖİȓĮ (ı. 23 ĲȠȣ ĮȞȦĲȑȡȦ ıȣȖȖȡȐȝȝĮĲȠȢ).
ȅȡȓȗİȚ įİ ĲȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ȦȢ Ș ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮ ıİ įİįȠȝȑȞȘ (ȤȡȠȞȚțȒ) ıĲȚȖȝȒ țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ ĲȦȞ
ĳȣıȚțȫȞ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȚȫȞ , ıȦȝĮĲȚțȫȞ Ȓ (țĮȚ) ʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȫȞ (ȥȣȤȚțȫȞ) ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ. ȈȣȞİȤȓȗİȚ įİ , ʌȠȜȪ ıȦıĲȐ ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȖȞȫȝȘ ȝĮȢ, ıĲȘ ı. 23
…ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐ įȚĮĲĮȡȐııİȚ ȑıĲȦ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ İȜȐȤȚıĲȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ ĮȣĲȒȞ ĲȘȞ
țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ țĮȚ İȓĲİ įȣıȤİȡĮȓȞİȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȓĮ Ȓ ĲȘȞ țĮșȚıĲȐ ĮȞȑĳȚțĲȘ , İȓĲİ
ȣʌȠȤȡİȫȞİȚ ĲȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ıİ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ȑțĲĮțĲȘȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ İʌĮȞĮĳȠȡȐȢ (ĲȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ), ȕȜȐʌĲİȚ ĲȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ…
(İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ĮȚıșĮȞȩȝİșĮ ĲȘȞ ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ ȞĮ ıȣȖȤĮȡȠȪȝİ ĲȠȞ ț. īȚȐȞȞȘ ȂʌȑțĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ
ĲȩıȠ ĮțȡȚȕȠȜȠȖȚȝȑȞȠ țĮȚ ȝİ ʌȜȘȡȩĲȘĲĮ ȠȡȚıȝȩ ĲȘȢ «ȕȜȐȕȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ» , ʌȠȣ ȒĲĮȞ ȑȞĮȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮĲȚıȝȩȢ ĲȩıȠ įȪıțȠȜȠȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ȞĮ įȚĮĲȣʌȦșİȓ ıİ įȚİșȞȑȢ İʌȓʌİįȠ…)
ȉȠ ȩĲȚ ıĲĮ țİĳȐȜĮȚĮ 16Ƞ ȆȀ «ȈȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ ǺȜȐȕİȢ» ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıĲȠ 15Ƞ ȆȀ «ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ
țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ» Ș ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ĲȠȣ «ȈȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ» ȕȜȐȕİȢ {țĮĲȐ ĲȘȞ ĲİȜİȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ, ʌȠȣ
șİȦȡİȓĲĮȚ țĮȚ Ș ȠȡșȠĲȑȡĮ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ(ʌ.Ȥ İȓįİ ȉıȐĲıȠȢ-ȆȡȠȕȜȒȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ
İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ)} ĮȞĮĳȑȡİĲĮȚ ıİ ıȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȥȣȤȚțȑȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ȗȦȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ Įʌȩ 1) ĲȘȞ ĮȚĲȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İȚıȘȖȘĲȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ĲȠȣ ȞȠȝȠșȑĲȠȣ, ĲȠ ȩĲȚ
İȓȤİ İȞįȚĮĳȑȡȠȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮȞĲȓȜȘȥȘ ĲȦȞ İȖțȜȘȝȐĲȦȞ(ʌ.Ȥ. [ǹ. ȀȠȞĲĮȟȒ ,ȈİʌĲ.
1997,ı. 41]…ȣʌȩ ĲȠ ĳȫȢ ȞİȦĲȑȡȦȞ İȡİȣȞȫȞ İȚȢ ĲĮ ʌİįȓĮ ĲȘȢ ǹȞșȡȦʌȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ĲȘȢ
37
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ,…ĮȚ ĲȑȦȢ țȡĮĲȒıĮıĮȚ ĮȞĲȚȜȒȥİȚȢ ʌİȡȓ ĲȠȣ İȖțȜȒȝĮĲȠȢ…) İʌȓıȘȢ ıĲȠ [ǹ.
ȀȠȞĲĮȟȘ,ȈİʌĲ. 1997 ,ı. 48}…ǹȚ ʌȠȚȞȚțĮȓ İʌȚıĲȒȝĮȚ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ ȑȞĮ ȝȑȖĮ ʌȜȑȖȝĮ
ȖȞȫıİȦȢ ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȞ țĮĲȐ ʌȠȜȪ ĲĮ ʌĮȜĮȚȐ ıĲİȞȐ ȩȡȚĮ ĲȠȣ ȆȠȚȞȚțȠȪ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ.Ǿ
ǹȞșȡȦʌȠȜȠȖȓĮ Ș ǼȖțȜȘȝĮĲȠȜȠȖȓĮ,Ș ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒ, Ș ǺȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ ,Ș ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ, Ș
ǿĮĲȡȠįȚțĮıĲȚțȒ,Ș ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ, Ș ȈĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȝȑȡȠȢ ĲȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ ĮȣĲȫȞ ĲȦȞ
İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ ĮȚ ȠʌȠȓĮȚ ȠĳİȓȜȠȣȞ ȞĮ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ țĲȒȝĮ ĲȠȣ įȚțĮıĲȠȪ…). ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ įİ [ǹ.
ȀȠȞĲĮȟȒ,2000,ĲȩȝȠȢ Ǻ, ı.2575]…İȞ ĲĮȚȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȞȠȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ĮȚ ĲȘȢ
ıȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĮȚ ĲȘȢ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ (ǹȚĲȚȠȜ. 297). ȉȠȪĲȠ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ İț
ĲȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ 310 țĮș’ Ƞ Ș ıȦȝĮĲȚțȒ ȕȜȐȕȘ įȑȠȞ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ İʌĮțȩȜȠȣșȠȞ ȕĮȡİȚȐȞ ʌȐșȘıȚȞ
ĲȠȣ ıȫȝĮĲȠȢ Ȓ ĲȘȢ įȚĮȞȠȓĮȢ. ȅȝȠȓȦȢ [ǹ.ȀȠȞĲĮȟȘ , 2000, ĲȩȝȠȢ Ǻ, ı. 2577]…ǺȜȐȕȘ įİ
ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠĲİ ʌȐșȘıȚȢ ıȦȝĮĲȚțȒȢ Ș įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ Ȓ İʌȓĲĮıȚȢ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮ ȒįȘ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȦȢ(ȂʌȠȣȡȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ Ǻ 503/4 , ǹȆ1518/95)
ǺȜȐȕȘ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȐıĮ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȚȢ Ȓ İʌĮȪȟȘıȚȢ ȝȓĮȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ (ʌ.Ȥ. ȞĮ ȝȒȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ
ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢ ʌȠȚȠĲȚțȒȢ ĮȟȓĮȢ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ȜȩȖȦ ʌ.Ȥ. ȚıȤȣȡȫȞ ȥȣȤȠĳĮȡȝȐțȦȞ Ȓ/țĮȚ
ȘȜİțĲȠıȠțȢ[ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȫȞ ȝȞȒȝȘȢ,ĲȡȩȝȠȢ,țĲȜ] , Ș ĲȠȣ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȠȪ ĭȅȃȅȊ ĲȘȢ
ȜȠȕȠĲȠȝȒȢ, ʌȠȣ İʌȓıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȠȜȑȝȠȣ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ) , ĮıȤȑĲȦȢ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȒȢ įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢ ĲȘȢ ĲȠȚĮȪĲȘȢ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȦȢ.
Ǿ ȕȜȐȕȘ ĲȘȢ ȥȣȤȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȐȞĲȠĲİ ȕȜȐȕȘ ȣȖİȓĮȢ (ȕȜȑʌİ țĮȚ ȂĮȡȖĮȡȓĲȘ ı.159,
ĭȚȜȚʌʌȓįȘ 179 ,īȐĳȠ į97, țĮȚ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ İȞ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ĲİȜİȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȝİ
ȆȀ310 ,țĲȜ)
ǹȞĮĳȠȡȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȠ 15Ƞ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȠȣ ȆȀ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȖȞȫȝȘ ȝĮȢ ȩĲȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ

