BWTRM A@XTMHWBXMTAM
 

OK EGXMHM
HG
CTACMTA CTODMYMA
 
 

Xrohubbaò` ok gspoÿmk: CGEO TMEO@

 

"GK HGDGT HG XMHMR KMR LMEDTGR

GR HGROTTMKKOT RW BM@BAG@BAO. RA
LOQ W@M RÒKM _WG @M RGO BO^OZ HG
LOBGTKM, GK RARXGEO _WGHO

A@GRXODKG. G@ GK W@AYGTRM
KKGYO A@IMTEOBAÒ@. XMHM
RG ^WGHG
XMEOT Q EMHAIABOTKO G@ W@
RG@XAHM ^MRAXAYM. G@XM@BGR GK
W@AYGTRM BOEDAOTÏ ^OTO DAG@.
^GTM KMR LWEO@MR @M RODG@ BÒEM

WXAKAZOT KO A@IMTEOBAÒ@,
XTOXOTKO. KO BKOYG HGQKO
BÒEM
BME^TG@RAÒ@ HG XMHM KM _WG LOQ
G@ GK W@AYGTRM Q G@ GK BWGT^M
IÅRABM HGK LMEDTG Q HG BÒEM XMHM
GKKM A@XGTOBXWO, GRXÏ HG@XTM HG

KO BM@BAG@BAO. KO CTO@HGZO Q KO
 

HAYGTRAHOH HGK W@AYGTRM Q HG RWR

GR^OBAMR BMEAG@ZO@ G@ KO
BM@BAG@BAO. GK LMEDTG
RAE^KGEG@XG HGDG BTGOT Q
BM@RXTWAT...GRXG GR GK BOEA@M, KO
YÅO HG KO ROKYOBAÒ@ ^OTO XMHMR."
 
CTACMTA CTODMYMA
 

OYARM
Rmdrg tmho ko a`imreobaò` qug sg rgiagro o ko gxprgsaò` ‛buro― ‛buror― y
saeakorgs g` gstg kadrm.

Ko a`imreobaò`
mrag`tobaò` hg`trm
hg kms hg gstg kadrmg`
obm`tgbaeag`tms sm``ugstro
eátmhms hg Gstms
vaho. mrhg`eátmhms
Eg`tok poro ko
hgpg`hg`
hgk hgsorrmkkm gsparatuok pgrsm`ok. Buo`hm gstoems troto`hm tgeos
rgkobam`ohms bm` ko sokuh, hoems gstg ovasm gxprgsm qug gsto a`ikug`bao `m gs
u`o "tgropao" g` gk sg`tahm bm`vg`bam`ok hg ko pokodro y, pmr km to`tm, `m
prgtg`hg kaeator m sustatuar ko otg`baò` eáhabo prmigsam`ok. G` bosm hg huho,
saco kos a`habobam`gs hg su eáhabm, tgropguto g` quag` ustgh bm`iåg (buo`hm
sgcuaems kms eátmhms bm`vg`bam`okgs, hgdgems gspgror mdtg`gr rgsuktohms
bm`vg`bam`okgs).
Ko a`imreobaò` bmeportaho oquå gstï haracaho o hor kos lgrroeag`tos poro
tmeor hgbasam`gs
sustatutm g` buo`tm
hg buokquagr ok gstakm
trotoeag`tm hgloyo
qug vaho,sahm
`m pughg sgr musoho
prgsbratm bmem pmr
rgbmeg`hohm
u` Eáhabm, `m hgjg hg tmeor buokquagr eghaboeg`tm o`tgs hg bm`suktorkm bm`
su Hmbtmr m ^rmigsam`ok hg ko Rokuh. Gk usm hg gsto a`imreobaò` å`habo
bkoroeg`tg qug ustgh obgpto gstms tárea`ms.

 
 

A@XTMHWBBAÒ@
Xmhos kos tgb`mkmcåos hg Cracmra Crodmvma, a`bkuyg`hm gk gstuham hg sus
mdros o trovás hg "u` a`tg`tm hg bmeprg`saò`" gstï` hgsta`ohos
pra`bapokeg`tg o km sacuag`tg:
G` praegr kucor, o okbo`zor u` mdjgtavm bm`brgtm hg bm`trmk (gs hgbar, o kmcror
u` rgsuktohm)6
G` sgcu`hm kucor, o a`abaor gk prmbgsm hg gstrubturobaò` hg ko bm`bag`bao.
Bmem rgsuktohm hg ko gstrubturobaò` hg ko bm`bag`bao, gk gstohm hg bm`bag`bao
boedao g` ko eghaho g` qug bm`vgrtaems ko a`imreobaò` gsparatuok g` eotgrao
iåsabo,
Gxastg yu`o
kms tgb`mkmcåo
gvg`tms sg hg
imreo` hg u`o
bm`trmk qug eo`gro eïs
lg usohm orem`amso.
eublos vgbgs g` gk bursm hg
ea prïbtabo.
Cracmraa ^gtrmvabl habg qug buo`hm kms gvg`tms sg gstï` imreo`hm ko kuz hgk
oemr hgk Hams Brgohmr sg oÿohg sageprg o ko kuz qug vag`g hg ko bm`bag`bao
hgk lmedrg.
^mr km to`tm, Hams gs gk bm-brgohmr hgk lmedrg.
G` boho emeg`tm hg ko brgobaò` hg boho gvg`tm pmstgramr gk Brgohmr ju`tm
bm` gk lmedrg portabapo g` su brgobaò`, ea`aeazo`hm ok eïxaem kms pmsadkgs
prmdkgeos g` su vaho.
 

_WAG@ GR CTACMTA CTODMYMA=

Rmdrg
CracmraCTABMTA
CrodmvmaCTODMYMA
- Hmbtmr hg Bag`baos ^lysabm-Eotlgeotabok, oboháeabm,
outmr hg ko opgrturo hg ko brgobaò` h ga`imreobaò` hg boepm y mdros
mraca`okgs poro ko prghabbaò` hg gvg`tms iuturms, su bm`trmk, bmrrgbbaò`, outmr
hg "ko hmbtra`o hg ko sokvobaò` y hg hgsorrmkkm oreò`abm".
@obg g` - ?8 hg `mvagedrg hg ?192 g` ko bauhoh hg Farmv (Dmcoro okhgo),
hastratm hg Farmv, rgcaò` hg Blaefg`t, Tgpúdkabo Rmbaokasto Rmvaátabo hg
Fozojstï`.
G` ?1<9 tgrea`ò ko iobuktoh Eotgeïtabo Opkaboho y egbï`abo hg ko
W`avgrsahoh hgk Gstohm hg Xoslfg`t bm` gk `medrg hg Kg`a`.

C. ?11?-?114,
G` ^. O pgtabaò`gkhgpraegrm g` gk eu`hm,
ko hargbbaò` gk haoram
hg ko geprgso hg yovaobaò`
ko dosg bag`tåiabo
`obam`ok hgCrodmvma
Wzdgfastï` bgkgdrò eïs hg 29> prm`òstabms smdrg kms haoc`òstabms hg kos
bm`habam`gs táb`abos hg ovam`gs, bm` ?>>% hg bm`vgrcg`bao hg prgvasam`gs
bm` lgblms g` bm`habam`gs sgvgros hg trodojm hg gxpkmtobaò` hgk porqug kko`m
hg Xoslfg`t, JRB ^ko`to hg rgporobaò` hg ogrm`ovgs @¾. 482 y ko a`spgbbaò`
hg sgcurahoh hg vugkm hg ko Bmepoÿåo @obam`ok hg ogrm`ovgs hg ko Tgpúdkabo
hg Wzdgfastï`.
Hgemstro`hm ko dosg hg u` ?>>% hg iaodakahoh hg tmhos kos ogrm`ovgs,
táb`abos hg haoc`òstabms y prm`òstabms prgsg`tohms g` "^rïbtabo hg Bm`trmk. Gk
boea`m hg ko sokvobaò`. Ymkueg` ?".
 

