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DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE6003 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
UNIT – I: EMR & ITS INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH MATERIAL
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. What is Remote Sensing? (M/J- 14)
Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about on object, area, or phenomena
through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or
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phenomena under investigation.
2. What is the application of Remote Sensing?
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In many respects, remote sensing can be thought of as a reading process. Using various sensors, we
remotely collect data that M/J be analyzed to obtain information about the objects, areas, or phenomena
being investigated. The remotely collected data can be of many forms, including variations in force
distributions, acoustic wave distributions, or electromagnetic energy distributions.
3. Write the physics of Remote Sensing.

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Visible light is only one of many forms of electromagnetic energy. Radio waves, heat, ultraviolet rays,
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and X-rays are other familiar forms. All this energy is inherently similar and radiates in accordance with
basic wave theory. This theory describes electromagnetic energy as traveling in harmonic, sinusoidal
fashion at the “velocity of light” c. The distance from one wave peak to the next is the wave length ψ, and
the number of peaks passing a fixed point in space per unit time is the wave frequency V.
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From basic physics, wave obey the general equation C = v y
4. What are the components of Remote Sensing?

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a. The energy sources

b. Atmosphere
c. Energy-matter interaction
d. The sensors
e. Data processing and supply system
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f. Multiple data users.
5. What is Electro Magnetic Radiations? (M/J- 13)

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a self-propagating wave in space or through matter. EM radiation

has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of energy propagation.
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6. What is the significance of EMR in remote sensing?

EMR stands for electromagnetic radiations. It is the energy emitted reflected from ground features
and transmitted to the sensing instrument in the form of waves. This emitted energy/radiant energy is
called electromagnetic radiation. The remote sensing of land surface features is based on detection of
electromagnetic radiation. The water vapour. Oxygen, ozone, Co2 etc present in the atmosphere
influence EM radiation through the mechanism of 1. Scattering 2. Absorption.
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7. What are the types of Electromagnetic radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave, these types
include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation,
visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.
8. Draw the quantum theory interaction. (M/J- 13)

A quantum theory of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as electrons is
described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics.
9. Explain refraction.
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In refraction, a wave crossing from one medium to another of different density alters its speed and
direction upon entering the new medium. The ratio of the refractive indices of the media determines the
degree of refraction, and is summarized by Snell's law. Light disperses into a visible spectrum as light is
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shone through a prism because of refraction.
10. Draw the Wave model.
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11. Write plank‟s equation.

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The frequency of the wave is proportional to the magnitude of the particle's energy. Moreover,
because photons are emitted and absorbed by charged particles, they act as transporters of energy. The
energy per photon can be calculated by Planck's equation: where E is the energy, h is Planck's constant,
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and f is frequency.
12. What is black body? (M/J- 11)

By definition a black body is a material that absorbs all the radiant energy that strikes it. A black body
also radiates the maximum amount of energy, which is dependent on the kinetic temperature.
13. Write Stefan Boltzmann law.

According to the Stefan-Boltzman law the radiant flux of a black body, Fb, at a kinetic temperature,
Tkin, is Fb = s* Tkin
4 where s is the Stefan- Boltzman constant, 5.67*10-12W*cm-2*°K-4. Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
14. What is emissivity?
Emissivity is a measure of the ability of a material to both radiate and absorb energy. Materials with a
high emissivity absorb and radiate large proportions of incident and kinetic energy, respectively (and vice-
versa).
15. Write Wien‟s displacement law. (N/D- 14)

Which the maximum amount of energy is radiated, which is expressed as lmax. The sun, with a
surface temperature of almost 6000°K, has its peak at 0.48mm (wavelength of yellow). The average
surface temperature of the earth is 290°K (17°C), which is also called the ambient temperature; the peak
concentration of energy emitted from the earth is at 9.7mm.This shift to longer wavelengths with
decreasing temperature is described by Wien‟s displacement law, which states: lmax = 2,897mm°K
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16. Short notes on Planck‟s law.
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The primary law governing blackbody radiation is the Planck Radiation Law, which governs the
intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area into a fixed direction (solid angle) from the blackbody as
a function of wavelength for a fixed temperature. The planck Law can be expressed through the following
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equation.
17. Write short notes on Scattering. (N/D- 14)

Scattering occurs when particles or large gas molecules present in the atmosphere interact with and
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cause the electromagnetic radiation to be redirected from its original path. How much scattering takes
place depends on several factors including the wavelength of the radiation, the abundance of particles or
gases, and the distance the radiation travels through the atmosphere. There are three (3) types of
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scattering which take place.
18. What is non selective scattering?

The Non-selective scatting is independent of wavelength. It is produced by particles whose Radii
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exceed 10mm such as water droplet. Non-selective scattering decrease the contrast of the imager
19. What are the various types of scattering?

(i) Rayleigh scattering occurs when particles are very small compared to the wavelength of the radiation.
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(ii) Mie scattering

It occurs when the particles are just about the same size as the wavelength of the radiation.
(iii) Non Selective Scattering
The final scattering mechanism of importance is called nonselective scattering. This occurs when the
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particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation.
20. What is Atmospheric Windows?

These are certain regions of the electromagnetic spectrum which can penetrate through the
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atmosphere without any significant loss of radiation. Such regions are called as atmospheric windows. In
these regions the atmospheric absorption is low, i.e the atmosphere is particularly transmissive of energy.
The region which are referred as atmospheric windows include a window in the visible and reflected
infrared region between 04 to 2.0 um where the remote sensors as well as the human eye operate and
three windows in the thermal infrared region namely two narrow windows 3 and 5 um and third relatively
broad windows extending from 8 to 14 um.
21. What is active and passive remote sensing system?
Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally occurring energy is available.
For all reflected energy, this can only take place during the time when the sun is illuminating the Earth.
There is no reflected energy available from the sun at night. Energy that is naturally emitted (such as
thermal infrared) can be detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be
recorded.
On the other hand, provide their own energy source for illumination. The sensor emits radiation which is
directed toward the target to be investigated. The radiation reflected from that target is detected and
measured by the sensor.
22. What are the advantages of remotely sensed data? (N/D- 13)
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Satellite images are permanent records, providing useful information in various wavebands. Large
area coverage enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of large features.
Respective coverage allows monitoring of dynamic themes like water and agriculture, etc. Easy data
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acquisition at different scales and resolutions A single remotely sensed image cab be analyzed and
interpreted for different purposes and applications Stereo satellite data M/J be used for three dimensional
studies
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23. What are the different platforms used in remote sensing?
The vehicle or carrier for remote sensor is borne is called the Platform.” The typical platforms are
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satellite and aircraft, but they can also include radio controlled airplanes, balloons, pigeons, and kites for
low altitude remote sensing, as well as ladder and cherry pickers for ground investigation.
24. Write the disadvantages of remotely sensed data?

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Expensive for small areas, particularly for onetime analysis

Requires specialized training for analysis of images
Large scale engineering maps cannot be prepared from satellite data.
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Aerial photographs are costlier if repetitive photographs are required to study for d ynamic features.
25. What is the interaction that takes place on earth surface? (N/D- 12)
When the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the earth‟s surface, the basic interaction with the
features takes place
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EI (λ) = ER(λ) + EA (λ) + ET(λ)

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The proportion of energy that are absorbed, radiated and transmitted vary depending on the type of
materials with which the energy interacts and also depending on the wavelength of the energy. These
proportions of energy that are absorbed, transmitted and radiated are unique to each and every earth features
and this unique spectral reflectance property is explained as the spectral signature of the earth.
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26. What is reflectance?

Reflectance is defined as the ratio of incident flux on the surface to the reflected flux from the surface.
Reflectance with respect to the wavelength is called spectral reflectance. Spectral reflectance is assumed to
be unique for each and every object.
ρλ = ER(λ) / EI (λ)
ρλ = is the spectral reflectance expressed in %

ER(λ) = Energy of the wavelength λ reflected from the object Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
EI (λ) = Energy of the wavelength λ reflected on the object
27. Define short notes on spectral signature.