įȚİȣțȡȚȞȓıȠȣȝİ ȝİĲĮȟȪ įȪȠ(2) İȚįȫȞ ĬĮȞȐĲȦȞ , ĲȘȢ ĮȣĲȒȢ ĮȟȓĮȢ ȩıȠȞ ĮȞĮĳȠȡȐ ĲȠȞ ȆȀ.
ǹ) ȈȦȝĮĲȚțȩȢ ĬȐȞĮĲȠȢ (ʌ.Ȥ. țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȗȦĲȚțȫȞ İȖțİĳĮȜȚțȫȞ țȣĲĲȐȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ
ıȣȞȑȤȚıȘ ĲȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ…)
Ǻ)ȌȣȤȚțȩȢ ĬȐȞĮĲȠȢ (ʌ.Ȥ. İȓįȘ ȁȅǺȅȉȅȂȍȃ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ , Ȓ ĮȞȓĮĲȠ țȫȝĮ , Ȓ ȐȜȜİȢ
İʌİȞİȡȖİȚİȢ, ʌȠȣ ȝİĲĮĲȡȑʌȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ ıİ «ĳȣĲȩ»)
ȅ ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ (ȆȀȃ) ȦȢ İʌȚįȡȩȞĲĮȢ ıĲȘȞ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȦȞ

ĮʌȠįȩıİȦȞ ĲȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ in concreto ʌİȡȚıĲȐıİȚȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İʌȚĳȑȡİȚ țĮȚ ȌȊȋǿȀȅ
Ĭǹȃǹȉȅ( ʌ.Ȥ ȝİ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ,țĲȜ) ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȈȍȂǹȉǿȀȅ Ĭǹȃǹȉȅ (ʌ.Ȥ ȝİ
ǻȅȁȅ țĮȚ ȘȜȚșȚȠʌȠȚȩȞĲĮȢ(ȆȀȃ) ĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ țĮȚ ȝİĲȐ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȫȞĲĮȢ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĲȘȢ
įȠȜȠĳȠȞȓĮȢ ȝİ «ȈĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȑȢ ȆĮȖȓįİȢ ĬĮȞȐĲȠȣ» ʌ.Ȥ ıİ ȁİȦĳȩȡȠ ıȣȤȞȩĲĮĲĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
țĮĲİıĲȡĮȝȝȑȞĮ ĲȠ ʌȡȐıȚȞȠ ĳĮȞȐȡȚ įȚȑȜİȣıȘȢ ʌİȗȫȞ{ʌ.Ȥ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒȢ ǼȀĬǼ ǹȖȓȠȣ ȀȠıȝȐ}
Ǿ ȦȢ ʌİȗȩȢ ȞĮ ĲȡȑȤİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȐȕİȚ ȜİȦĳȠȡİȓȠ ĲȠȣ ȅǹȈǹ ʌȠȣ Ș ıĲȐıȘ İȓȤİ ĲȠʌȠșİĲȘșİȓ
ıĲȠ ʌȚȩ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣĲȠțȚȞȘĲȚțȩ ĮĲȪȤȘȝĮ(ʌ.Ȥ ʌȡȚȞ ȜȓȖĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ıĲȘȞ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ
ȃȑȠȣ ĭĮȜȒȡȠȣ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ȜİȦĳȠȡİȓȠ ǹ2, İȞȫ ȣʌȒȡȤĮȞ ĮıĳĮȜİȓȢ İȞĮȜȜĮțĲȚțȑȢ ȜȪıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ
ĲȘȞ ĲȠʌȠșȑĲȘıȘ ĲȘȢ ıĲȐıȘȢ ȜİȦĳȠȡİȓȦȞ,țĲȜ)
ȅ ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ (ȆȀȃ) İʌȚįȡȐ ıĲȘȞ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ȕĮșȝȩ

ĮʌȩįȠıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ǹȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ ıİ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ.
ǲĲıȚ ʌ.Ȥ İȐȞ ȝİ ȆȀȃ țĮĲĮıĲȡȑȥİȚȢ(ʌ.Ȥ ȝİ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȑȢ ȝİșȠįȠȣȢ,ț.Į,țĲȜ) ȑȞĮ ǹȇǿȈȉȅ
ǼʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞĮ , ȫıĲİ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȜȑȠȞ «ȚțĮȞȩȢ» ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞİȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ Ȃȅȃȅ ȖȚĮ
ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțĲȚțȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ (ʌ.Ȥ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ʌȦȢ șĮ țȐȞİȚ ȑȞĮ ȑȡȖȠ «ȗȦȖȡĮĳȚțȒȢ» ıİ
ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡİȓȠ…) ĲȩĲİ Ș ȕȜȐȕȘ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ĮȣĲȠȪ ĲȠȣ ǹȞșȡȫʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ǺǹȇȊȉǹȉǾ ȩʌȦȢ
ĲȠȪĲȠ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Įʌȩ ʌ.Ȥ ĲȠ İȟĮȓȡİĲȠ ıȪȖȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĲȠȣ ț. īȚȐȞȞȘ ȂʌȑțĮ ȝİ ĲȓĲȜȠ
38
«ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ǽȦȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ»,2002,ı. 24 «ȅ ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ĲȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȢ ĲȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ǻǼȃ ȖȓȞİĲĮȚ ıİ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ʌȡȠȢ țȐʌȠȚȠ ʌȡȠțĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ, ıĲĮșİȡȩ
ȝȑȖİșȠȢ , ĮȜȜȐ ȀǹĬǼ ĳȠȡȐ ıȣȖțȡȓȞİĲĮȚ Ș țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ ĲȘȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ Ȇȇǿȃ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ
İʌİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ (ʌ.Ȥ Ȇȇǿȃ Įʌȩ ȜȒȥȘ ȥȣȤȠĳĮȡȝȐțȦȞ Ȓ ȘȜİțȡȠıȠțȢ Ȓ ȁȅǺȅȉȅȂȍȃ Ȓ
ȐȜȜȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ/ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȫȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȫȞ ıĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ, ĲȠ ʌȦȢ ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪıİ Ƞ
ǹȇǿȈȉȅȈ ǼʌȚıĲȒȝȦȞ ıİ ǼʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ įȡĮıĲȘȡȚȩĲȘĲİȢ,țĲȜ) țĮȚ ĲȠ
ĮʌȠĲȑȜİıȝĮ ĲȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢ țĮȚ ȂǼȉǹ (ʌȠȣ ȓıȦȢ Ƞ ǹȇǿȈȉȅȈ ǼʌȚıĲȒȝȦȞ ȑȖȚȞİ
«ȚțĮȞȩȢ» Ȃȅȃȅ ȖȚĮ …ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțĲȚțȑȢ «İȡȖȠșİȡĮʌİȓİȢ»…)
Ȉİ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ȐȡȚıĲȠ İʌȚıĲȒȝȠȞĮ ʌȠȣ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȞĮĳȑȡĮȝİ ȃǼȀȇȍȃǼȉǹǿ
ǻǿǹȃȅǾȉǿȀǹ(ȒĲȠȚ ȝȠȡĳȒ ȌȊȋǿȀȅȊ ĬǹȃǹȉȅȊ) ȝİ ĲĮ țĮțȫȢ İȞȞȠȠȪȝİȞĮ(¨Ǿ ȂǼ
ǻȅȁȅ) İĳĮȡȝȠȗȩȝİȞĮ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐ/ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȐ ȝȑĲȡĮ, ȑȞĮȢ ǹȄǿȅȈǼǺǹȈȉȅȈ ʌ.Ȥ
īİȦȡȖȩȢ ǿȈȍȈ;;; ȝʌȠȡİȓ ĮțȩȝĮ ȞĮ ıțȐȕİȚ ȋǼǿȇȅȃǹȀȉǿȀǹ ĲȠ ȤȦȡȐĳȚ ĲȠȣ ȝİĲȐ Įʌȩ
ȥȣȤȠĳȐȡȝĮțĮ Ȓ ȘȜİțĲȡȠıȠțȢ Ȓ ĲȠȞ ȌȊȋǿȀȅ ĭȅȃȅ ĲȘȢ ȁȅǺȅȉȅȂǾȈ…
ǼȓȞĮȚ Ș ȖȞȫȝȘ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑȦȢ ȩĲȚ Ƞ ȆȅȁǼȂȅȈ ȀǹȉǹȈȉȇȅĭǾȈ ȉǾȈ

ȃȅǾȂȅȈȊȃǾȈ ʌȠȣ țĮĲȐ ʌȡȫĲȠȞ ıĲİȡİȓ ĲȘȞ İȡȫĲȘıȘ ĲȠ īǿǹȉǿ; ĲȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢ
(ȦȢ ʌ.Ȥ. įȚįȐıțİȚ Ƞ İȕȡĮȧțȒȢ țĮĲĮȖȦȖȒȢ ʌȠȜȣįȚĮĳȘȝȚȗȩȝİȞȠȢ Įʌȩ ĲĮ ȂȑıĮ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ
ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ «ʌĮ ĲȑȡĮȢ» ĲȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ/ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒȢ Sigmunt Freud, ȝİ ĲȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ĲȠȣ ĲȘȢ ʌĮșȘĲȚțȒȢ ĮțȡȩĮıȘȢ,țĲȜ) İȓȞĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȚȢ Ȇǿȅ ǹȆȅȉǼȁǼȈȂǹȉǿȀǼȈ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
ȆȠȜȑȝȠȣ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ , ȦȢ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑıĲĮĲĮ ıȣȞȐȖİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ȓįȚȠ ĲȠȞ
ȠȡȚıȝȩ ĲȘȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ʌȠȣ įȩșȘțİ ıĲȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ ĲȠȪ ȐȡșȡȠȣ(ȒĲȠȚ ȞĮ ȡȦĲȐȝİ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
ȕȡȠȪȝİ ĲȚȢ ĮȚĲȓİȢ ,Ȟ-ĳȠȡȑȢ {īǿǹȉǿ; ,ǻǿȅȉǿ… , ǼȋǼǿ Ǽȃȃȅǿǹ; },țĲȜ) Ȁǹǿ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ
ĲİȡȐıĲȚĮ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ Ș ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ıĲȠȞ ȕĮșȝȩ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠįȩıİȦȢ ĲȦȞ
ǹȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ ĲȦȞ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ ĲȠȣȢ…ȖȚĮ ʌ.Ȥ. ĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ(ȠȣȢ),
ĲȠ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ıȪȞȠȜȠ, ĲȘȞ ǹȞșȡȦʌȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ĲĮ ȃȠȒȝȠȞĮ ȅȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ…
39
ǺǿǺȁǿȅīȇǹĭǿǹ
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠȢ ,1999 , «Ǿ ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȦȢ ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ» ,

įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıĲȘȞ «ȆȠȚȞȚțȒ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ», ȅțĲȫȕȡȚȠȢ 1999 , ı. 1055-1056
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿ.-ȋ. ,1997 , «Ǿ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ǼıȤȐĲȘ ȆȡȠįȠıȓĮ « ,

1997 , țĮȚ ıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢ İʌȓ ĲȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ ĲȘȢ 9-12-1997 , ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ.
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿ.-ȋ. + ī. ȈĮțĮȡȑȜȜȠȣ «ȈȣȝȕȠȜȒ șİȦȡȚȫȞ ĲȘȢ ʌȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ

ȝĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ıĲȘȞ țĮȜȣĲȑȡİȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒȢ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ» , ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐ Ǻ
ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ ǻȚȠȚțȘĲȚțȫȞ ǻȚțĮıĲȫȞ , ǻİțİȝȕȡȚȠȢ 1990 , ı.162 İʌ.
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿ.-ȋ. ,2000 , «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȞȠȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ» ,

ǼșȞȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿ.-ȋ. ,2001, «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ĲȘȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ», ǼșȞȚțȒ
ǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ ĲȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįȠȢ
ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘȢ ǿ.-ȋ.,19-ĭİȕ(2)-2002, «ȂȓĮ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĲȘȢ ıȘȝİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ

țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ ȥȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒ» țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ į/ȞıȘ ĲȠȣ INTERNET :
www.ncmr.gr/Kondylakis/psychiatry.html
ȂʌȑțĮȢ īȚȐȞȞȘȢ ,2002, «ǼȖțȜȒȝĮĲĮ țĮĲȐ ĲȘȢ ǽȦȒȢ țĮȚ ȊȖİȓĮȢ», İțįȩıİȚȢ Ȇ.ȃ.
ȈȐțțȠȣȜĮ
ȀȠȞĲĮȟȒȢ ǹ. ,1997 ȈİʌĲ., İʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮ «ȆȠȚȞȚțȩȢ ȀȫįȚțĮȢ»
ȀȠȞĲĮȟȒȢ ǹ., 2000, ǼȡȝȘȞİȓĮ (ĲȩȝȠȢ ǹ+Ǻ) , «ȆȠȚȞȚțȩȢ ȀȫįȚțĮȢ»
40
41
42
ȈǾȂǼǿȍȈǼǿȈ ǼȆǿ ȉȅȊ ǹȇĬȇȅȊ :
"ȀǹȉǹȈȉȇȅĭǾ ȃȅǾȂȅȈȊȃǾȈ(ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ) Ȁǹǿ ǼȈȋǹȉǾ
ȆȇȅǻȅȈǿǹ ȉȅȊ ǼĬȃȅȊȈ"
Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ Ȁ. ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , 9-ǻİț(12)-1997
ȈȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ıțȠʌȩ ĲȠȣ ȞȠȝȠșȑĲȘ, ȦȢ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȚıĲȠȡȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌ.Ȥ.
"ǼțșİıȚȢ ȖİȞȚțȒȢ İȚıȘȖȒıİȦȢ İʌȓ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ ȀȠȚȞȠȕȠȣȜİȣĲȚțȒȢ İʌȚĲȡȠʌȒȢ"
(İȚıȘȖȘĲȑȢ ț. Ǻ. ȈĲİĳĮȞȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ, ț. Ǿ.ȁȠȖȐĲȠȢ, ʌȡȩİįȡȠȢ ț. ȃ. ȂʌĮȜȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ)
[ıİȜȓȢ 41 , ĲȠȣ {1}]Æ " Ȋʌȩ ĲȠ ĳȫȢ ȞİȦĲȑȡȦȞ İȡİȣȞȫȞ İȚȢ ĲĮ ʌİįȓĮ ĲȘȢ
ǹȞșȡȦʌȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ, ĲȘȢ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ıĲĮĲȚıĲȚțȒȢ…"
[ıİȜȓȢ 48 , ĲȠȣ{1}]Æ " ǹȚ ʌȠȚȞȚțĮȓ İʌȚıĲȒȝĮȚ ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ ȝȑȖĮ ʌȜȑȖȝĮ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ
ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȦȞ țĮĲȐ ʌȠȜȪ ĲĮ ʌĮȜĮȚȐ ıĲİȞȐ ȩȡȚĮ ĲȠȣ ʌȠȚȞȚțȠȪ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ. Ǿ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ…"
ȆȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Ș șȑȜȘıȘȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ıțȠʌȩȢ ĲȠȣ ȃȠȝȠșȑĲȘ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȘĳșȠȪȞ ıĲȠ Ȇ.Ȁ. 134
țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩĲİȡĮ ıĲȠ įİȪĲİȡȠ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȠȣ Ȇ.Ȁ. (ȆȠȚȞȚțȠȪ ȀȫįȚțĮ) ʌİȡȓ ĲȘȢ ȆȡȠįȠıȓĮȢ
ĲȘȢ ȤȫȡĮȢ ĲĮ șȑȝĮĲĮ ĲȘȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ĲȘȢ ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ĲȠȣ ǲșȞȠȣȢ ȝĮȢ,
ȦȢ ȑȞĮ ĮȜȘșȑȢ țİȞȩ ĲȠȣ ȞȩȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦșİȓ , țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ĲİȜİȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
įȚțĮȚȠȜȠȖİȓ ĲȘȞ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ ĲȘȢ ȕȓĮȢ ıĲȠ Ȇ.Ȁ. 134 țĮȚ ıĲȠ įİȪĲİȡȠ țİĳȐȜĮȚȠ ĲȠȣ ȆȠȚȞȚțȠȪ
ȀȫįȚțĮ ȝĮȢ ȦȢ
Ǻǿǹ Ǽǿȃǹǿ Ȁǹǿ ȅ ȌȊȋȅȁȅīǿȀȅȈ ǼȆǿȇȇǼǹȈȂȅȈ ǹȃĬȇȍȆȅȊ(ȍȃ) ȆȅȊ
ȀǹȉǹȈȉȇǼĭǼǿ ȉǾȃ ǿȀǹȃȅȉǾȉǹ ȁǾȌǼȍȈ ǺǼȁȉǿȈȉȍȃ(OPTIMUM) ȋȍȇȅ-
ȋȇȅȃǿȀȍȃ Ȁǹǿ ǹȃǹ ȆǼȇǿȆȉȍȈǾ ǹȆȅĭǹȈǼȍȈ(ȍȃ)…
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ
{1} "ȆȠȚȞȚțȩȢ ȀȫįȚțĮȢ" İʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮ ț. ǹ. ȀȠȞĲĮȟȒ , ǿȠȪȞȚȠȢ 1997