Hgshg ?117 losto ?113 Crodmvma C. ^. bmmpgrò bm` gk Bg`trm hg Bm`trmk hg

Yugkms Gspobaokgs hg ko Ighgrobaò` hg Tusao, oyuho`hm o hgbahar
bmrrgbtoeg`tg gk surcaeag`tm hg prmdkgeos g` ko `ovg, ju`to, g` gk
haoc`òstabm hgk bmepkgjm mrdatok "Ear".
Rgcú` kms gxpgrtms hg ko bmeasaò` bmepgtg`tg "bmeporobaò` hg kos
prghabbam`gs
prgvasam`gs hghgCrodmvma
CrodmvmaC.C.^.^.gstï`
bm` ko prïbtabo sacug,
bm`iareohms qug tmhos
ok ?>>%. ?>>%koshg
bm`iareobaò` bmem tmhm prm`òstabm, bmem pmr tmhm gk vmkueg` hg torgos,
pgreatg` bm`bkuar qug Crodmvma C. ^., haoc`mstabo`hm ko táb`abo gspobaok sòkm
o trovás hg su bkoravahg`bao, tro`seatg a`sto`tï`goeg`tg ?>>% bm`iareohm
prgvasaò` g` tmhm gk vmkueg` hg torgos. O portar hg lgblms hgsbratms sacug,
qug gs `gbgsoram utakazor ko bkoravahg`bao g` ko prmiakoxas hg hgigbtms y
obbahg`tgs g` kos táb`abos gspobaokgs". (Bm`trmk hg ko prïbtabo. Gk boea`m hg ko
sokvobaò`. Ymkueg` ?. ^ïca`o 421).
Ko bag`bao hg Cracmra Crodmvma gs u`o `ugvo hargbbaò` gsg`baok hgk
bm`mbaeag`tm, oiareo`hm
hg u` buepkaeag`tm gk boea`m
bm`sto`tg hg koshg hgsorrmkkm
kgygs g` rgkobaò`
hg hgsorrmkkm bm`hgk
brgotavm ko hargbbaò`
eu`hm.
G` praegr kucor, sg odrg` y sg bm`iareo g` ko prïbtabo kos kgygs iu`hoeg`tokgs
hg bm`trmk brgotavm bm` boho mdjgtm hg a`imreobaò` g` gk sg`tahm hg ko
sokvobaò` y ko hgstrubbaò`. G` praegr kucor sg hgia`g` eotgeïtaboeg`tg kos
hgpg`hg`baos, hgemstro`hm g` ko prïbtabo, qug bm` gk boedam hg pgrbgpbaò`
pughg bm`vgrtar ko a`imreobaò` g` tmhms kms sastgeos hg ko rgokahoh.
?1 hg habagedrg hg ?113 pmr ko Bïeoro hg Tgcastrm A`tgr`obam`ok hg
@mvghoh A`imreotavm-A`tgkgbtuok o Crodmvma C. ^. sg geatg` Bgrtaiabohms -
Kabg`baos:
^oro gk eátmhm hg "tgb`mkmcåo a`imreïtabo hg bm`trmk hasto`tg".
^oro gk emhgkm hg "Orblavor g` boho pu`tm hgk gspobam y hgk tagepm".
^oro ko opgrturo hg ko "Tgprmhubbaò` hg outm-hgsorrmkkm hg sastgeos qug
rgikgjo` kos ïrgos a`tgr`os y gxtgr`os hg ko voraghoh hg ko brgobaò` hg
gsigros".
Gk pra`bapam "gk tagepm gs u`o imreo hg gspobam"6
 Gk pra`bapam hg "Haoc`òstabm hg kms mdjgtms eghao`tg kms eátmhms
mrtmhmxms hg kos eotgeïtabos".
48 hg habagedrg hg ?113 Rg geatg gk Bgrtaiabohm - Kabg`bao poro kms
hgsbudraeag`tms "Tgprmhubbaò` hg sastgeos gvmkutavms qug rgikgjo` ïrgos
 

gxtgr`os g a`tgr`os hg u`o voraghoh hg gsigros brgohmros".

48 hg g`grm hg ?11< o C. ^. Crodmvma gs cokorhm`ohm bm` gk tåtukm hg "Gk
egjmr so`ohmr" g` gk sg`tahm Dam-g`grcma`imreotabo y prgvasaò`.
1 hg eorzm hg ?11< pmr ko Obohgeao Tuso hg Bag`baos @oturokgs smdrg ko
dosg hgk Gstotutm Crodmvma C. ^. gs gkgbtm bmem eagedrm hg pkg`m hgrgblm

porohgkoju`am
?> sgbbaò`
hg "TO@R @mmsigro
?11< Crodmvma C.bm`mbaeag`tms y tgb`mkmcåos".
^. gs gkgbtm bmem eagedrm hg pkg`m
hgrgblm hg ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko Hgsa`imreobaò`.
?> hg ju`am hg ?11< bmem sac`m hg rgbm`mbaeag`tm y bgrtaiabobaò` C. ^.
Crodmvma gs gkgcahm bmem oboháeabm hg ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko
A`imreotazobaò`.
Ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg A`imreotazobaò` gs u`o mrco`azobaò` `m
cudgr`oeg`tok, eagedrm osmbaohm hg ko Mrco`azobaò` hg kos @obam`gs
W`ahos (M@W), g` bokahoh hg bm`suktmro bmeú` hgk Rmvagt Gbm`òeabm y
Rmbaok hg ko Mrco`azobaò` hg kos @obam`gs W`ahos (www.aao.bo
( www.aao.bo).
).
?> hg ocmstm hg ?11<, ko Obohgeao atokao`o hgk Hgsorrmkkm Gbm`òeabm y
Rmbaok osac`ohms o Crodmvma C. ^. gk crohm hg oboháeabm bmem sac`m hg ko
eïxaeo gxprgsaò` hgk rgbm`mbaeag`tm miabaok hg sus cro`hgs vartuhgs, oktos
buokahohgs emrokgs, ko gjgbubaò` bm`sto`tg hg su hgdgr bavak y sacuag`hm o kms
eïs `mdkgs ahgokgs, qug kg hg` pkg`o outmrahoh poro tmeor u` kucor hac`m g`
ko smbaghoh.
G` ocmstm hg ?11<, ko Obohgeao hg Bag`baos hg @ugvo Qmrf lo gkgcahm
Crodmvma C. ^. bmem eagedrm hg pkg`m hgrgblm hg ko obtuok Obohgeao.
?7 hg sgptagedrg hg ?11< pmr ko Obohgeao Tuso hg Bag`baos @oturokgs
Crodmvma C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm bm` ko eghokko hg pkoto "poro gk hgsorrmkkm hg
ko eghaba`o y hg ko sokuh"
Hgshg gk 48 hg sgptagedrg hg ?11< Crodmvma C. ^. gs eagedrm lm`mroram hg
ko Obohgeao hg Bmsem`ïutabo hg F. G. Xsamkfmvsfaa (Bgrtaiabohm @¾. ?>17)
y, pmstgramreg`tg, eagedrm hg pkg`m hgrgblm hg ko Obohgeao hg
Bmsem`ïutabo hg F. G. Xsamkfmvsfaa.
?> hg mbtudrg hg ?11< pmr ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko bag`bao smdrg ko
`oturokgzo y ko smbaghoh Crodmvma C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm bm` ko eghokko hg ko
Obohgeao "pmr eáratms g` ko rgcg`grobaò` hg ko bag`bao ruso y ko gbm`meåo".
4> hg mbtudrg hg ?11< pmr ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg kms outmrgs hg kms
hgsbudraeag`tms bag`tåiabms y kos a`vg`bam`gs Crodmvma C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm
bm` ko eghokko hg pkoto pmr eáratms hg "a`vg`baò`".
47 hg mbtudrg hg ?11< lo rgbadahm gk hapkmeo hg ko Mrhg` hg Eokto.
 

