‘2 ~rt? i “GUEREnTaRESSRETT seama remain fled up with a containing albumin, globulin & mucoids etc. Becalise these @(SRIBRSUSIBROIEIN FATS ~ ib 3 7me The fat is generally found in 2\fornis- e S) GUGRBIVEEAG which are found in fat glands of COMUAWHADE. They are waxy in nature & are esters of higher fatty acids with higher fatty alcohol . These fais generally come out with sweat during perspiration. 3) ThEBWSERESMP fatty acids, especially saturated saturated fatty acids are found mainly in | corium major, flesh etc MINERAL MATTERS & COLORING PIGMENTS- The mineral matter which. are found in hides/skins are generally @HNSHGES TEMPORARY PRESERVATION OR@URINGE @UESGMTAEMAD & naturally hides’skins gat putrefied if they are not processed immediately after the death of animal. So they G@iSitERIpOREEily Protein is a TANNERY OPERATIONS — / Tannery operation can be draadly divided into 5 section —er PE ARNE ST 2 Raw Cw @ Veg Tanaing > Soaking © Che ain Tanning 2 Liming © De-liming => Bating (if necessary) > Pickling => De-greasing (if necessary) i: i { “?) fostlanning operatio: © Aging, Shaving Spli:ing © Neutralisation —_—_—_ > Dyeing —_, © Fat liquoring = 2 Dri > Drying Finishing —— Mechanical Operation a~species, breed & health of the animals. Water — The water present in hides/skins in 2 forms- Collagen. fibre bundles are encircled with(E@tiCUiiitiSSUSS RAINES NSS which provide elasticity to raw hides/skins. “ /INT! IN The main raw material for this Industry j 4S €ven today, the outer covering of animal, both domestic and wi (GiGMOMESHE) Like cow, buffalo, horse, steer etc, ETERS, where as those of Giaiiidomestt. This classification is not true in as big as or sometime bigger than case of out covering of wild! animals. Tiger skin is cow hide but it is called a skin. in India wet sed QHD ching hose weighing between ONT Tp ind those be!ovgdekiguatealves Pe GUND hides weighing ‘steer SERSORT, Sa below 7 Ke. ave © The goat skin of west Bengal & Bihar are ae, Contes best in the world for production of a ee ©> Generally the sheep skin having superior quality of wool are weaker & inferior in quality. 6) “GRAIN PATTERN OF DIFFERENT HIDES & SKI is” Each type of hide & skin has got ils Qynmcharacteristinetesignsofesran In case of hides/skins of sunfage which is ee mammalian origin, the factor are, Leather Techn ) Ordnance Factories Institute oy Learning. Kunowe aSC EEE TTL, The characteristic grain pattern of leather from common types of hides/skins are as oys = - BUFFALO :- Hair pores are ess in no, pore diameter vary widely, some are wide others are narrow, but there is no sequence in the natu cir distribution. The Presence of numerous nerve papillae or projections m: face creasy & uneven_ Pores are numerous & more or less uniformly distributed over the surface. Pores are more or iess uniform in diameter and on the whole, the surface Appears smyooth & flat. { 2045 - | is peculiar Two types of hair pores are quite distinct. Fine hair pores are more in no than the coarse. variety. Coarse hair pores are mosily arranged in hich are followed by rows of fine hair pores. The grain surface appears flat & smeoih GHERP - In sheep both cour quite numerous. The differenc groups of three ie trio group 5¢ & fine wool pores are quite distinct and they are € in the dia of course & fine wool pores in not so well pronounced as in the case of goat skin. Space between the wool Pores appears slightly elevated or bulged indicating thereby an uneven grain surface. ro - 7Fcomposiri0n OF HIDES & SKINS” (1) Water 60% to 70% on the green wt. (2) Proteins ~ 19.2% to 32.75% on the green wt. (3) Fats 1.5% to 12.25% on the green wt. (4) Mineral matter = - 0.36% io 0.5% on the green wt. Ordnance Factories Institue af Learning, Kenpur OT