{2} "ȉȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ĲȘȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ" , ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȒ Ȁ. ȉıȐĲıȠȣ ,1978 ȑțįȠıȘ
43
Everything in our sensable world depends on the laws of nature,from the "luck" and from
the decisions of Humans and animals.
From the above factors we infer that the Human intentional influence to Earth or
outside the Earth ecosystem, depend on the Human decisions and their execution.
Therefore the suitable for the spatial-time-case needs choice of a set of goals and their
optimum achievement of this set of goals is a basic function of the Human intelligence
and the intelligence(it does not mean information) of the Human organisms.
The meaning of Human intelligence is defined in the same author contribution to the
Future of Europe-debate of 17-Dec(12)-2001 with title " Human
intelligence+Education+Religion in the Future of Europe" and also is defined with the
definition of the intelligence of Human organization in the article(in Greek language)
with title "The constructive intelligence as legal value", by Joseph-Christos Kondylakis,
published in the Greek scientific journal of Law science "Criminal Justice",October 1999,
p1055- 1056.
At our contemporary times, there are actions,events and facts that lead us to say that in
Nations a destruction of Human intelligence (and destruction of constructive emotions)
happens.
Specifically:
1. In many Nations(USA,EU,and others) people by the media(TV,etc) influences "are
made" to be only "doers" and not "thinkable"(except of common thought patterns). It is a
fact that in many Nations people "hate" the discussions which involve thinking(they may
like only very descriptive discussions,which most of the times are "copy" of the
discussions patterns of media productions) and they prefer the "mass" of Humans only to
"do" activities.
Possible proof can come from the simple scientific intelligence use test which is
described in my contribution to the future of Europe-Debate of 13-Dec(12)-2001 with
title "RE:Media Culture+Human Intelligence+ emotions(paragraph 3)/Thoughts on the
multi-cultures of European Union"-linkage.
2. The media productions(in Greece and perhaps in other Countries) continuously
advertise and show with comparative maximum time...the astrologists,
mysticism,etc(which is for Idiots and which make the Humans Idiots and controllable)
and the MONOTONY of restricted space and repeated events of football and basketball
games, which their observation make VERY TIRED AND TORTURING THE
INTELLECTUAL MIND(It is VERY different the watching football and basketball and
the GYMNASTIC of playing football or basketball).
In Greece almost NEVER in our days you will listen discussions from f.e Prof of
Universities (except medicine) or other REAL intellectual people, but you will
"continuously" see(NOT thinking)...astrologists,football persons and perhaps cinema
actors to discuss in order to solve the problems of our society ,e.t.c.
3 It is the opinion of the author,that the publications from very advertised USA
University(ies) press of today is significant lower quality COMPARED to the
publications written before 1950,perhaps when the scientific thought was not
contaminated by the media productions and the noise in the mind of advertisements. The
today terminology in "computer science" and even in mathematics remind to us...the
economical market terminology and not of this of natural sciences before 1950.
44
4. Most of the contemporary child growing stories in international media,it is our
opinion,that they are destructive for the intelligence(and the constructive emotions) of the
children
5. Education graduates(even the education system by itself) has not
developed,statistically,the reasoning and thinking abilities of the students(even perhaps of
the teachers)compared to the past(f.e before 30 years). Here in Greece, we think major
reasons are the lack of motivation(rather it exist strong NEGATIVE
motivation)(economical and other types of motivations) to students(and to teachers and
graduates)because here in Greece a person with few class of elementary school education
can often win perhaps 10 times more money than a University with post graduate
studies(cases of f.e house builders, etc).A result is the very low quality of "culture" of
today Greece ("skyladika" music and songs, black dressing(like in funerals) in fashion,
uncivilized behavior, destruction of the philosophical Greek language, etc)
6. The Media in Greece promote the rare exception as the rule and they cause
deformation of the reality and also modify the reality to the worst (f.e in cases of Justice
servants, Religion,etc)
7. E.T.C.
B E C A U S E of the above and
B1. Because of the arguments presented in the article "The constructive intelligence as
legal value", of the author , mentioned above
B2. Because of United Nations Human Rights Conventions articles: 1 , 26(paragraph 2) ,