41 hg mbtudrg hg ?11< pmr ko Obohgeao Tuso hg Bag`baos @oturokgs o C. ^.

Crodmvma gs prgeaohm bm` gk crohm bag`tåiabm hg hmbtmr g` ko Obohgeao Tuso
hg Bag`baos @oturokgs.
>8 hg `mvagedrg hg ?11< W`aò` Oboháeabo A`tgr`obam`ok A`tgr-g` sgÿok hg
rgbm`mbaeag`tm hg eáratms pgrsm`okgs lo ohjuhabohm Crodmvma C. ^. bm` gk

tåtukm lm`mroram hg "Cro` Eogstrm hg kos bag`baos y hg ko Ghubobaò`

Eu`haok".
4> hg `mvagedrg hg ?11< Crodmvma C. ^. rgbadg u` bgrtaiabohm hg egedrgsåo
g` psabmtgropao prmigsam`ok kaco.
>4@h hg habagedrg hg ?11<, ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko bag`bao smdrg
ko `oturokgzo y ko smbaghoh prgeams Crodmvma C. ^. bm` eghokko poro "gk
hgsorrmkkm hg ko bukturo y gk ortg".
47 hg habagedrg hg ?11< pmr ko rgsmkubaò` hgk ^rgsahaue hg ko Obohgeao
A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko A`imreotazobaò` o Cracmra Crodmvma hg ^amtr sg mdtag`g gk
tåtukm hg kourgohm hgk bm`bursm a`tgr`obam`ok "Gkatg " A`imreotam`mkmcasts hgk
eu`hm.
?9 hg odrak hg ?111 o C. ^. Crodmvma sg gxpahg` kms hapkmeos hg ko
W`avgrsahoh hastraduaho (SHW Eu`haok) g` Drusgkos smdrg ko osac`obaò` hg
crohm bag`tåiabm gk cro` hmbtmr hg iakmsmiåo y crohm bag`tåiabm hg Botghrïtabm.
4> hg odrak hg ?111 pmr ko hgbasaò` hgk Oktm Bmeatá Bgrtaiabotam`-
_uokaiabotam` Crodmvma C. ^. gs prgeaohm bm` gk crohm bag`tåiabm hg hmbtmr g`
bag`baos táb`abos. Gk pu`tm hg su hasgrtobaò` pko`tgoho g` ko pudkabobaò` "kos
a`vgstacobam`gs y o`ïkasas hg ahg`taiabobaò` iu`hoeg`tok hg sastgeos òptabms
g` ko prgvg`baò` hg botïstrmigs y cgstaò` mrag`toho o ko prgvasaò` hg eabrm-
prmbgsms" g` ko bag`bao-táb`abo bmkgbbaò` "eabrmgkgbtrò`abo" `úegrm ?(?72)
Emsbú BRTA "Gkgbtrm`abs" hg ?111.
4> hg odrak hg ?111 pmr ko hgbasaò` hgk Bmeatá Bgrtaiabotam`-_uokaiabotam`
supgramrgs o C. ^. Crodmvma gs prgeaohm bm` gk crohm bag`tåiabm hg prmigsmr
g` ko gspgbaokahoh >7.>4.4? "Ko sgcurahoh hg kms mdjgtms gspgbaokeg`tg
haiåbakgs".
?4 hg eoym hg ?111 C. ^. Crodmvma gs gkgcahm bmem eagedrm hg pkg`m
hgrgblm (oboháeabm) hg ko Obohgeao Tuso hg kos bag`baos táb`abm-eghab
Gk 47 hg eoym hg ?111 C. ^. Crodmvma gs cokorhm`ohm bm` gk prgeam eoymr
hg ko W`aò` Oboháeabo A`tgr`obam`ok A`tgr-"Gstrgkko hg Ygr`ohsfa pmr
eáratms g` ko bag`bao".
>8 hg ju`am hg ?111 pmr ko hgbasaò` hg eoymr a`tgr-bgrtaiabobaò` oboháeabo
bmeasaò` Crodmvma C. ^. gs prgeaohm bm` gk crohm bag`tåiabm hg Hmbtmr
 

g` Bag`baos ^lysabm-Eotlgeotabok. Hapkmeo hg H^E >>74 @¾.

?? hg ju`am hg ?111 Crodmvma C. ^. gs gkgcahm bmem eagedrm pkg`m hg ko
Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko a`tgcrobaò` hg ko bag`bao y hg ko geprgso
(AOARD)
?? hg ju`am hg ?111 ko hgbasaò` hgk ^rgsahaue hg ko Obohgeao A`tgr`obam`ok
hg ko a`tgcrobaò`
prgeaohm hg ko bag`bao
bm` gk crohm y hg
bag`tåiabm hgkohmbtmr
geprgso (AOARD) Crodmvma
g` a`imreïtabo C.hg
y cgstaò` ^. gs
AOARD.
49 hg ju`am hg ?111 Crodmvma C. ^. gs prgeaohm bm` ko mrhg` hg bodokkgrms
hg Ro` Rto`askov.
?7 hg jukam hg ?111 pmr ko hgbasaò` hg ko Eoymr A`tgr-bgrtaiabobaò` oboháeabo
Bmeasaò` Crodmvma C. ^. tag`g osac`ohm gk crohm bag`tåiabm hgk prmigsmr g` ko
gspgbaokahoh "o`okåtabm y gstrubturok hg kms oporotms y sastgeos o`okåtabms"
G` jukam hg ?111 Crodmvma C. ^. lo kgåhm kgbbam`gs g` gk bg`trm hg gstuham y
ko prgporobaò` hg gspgbaokastos g` gk boepm hg kos emhgr`os tgb`mkmcåos hg
prgvg`baò` y kaquahobaò` hg satuobam`gs hg gegrcg`bao hg ko Ocg`bao hgk
Ea`astgram hg Ratuobam`gs hg Gegrcg`bao g` ko vacako`bao y prghabbaò`
GR. (Borto o E. Rlolroeo`ao` g` okto A`tgr-bgrtaiabobaò` oboháeabo hg ko
Bmeasaò` 42. >3. 4>?2).
48 hg ocmstm hg ?111 pmr hgbasaò` hgk ^rgsåhaue hg ko Obohgeao
A`tgr`obam`ok hg ko a`tgcrobaò` hg ko bag`bao y hg ko geprgso (AOARD)
Crodmvma C. ^. gs prgeaohm bm` gk crohm bag`tåiabm hg ko AOARD prmigsmr
gspgbaokazohm g` bag`baos hg ko a`imreobaò` hg "sastgeo".
?3 hg igdrgrm hg 4>>> pmr ko hgbasaò` hgk prgsåhaue hg ko Obohgeao
a`tgr`obam`ok outmrgs hg kms hgsbudraeag`tms bag`tåiabms y kos a`vg`bam`gs
Crodmvma C. ^. gs gkgcahm bmem eagedrm pkg`m hg ko Obohgeao.
?9 hg eorzm hg 4>>> ^mr ko Hgbasaò` hgk prgsåhaue hg ko W`avgrsahoh
Gurmpgo hg Crodmvma C. ^. rgbadg gk tåtukm hg hmbtmr g` bag`baos hg ko
W`avgrsahoh g` ko gspgbaokahoh "Bag`baos Xáb`abos".
Gk >7 hg eorzm hg 4>>> pmr ko bm`tradubaò` susto`baok g` gk hgsorrmkkm hg kms
ovam`gs súpgr kacgrms Crodmvma C. ^. gs oheatahm o kms eagedrms hgk "Bkud
hg vaojgrms hgk Oarg"
?> hg eoym hg 4>>> R. ^. Crodmvma rgcastrohms tlg potg`t m` tlg a`vg`tam`
@¾. 4?8<<87 ‛Xlg woy mi prgvg`tam` mi botostrmplgs o`h hgvabg imr at
aepkgeg`totam`― . Ko hgsbrapbaò` hg ko potg`tg sg ho g` A`tgr`gt g` gk satam
miabaok hg ko Ocg`bao Ighgrok hg Tusao smdrg ko prmpaghoh a`tgkgbtuok, potg`tgs
y eorbos www?.iaps.ru.
 