Spectral signature is a set of characteristics by which n object on any satellite imagery within the
given range of wavelength can be identified. Spectral signature are also used to donate the spectral response
of the target, It refers to the sensing and recording power of the sensor in different bands of EMR. Spectral
reflectance curves are called as spectral signature curves. These are the curves in which the variation of
percentage reflectance with reference to the wavelength in the X-axis is plotted.
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28.List and explain the general process involved in electromagnetic remote sensing.
Two main processes involved in passive or electromaggnectic remote sensing are
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1. Data acquisition
The data acquisition processes comprises distinctive elements namely
Energy sources
Propagation of energy through the atmosphere
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Energy interaction with the earth surface features

Airborne, space borne, sensors to record the reflected energy
Generation of sensors data as pictorial or digital information
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2. Data analysis
Data analysis can be broadly classified as
Visual image interpretation
Visual interpretation is the act or process of examining images (satellite imageries) for the
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purpose of identifying objects and assessing their significance. Visual image interpretation involves
detection, recognition, identification, classification and delineation of objects in an aerial or a satellite
image
Digital image interpretation
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When computers are used to analyze digital data with various instruments then the
process is called digital interpretation
29. Differentiate between air borne & space borne platform

Air borne plat forms
Balloons and aircrafts are broadly grouped under air borne platforms
Balloons – The use of balloons is commonly restricted by meteorological factors such as wind velocity ,
direction etc. Their application is resource mapping has been significantly ueful
Aircraft – they are used to obtain aerial photographs. They are useful in regional coverage and large scale
mapping
Space – borne platforms
These are satellites which have proved to be very useful in resource mapping. Meteorological and
communication applications.
30. Define the terms synoptivity.

When we get images, as seen from above the earth, the image patterns with in landscapes,
seascapes and icescapes stand out distinctively. This characteristic of satellite data is known as
synoptivity.
31. What is the signature of atmospheric windows?

These are certain regions of the electromagnetic spectrum which can penetrate through the atmosphere
without any significant loss of radiation. Such regions are called as atmospheric windows. In these regions the
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atmospheric absorption is low, i.e the atmosphere is particularly transmissive of energy. The region which are
referred as atmospheric windows include a window in the visible and reflected infrared region between 04 to
2.0 um where the remote sensors as well as the human eye operate and three windows in the thermal infrared
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region namely two narrow windows 3 and 5 um and third relatively broad windows extending from 8 to 14 um.
32. What is an atmospheric window? (N/D- 14)
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The areas of the spectrum which are not severely influenced by atmospheric absorption and thus, are
useful to remote sensors, are called atmospheric windows.
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33. How does Electromagnetic radiation interact with water?
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Most of the energy is either absorbed or transmitted
VISIBLE RANGE
• Little energy is reflected only in this range

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• Water quality studies
• Shallow Vs Deep water
• Clear Vs Turbid water
• Rough Vs Smooth
NIR RANGE (0.7 to 1.3 μm)
• Completely absorbs • Useful for delineating water bodies Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in

• Algal bloom and/ or Phytoplankton results in reflection
34. What are the characteristic of EMR interaction with soil particles?
The factors that affect the reflectance of the soil are:
(i) Moisture content
(ii) Soil texture
(ii) Surface roughness and
(iv) Presence of organic matter
Moisture content: Increase in the amount of moisture content will decrease the reflectance this is greatly
observed in the 1.4,1.9 and 2.7 μm bands.
Soil texture: Well drained soil has less moisture content and therefore high reflectance. Poorly drained,
finely grained have more moisture content and therefore less reflectance. But under dry conditions there will
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be a reverse effect where the coarse textured soil will absorb more energy, reflectance will be less they will
appear darker, while it will be the vice versa in the case of fine textured soil at dry conditions.
Surface roughness: Increase in the presence of surface roughness will decrease soil reflectance.
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Organic matter: Increased presence of organic matter will decrease soil reflectance.
Iron oxide: Increased presence of iron oxide will decrease the soil reflectance in the visible region.
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35. How does EMR interact with Ozone?
Ozone is a trace gas in the atmosphere. It is confined to the stratosphere (20-40 Km from the earth). Its
maximum concentration is at 23 Km where the ozone dominates the shortwave radiation. The chappius
band of the ozone in the visible region is the only band used to detect the ocean constituents from the
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space.
36. Explain the EMR interaction with water vapor.

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Water Vapour is one of the preliminary absorbers of electromagnetic energy. The transmission of
Chlorophyll fluorescence to the top of the atmosphere is hindered through the absorption by water vapour
and molecular oxygen in their vibration action bands. In order to study the selective gaseous absorption in
the radiative transfer calculations, the transmission functions of O2 and H20 are computer from absorption
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line parameters explained by Lorenz‟s theory of collision broadening.
37. What are the atmospheric conditions affect the remote sensing?
The atmospheric conditions affet the remote sensing in two ways:
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(a) The information reflected or radiated by the earth surface can be modified while traversing the
atmosphere.
(b) The absorption, reflection and scattering can be used for temperature and pressure profiles, cloud
heights, particulate and gas analysis.
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38. List out the different types of scattering.

Rayleigh scattering occurs when particles are very small compared to the wavelength of the radiation.
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Mie scatteringIt occurs when the particles are just about the same size as the wavelength of theradiation.
Raman‟s scattering is caused by atmospheric particles, which are larger, smaller of equal to that of the
wavelength of the radiations being sensed.
Non Selective scattering The final scattering mechanism of importance is called nonselective scattering.
This occurs when the particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation.
39. Explain Rayleigh & Mie Scattering.

40. Differentiate between Raman‟s scatterings with others.
Raman‟s scattering is caused by atmospheric particles, which are larger, smaller of equal to that of the
wavelength of the radiations being sensed.
41. What is non selective scattering?

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42. What is the primary absorbs of electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric constituents like water vapour, carbon dioxide and ozone are the primary absorbers of
energy.
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43. Write the effects of atmosphere on spectral reflectance?
The atmosphere influence the radiance recorded by the sensor in the following ways.
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(a) It reduces the energy illuminating the ground object.
(b) The atmosphere acts as a reflector supplementing the path radiance to the signal sensed by the
sensor.
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PART B (16 MARKS)
1. Explain with neat sketches the components of remote sensing systems. (M/J-12)
2. Explain the spectral reflective characteristics of water, vegetation & soil
(N/D-11)(M/J-12)
3. Explain how the interactive between matter & the electromagnetic radiations are executed?
4. Explain the interaction of Electromagnetic energy with earth surface features in terms of reflected
transmitted and absorbed energy. (M/J-14)
5. Give examples where only attribute data have to be manipulated for data analysis. Also justify the
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reasons. (N/D-11)(M/J-12)
6. Discuss spectral signature concepts & its identifying objects with diagrams
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7. Explain the electromagnetic remote sensing process?
8. Explain on the different forms of interaction when EMR passes through the atmosphere?
(M/J-11)
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9. Describe the atmospheric effect on spectral reflect response pattern.
10. Explain the energy interaction with earth‟s surface materials.
11. Write an essay on spectral wave bands.
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12. What is spectral signature? Explain its importance in remote sensing with suitable diagrams?
(M/J-11)(M/J-14)
13. Explain wave theory. (M/J-16)
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14. Discuss particle theory.

15. Compare a real and ideal remote sensing system. Explain them in detail. (M/J-12)
16. Explain the principles of working of remote sensing.
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17. Atmospheric window – explain and discuss.

18. What are waves? Explain about longitudinal and transverse waves? Also write a note on frequency
of waves and write the wave equation. (M/J-13)
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19. Briefly explain about the three forms of interaction that can take place when energy strikes upon the
surfaces. (M/J-13)
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20. Give a detailed description on Idealized remote sensing system with a neat diagram.
(M/J-11)
21. With a suitable diagram explain electromagnetic spectrum and its characteristics used in remote
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sensing. (M/J-11)
UNIT – II: PLATFORMS AND SENSORS
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. Define plat forms. (N/D- 14)
Plat forms are nothing but the Aerial photography and it is taking of photograph of the ground from an
elevated position. Plat forms are aerial photography include fixed wing aircraft, helicopters, ballons etc.
Two types of plat forms have been used in remote sensing
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Airborne plat forms
Space based plat forms
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2. What is meant by change detection?
The change is usually detected by comparison between two multi-date images or sometimes between an
old map and an updated remote sensing image.
3. What are advantages of satellite platforms?
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These are the satellites which have proved to be very useful in resource mapping, meteorological and
communication applications.
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4. Define sensors
Sensors are remote sensing instruments designed to measure the photons. The detectors in the sensors
are charged plates made of light sensitive materials. They emit electrons when they are subjected to beam
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of photons. The magnitude of the electric current produced is directly proportional to the light intensity. The
charges in the electric current M/Jbe used to measure changes in photons and the electrons are used as
signals from the sensors to the ground station. Sensors are devices used to record the reflected EMR from
the objects on the earth‟s surface. These sensors convert the radiations into electrical signals.
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5. What is a passive sensor? (N/D- 13)

Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally occurring energy is available. For
all reflected energy, this can only take place during the time when the sun is illuminating the Earth. There
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is no reflected energy available from the sun at night. Energy that is naturally emitted (such as thermal
infrared) can be detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be recorded.
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6. What is an Active sensor? (M/J- 12)
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7. Define with diagram of swatch and IFOV.