30
B3: Because of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union[CFREU]
articles: 3(paragraph 1)(because the Human intelligence is part of mental integrity),
24(paragraph 1 and 2) ,26(because most information to disable Humans come through
media productions and the media productions must respect the Human intelligence and
not to destroy it), 51 , 52
B4: Because of the Greek constitution articles: 2(paragraph 1), 7(paragraph 2),
14(paragraph 1 in combination with the Criminal Law), 15(paragraph 2), 24(paragraph
1), 25(paragraphs 1+2+3)
B5: Because of the Greek Criminal Law articles:
308,309,310,312,306
FOR THE ABOVE REASONS and perhaps for
other additional reasons
We may recommend to the European Union Nations to think and act for the Legal
protection of Human Intelligence (and constructive emotions).
s.n: This contribution may be thought about and may be used by public prosecutor(s) of
any
Nation(s) for public protection
45
ȈȉȅȋǹȈȂȅǿ ǼȃȉȅȈ ȉǾȈ ĭǿȁȅȈȅĭǿǹȈ ȉȅȊ ǻǿȀǹǿȅȊ
Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ Ȁ. ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , 13-ȂĮȓȠȣ(5)-2003 ,ĲȘȜ 22910-76322
(copyright ĲȠȣ ıȣȖȖȡĮĳȑȦȢ țĮĲĮĲȚșȑȝİȞȠ ȦȢ ıȤİĲȚțȩ ıĲȘȞ Ǽ.ǹ.Ȇ./8081/5-11-1998 )
ǹ.. Ȇİȡȓ ȠȡȚıȝȫȞ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ȝİ ĲȠ ǻȓțĮȚȠ
1. ȉȓ İȓȞĮȚ ǻȓțĮȚȠ ; ǻȓțĮȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȖȞȫıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒ ĮȪȜȠȣ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȣȜȚțȠȪ
ĮȖĮșȠȪ (ĮȜȜȐ Ȓ/țĮȚ țĮțȠȪ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĲȦȞ ʌȠȚȞȫȞ) ıİ ıȪȞȠȜȠ ĮĲȩȝȦȞ
ʌȠȣ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞ ıĲȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ {1,2,…,ȃ} , țĮȚ ȃ șİĲȚțȩȢ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ. , İȚȢ
ĲȡȩʌȠȞ ȫıĲİ ȞĮ ȕİȜĲȚıĲȠʌȠȚİȓĲĮȚ(optimizing) Ș ĮĲȠȝȚțȒ Ȁǹǿ ĲȠȣ ıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ĲȦȞ
ĮĲȩȝȦȞ ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȒ Ȓ/țĮȚ ȣȜȚțȒ țĮĲȐıĲĮıȘ(İȚȢ)
ʌȡȠȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȞ ĳȠȡȐȞ(Æ ).
(Ȋ.Ȉ. ȆȜȑȠȞ ʌȡĮțĲȚțȐ İĳĮȡȝȩıȚȝȠȢ ȠȡȚıȝȩȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıĲȘȞ įȚĮȞȠȘĲȚțȒ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȀĮȢ īȦȖȫ ȈĮțĮȡȑȜȜȠȣ țĮȚ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠȣ ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ [1])
2. ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ.
3. ǻȓțĮȚȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞȠȒȝȦȞ ȩȞ ,ȝİ ıȤİĲȚțȑȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ țĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ȝİ ĲȘȞ
ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ İʌȚıĲȘȝȫȞ , ĲȠ ȠʌȠȓȠȞ ȑȤİȚ ĲȘȞ ĲȐıȘ (ĮȡİĲȒ
ıȪȝĳȦȞĮ ȝİ ĲȠȞ ǹȡȚıĲȠĲȑȜȘ[2]) ȞĮ ĮʌȠȞȑȝİȚ ıȦıĲȐ ĲȠ ǻȓțĮȚȠ.
4. ǺİȜĲȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ(optimizing) İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ İȪȡİıȘȢ ĮțȡȠĲȐĲȠȣ (ıȣȞȒșȦȢ
ȝİȖȓıĲȠȣ , ĮȜȜȐ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȝİ ıȘȝİȓĮ țĮȝʌȒȢ (saddle points)) ıİ ȑȞĮ ıȪıĲȘȝĮ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ (processes) (ʌ.Ȥ. ȚıȠĲȒĲȦȞ Ȓ/țĮȚ ĮȞȚıȠĲȒĲȦȞ,ț.Ĳ.Ȝ.) ʌȠȣ
ȩȝȦȢ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞĮ İȟĮıĳĮȜȓȗİȚ ȩĲȚ șĮ ʌȜȘȡȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȓ ĲȠȣ
ıȣıĲȒȝĮĲȠȢ.
Ǻ. ǻȓțĮȚȠ țĮȚ ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ǾșȚțȒ (ʌ.Ȥ. ȋȇǿȈȉǿǹȃǿȀǾȈ (ȠȡșȠįȩȟȠȣ) ĬȡȘıțİȓĮȢ)
1. Ǿ ȜȑȟȘ ǾșȚțȒ ʌĮȡȐȖİĲĮȚ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ȜȑȟȘ "ȒșȠȢ" , ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠĲİȜİȓ İțĲİȞȑıĲİȡȠ ĲȪʌȠ
ĲȘȢ ȜȑȟȘȢ "ȑșȠȢ"(=ıȣȞȒșİȚĮ) [3]. ȉȠ ȒșȠȢ įİȞ ĲĮȣĲȓȗİĲĮȚ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ıȣȞȒșİȚĮ
, ıȣȞįȑİĲĮȚ ȩȝȦȢ ȝİ ĮȣĲȒȞ , ȖȚĮĲȓ Ș ıȣȞȒșİȚĮ țĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȓ țĮȚ İȝʌİįȫȞİȚ ĲȠ
ȒșȠȢ[3]. (Ȋ.Ȉ. ȁȩȖȦ conditioning ĲȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢ)
ǳșȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ıĲĮșİȡȩȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚĳȠȡȐȢ ĲȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ , ȠȚ įȚĮșȑıİȚȢ , ȠȚ
İțįȘȜȫıİȚȢ , ȠȚ İȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ ĲȠȣ , ʌȠȣ ȝİ İșȚıȝȩ ıĲĮșİȡȠʌȠȚȠȪȞĲĮȚ țĮȚ
ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȘȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ[3].
ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȒșȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĲȠ İʌȠȚțȠįȠȝȘĲȚțȩ ȒșȠȢ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ ĲȐȟȘ țĮȚ
ĮȡȝȠȞȓĮ ıĲȠ ȠȚțȠıȪıĲȘȝĮ.
Ǿ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒ ĮȞșȡȦʌȠȜȠȖȓĮ ĲȠʌȠșİĲİȓ ĲȠȞ ǱȞșȡȦʌȠ ıİ ʌȡȠȠʌĲȚțȒ
ĮʌİȡȚȩȡȚıĲȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢ , ʌȠȣ ȟİʌİȡȞȐİȚ țȐșİ ȣȜȚțȒ, ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ,