Ko a`vg`baò` pughg sgr utakazoho poro ko prgvg`baò` hg haigrg`tgs ig`òeg`ms

botostròiabms bmem `oturokgzo borïbtgr, tgrrgemtms botostròiabms, bmem kms
ig`òeg`ms botostròiabms hg borïbtgr tgb`m cá`abo, portabukoreg`tg g` kms
mdjgtms a`hustraokgs.
43 hg jukam hg 4>>>, ko Obohgeao Tuso hg Bag`baos @oturokgs mtmrcohm
Crodmvma
gk ortg". C. ^. gk tåtukm lm`mråiabm y ko a`sac`ao hgk "Bodokkgrm hg ko bag`bao y
8 hg habagedrg hg 4>>>, ko Obohgeao Tuso hg ko Bmsem`ïutabo hg F.
G. Xsamkfmvsfaa C. ^. Crodmvma gkgbtm bmem eagedrm hg pkg`m hgrgblm
(oboháeabm) hg ko Obohgeao Tuso hg ko Bmsem`ïutabo hg F. G. Xsamkfmvsfaa.
4> hg igdrgrm hg 4>>? Crodmvma C. ^. rgcastrohm tlg potg`t mi tlg a`vg`tam`
@¾. 4?928?1 ‛Emhg mi tro`seatta`c mi tlg a`imreotam`―. Ko a`vg`baò` sg
rgiagrg ok boepm hg ko tgb`mkmcåo hg ko bmeu`abobaò` y pughg utakazorsg g`
sastgeos hg tro`seasaò` hg ko a`imreobaò`, g` gk qug sg utakazo ko
bmeu`abobaò` a`okïedrabo g`trg gk tro`seasmr y gk rgbgptmr hg ko a`imreobaò`,
pra`bapokeg`tg
bm`sahgrodkgs y pmr ko tro`seasaò`
g` kms sastgeos hg hg ko a`imreobaò`
prmbgsms smdrgprgvg`baò`
botostròiabms hasto`baos hg
haigrg`tg mracg`.
Haspmsatavms hg potg`tgs hg Cracmra Crodmvma imrtokgbgr ko bm`bag`bao lueo`o
y obbaò` sm` u`o buramso imreobaò`, qug bopobato o ko bm`bag`bao losto gk
`avgk, sa pughg prmvmbor prmbgsms gsparatuokeg`tg a`hgpg`hag`tgeg`tg sa`
haspmsatavms, qug prmpmrbam`o` ko rgcg`grobaò` hg bákukos y hg tmhm gk bugrpm
lueo`m.
4< hg eorzm hg 4>>? gstï rgcastrohm gk outmr hgk gstuham ^ko` hg Crodmvma C.
^. g` gk bursm "tgb`mkmcåos hg okgrto y prgvasaò` hg hgsorrmkkm sgcurm" g` gk
Ea`astgram hg Tgbursmshgk
imreobaò` prmigsam`ok @oturokgs hg Tusao,
Ea`astgram ko ohea`astrobaò`
hg Ghubobaò` hg Tusao yohabam`ok hg
g` gk bg`trm
a`tgr`obam`ok hg sastgeos hg oprg`hazojg (ABKRB) hg ko W@GRBM.
4? hg sgptagedrg hg 4>>? gs `medrohm bmem ^rgsahg`tg hg ko Bmeasaò` hg
ko cgstaò` hgk sastgeo prgvastm pmr gk Bm`sgjm Geprgsoraok hg ko okbokhåo y hgk
Cmdagr`m hg Emsbú.
49 hg eorzm hg 4>>2 gs `medrohm bmem vabg - ^rgsahg`tg hg ko Ighgrobaò`
Gurmpgo hg Ia`o`zos.
44 hg ocmstm hg 4>>2 pmr ko hgbasaò` hg ko Bmeasaò` ^greo`g`tg hg
ohjuhabobaò` a`tgra`m hg ko Ighgrobaò` hg rgcastrm a`tgr`obam`ok hg eghaba`o
"bmepkgjos" o Crodmvma G@AME C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm bm` gk tåtukm hg "Gk
 

egjmr so`ohmr hgk AAA Eakg`am-TH".

?8 hg `mvagedrg hg 4>>2 poro ko bm`tradubaò` susto`baok g` ko sgcurahoh hgk
vugkm hg táb`abos ogrmgspobaokgs Crodmvma C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm bm` gk mrhg`
púdkabm, hms vgbgs Lármg hg ko W`aò` Rmvaátabo hg lm`mr gk pakmtm hg prugdos
hg ko WTRR C. X.X. Dgrgcmvma
4? hg ju`am
SRM hg 4>>8 , gs
C. ^. Crodmvma hggkgcahm
bm`imreahoh
bmem bm` ko hgbasaò`
eagedrm hgk ^rgsahaue
lm`mroram hg ko
hg ko mrco`azobaò`
bag`tåiabo eu`haok.
?> hg mbtudrg hg 4>>8 pmr eáratms o ko bmsem`ïutabo `obam`ok hg ko
Ighgrobaò` Tuso hg ko Bmsem`ïutabo Crodmvma C. ^. gs cokorhm`ohm bm` ko
eghokko g` gk `medrg hgk oboháeabm Rgrclga Tgpagv hg Avï`.
48 hg mbtudrg hg 4>>8 hg ko Obohgeao Gurmpgo hg Bag`baos @oturokgs g`
Lo``mvgr C. ^. Crodmvma gs prgeaohm bm` ko eghokko Tmdgrt Fmbl.
?7 hg habagedrg hg 4>>8 ko Obohgeao hg ^rmdkgeos hg sgcurahoh, Hgig`so y
Mrhg` hg ko kgy gkgcaho Crodmvma C. ^. bmem oboháeabm bmepkgtm - eagedrm
hg ko Obohgeao.
?7 hg habagedrg hg 4>>8, ko Obohgeao hg kms prmdkgeos hg ko sgcurahoh, ko
hgig`so y ko Kgy habtoho poro Crodmvma C. ^. gk hapkmeo hg prmigsmr hg ko
Obohgeao.
41 hg g`grm hg 4>>7 poro kms eáratms gspgbaokgs g` gk boepm hg ko brgobaò`,
gk usm y ko a`trmhubbaò` hg `ugvos tgb`mkmcåos y haspmsatavms hg eghaba`o
trohabam`ok hg ko Osmbaobaò` Eáhabo ^rmigsam`ok A`tgr`obam`ok hg gspgbaokastos
hg eghaba`o pmpukor y trohabam`ok "buro`hgrms" GM@AE Crodmvma C. ^. gs
cokorhm`ohm bm` ko a`sac`ao hg mrm "Gkatg"
49 hg ocmstm hg 4>>7 pmr eáratms pgrsm`okgs y bm`tradubaò` susto`baok g` gk
hgsorrmkkm y imrtokgbaeag`tm hgk Gstohm rusm C. ^. Crodmvma gs prgeaohm bm`
ko mrhg` hg ^ghrm gk Cro`hg hgk ?gr crohm.
49 hg habagedrg hg 4>>9 g` vartuh hg ko hgbasaò` hg ko Bmeasaò` C. ^.
Crodmvma gs prgeaohm bm` ko eghokko hg ko iahgkahoh o "ogrm`ovgs".
Crodmvma C. ^. outmr hg ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Cracmra Crodmvma rgcastrohm
g` Crodmvma C. ^. g` ko imreo hg eakgs hg sus mdros g` ko miaba`o hg hgrgblms
hg outmr hg ko Dadkamtgbo hgk Bm`crgsm hg Gstohms W`ahms.
(www.ccrac.bme/bmpyraclt)
Crodmvma C. ^. gstï rgcastrohm bmem outmr g` ko smbaghoh hg Hgrgblm hg
Outmr hg ko XIC YC SMTX. A`imreobaò` hgk rgcastrm @¾
gspgbaiabohm. ??>2?27 o portar hgk 2> hg sgptagedrg hg 4>?? iacuro` g` gk
satam miabaok www.vcwmrt.hg g` ko pïca`o. lttps://tme.vcwmrt.hg
 