In a satellite system, the total width of the area on the ground covered by the scanner is called swath or
width of the total field of view(FOV).
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8. Write the advantages of active sensors? (N/D- 14)
Advantages for active sensors include the ability to obtain measurements anytime, regardless of the time
of day or season. Active sensors can be used for examining wavelengths that are not sufficiently provided
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by the sun, such as microwaves, or to better control the way a target is illuminated. However, active
systems require the generation of a fairly large amount of energy to adequately illuminate targets. Some
examples of active sensors are a laser fluorosensor and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
9. List 4 passive imaging sensors.

(a) Non imaging
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-Magnetic sensor
-Gravimeter
-Fourier spectrometer and other resistivity, etc.
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10. Write the advantages of passive sensors?

Natural resources studies, large scale studies and remote areas studies.
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11. Compare active & passive sensors. (N/D- 13)

Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally occurring energy is available. For
all reflected energy, this can only take place during the time when the sun is illuminating the Earth. There
is no reflected energy available from the sun at night. Energy that is naturally emitted (such as thermal
infrared) can be detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be recorded.
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12. What is geocoded product? (M/J- 14)

Geocoding is interpolating spatial locations (X,Y coordinates) from street addresses or any other spatially
referenced data such as ZIP Codes, parcel lots and address locations. A reference theme is required to
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geocode individual addresses, such as a road centerline file with address ranges.
13. What are the various platform types?

The vehicle or carrier for remote sensor is borne is called the Platform.” The typical platforms are satellite
and aircraft, but they can also include radio controlled airplanes, balloons, pigeons, and kites for low
altitude remote sensing, as well as ladder and cherry pickers for ground investigation.
14. Write short notes on geostationary orbit. ?

These satellites orbit at an elevation of approximately 35790 km because that produces an orbital period
equal to the periods of rotation of the earth. The satellite appears stationary as it is orbiting at the same
rate in the same direction of the earth. These satellites provide a bigger view of the earth, thus facilitating
coverage of weather events. These satellites as they are in the equatorial plane.
15. Write short notes on sun synchronous orbit. ?

Sun synchronous satellites are located at much lower altitudes, generally a few hundred to a few thousand
kilometre from the earth surface. The orbit in which they rotate is a special case of polar orbits, these
satellites travels from north to south pole as the earth turns below it. These satellites pass once the same
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part of the earth roughly the same local time each day making communication and collection of various
forms of dat. Most of the earth resource satellites are sun synchronous satellites.
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16. Differentiate between G.O & S.S.O
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17. What is Resolution? (M/J- 13)

In general resolution is defined as the ability of an entire remote-sensing system, including lens antennae,
display, exposure, processing, and other factors, to render a sharply defined image.It is the resolving
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power of the sensor to detect the smallest meaningful elemental area in different spectral bands in s
defined gray level at a regular interval.
18. What are the elements of Resolution?

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The four elements of resolutions are Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric and Temporal.
19. What are the various types of Resolution?

The four elements of resolutions are Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric and Temporal.
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20. Short account on spatial Resolution.

It is the minimum elemental area the sensor can detect or measure. The resolution element is called pixel
(picture element). Example: IRS LISS 1-72.5m; LISS II-36.25m Land sat MSS-80m; Land sat TM-30m
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SPOT MSS HRV-120m; SPOT MSS HRV II-10m
21. Explain the term spectral Resolution. (N/D- 12)

It refers to the sensing and recording power of the sensor in different bands of EMR. The sensors can
observe an object separately in different bands or colors. Examples: IRS-4 bands; Land sat MSS-4 bands;
Land sat MSS TM-7 bands SPOT-4 bands It is the ability if the sensor to distinguish the finer variation of
the reflected radiation from different objects.
22. What is Radiometric Resolution?
It is the smallest amount of energy that can be detected by sensor and differentiate the same in a defined
scale. It is recorded in digital number (DN) for different bands of the satellite. The radiometric value of the
pixel is the average of the values coming from every part of the pixel. Example: IRS-128 gray level; Land
sat MSS-64; Land sat TM-256; SPOT-256(it is to be noted that „0‟is also a value in the gray scale).
23. Write Short notes on Temporal Resolution.

It is the time interval between two successive surveys of a particular place of the earth by the sensor or
satellite. Examples: IRS-22days; Land sat 16/18days; SPOT-16days.
24. What is microwave Sensor?
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Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimetre with
frequency between 300MHz and 300GHZ, Uses of Microwaves. 1. Satelite communication 2.Radar
3.Radioastronomy 4.Navigation 5.Spectroscopy.
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25. Write the various types of microwave sensors.
Active microwave sensors are generally divided into two distinct categories: imaging and non-imaging.
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The most common form of imaging active microwave sensors is RADAR.
26. What is Radar? (M/J- 12)

RADAR is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging, which essentially characterizes the function and
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operation of a radar sensor. The sensor transmits a microwave (radio) signal towards the target and
detects the backscattered portion of the signal.
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27. What is the main use of Radar?

RADAR is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging, which essentially
characterizes the function and operation of a radar sensor. The sensor transmits a microwave
(radio) signal towards the target and detects the backscattered portion of the signal.
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28. What are the various Data Products?

These are two types of data products
1. Analog Data products

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a. False colour composites (FCC)

b. Dia Positives etc.
2. Digital data Products
a. Cct (Colour compatible tapes)
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b. CD (Compact diskette)
False colour composites are nothing but the reflectance characteristics of the surface features in
different bands. The reflectance characteristics of the same features in different bands are
assigned different colours, thus giving composite image called false colour composites.
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Dia positives are the silver halide prints of the earth features. Aerial photographs are the actual
dia positives, they M/J be either black and whit or colour in nature.
29. Explain Multi spectral sensing system
MSS is an acronym for multispectral scanner. It is an across track scanning system, a sensor used in
the Landsats. The scanning mirror oscillates through an angle of +5.78˚ to -5.78˚ of nadir. It has a 11.56
degree field of view (FOV) and a swatch width of 1.85 km, a parallel scanner sensitive to four spectral
bands which view ground simultaneously. The spatial resolution is 68 M across track and 83 M along
track. The typical scene contains about 2340 scan lines with about 3240 pixels per line. The collection of
MSS data ceased in 1992, when the use of TM data in Landsat-4 started.
30. What are the different types of resolution used as parameters of sensors?
The resolution of a data set defined the smallest object of feature that is included or discernable in
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the data.
1. Spatial resolution
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2. Spectral resolution
3. Radiometric resolution
4. Temporal resolution
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31. List out the Metrologic satellite?
NOAA
GOES sp
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NIMBUS
METEOSAT
METHA-TROPIQUES
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32. Explain about earth resources satellite

Earth resources satellites are usually sun synchronous or polar orbiting satellite used to study and access
the earth‟s resources. Their aim is to provide multispectral image for better information regarding the
earth‟s resources, environmental change and impacts of human activities. In Indian this work is done by
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IRS series. These satellite are also useful in monitoring of earth‟s resources, climatic and land use
changes. The lansats of America and Spot of France, JERS of Japan are also other kind of ERS.
33. What are the types of data products?

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These are two types of data products
Analog Data products

c. False colour composites (FCC)
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d. Dia Positives etc.

Digital data Products
Cct (Colour compatible tapes)
CD (Compact diskette)
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False colour composites are nothing but the reflectance characteristics of the surface features in
different bands. The reflectance characteristics of the same features in different bands are assigned
different colours, thus giving composite image called false colour composites.
Dia positives are the silver halide prints of the earth features. Aerial photographs are the actual dia
positives, they M/J be either black and whit or colour in nature.
34. Explain about microwave sensor.

Electromagnetic radiation at along wavelength (0.1 to 30 Cm) falls in to a segment of the spectrum
commonly called the microwave region. At still longer wavelengths the radiations are known as radio
wave.
35. What is a satellite?