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ Ȓ țȠıȝȚțȒ ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩĲȘĲĮ. ȅ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘȝĮ ĲȠȣ
ĬİȠȪ.[3]. ȅ țĲȚıĲȩȢ țĮȚ ĳșĮȡĲȩȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ĮȞȐȖİĲĮȚ ıĲȠȞ ȐțĲȚıĲȠ
(ĮįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘĲȠȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ĮȡȤȒ țĮȚ ĲȑȜȠȢ) țĮȚ ĮȚȫȞȚȠ Ĭİȩ, ʌȠȣ ĲĮȣĲȓȗİĲĮȚ ȝİ
ĲȘȞ ǹȖȐʌȘ.[3].
46
Ǿ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒ ȘșȚțȒ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ȕȐıȘ ĲȘȞ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒ ĮȞșȡȦʌȠȜȠȖȓĮ[3] ʌȠȣ
ȕĮıȚțȐ ȖȞȦȡȓıȝĮĲĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ Ȁǹǿ Ș ǹȖȐʌȘ ʌȠȣ ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ ĲȠȞ
ȠȡșȩįȠȟȠ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȩ ȒșȠȢ. ȉȠ ĮįȠȪȜȦĲȠ ĳȡȩȞȚȝĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞȚįȚȠĲȑȜİȚĮ , ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞ ȝȓĮ ȚįȚĮȓĲİȡȘ șȑıȘ ıĲȘȞ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒ ʌĮȡȐįȠıȘ, ĮʌȠĲİȜȠȪȞ İȝʌİȚȡȚțȑȢ
ĳĮȞİȡȫıİȚȢ ĲȦȞ įȪȠ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ ȤĮȡĮțĲȘȡȚıĲȚțȫȞ ĲȘȢ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒȢ ǾșȚțȒȢ[3].
2. ȈĲȘȞ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ , Ș ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒ ĲȠȣ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ ıİ ȣȜȚțȐ ĮȖĮșȐ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ʌȠȜȪ ʌȚȠ
İȪțȠȜȘ Įʌȩ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮĲȚțȑȢ țĮĲĮıĲȐıİȚȢ
ǹȞșȡȫʌȦȞ. Ǽįȫ ĮțȡȚȕȫȢ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȘșȚțȒ ȕȠȘșȐ ĲȘȞ įȚĮȞȩȘıȘ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ
ʌȞİȣȝĮĲȚțȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȠȣ ĮʌȠȞȑȝȠȞĲȠȢ ĲȠ ǻȓțĮȚȠ , ȣʌȩ ĲȚȢ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐĳȘțĮȞ
ĮȞȦĲȑȡȦ {Ǻ-1}.
ī. ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐ șȑȝĮĲĮ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ
1. ǹʌĮȚĲİȓĲĮȚ ʌȜİȠȞȐȗȦȞ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ ǻȚțĮıĲȚțȫȞ ȁİȚĲȠȣȡȖȫȞ țĮȚ ʌȜİȠȞȐȗȠȞĲİȢ
ǹȞĮȖțĮȓȠȚ ʌȩȡȠȚ(resources) ȫıĲİ ȠȚ ǻȚțĮıĲȚțȠȓ ȁİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȓ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ıțȑʌĲȠȞĲĮȚ țĮȜȒȢ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ĮʌȠįȠĲȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ , įȚȩĲȚ ʌȡȫĲȚıĲȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ , țĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİĲȐ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ Ș "ʌȠıȩĲȘĲĮ" ĲȦȞ
ıȤİĲȚțȫȞ ǻȚțĮıĲȚțȫȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ ıİ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıĲȘȝĮ. ȆȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ȩĲȚ ĲȠ ıȪȞĲȠȝȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ ĲȘȢ İțįȩıİȦȢ įȚțĮıĲȚțȒȢ ĮʌȩĳĮıȘȢ
ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȐ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ ĲȘȞ İȞ ȖȑȞİȚ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ.
2. ȉĮ ıȦıĲȐ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȑȢ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ (motivation) ıĲȠȣȢ ǻȚțĮıĲȚțȠȪȢ
ȁİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠȪȢ țĮȚ ȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȠȣȢ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ ʌȜİȠȞȐȗȠȞĲİȢ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠȣȢ ʌȩȡȠȣȢ
İȓȞĮȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįȘȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞĲİȢ ȖȚĮ ȣȥȘȜȒ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ.
2. Ǿ ȠȣıȓĮ (ȅȣıȚĮıĲȚțȠȪ + ǻȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ) ıȣȝȕȐȜİȚ ıĲȘȞ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮ ĲȘȢ
ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȠȚ ĮıȒȝĮȞĲİȢ Ȓ ȠȚ "ʌȠȞȘȡȑȢ" ȖȚĮ ĮįȚțȓİȢ ȜİʌĲȠȝȑȡİȚİȢ…
ǻ. ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮĳȓĮ
[1]Æ "ȈȣȝȕȠȜȒ ĬİȦȡȚȫȞ ĲȘȢ ȆȜȘȡȠĳȠȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ȂĮșȘȝĮĲȚțȒȢ ȁȠȖȚțȒȢ ıĲȘȞ
țĮȜȜȚĲȑȡİȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ĮʌȠȞȠȝȒȢ ĲȘȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ" Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȀĮ īȦȖȫ ȈĮțĮȡȑȜȜȠȣ
țĮȚ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ Ȁ. ȀȠȞįȣȜȐțȘ , Ǻ ȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠ ǻȚȠȚțȘĲȚțȫȞ ǻȚțĮıĲȫȞ , ǹșȒȞĮ
2-ǻİț(12)-1990
[2]Æ "Ǿ ǹȡȤĮȓĮ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ĭȚȜȠıȠĳȓĮ", ĲȩȝȠȢ ǹ, ǹ.ǻ. ȀȡȘĲȫȞȘ, İțįȩıİȚȢ ȀĮȡĮȝȐȞȠȢ,
Ĭİı/ȞȓțȘ , 2002
[3]Æ "ĬȑȝĮĲĮ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒȢ ǾșȚțȒȢ" ī. ȂĮȞĲȘȡȓįȘȢ, Ǻ. īȚȠȪȜĲıȘȢ , Ȉ. ȆȑĲȡȠȣ ,
ȃ. ȉȗȠȣȝȐțĮȢ, ī ȁȣțİȓȠȣ, ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ǼțįȩıİȦȞȢ ǻȚįĮțĲȚțȫȞ ǺȚȕȜȓȦȞ, 1991
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4. ǹȞĲȓȝİĲȡĮ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ

ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ǹȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ [1], ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ıİ ȜȪıȘ

ǺȑȜĲȚıĲȘ(Optimum) ĮʌȩĳĮıȘ [1] ,ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ĮʌȩĳĮıȘ İțİȓȞȘ ʌȠȣ

ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ[ȆȀȃ] [1], ȞȠȠȪȝİ ĲȘȞ ȝİ įȩȜȠ Ȓ ȝİ

ȈȘȝİȓȦıȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫıĲȘ/ȝİȜİĲȘĲȒ:

3. ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ĲȠȣ ȆȀȃ

Ǿ ȖİȞȚțȒ ȚįȑĮ ıĲȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȆȀȃ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ İȝʌȩįȚĮ Ȓ ȞĮ

3.1 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȝȠȚȕȒȢ țȚȞȒĲȡȦȞ(ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ motivation)

ǵĲĮȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țȓȞȘĲȡĮ(ʌ.Ȥ. ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ įȚĮĳȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ

3.2 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ

Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮ ĲȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ șİȝİȜȚȫįȘȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ

3.3 ǲȜȜİȚȥȘ Ȓ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ʌȠȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ(İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ, ʌȜȘȡȠĳȩȡȘıȘ,

Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ İȞĲȣʌȦıȚĮțȫȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȚȡȡȠȒȢ ȝİ ĲĮȣĲȩȤȡȠȞȘ

3.4 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȑȢ ȂȑıȦȞ ȂĮȗȚțȒȢ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ(ȂȂǼ)

ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ İȡȖĮıȓĮ Ȓ/țĮȚ įȚĮȕȓȦıȘ ıİ ȠȚțȠıȣıĲȒȝĮĲĮ ȝİ ʌ.Ȥ įȠȞȒıİȚȢ

3.6 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȀȡĮĲȚțȑȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ(ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ,ȤȡȠȞȠȕȩȡİȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ,

ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠĳĮȞȑȢ ȩĲȚ Ș ȖȡĮĳİȚȠțȡĮĲȓĮ İȟĮıțİȓ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌȩȜİȝȠ ıĲȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ

3.7 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ȝȚıșȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓİȢ ȖȚĮ ĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ

ȃȠȝȠșİıȓİȢ ,ȞȠȝȠȜȠȖȓİȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ İȣȞȠȠȪȞ ĲȘȞ ȝİȖȚıĲȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĲȦȞ

3.8 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ

ȅȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȐ ıțİʌĲȩȝİȞĮ ȀȡȐĲȘ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȟȠȣįİĲİȡȫıȠȣȞ

3.8.1 ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ȝİȚȫıİȦȢ Ȓ ıĲİȡȒıİȦȢ ĲȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒȢ

īȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮĲȩȞ ȘȖİȝȠȞȚțȩ ȀȡȐĲȠȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȝİ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ĲȦȞ

3.8.2 ǼȝʌȩįȚĮ ıĲȘȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ĮȡȓıĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ ıĲȘȞ

Ǿ ȣʌİȡİȚįȓțİȣıȘ ĲȦȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȩȞȦȞ țĮȚ Ș İȞȓıȤȣıȘ ĲȘȢ ĲȐıȘȢ ĲȦȞ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ

3.8.3 ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ/ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȩȢ ʌȩȜİȝȠȢ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ

ȆȡȦĲȠʌȠȡȓĮ ıĲȘȞ İʌȚıĲȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ ĲȠȞ «ȑȜİȖȤȠ İȖțİĳȐȜȠȣ»(Mind

3.8.4 ǼʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ȥȣȤȠȖȜȦııȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ıĲȠȞ ȆȀȃ

3.9 ȆĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ ǻȚțĮȓȠȣ İȞȐȞĲȚĮ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ.

Ȃİ ĲȘȞ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĲȘȢ ıȣȞİȤȠȪȢ ĲĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțȪʌĲİȚ Įʌȩ ʌĮȡĮȕȐıİȚȢ

3.10. ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ ȝȣıĲȚțȫȞ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıȣıȤİĲȚȗȩȝİȞȦȞ ȝİ ĮȣĲȑȢ

3.11 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠʌĮȖĮȞįȚıĲȚțȑȢ ĲĮțĲȚțȑȢ

ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȡȠʌĮȖȐȞįĮȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮĲĮıĲȡĮĳİȓ Ȓ

3.12 ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ țĮȚ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĬȡȘıțİȓĮ.

«ǻȫıĲİ ȝȠȣ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡİȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢ ȞĮ ıĮȢ įȫıȦ ȑȞĮ țĮȜȜȓĲİȡȠ țȩıȝȠ»

ǲȞĮȢ ʌȠȜȪ ĮʌȠĲİȜİıȝĮĲȚțȩȢ ĲȡȩʌȠȢ ȆȀȃ İȞȩȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ȞȠȒȝȠȞȠȢ

3.13 ǱȜȜȠȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȆȀȃ

ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ ʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ ʌȠȣ

ȉȠ ʌȡȦĲĮȡȤȚțȩ ĮȞĲȓȝİĲȡȠ ıĲȠȞ ʌȩȜİȝȠ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ

ȉȠ ĮȚıȚȩįȠȟȠ ȝȒȞȣȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȩĲȚ Ș įȪȞĮȝȘ ıȘȝĮȞĲȚțȫȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ĮʌȠĳȐıİȦȞ

ȅ ȈȣȖȖȡĮĳȑĮȢ ĲȠȣ ʌĮȡȩȞĲȠȢ ȐȡșȡȠȣ İȣȤĮȡȚıĲİȓ ĲȠȣȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘĲȒ ǹ. ī.

[1] «Ǿ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ȦȢ ȑȞȞȠȝȠ ĮȖĮșȩ» , Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ

[4] «KĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ İıȤȐĲȘ ʌȡȠįȠıȓĮ», Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǿȦıȒĳ-ȋȡȒıĲȠ

[6] «Media effects as a factor of breaking close relationships” ,

[8] «ǹȞĲȚʌȠȜȚĲİȣĲȚțȒ ȌȣȤȚĮĲȡȚțȒ» Įʌȩ ĲȠȞ ǻȡ. ȀȜİȐȞșȘ īȡȓȕĮ, 1989 ,

[9] «Opinion of George Cooper, Q.C.. Regarding Canadian Government

[10] “Hypnotic realities” by Dr Milton Erickson et al,1976,Irvington publishers

[12] «ȆȩȜİȝȠȢ ȀĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ ȃȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ ȞȠȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıĲĮıȓĮ»

[13] «Some uncommon but very critical aspects of nuclear safety” by

[17] «The end of privacy», by Charles J. Sykes,1999, St Martin press

[18] «Confidential» (ȀĮĲĮıțȠʌȓĮ İʌȚıĲȒȝȘȢ țĮȚ ǼȝʌȠȡȓȠȣ), by John Nolan,

[20] «Theory of evolution of an intelligent ecosystem», by Joseph-Christos

[21] «Logical Democracy», by Joseph C. Kondylakis, National Library of

[22] «Psychic dictatorship in the USA», by Alex Constantine,1995, Feral

[25] «Motivation and leadership at work», by Dr R.M. Steers et al,1996,

[26] «Media effects-advances in theory and research», by Dr Jenning Bryant