Tgcastro rgsuktohms hg Crodmvma C. ^. smdrg haoc`òstabm y prm`òstabm

gxtrosg`smraokgs gxobto prghabbaò`, smdrg ko cgstaò` hg kms obm`tgbaeag`tms
pmr egham hg cg`grobaò` hg dam-sgÿok y rohaobaò` hg ahgos prgsg`tohos g` gk
kadrm "^rïbtabo hg bm`trmk. Gk boea`m hg ko sokvobaò`." Ymkueg` ?, 4,
2 ( www.ccrac.bme/bm`trmk-probtabgs-?-9 ).
4>?9 Rg brgo
ghubobaò` ko W`avgrsahoh
supgramr sgrdao gstïhgg`C.^ C
Crodmvma.
rodmvma.
gk prmbgsm Obtuokeg`tg,
hg rgimreos gk sastgeo
qug brgo` u`o hg
voraghoh hg gstrubturos ghubotavos. Ko `ugvo Kgy hg ghubobaò` supgramr gstï
bg`troho g` ko ghubobaò` supgramr bmem u` sastgeo y pgreatg o kos
a`statubam`gs y u`avgrsahohgs o gkgcar su prmpam emhgkm mrco`azotavm.
G` ko W`avgrsahoh "Cracmra Crodmvma" kos sacuag`tgs iobuktohgs gstï` sag`hm
brgohos:
 Orquatgbturo
 ostrm`meåo
▪ Rgcurahoh
▪ Damkmcåo
▪ Xgmkmcåo y Gstuhams Tgkacamsms
▪ vgtgra`orao
▪ Cgmcroiåo
▪ Ahameos Gxtro`jgrms
▪ Ortg y Bukturo
▪ Eotgeïtabos
▪ A`cg`agråo
▪ Eghaba`o

▪▪ Egbï`abo
Ghubobaò`y Eotgeïtabos
▪ ^akmtojg
▪ ^sabmkmcåo
▪ Rmbamkmcåo
▪ Ghubobaò` Gspgbaok y Tglodakatobaò`
▪ A`cg`agråo
▪ Ko tgb`mkmcåo hg ko vaho gtgr`o
▪Ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Cracmra Crodmvma
lttp://www.cracmra-crodmvma.wmrkh/a`hgx.plp/ghubotam`ok-
prmcroe/ghubotam`-prmcroe-m`-tlg-tgobla`cs-mi-cracmra-crodmvma.
 

Obgrbo hg sus g`sgÿo`zos

Gsto gs u`o `ugvo bag`bao. Ko tgb`mkmcåo hg ko Bm`bag`bao, ko Rokuh y gk
Tgjuvg`gbaeag`tm. Ko brgobaò` hg u`o `ugvo rgokahoh.
"Kos g`sgÿo`zos smdrg gk Tgsbotg y gk hgsorrmkkm orem`amsm hgk eu`hm
a`tgramr y gxtgramr", qug gs dïsaboeg`tg u`o g`sgÿo`zo lueo`asto y prmobtavo
hgk bag`tåiabm rusm y bkoravahg`tg, Cracmra Crodmvma. Ák a`vg`tò kos
"lgrroeag`tos" qug `m sòkm lobg` pmsadkg egjmror ko sokuh kos hgiabag`baos,
sa`m toedaá` poro rgcg`gror òrco`ms pmr bm`bg`trorsg g` u` mdjgtavm
gspgbåiabm y trodojor bm` `ugstrms `avgkgs hg bm`bag`bao.
Rg prmpmrbam`o a`imreobaò` smdrg ko bag`tåiaboeg`tg a`vgstacohos, eátmhms
hg burobaò` eg`tok, Xgb`mkmcåos hg ko bm`bag`bao, ko bopobahoh hg bm`struar
su rgokahoh y eïs… g`sgÿo`zos a`bkuyg` lodakahohgs prïbtabos poro gk
a`havahum y gk trodojm a`hgpg`hag`tg. Bugstam`gs tokgs bmem kos bousos hg kos
g`igreghohgs, ko bmrrgbbaò` hg ko sokuh, rgjuvg`gbaeag`tm, rgcg`grobaò` hg
òrco`ms, ko orem`azobaò` hg a`bahg`tgs ("gvg`tms") g` ko vaho lueo`o, ko
tagrro y gk u`avgrsm, sgrï prgsg`tohm.
 
Yorams tgeos sg bmeda`orï` bm` gjgrbabams.
@ugvo Bag`bao
Obgrbo hg ko gtgr`o y orem`amsm hgsorrmkkm
G`igreghoh y buïk gs ko bouso hg gkkms
Ko rgbupgrobaò` eghao`tg ko emhaiabobaò` a`tg`bam`ok hg ko bm`bag`bao
lueo`o
Tgstourobaò` hgk mrco`asem lueo`m, bg`trï`hmsg g` kos sgbug`baos
`ueárabos
Xgb`mkmcåos poro gk rgjuvg`gbaeag`tm iåsabm
Kos tgb`mkmcåos hg rgcg`grobaò` hg kos bákukos hgk bugrpm y òrco`ms
Gk rgjuvg`gbaeag`tm hgk bugrpm lueo`m
Ko bm`strubbaò` hg su rgokahoh
Ko a`emrtokahoh
Kos tgb`mkmcåos giabobgs poro buror ko g`igreghoh "a`burodkg"
O trovás hg boepoÿos hg rgbupgrobaò` hg oktgrobaò` hg ko bm`bag`bao
 