Satellites are devices that use sensor to observe the earth and our solar systems. Satellites are also used
to observe the earth‟s atmosphere, surface and oceans.
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36. How satellites are classified?
1. Spy satellite, 2. Weather satellite 3. Communication satellite
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3. Earth resource satellite
Based on orbit
1. Geostationry satellite, 2. Polar orbiting satellite
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2. Inclined orbit satellites 4. Molniya orbit satellites
37. What is sun synchronous satellite?

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38. What are geo synchronous satellites?

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39. What are polar orbiting satellites?

Polar sun synchronous orbit
Low altitude (200-1000km)
Goes close to poles
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Higher spatial resolution than geostationary

Lower temporal resolution than geostationary
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40. What is MSS?

Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) which acquires imagery in fourspectral bands: blue, green, red and near
infrared. The second is the Thematic Mapper (TM) which collects seven bands: blue, green, red, near-
infrared, two mid-infrared and one thermal infrared. The MSS has a spatial resolution of 80 meters, while
that of the TM is 30 meters.
41. Write short notes on Different types of platform used in remote sensing.
Two types of plat forms have been used in remote sensing
1. Airborne plat forms

2. Space based plat forms Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
42. How are along track and across track scanners different?
There are two methods of scanning used to obtain multi spectral image data. They are along track and
across track scanners.
Across Track Scanner Along Track Scanner
1. They scan earth in a series of line They also scan earth in a series of line.
2. The lines are oriented perpendicular to the direction
The lines are oriented perpendicular to the flight
of motion of the sensor platform and to the swath. direction
43. What are the sensors used in Landsats?

RBV cameros
MSS – Multi spectral scanners
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TM – thematic Mapper
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44. What are the sensors used in IRS?
The data for all the sensors of IRS -1C/1D are supplied on digital media like
a) Computer copatible tapes (CCTs)
b) Cartridge tapes
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c) Floppies
d) CD-ROM products
45. What is false color compositor?

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It is one of themost widely used data format for information extraction and it is called as false color
compoite image (FCC). False colour composites are nothing but the reflectance characteristics of the
surface features in different bands. The reflectance characteristics of the same features in different bands
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are assigned different colours, thus giving composite image called false colour composites
46. Explain about dia positives.

Dia positives are the silver halide prints of the earth features. Aerial photographs are the actual dia
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positives, they M/J be either black and whit or colour in nature.

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PART B (16 MARKS)
1. Explain the types of imaging sensor systems.

2. Write an essay on platforms.
3. Explain the image format and the various categories of land use \ land cover classification using
remote sensing data. (N/D-11)
4. Discuss the various types of sensors. (M/J-14)
5. Describe briefly about microwave remote sensing. (M/J-11)
6. Differentiate between passive and active sensor.
in
7. Describe the methodology, data sources, processing and analysis for identifying urban growth with
case study. (N/D-11)
ot.
8. Discuss in detail about resolution concept. (M/J-12)
9. Discuss briefly about pay load description of important earth resources and metrological satellites.
(M/J-14)
10. Write an essay of earth resources satellite.
11. Write an essay of meteorological satellite. sp
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12. Discuss of airborne & space borne sensors. (M/J-13)
13. Write notes on TIR and microwave sensors.
14. Write an elaborate note on the spectral signatures of various earth object in different wave lengths
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(M/J-12)
15. Explain and differentiate between sun synchronous & geo synchronous orbits? (M/J-16)
16. What are the different resolutions of an image and how are they related? (M/J-12)
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17. Write detailed notes on Indian remote sensing systems. (M/J-11)

18. Discuss the principles to be understood with respect to scattering and absorption of EM energy for
remote sensing applications. (M/J-12)
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19. Discuss the role & importance of thermal infra red in remote sensing?
20. Explain the orbital & sensor characteristics of any one of the Indian remote sensing satellite.
(M/J-12)
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UNIT – III: IMAGE INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. What is image interpretation? (M/J- 14)

Image interpretation is defined as the extraction of qualitative and quantitative information in the form of a
map, about the shape, location, structure, function, quality, condition, relationship of and between objects,
etc. by using human knowledge or experience.
2. Describe an image with its properties. (N/D- 14)
in
Image processing is a physical process used to convert an image signal in to a physical image. Image
processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing also are
possible.
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3. What is the type‟s image interpretation? (M/J- 13)
Image M/J be classified by adopting either of the following methods
1.
2.
3.
Spectral pattern recognition
Spatial patter
Supervised classification sp
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4. Unsupervised classification
4. What is visual image interpretation? (M/J- 12)

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Visual interpretation is the act or process of examining images (satellite imageries) for the purpose of
identifying objects and assessing their significance. Visual image interpretation involves detection,
recognition, identification, classification and delineation of objects in an aerial or a satellite image.
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5. What is photo interpretation?

Photo interpretation is defined as the process of identifying objects or conditions in aerial photographs and
determining their meaning or significance.
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6. What is image measurement?

Image measurement is the extraction of physical quantities, such as length, location, height, density,
temperature and so on, by using reference data or calibration data deductively or inductively.
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7. What is called photographical interpretation? (M/J- 14)

Interpretation and analysis based on aerial photographs using stereoscopic vision.
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8. Differentiate supervised & unsupervised classification.

A supervised classification algorithm requires a training sample for each class i.e a collection of data
points know to have come from the class of interest. The classification is based on how near a point to be
classified is to the training data set. Unsupervised classification algorithms do no compare points to be
classified with training data. The unsupervised algorithms examine a large number of unknown data
vectors and divide them into classes based on properties inherent to the data themselves. Thus the
classes are separated from the differences observed within the data.
9. What is image analysis?

Image analysis is the understanding of the relationship between interpreted information and the actual
status or phenomenon, and to evaluate the situation.
10. What is thematic map? (N/D- 14)

Extracted information will be finally represented in a map form called an interpretation map or a thematic
map.
11. What is Interpretation map?

Extracted information will be finally represented in a map form called an interpretation map or a thematic
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map.
12. What are the image interpretation elements?
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The eight elements of image interpretation are shape, size, tone, shadows, texture, site, pattern and
association.
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13. What is image processing? (N/D- 12)
possible.
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14. Define digital image processing
Digital Image Processing is a collection of techniques for the manipulation of digital images by computers.
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The raw data received from the imaging sensors on the satellite platforms contains flaws and deficiencies.
To overcome these flaws and deficiencies in order to get the originality of the data, it needs to undergo
several steps of processing. This will vary from image to image depending on the type of image format,
initial condition of the image and the information of interest and the composition of the image scene.
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15. List the steps of image processing (N/D- 12)

The three steps of image processing are ,
• Pre-processing
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• Display and enhancement

• Information extraction
16. Write short notes on image enhancement.

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The operations are carried out to improve the interpretability of the image by increasing apparent contrast
among various features in the scene. The enhancement techniques depend upon two factors mainly l The
digital data (i.e. with spectral bands and resolution)
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17. Define pre processing

In the preprocessing ,prepare data for subsequent analysis that attempts to correct or compensate for
systematic errors.
18. Explain the term display

The presentation of analyzed data using remote sensing. It M/J be in digital, 3D, 2D display, diagrammatic
and documented.
19. Write the objectives of interpretation

The objectives of interpretation as an image enhancement technique often drastically alters the original
numeric data, it is normally used only for visual (manual) interpretation and not for further numeric
analysis. Common enhancements include image reduction, image rectification, image magnification,
transect extraction, contrast adjustments, band ratioing, spatial filtering, Fourier transformations, principal
component analysis and texture transformation.
20. What is digital image?

Digital Image is the matrix of “Digital Numbers”. A digital image is composed of thousands of pixels. Each
pixel represents the brightness of small region on the earth surface.Digital Image processing involves the
manipulation and interpretation of digital image with the aid of computer.
21. Define filtering
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Filtering means the smoothening of an image using different Masks or Kernels.
22. What is spatial filtering? (N/D- 13)
ot.
“ Spatial Filtering can be described as selectively emphasizing or suppressing information at different
spatial scales over an image. “ Spatial operation consists in changing the values of each pixels according
to the values of the pixels in the neighborhoods.
23. What is convolution?

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A convolution is an integral which expresses the amount of overlap of one function g as it is shifted over
another function f. “
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24. List the image enhancement techniques
Contrast manipulation
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Spatial feature manipulation and

Multistage manipulation.
25. What is multi spectral image classification?

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Supervised Classification techniques &

Unsupervised Classification.
26. Define visual interpellation keys

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Visual interpretation is the act or process of examining images (satellite imageries) for the purpose of
identifying objects and assessing their significance. Visual image interpretation involves detection,
recognition, identification, classification and delineation of objects in an aerial or a satellite image.
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27. What is image interpretation strategy?

possible.
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28. What are the types of pictorial data products?

The pictorial data products give information of objects on the earth surface in the form of photographs or
images. The pictorial products provided by aircrafts are called aerial photographs. These are generally
taken by sophisticated cameras which use visible portion of electromagnetic energy.
29. What are fundamental picture elements?
A digital image is a numeric representation (normally binary) of a two-dimensional image. Depending on
whether the image resolution is fixed, it M/J be of vector or raster type. Without qualifications, the term
"digital image" usually refers to raster images also called bitmap images Raster images have a finite set of
digital values, called picture elements or pixels.
30. Define size, shape & texture?

Size: It is a function of scale. It is important to assess the size of a target relative to other objects in the
scene and also the absolute size to aid in interpretation.
Shape: it refers to the general form strcture or outline of the individuals object for example, straight edge
shape represent urban or agricultural fields, forests M/J be represented by irregular shapes.
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TEXTURE; It refers to the arrangement and frequency of tonal variation in particulars areas of an images.
Rough textures would consists of grey levels changing abruptly in a small area whereas smooth texture
has very little tonal variations, example: Smooth texture – grass lands, Rough texture – forest canopy.
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31. Define tone or color
Tone: It refers to the relative brightness or color of objects in an imagew. It is the fundamental element for
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distinguishing targets or features in an image.
32. What are interpretation keys?

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Interpretation keys are set of guidelines used to assist interpreters in rapidly in identifying features in an
imagery. Generally any diagram, chart, table list or set of example which is used to aid imagery
interpreters in a rapid identification of objects visible on imagery called interpretation keys.
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The type of key used depends on
1. The number of objects or condition to be identified

2. The variability encountered with in each class or features within the key
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The keys are classified in two main types
1. Selective keys 2. Elimination keys

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33. What is an elimination key?

An elimination key is arranged so that the interpretation proceeds step by step from the general to the
specific, and leads to the elimination of all features or conditions except the one being identified. Elimination
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keys are also called dichotomous keys where the interpreter makes a serious of choices between two
alternatives and progressively eliminates all but one possible answer. The elimination key sometimes give
more erroneous answers if the interpreter is forced to make uncertain choice between two unfamiliar image
characteristics. The elimination key is used and successfully employed for agricultural studies and forestry
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applications.
34. What are the elements to be considered deriving visual?

Visual interpretation is the act or process of examination images (satellite imageries) for the purpose of
identifying objects and assessing their siginificance. Visual image interpretation involves detection,
recognition, identification, classification and delineation of objects in an aerial or a satellite image. Tone,
Size, shape, pattern, texture, shadow.
35. What is training data sheet?

A training data set is a set of measurements (points from an image) whose category membership is
known by the analysist. This set must be selected on the basis of additional information derived from maps,
field surveys and the analysis knowledge of usual spectral signatures of different classes.
36. What is unsupervised classification?

Unsupervised classification algorithms do not compare points to be classified with training data. The
supervised algorithms examine a large number of unknown data vectors and divide them into classes based
on properties inherent to the data themselves. Thus the classess are separated from the differences observed
with in the data
37. Define the term drought and list out different methods of drought management.
in
Drought is a subtle, insidious natural hazard that is a normal part of the climate of virtually all regions
of the world. Its occurrence results in a myriad of economic, social, and environmental impacts in developed
as well as developing nations, although the characteristics of its impacts differ considerably between the two
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settings. Drought is normally grouped by type: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic.
The impacts associated with drought usually take 3 months or more to develop, but this time period can vary
considerably, depending on the timing of the initiation of the precipitation deficiency
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Many of the management alternatives available to water suppliers to prepare for and respond to drought
events fall into two broad categories: demand management and supply augmentation.
Demand Management
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Public information and education campaigns
Emergency conservation programs
Water service restrictions
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Restrictions on nonessential uses of water

Prohibition of selected commercial uses
Drought emergency pricing
Water rationing programs
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Augmentation
Improvements in water systems (for example, leak detection, lining of transmission canals)
Emergency sources of supply (for example, emergency interconnections, drilling new wells)
Management of available water resources (for example, emergency water banks, overdrafting of
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groundwater aquifers)
Search for new supplies of water
38. Explain the terms supervised classification?

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A supervised classification algorithm requires a training sample for each class i.e a collection of data
points know to have come from the class of interest. The classification is based on how near a point to be
classified is to the training data set.
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39. What is filtering of an image?

Filtering means the smoothening of an image using different Masks or Kernels.
40. Explain the concept / types of image classification

Spectral pattern recognition, Spatial patter

Supervised classification, Unsupervised classification
41. How are images classified? Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in

possible
a. Spectral pattern recognition

b. Spatial patter
c. Supervised classification
d. Unsupervised classification
42. Write short notes on stream order and stream numbers of water shed basin.
Stream order is a measure of the relative size of streams. Stream sizes range from the smallest, first-
in
order, to the largest, the twelfth-order (the Amazon River). Over 80% of the total length of Earth's rivers
and streams are headwater streams (first- and second-order). As water molecules travel from headwater
streams toward the mouth of mighty rivers, streams gradually increase their width and depth. The amount
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of water they discharge also increases.
43. What the term spatial pattern recognitions?
relationship with the pixels surrounding them

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Spatial pattern recognition involves the categorization of image pixels on the basis of the spatial
Spectral pattern recognition refers to the family of classification procedures that utilizes the pixel by
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pixel spectral information as he basis for automated land cover classification.
44. What is Radar?

RADAR is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging, which essentially characterizes the function and
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operation of a radar sensor. The sensor transmits a microwave (radio) signal towards the target and
detects the backscattered portion of the signal.
45. What is meant by image transformation?

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Image transformations typically involve the manipulations of multiple bands of data whether from a
single multispectral image or from two or more images of the same area acquired at different times or from
two or more images of the same area acquired at different spatial resolution.
Some important transformations are as follows
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Image arithmetic operations, PCT, Tasselled cap transformation (TCT), Colour space transformation,
Fourier transformation, image fusion.
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46. Explain the spectacle noise in radar images.

Speckle noise arises from the coherent summation of the signals scattered from ground scatters
distributed randomly with in each pixel. A radar image appears with more speckle noise than an optical image.
The speckle noise can be suppressed by applying speckle removal filter on the digital image.
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47. What is an SAR?
SAR is synthetic Aperture Radar. In RADAR‟s Longer the antenna narrower will be the beam,
narrower beams result in good quality data. In SAR, synthesis is done to make it behavelike a long antenna by
not only recording the reflected signal strength but also the wave frequency
48. What is back scattering & Radar wave length bands? (N/D- 11)
The radar wavelength bands are described by code L and C band. Radar can not detect colour or
temperature into but in can detect surface roughness and Ec into its soil therefore the wavelength and
depression angle and polarization of signal or important.
Back scattering is measured in terms of radar back scattering coefficient variation. Back scatter M/J
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result from surface scattering or volume scattering or volume scattering. Surface scattering is caused in the air
ground interface, while volume scattering occurs by the dielectric discontinuities in a volume. Rough surfaces
rend to reradiate uniformly in all directions (diffuse scattering)
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PART – B (16 MARKS)
1. Write a detailed description on the elements of visual interpretation quoting suitable examples.
(M/J-11)
2. Give a detailed description on the how flows and deficiency in remote sensing data can be removed
3. Explain in detail about types of image interpretation (M/J-14)
4. Describe the different digital image processing techniques used. (M/J-16)
5. Give detailed notes on image classification and analysis of remotely sensed data.
6. How can you delineate ground water potential zones and recharge areas using remote sensing
technique? Explain. (N/D-11)
in
7. Explain in detail about image enhancement techniques (M/J-12)
8. What is the use of classifying an image? Add notes on various classifying techniques.
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9. Discuss the areal assessment of surface water bodies (N/D-11)
10. Explain drainage patterns & textures to be identified form remote sensing data. (N/D-11)
11. Write an essay on the various types of data products. (M/J-14)
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12. Explain the basics elements and types of image interpretation.
13. What are applications of photo interpretation in remote sensing? Explain.
14. Write an essay on interpretation keys and explain them with examples.
(M/J-12)
(M/J-13)
(M/J-12)
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15. Describe at least four image enhancement techniques. (M/J-16)
16. Write an essay on multispectral image classification. (M/J-13)(M/J-14)
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17. Differentiate and explain about supervised and unsupervised classification.