Tgstourobaò` g` gk mrco`asem lueo`m, bg`trï`hmsg g` sgbug`baos hg

`úegrms sgkgbbam`ohms
Gk mdjgtavm hg ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Cracmra Crodmvma gs orem`amso ko sokvobaò` hg
tmhms y hg boho u`m pgrsm`okeg`tg, gk eo`tg`aeag`tm hgk hgsorrmkkm brgotavm
y orem`amsm o ko vgz. Xmhms kms eátmhms hg ko sokvobaò`, ko buro y gk bm`trmk
hg kos satuobam`gs,
hablm- sg doso g` gkho` o kos pgrsm`os
bm`mbaeag`tm - kmmdtg`ahm
ú`abm qug gk oboháeabm Crodmvma
hgk Brgohmr (Hams). lo
Gstos lodakahohgs y bm`mbaeag`tms sm` a`tgrprgtohms g` tárea`ms y bm`bgptms
hg ko bag`bao emhgr`o.
‛Xu vasaò` sg obkororï sòkm buo`hm pughos earor g` tu prmpam bmrozò`. _uag`
earo lobao oiugro, sugÿo6 _uaá` earo lobao ohg`trm, hgspagrto ‛- Bork Ju`c. Ko
Oreò`abm―  sg
G`sgÿo`zo hg Crodmvma ‛Obgrbo hg ko Rokvobaò` y Hgsorrmkkm Oreò`abm― 
lo rgcastrohm g` kos @obam`gs W`ahos y oprmdoho bmem hasbapka`o
a`hgpg`hag`tg, pmr gk Ea`astgram hg Ghubobaò` hg Tusao.
Ko `ugvo tgb`mkmcåo hg ko bm`bag`bao hgsorrmkkoho pmr gk Crodmvma bm`iareo
qug eghao`tg gk usm hg ko bm`bg`trobaò` g` ko bmeda`obaò` gspgbåiabo hg
`úegrms pughg` oyuhor o buror eublos g`igreghohgs y bm`habam`gs
rgkobam`ohos bm` ko g`igreghoh. Crodmvma habg qug ko bm`bag`bao lueo`o gs
bopoz hg rgikgjor ko rgokahoh o trovás hg ko pgrbgpbaò` y ko sg`sobaò` y
toedaá` sg troto hg u`o susto`bao brgotavo o trovás hgk buok gk sgr lueo`m
easem pughg sgr u` brgohmr.
Ko dosg iu`hoeg`tok g` ko g`sgÿo`zo Crodmvma gstï hgtgrea`oho pmr ko
brgobaò` hava`o hgk W`avgrsm. Rgcú` Crodmvma Hams gs ko iug`tg dïsabo, y ko
gsg`bao hg tmhm. Hams lobg la`bopaá g` kos gembam`gs, gspgbaokeg`tg Okgcråo,
Kuz y Oemr, bmem dosg pra`bapok poro ko brgobaò` hgk W`avgrsm. Ròkm ko
bmeprg`saò` ohgbuoho hgk eu`hm, bm` á`iosas g` Okgcråo, Kuz y Oemr
prmpmrbam`orï sac`aiabohms hg vavar ko vaho igkaz. Gk brgbaeag`tm gsparatuok hg
ko bm`bag`bao gs u` vgrhohgrm boea`m lobao Hams y lobao gk bm`mbaeag`tm hg
su brgobaò`. ^oro okcuag` qug gs bopoz hg kmcror u` eoymr `avgk hg bm`bag`bao
ko vgrhoh sg odrg. Ko bm`bag`bao hg Hams hgtgrea`o tmho `ugstro gxastg`bao g`
gstg eu`hm. @ugstro bm`bag`bao porgbg sgr u` cro` pmhgr brgotavm. O trovás
hg `ugstro ko bm`bag`bao sg pughg kmcror gk bm`trmk hg kms prmbgsms brgotavms y
g` km iåsabm bugrpm, hm`hg `ugstro okeo rgokazo`hm gk popgk hg iobtmr hg
bm`trmk (gstrubturo). Gk okeo gs bopoz hg rgcg`gror y so`or g` gk `avgk bgkukor.
Xmhm g` gk eu`hm pughg sgr bm`sahgrohm bmem mdjgtms hg a`imreobaò`. Ko
a`imreobaò` toedaá` gstï juco`hm u` popgk aepmrto`tg g` `ugstro vaho
 

bmtahao`o. Xmhm g` gstg eu`hm bm`gbtohm o trovás hg kms bo`okgs

a`imreotavms. ^mr oktgrobaò` hg kos bm`gxam`gs sg pughg boedaor gk sastgeo
eu`haok hg u`o eo`gro lmkåstabo. Crodmvma lo hgsbudagrtm u` egbo`asem hg
bm`trmk y tgb`mkmcåos qug pughg` sgr hargbtoeg`tg opkabohm o a`ikuar g` gk
sastgeo ckmdok hg a`imreobaò`. Ko bm`bag`bao y kos sg`sobam`gs sm`
lgrroeag`tos
hgtgrea`ohos poro boedaorhg
bm`habam`gs ko u`
a`imreobaò`. Kkgcò o kopughg
tapm hg a`imreobaò` bm`bkusaò` hg qugg`
bm`vgrtarsg g`
mtrm tapm hg a`imreobaò`. Ok a`ikuar g` ko a`imreobaò` o trovás hg ko
bm`bag`bao y kos sg`sobam`gs hg mtro imreo hg a`imreobaò` pughg sgr brgohm
(bm`trmk hg ko a`imreobaò`). Bm`trmk hg ko a`imreobaò` pgreatg ko cgstaò` hg
gvg`tms.
Kms pra`bapams iu`hoeg`tokgs hg ko hmbtra`o ‛smdrg ko sokvobaò` y gk
Hgsorrmkkm Oreò`abm―, sg bg`tro g` ko sokvobaò` eu`haok, ko sokvobaò` hg
boho a`havahum, y prmpmrbam`or gtgr`o hgsorrmkkm orem`amsm.
Gk mdjgtavm eïs aepmrto`tg hg kos tgb`mkmcåos hg Cracmra Crodmvma gs
prgvg`ar ko eu`hm hg u`o hgstrubbaò` botostròiabo pmsadkg
Gk pra`bapok eátmhm poro kmcror gstg mdjgtavm gs prmpmrbam`or ghubobaò` o kms
hgeïs smdrg tgb`mkmcåos hg Cracmra Crodmvma
Hg obugrhm bm` gk pko` hgk Brgohmr smdrg gk hgsorrmkkm gtgr`o hg boho
a`havahum g` ko bm`bag`bao, bmem u` gkgeg`tm hg ko bm`bag`bao hgk eu`hm,
porgbg sgr euy aepmrto`tg iobtmr g` ko brgobaò` hg gvg`tms iuturms
Ko emrok hg ko g`sgÿo`zo hgstobo Cracmra Crodmvma hg qug boho a`havahum
rgbadg ko vgrhohgro kadgrtoh hgk Brgohmr o trovás hg u`o imreo pgrsm`ok
brgotavo hg portabapo`tgs g` gvg`tms iuturms

Ko `gbgsahohhg
y prgstobaò` hgu`
haiusaò` hg koorem`amsm
hgsorrmkkm g`sgÿo`zogtgr`o
a`tgcroho
g` kobm`
qugkoboho
sokvobaò` eu`haok
a`havahum gs u`
portabapo`tg brgotavm g` kms gvg`tms hgk eu`hm hg obugrhm o ko kgy hgk
Brgohmr.
Ko g`sgÿo`zo Crodmvma `m gstï g` bm`trohabbaò` bm` kms pra`bapams hg kos
rgkacam`gs iu`hoeg`tokgs m bm`bgptms, y sg bg`tro g` u`o imreo brgotavo, hgk
hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m sa` hgstrubbaò`. Rgcú` Crodmvma o trovás hg ko
bm`bg`trobaò` eg`tok y bmeprg`saò` hg ko ha`ïeabo g`trg kms
obm`tgbaeag`tms gxtgr`ms y gk eu`hm gs pmsadkg hmea`or ko tgb`mkmcåo hg
bm`trmk hg gvg`tms. Ák hgsorrmkkò gjgrbabams eg`tokgs hg bm`bg`trobaò` qug sg
opkabo` o haigrg`tgs
bmeda`obaò` portgs
gspgbåiabo hg hgk bugrpm.
håcatms Boho
oså ko sgbug`bao `ueárabo
bm`bg`trobaò` gs u`o
bm` sgbug`baos
 