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UNIT – 4: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. Define the term map (N/D- 14)

A map is usually considered to be a drawing to scale of the whole or a part of the surface of the earth
on a plane surface; it is a manually or mechanically drawn picture of the earth showing the location and
distribution of various natural and cultural phenomena. A map is a symbolic representation of an area.
2. What are constraint maps? (M/J- 14)

Constraint maps are binary maps in which the areas are suitable for a study are assigned the value of
in
1 and the areas. Which are not suitable are assigned the value of O. these maps are useful in identifying
ad eliminating the unsuitable areas in a study / analysis.
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3. List the various types of map
The two maps are topographical and thematic maps.
4. Define topographical map
often acts as a frame for other information

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It is a reference tool, showing the outlines of selected natural and man-made features of the Earth –
"Topography" refers to the shape of the surface, represented by contours and/or shading, but topographic
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maps also show roads and other prominent features.
5. What is thematic map?

It is a tool to communicate geographical themes such as, the distribution of population & densities,
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climatic variables and land use etc.
6. Define Map overlay (M/J- 13)

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Map overlay is the process by which it is possible to take two or more different htematic map layers of
the same area and overlay then on top of the other and forma compositive new layer this technique is
used to overlay vector data on a raster image. In vector based systems map overlay is time consuming,
complex and computationally expensive. In raster based system it is quick. Straightforward and efficient.
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7. What is chloropleth map?

A choropleth map contains differentiated zones. The different zones are used to represent the
different classes present in the theme. For example theme: census tracts class: average income,
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percentage female populations, mortality rate etc
8. Explain about area class map

A area class map is one of the thematic type map and It is a tool to communicate geographical themes
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such as, the distribution of population & densities, climatic variables and land use about an area.
9. Define Isopleth map

An isopleths map is a map, which contains imaginary lines used to connect points of equal values.
(isolines). They M/J be contours in the case of a topographic map. Similarly maps can be drawn for
variables such as temperatures, pressure, rainfall and population density
10. What are the various characteristic of map? (N/D- 13)
maps are often stylized, generalized or abstracted, requiring careful interpretation
• usually out of date
• show only a static situation - one slice in time
• often highly elegant/artistic
• easy to use to answer certain types of questions:
– how do I get there from here?
– what is at this point?
• difficult or time-consuming to answer other types:
– what is the area of this lake?
– what places can I see from this TV tower?
in
– what does that thematic map show at the point I'm interested in on this topographic map?
11. What is the necessity of map projection?
ot.
Projection is necessary one because spatial entities locate in two dimensions. The method by which
the “world is laid flat” is use to help projection. Doing the process introduce error into spatial data. Spatial
data character varies depending on the projection method chosen. Shape and distance are distorted the
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accuracy world is spherical shape visualize the two dimension in flat surface is difficult.
12. List the various types of map projection

1.Cylindrical projection 2. Azimuthal projection 3. Conical projection
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13. What is cylindrical projection? (M/J- 14)
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Countries near the equator in true relative portion. Distance increases between countries located
towards top and bottom of mage. The view of the poles is very distorted. Area for the most part is
preserved
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14. What is Azimuthal projection?

Only a part of the earth surface is visible. The view will be of half the globe or less. Distortion will occur
at all four edges. Distance for the more part is preserved.
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15. What is Conical projection?

Area is distorted. Distance is very distorted towards the bottom of the image.
Scale for the most part is preserved
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16. Write an short notes on attribute data analysis.

It is of more conventional type it contains data describing characteristics or qualities of the spatial
features. i.e descriptive information. For Example, Number of beds in the hospital, Type of road etc
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17. Define referencing system

Referencing system is used to locate a feature on the earth‟s surface or a two dimension
representation of this surface such as a map.
18. List the methods of spatial referencing system

Several methods of spatial referencing exist all of which can be grouped into three categories.
Geographical co-ordinate system
Rectangular co-ordinate system Non-co-ordinate system
19. What is Geographical co-ordinate system? (M/J- 13)

This is a one of true co-ordinate system .the location of any point on the earth surface can be defined by a
reference using latitude and longitude.
20. What is Rectangular co-ordinate system?

Although the use of rectangular coordinates in such geometric applications as surveying and planning has
been practiced since ancient times, it was not until the 17th century that geometry and algebra were joined
to form the branch of mathematics called analytic geometry. French mathematician and philosopher Rene
Descartes (1596-1650) devised a simple plan whereby two number lines were intersected at right angles
with the position of a point in a plane determined by its distance from each of the lines. This system is
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called the rectangular coordinate system (or Cartesian coordinate system).
21. What is QTM? (N/D- 12)
ot.
The quaternary triangular mesh refrenshing system tries to deal with irregularities in the earth surface.
22. What is GIS?
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It‟s a computer based information system primarily aims in collecting, classifying, crosschecking,
manipulating, interpreting, retrieving and displaying data which are spatially referred to the earth in an
appealing way.
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23. What are the components of GIS?
i)The Computer System (Hardware and Operating System)
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ii) The Software

iii) Spatial Data
iv) Data Management and analysis procedures
v) The People to operate the GIS
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24. What are the hardware components of a GIS? (M/J- 12)

Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of
hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or
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networked configurations.
25. What are the software components of a GIS?

Standard GIS Software‟s
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• ARCGIS
• ARCVIEW
• ARCINFO
• MAPINFO
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• ERDAS
• ENVI
• AUTOCADMAP
• IDRISI
26. Distinguish between spatial & non spatial data. (M/J-12)(M/J-11)
Spatial data is some things mappable. The spatial data or geo referenced data are commonly
characterised by having two fundamental components.
1. The physical dimension : height of the forest canopy, demographic class: rock type, vegetation type
details of a city ect.
2. The spatial location of the phenomena. For example, location, specified with reference to common
coordinate system (Latitude and longitudeetc)
The Non-Spatial data are characters of features that are not mappable. Non-spatial or attributes data: it is
of more conventional type it contains data describing characteristics or qualities of the spatial features. i.e
in
descriptive information. For Example, Number of beds in the hospital, Type of road etc.
27. What are the projections which find their importance in India?
Projection is necessary one because spatial entities locate in two dimensions. The method by which
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the “world is laid flat” is use to help projection. Doing the process introduce error into spatial data. Spatial
data character varies depending on the projection method chosen. Shape and distance are distorted the
accuracy world is spherical shape visualize the two dimension in flat surface is difficult.
28. How can projections be classified?
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1.Cylindrical projection 2. Azimuthal projection 3. Conical projection
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29. What are the data input devices used in a GIS?
The different methods of input into a GIS are by 1. Keyboard entry 2. Manual digitizing 3. Scanning and
automatic digitizing.
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30. What are the data output devices used in a GIS?

The important data output devices used ina GIS are
1. Plotter : Used to plot the graphical information after analysis on a paper
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2. Printer : Used to print the information after analysis on a paper

3. VDU : Visual display unit – used to display the results after analysis
4. Tape Drive: Used to atore the results after analysis and take it to other systems.
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31. List the important GIS software‟s.

Standard GIS Softwares
• ARCGIS
• ARCVIEW
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• ARCINFO
• MAPINFO
• ERDAS
• ENVI
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• AUTOCADMAP
• IDRISI
32. What is DBMS?

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control
the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop
databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is
an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application
programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs M/J use a variety of database models, such
as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in
support applications. It typically
supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database
languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also
simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS
provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and
recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database
security.
33. Which wave length band of image data would you recommended for identifying forest fire? (Nov-11)
The wave length band of image data would you recommended for identifying forest fire is 0.4 to 0.7 m
34. What are the four commonly referred levels of measurements?

 Nominal
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 Ordinal
 Ratio
 Interval
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35. Define attribute values
An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table
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with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions,"
"characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects"
(also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables"). Each table cell
therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.
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36. Explain the Work flow process of GIS.
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PART B (16 MARKS)
1. What is map projections and explain the different types of map projections with their characteristics.
(M/J-11)(M/J-13)
2. Write an essay on map projections and map analysis. (M/J-14)
3. Explain the components of GIS with neat diagram. And discuss about the database structures that
are employed in GIS data management. (M/J-12)
4. Write an essay on scale of measurements.
5. Describe the methodology, data source, processing and analysis for soil mapping of given area.
in
(N/D-11)
6. Discuss the software and hardware components of GIS (M/J-12)
ot.
7. List and explain the standard GIS software. (M/J-13)
8. Explain the data types in GIS. (M/J-11)
9. Explain different classification of maps (M/J-11)
10. Explain in detail about the UTM projection systems
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11. Write detailed notes on spatial and non spatial data.
(M/J-12)
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12. Write detailed notes on contributing disciplines of GIS. (M/J-16)
13. Discuss the role of remote sensing in agricultural application. (N/D-11)
14. Explain DBMS with emphasis on different type DBMS used in GIS (M/J-11)(M/J-14)
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15. Enumerate the payload characteristics of the important earth observation satellite systems.
(M/J-12)
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UNIT – 5: DATA ENTRY, STORAGE AND ANALYSIS
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. What is data model? (M/J- 14)

Data Models: Vector and Raster Spatial data in GIS has two primary data formats: raster and vector.
Raster uses a grid cell structure, whereas vector is more like a drawn map. Raster and Vector Data Vector
format has points, lines, polygons that appear normal, much like a map. Raster format generalizes the scene
into a grid of cells, each with a code to indicate the feature being depicted. The cell is the minimum mapping
unit. Raster has generalized reality: all of the features in the cell area are reduced to a single cell identity.
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2. What is vector data? (M/J- 13)
Vector data uses two dimensional Cartesian coordinates to store the shape of spatial entity. Vector
based features are treated as discrete geometric objects over the space. In the vector data base point is the
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basic building block from which all the spatial entities are constructed. The vector spatial entity, the point is
represented by a single x,y coordinate pair. Line and area entities are constructed by a series of points into
chains
3. Define Raster data
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Raster is a method for the storage, processing and display of spatial data. Each area is divided into
rows and columns, which form a regular grid structure. Each cell must be rectangular in shape, but not
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necessarily square. Each cell within this matrix contains location co-ordinates as well as an attribute value.
The origin of rows and column is at the upper left corner of the grid. Rows function as the “y”coordinate and
column as”x”coordinate in a two dimensional system. A cell is defined by its location in terms of rows and
columns.
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4. Why is compression needed for remote sensing data? (M/J-12)

Data compression method provides compact raster representation using a variable sized grid. Large
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cells are used in areas of low detail while small cells are used in areas of high detail
5. What is Vectorization? (M/J-11)

Vectors are data elements describing position and direction. In GIS, vector is the maplike drawing of
features, without the generalizing effect of a raster grid. Therefore, shape is better retained. Vector is much
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more spatially accurate than the raster format.
6. What is raster coding? (M/J-12)

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In the data entry process, maps can be digitized or scanned at a selected cell size and each cell
assigned a code or value. The cell size can be adjusted according to the grid structure or by ground units, also
termed resolution. There are three basic and one advanced scheme for assigning cell codes.
Presence/Absence: is the most basic method and to record a feature if some of it occurs in the cell space.
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7. Compare vector & raster data structure

Vectors are data elements describing position and direction. In GIS, vector is the maplike drawing of
features, without the generalizing effect of a raster grid. Therefore, shape is better retained. Vector is much
more spatially accurate than the raster format.
In the data entry process, maps can be digitized or scanned at a selected cell size and each cell assigned a
code or value. The cell size can be adjusted according to the grid structure or by ground units, also termed
resolution. There are three basic and one advanced scheme for assigning cell codes. Presence/Absence: is
the most basic method and to record a feature if some of it occurs in the cell space.
8. What do you understand about data compression (M/J-14)
Data compression method provides compact raster representation using a variable sized grid. Large
cells are used in areas of low detail while small cells are used in areas of high detail
9. What is buffering?
Buffering is the creation of polygons that surround other points, lines or polygons. Buffers M/J be
created either to exclude a certain amount of area around a point, line or polygon or to include only the buffer
area in a study
10. What is cell center?

The cell center involves reading only the center of the cell and assigning the code accordingly. Not
good for points or lines.
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11. Define dominant area
To assign the cell code to the feature with the largest (dominant) share of the cell. This is suitable primarily
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for polygons.
12. Define percent coverage

A more advanced method in Geographical information system. It is used to separate each feature for
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coding into individual themes and then assign values that show its percent cover in each cell.
13. What is reclassification?

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Reclassification is an important variation of the query idea in GID and is used in place of a query in
raster GIS. In Raster GIS, the methods of reclassification can be used in place of query to obtain information
under search from a GIS database.
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14. Differentiate GIS from an information system & CAD software
GIS IS and CAD software

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GIS has the capabilities of analysis of IS and CAD software do not have the capabilities of handling
spatial data spatial data
Complex analysis of multiple spatial data It is not possible to use spatial data
and non spatial data in the integrated therefore obviously complex analysis
manner is possible. involving spatial data together is not possible
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GIS M/J be raster based vector CAD software is compatible only with vector data structure. In
based or recently advanced hybrid GIS is also available
an IS and CAD software raster
data structure can not be used.
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15. What are the different input methods into a GIS?

The different methods of input into a GIS are
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Key board entry

O.C.R.
Digitizing
Manual digitizing, Automatic digitizing
Scanning, Automatic line follower
Electronic data transfer
16. Define hybrid GIS
Here in a hybrid GIS, it is easy and possible to use both the vector and raster data structures and also to
convert from one data structures to another. The Hybrid GIS combines the advantages of both the raster and
Vector data structures.
17. Write short notes on digitizing (M/J-11)

The process of convert the data from maps and other documents in to digital form. The digital form
M/J be vector or raster data. A digitizer is used to convert the data from maps into digital form.
Manual digitizing
Automatic digitizing
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18. List the various errors in digitizing
Scale and resolution of the source/base map.
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Quality of the equipment and the software used.
Incorrect registration.
A shaky hand. Line thickness.
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Overshoot.
Under shoot. Spike.
Displacement.
Polygonal knot.
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Psychological errors.
19. What are the different types of grid based models?

The Grid based models can be broadly classified as
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1. Weighted Summation models

` 2. Weighted mean model
3. Unique combination model
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20. What is scanning? (M/J-11)

A piece of hard ware for converting an analogue source of document into digital raster format (a light
sensitive device).Most commonly used method. When raster data are there to be encoded scanning is the
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most appropriate option.

There are three different types of scanners available in usage :-
Flat-bed scanners (a PC peripheral).
Rotating drum scanners.
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Large format feed scanners
21. What are the output methods / components of GIS?

Plotter, Printer, VDU, Tape Drive
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22. Write the component of scanner

A light source.
A back ground.
A lens.
23. What is overlying?
Map overlay is the process by which it is possible to take two or more different thematic map layers of
the same area and overlay them on top of the other and form a composite new layer this techniques is used to
overlay vector data on a raster image. In Vector base systems map overlay is time consuming, complex and
computationally expensive. In raster based systems it is quick, straightforward and efficient
24. What is Conflation? (M/J-13)

Conflation occurs when the identities of two or more individuals, concepts, or places, sharing some
characteristics of one another, seem to be a single identity, the differences appear to become lost. In logic, it is
the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one, which produces errors or misunderstandings
as a fusion of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by
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contrasts.[2] However, if the distinctions between the two concepts appear to be superficial, intentional
conflation M/J be desirable for the sake of conciseness and recall.
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25. What is meant by LIS (M/J-14)
Information systems that systematically collects, processes, stores and disseminates intelligence
about small geographic areas
26. List the advantages of Raster data

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Raster data also known as grid based system or cellular system consists of rectangular cell. The
raster system used minimum time for processina and esy to program
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Advantages: It is a simple data structure, Overaly operations are easily and efficiently implemented,
High spatial variability is efficiently represented in a raster format.
Disadvantage 1. Less compact 2. Topographical relationship are more difficult to represent
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27. What you mean by data compression?