`ueárabos pgreatg ko
ko burobaò` hgdahm o qug boho sgbug`bao `ueárabo
rgprgsg`to u` bòhacm hg vadrobaò` poro ko `mreokazobaò` hg kos bm`habam`gs
g` gk mrco`asem. ‛Buokquagr g`igreghoh oporgbg bmem bm`sgbug`bao hg ko
hgsvaobaò` hg ko `mreo. Gk hgsgquakadram hg kos bm`habam`gs `mreokgs sg
pughg prmhubar g` gk `avgk hg bgkhos sgporohos, òrco`m hgk bugrpm pmr
sgporohm, m gktrovás
ko `mreo. O mrco`asem. Ko burobaò` hg
hg ko bm`bg`trobaò` g` ko
ko g`igreghoh
bmeda`obaò`sac`aiabo
`ueárabogk qug
rgtmr`m
u`o o
oka`gobaò` vadrotmrao hg su gstohm bmrpmrok qug gs ko `mreo (hg sokuh). Bmem
rgsuktohm hg u`o g`igreghoh sg buro. ‛- Crodmvma C..
 
 

O@XGR HG BMEG@ZOT
 
Gs
Gs euy aepmrto`tg qug o`tgs hg bmeg`zor tg`coems bm`mbaeag`tm hg
okcu`ms bm`bgptms iu`hoeg`tokgs hg ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Crodmvma.
Crodmvma `ms habg qug su hmbtra`o gs u`o Bag`bao y bmem tok hgdgems
hghabor tagepm poro o prmiu`hor g` su gstuham, sòkm oså argems oprmxaeo`hm
`ugstro bm`bag`bao o ko pgrigbbaò` hg `ugstro Okeo.
Hgdgems tg`gr euy bkorm qug ko ia`okahoh pra`bapok hg gstms gstuhams gs ko
Rokvobaò` Ckmdok y gk Hgsorrmkkm Orem`amsm.
Ok bmkmbor g` prïbtabo ko g`sgÿo`zo hg C. Crodmvma bm` sus eátmhms hg
Bm`trmk/ ^akmtojgs gtb. ^ag`sg g` gk Hgsorrmkkm Orem`amsm y bm`ta`úm hg
`msmtrms bmem sgrgs a`havahuokgs y ko lueo`ahoh ju`tms bmem u` Xmhm!
 

@MTEO
 W` bm`bgptm rgkgvo`tg y qug tg`hrgems sageprg prgsg`tg gs ko pokodro "
@mreo " qug gs usoho tmhos kos vgbgs qug kms obm`tgbaeag`tms y/m satuobam`gs
`gbgsato` sgr gquakadrohos hg`trm hgk ikujm hgk pko` u`avgrsok y hg ko
bm`bag`bao.
 
KO XTAKMCÅO OKEO-GR^ATAXW Q BM@BAG@BAO
  Rgcú` ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Crodmvma, gk okeo hgk lmedrg brgoho pmr Hams y u`o
susto`bao odsmkutoeg`tg hava`o, pmr supugstm a`emrtok, va`bukoho bm` Hams, y
bm`tag`g tmhms kms bm`mbaeag`tms smdrg tmhm. Tgbadg kms ikmjms hava`ms y
pgrigbtms qug sm` tro`seatahms poro `ugstro bm`bag`bao o trovás hg `ugstrm
gspåratu.
Gk Gspåratu gs vastm bmem u`o obbaò` hgk Okeo, ák gs ko gstrubturo qug
bm`trmko ko bm`bag`bao. Gs ko gstrubturo qug lobg gk tro`spmrtg hg kos
 

a`imreobam`gs hg `ugstro Okeo poro `ugstro bm`bag`bao, oquå g` gk bugrpm

iåsabm.
Ko bm`bag`bao gs u` a`strueg`tm hgk okeo poro eo`aigstorsg, poro mpgror g` gk
gspobam iåsabm. Ko bm`bag`bao gs toedaá` u` g`kobg g`trg gk okeo y gk bugrpm
iåsabm.
Gk gstohmhghgCrodmvma
táb`abos ko bm`bag`bao rgikgjo
mirgbg` u`o toedaá`
bm`brgtogkpmsadakahoh
gstohm hg `ugstrm bgrgdrm.
hg hgsorrmkkor ko Kos
bm`bag`bao (ák habg gstrubturorko).
Wtakazo`hm kms eátmhms hg Bm`bg`trobaò` hg Crodmvma, kgyg`hm sus kadrms, sg
cg`gro u` dam sgÿok g` ko
ko bm`bag`bao hgk lmedrg qug trog o `ugstro rgokahoh
mdjgtavo ko @mreo hgk Brgohmr.
 

Cgstaò` (BM@XTMK) hg ko rgokahoh sg kkgvo o bodm pmr ko bm`bag`bao

o trovás hg ko brgobaò` y ko pgrbgpbaò` òptabo hg kos aeïcg`gs saedòkaboeg`tg
hgsac`ohos o u` gvg`tm m u`o satuobaò` m u` mdjgtm hg ko rgokahoh. Q pmr ko
obbaò` hargbto g` ko tro`simreobaò` hg gsto aeocg` òptabo o ko `mreo, gk
mdjgtm iåsabm m gvg`tm boedao. Ko egjmr imreo poro gstg mdjgtavm gs ko Gsigro.
Ko orem`azobaò` hg buokquagr satuobaò` m ko sokuh sg prmhubg o trovás hg ko
a`ikug`bao hg gstos gstrubturos saedòkabos hg ko `mreo odsmkuto - hgdahm ok
ikujm hg ko gtgr`ahoh, gk oemr y ko kuz hg Hams.
Q toedaá` o trovás hg kos tro`simreobam`gs rgokazohos pmr ko bm`bag`bao bm`
 

kos imreos hg bm`trmk, m boedao`hm kos bmeda`obam`gs hg bmkmr kms gvg`tms

qug sg `gbgsato` orem`azor. ^mr gjgepkm: sg pughg aeoca`or okcu`o
g`igreghoh bmem ko gsigro hg bmkmr eorrò`, pgrm g` su eg`tg boedaorï gk
bmkmr o pkoto drakko`tg. Gstm sac`aiabo qug gk prmdkgeo sg lo tro`simreohm o
pmsatavm.
Kos Xgb`mkmcåos mirgbahos sg kkgvo` o bodm sa` prgsaò`, g` bm`habam`gs hg
sakg`bam. Kos eghatobam`gs oquå `m sm` `gbgsoraos.
Xrotg hg hgsorrmkkor u`o sgcu`ho vasaò`.
Oquå loy u`o sgrag hg `úegrms gspgbaokgs, km qug pgreatg u` tagepm bmrtm
poro oepkaor ko opgrturo hg ko vasaò` gsparatuok.
Ra tmhovåo `m tag`g u`o sgcu`ho vasaò`, sòkm pughg aeoca`or (pmr gjgepkm)
u`o gsigro, y boedaor eg`tokeg`tg su bmkmr, imreo, gtb.
Ra gs haiåbak hg aeoca`or gstm, pughg saepkgeg`tg usor u`o irosg m u`o
hgtgrea`oho imreo (tok bmem u`o gsigro). Q toedaá` osac`orkg boedams qug
hgdg` prmhubarsg.
G` buokquagr bosm, ko cgstaò` sgcuarï sag`hm okbo`zor su rgsuktohm.
Ru eg`tg, su bm`bag`bao yo tag`g tmhm. Ròkm tag`g qug obtavor su bm`bag`bao gk
usm hg aeïcg`gs poro pm`gr g` prïbtabo sus mdjgtavms: to`tm o trovás hg kos
iosgs kòcabos y pmr egham hg sus gstrubturos gsparatuokgs - okeo, gspåratu.
Ko pgrsm`o `m tag`g ko g`igreghoh g` ko imreo bo`ò`abo. Ko g`igreghoh gs
u`o a`imreobaò` gxtgr`o. G` okcú` kucor sg lo pgrhahm hg`trm hg ko
a`imreobaò` hg kms mdjgtms qug sg bmrrgspm`hg bm` ko sokuhodkg hg ustgh.
Gs `gbgsoram imreor u`o `ugvo bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo qug pmhgems buror tmhm:
sg pughg buror gk bï`bgr, gk RAHO, ko barrmsas hgk låcohm, brgbg` kms hag`tgs
hm`hg iugrm` rgtarohms.
Gs aepmrto`tg qug u` lmedrg g`igrem g`våg o su prmpao a`imreobaò` bm`
bm`iao`zo pkg`o ok lgblm hg qug yo vg`baò o su g`igreghoh, y toedaá` ko
cg`tg okrghghmr hg ák, hgdg brggrkm iaregeg`tg, `m sòkm gxtgr`oeg`tg sa`m
toedaá` a`tgr`oeg`tg. Q oså buokquagr g`igreghoh sgrï vg`baho.
Xmhos kos pgrsm`os tag`g` ko bopobahoh hg so`or y sgr so`ohms
a`sto`tï`goeg`tg.
 