Reducing the 'electronic space' (data bits) used in representing a piece of information, by eliminating
the repetition of identical sets of data bits (redundancy) in an audio/video, graphic, or text data file. White
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spaces in text and graphics, large blocks of the same color in pictures, or other continuously recurring data, is
reduced or eliminated by coding(encryption) with a program that uses a particular type of compression
algorithm. The same program is used to decompress (decrypt) the data so that it can be heard, read, or seen
as the original data.
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28. List out the basics elements of GIS modeling

Geographic Information systems have three important components. They are 1. Computer hardware,
2. Set of application software modules 3. Spatial data 4Data management and analysis procedures 5.
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Personnel to operate the GIS
29. What is data medium conversion?

Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a
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computer environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is built on the
basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity bit checks. Similarly,
the operating system is predicated on certain standards for data and file handling.
30. Write short notes on topographical overlay

Map overlay is the process by which it is possible to take two or more different topographical layers of
the same area and overlay them on top of the other and form a composite new layer this techniques is used to
overlay vector data on a raster image. In Vector base systems map overlay is time consuming, complex and
computationally expensive. In raster based systems it is quick, straightforward and efficient
31. Explain TIN.
TIN or triangulated Irregular network stored GUS data for 3D surface. The basic unit is triangle..
Triangle consists of three lines connecting three nodes, each triangles will have three neighbours.
32. What is dynamic segmentation? (M/J-12)

The process of computing the map locations of linearly referenced data (for example, attributes stored
in a table) at run time so they can be displayed on a map, queried, and analyzed using a GIS. The dynamic
segmentation process enables multiple sets of attributes to be associated with any portion of a line feature
without segmenting the underlying feature. In the transportation field, examples of such linearly referenced
data might include accident sites, road quality, and traffic volume.
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33. What is integrated data analyze?
Solution of nature-use problems such as survey of the Earth's deep structure, prediction of mineral
deposits, drawing of geological maps, and etc. makes it necessary the integration of different-type and
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different-level data acquired by diverse methods and characterized by different spatial localization. To solve
such problems the VNIIgeosystem Research Center (Moscow, Russia) has developed a software
geoinformation system INTEGRO. The system deals with data of different types (vector and raster maps,
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regular and irregular observation grids, space images and etc.).
34. How GIS is used in highway alignment studies?

“The position or the layout of the centre line of the highway on the ground is called alignment.”In
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general alignment is of two types,
o Horizontal alignment
o Vertical alignment
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35. What is land information analysis? (M/J-13)

A system for the capture, storage, manipulation, analysis, and display of land-use data.
36. Define data attribute analysis
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As it is mentioned earlier, attribute data tells the characteristics of different objects / features on the earth
surface. These are descriptions, measurements or classification of geographic features. Attribute data can be
both qualitative (like land use type, soil type, name of the city/river etc.) and quantitative (like elevation,
temperature, pressure of a particular place, crop yield per acre etc.). So, the attribute can be both numeric and
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textual. The examples of attribute data of different spatial features like point (well), line (river), area (village)
The attribute data are generally in tabular form.
37. What are factors maps?

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These are maps, which are created by giving or assigning graduated values from 0-255. Thus there will be
different classes formed as a result according to the suitability or unsuitability. The different color scales from
0-255 are assigned according to the suitability of the area.
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38. What is line buffer in GIS? Give one example. (M/J-12)

Buffering lines is a little more complicated than buffering point data. This is
mainly due to the fact that lines can be made up of multiple segments. Line segments are handled
independently of each other. Consider the example given in figure 3. Here we can see two line segments.
First, let us consider L1 with end points (A1,B1) and (A2,B2).Using these coordinates one can calculate dx
and dy between the two end points. Now, we can represent two parallel lines at a distance of m (buffer
distance) from L1 using the sine and cosine components of line L1 along with m, the buffer distance.
39. What are constraint map?
Constraint maps are binary maps in which the areas which are suitable for a study are assigned the value of I
and the areas. Which are not suitable are assigned the value 0. These maps are useful in identifying and
eliminating the unsuitable areas in a study/ analysis.
40. List the various types of grid based models

The grid based models can be broadly classified as
a. Weighted summation models.
b. Weighted mean model.
c. Unique combination model.
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41. Differentiate between weight and ranks
Weight: These are values assigned to represent the relative important of a theme/layer in the
issue/phenomena to be analyzed.
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Ranks: These are the values assigned to each class with in a theme / layer to represent its cost / benefit,
relative to the issue / phenomena to be analyzed.
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42. What are flood plain & point bar deposits? (N/D-11)
A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to astream or river that stretches from the banks of its
channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences floodingduring periods of high discharge.[1] It
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includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that actively carry flood flows
downstream.
A point bar is a depositional feature made of alluvium that accumulates on the inside bend
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of streams and rivers below the slip-off slope. Point bars are found in abundance in mature
or meandering streams. They are crescent-shaped and located on the inside of a stream bend, being very
similar to, though often smaller than, towheads, or river islands.
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PART B (16 MARKS)
1. What is data model? Add notes on different types of data.

2. What are the four basics procedures for inputting spatial data into a GIS? (M/J-13)
3. Compare and contrast raster and vector data representation with suitable examples.
(M/J-14)(M/J-12)
4. Write an essay on land information system.
5. How will improve Highway planning wih the help of GIS? Explain. (M/J-12)(M/J-13)
6. Write a detailed notes on data input system in GIS
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7. Write an essay on attribute data analysis. (M/J-14)
8. Write an essay of integrated data analysis. (M/J-14)
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9. Explain the methods of modeling in GIS highway alignment studies. (M/J-16)
10. Write notes on GIS input and output.
11. Explain major data source of GIS. (M/J-11)
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12. Describe the delineation of landslide prone areas through remote sensing.
13. Briefly explain the digitization and scanning processes in GIS.
(N/D-11)
(M/J-12)
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14. Explain (M/J-11)
a. Buffering techniques
b. Overlaying techniques
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15. Explain
a. Data medium conversion
b. Data structure conversion
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16. What are the possible techniques best adopted for better storage of raster data that would avoid
repetition character. (M/J-11)
17. Highlight the issues and features of using GIS for large scale land information system. (M/J-12)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE6003 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

2. What is the application of Remote Sensing?

3. Write the physics of Remote Sensing.

From basic physics, wave obey the general equation C = v y

4. What are the components of Remote Sensing?

a. The energy sources

f. Multiple data users.

5. What is Electro Magnetic Radiations? (M/J- 13)

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a self-propagating wave in space or through matter. EM radiation

6. What is the significance of EMR in remote sensing?

8. Draw the quantum theory interaction. (M/J- 13)

10. Draw the Wave model.

11. Write plank‟s equation.

12. What is black body? (M/J- 11)

13. Write Stefan Boltzmann law.

15. Write Wien‟s displacement law. (N/D- 14)

16. Short notes on Planck‟s law.

17. Write short notes on Scattering. (N/D- 14)

scattering which take place.

18. What is non selective scattering?

19. What are the various types of scattering?

(ii) Mie scattering

particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation.

20. What is Atmospheric Windows?

24. Write the disadvantages of remotely sensed data?

Expensive for small areas, particularly for onetime analysis

EI (λ) = ER(λ) + EA (λ) + ET(λ)

26. What is reflectance?

ρλ = is the spectral reflectance expressed in %

27. Define short notes on spectral signature.

Energy interaction with the earth surface features

29. Differentiate between air borne & space borne platform

30. Define the terms synoptivity.

31. What is the signature of atmospheric windows?

32. What is an atmospheric window? (N/D- 14)

Most of the energy is either absorbed or transmitted

• Little energy is reflected only in this range

• Water quality studies

• Shallow Vs Deep water

• Clear Vs Turbid water

NIR RANGE (0.7 to 1.3 μm)

• Completely absorbs • Useful for delineating water bodies Visit : Civildatas.blogspot.in

36. Explain the EMR interaction with water vapor.

line parameters explained by Lorenz‟s theory of collision broadening.

38. List out the different types of scattering.

39. Explain Rayleigh & Mie Scattering.

41. What is non selective scattering?

14. Discuss particle theory.

17. Atmospheric window – explain and discuss.

UNIT – II: PLATFORMS AND SENSORS

Two types of plat forms have been used in remote sensing

3. What are advantages of satellite platforms?

5. What is a passive sensor? (N/D- 13)

6. What is an Active sensor? (M/J- 12)

7. Define with diagram of swatch and IFOV.

9. List 4 passive imaging sensors.

10. Write the advantages of passive sensors?

11. Compare active & passive sensors. (N/D- 13)

12. What is geocoded product? (M/J- 14)

13. What are the various platform types?

14. Write short notes on geostationary orbit. ?