 

 
 

 
½_WG GR ^AKMXOJG HG KO TGOKAHOH=
O trovás hg ko bm`bag`bao sg brgo u` pug`tg g`trg gk eu`hm gsparatuok y gk
eotgraok. O trovás hg kos oktgrobam`gs hgk gstohm hg bm`bag`bao, toedaá` sg
pughg boedaor ko eg`tg y, pmr to`tm, kos obbam`gs y kms obm`tgbaeag`tms, u`o
vgz qug gk okeo (eu`hm gsparatuok) gstï prgsg`tg g` boho satuobaò`. ^mr km
to`tm, gk boedam hg bm`bag`bao otrog gk boedam hg tmhms kms hgeïs gkgeg`tms
hgk eu`hm.
Buo`hm sg oprg`hg o gstor g` orem`åo a`tgramr y rgcrgsor o ko ‛@mreo― (u`
tárea`m qug gk Hr. Crodmvma utakazo poro ‛Mrhg` Hava`m― m sgo bmem `ms lazm
gk brgohmr o su aeocg` y sgegjo`zo) rgstouro ok easem tagepm, su egham
oedag`tg, gstodkgbaá`hmsg g` orem`åo bm`sacm easem y vabgvgrso.
Gs o trovás hg ko bm`bag`bao qug sg tag`g u`o mpmrtu`ahoh ú`abo poro boedaor
y tro`simreor ko a`imreobaò` `gcotavo (km qug gsto iugro hg ko ‛`mreo―) g`
pmsatavo (km qug sg g`bug`tro g` ‛mrhg` hava`m―).
Gstm gs km qug Crodmvma kkoeo hg ^AKMXOJG HG KO TGOKAHOH M
GJGTBABAMR HG BM@BG@XTOBAÒ@ poro ko rgstourobaò` hg ko ‛`mreo― ‛`m reo― /
Mrhg`.
Xmhms kms mdjgtms gstï` u`ahms o trovás hg boepms hg a`imreobaò`, sa u`o
rgkobaò` sg boedao toedaá` boedao tmhm gk sastgeo6 ^mr km to`tm, pmhgems
‛pakmtgor― / bm`trmkor
bm`trmkor o trovás hg `ugstro bm`bag`bao y ko pgrbgpbaò` gstg
boepm hg a`imreobaò` hgk lmedrg.
Rus g`sgÿo`zos gstï` mrag`tohos o km qug ák kkoeo ‛Rokvobaò` ckmdok y gk
Hgsorrmkkm orem`amsm―.
Gstm sac`aiabo qug g`trg eïs irgbug`tgeg`tg sgo` utakazohos gstos táb`abos
poro ko rgsmkubaò` hg kos torgos, egjmr sgrï poro ko sokvobaò` hg tmhms―.
Imreo hg rgokazor gk ^akmtojg
-Aeoca`or u` roym hg kuz va`ag`hm hgshg km oktm (hgk a`ia`atm) y hg`trm hg gstg
roym:
-Aeoca`orsg u`o gsigro dko`bo-pkotgoho hg`trm hg ko buok hgdg sgr hadujohm gk
pg`soeag`tm hg Rokvobaò` Ckmdok y Gtgr`m Hgsorrmkkm g` Orem`åo qug pughg
sgr obmepoÿohm bm` ko aeocg` hg ko Xagrro bm` tmho ko lueo`ahoh igkaz,
sokuhodkg y gtgr`o: W` ^oroåsm Xgrrgstrg.
-Orrado
ko gsigrohgg hgspuás
gsto gsigro smdrgpm`gr
hargbbam`or gstokogsigro
sgbug`bao `ueárabo
ok kucor m a`bkuarko
qug hgdg hg`trm hg
sgr burohm,
 

pmhgems boedaor gk toeoÿm bm`imreg `ugstro aeoca`obaò` g a`tuabaò` `ms km

sucagro.
^oro quag` tag`g haiabuktoh hg aeoca`or ko gsigro pughg aeoca`or gstm
aeoca`o`hm u`o kuz m u` drakkm (Bm` gk tagepm gs aepmrto`tg oprg`hgr o
aeoca`or ko gsigro).
Km aepmrto`tg
sg`tahm gs ko
hg ko Kuz sgoA@XG@BAÒ@ qug gk opg`soeag`tm-hgsgm
gk hg qugrgr sokvor ko lueo`ahoh y qugprmygbtohm
ko Xagrro sgg` gk
vugkvo u` ^oroåsm.
G` gsto aeocg` hg ko gsigro-Kuz-^oroåsm-Igkabahoh hg tmhms pmhgems a`sgrtor
ko sgbug`bao `ueárabo hgsgoho.
Hgspuás gsto easeo gsigro pmhgems bmkmbor `ugstros bugstam`gs pgrsm`okgs.
-Ra km qug qugrgems bmrrgcar `m gs ko sokuh y sa u`o satuobaò`, u` gvg`tm hg
vaho g`tm`bgs ko ‛Gsigro hgk poroåsm― sgrï g`vaoho poro u`o gsbg`o pgrigbto hg
ko buok aeoca`oems. Q olmro qug tg`gems ko satuobaò` pgrigbto qug hgsgoems
hg`trm hg ko gsigro pmhgems bm`ta`uor ―a`sgrto`hm― kos sgbug`baos a`habohos

porou`gkprmbgsm
Gs bosm bm` gk rgsuktohm
brgotavm, a`habohm.
pmrqug boho quag` pughg aeoca`orkm hg imreo
haigrg`tg. Hg lgblm Crodmvma `ms habg qug hgdgems sgr brgotavms.
Oså pmhgems rgsuear kms iu`hoeg`tms pra`bapokgs: ‛Buo`tm eïs pg`soems g`
gk dag` hg kms hgeïs y hgemstroems `ugstro a`tg`baò` hg bmkodmror bm` Hams
g` su prmygbtm hg dag`gstor poro ko lueo`ahoh gs qug bm`sgcuaems kms
rgsuktohms qug hgsgoems poro `msmtrms easems―. Gk rgstm gs brgotavahoh …
‛g`tm`bgs, buo`hm ko egto pra`bapok, o trovás hg ko bm`bag`bao gs hgsta`oho o
ko ROKYOBAM@ CKMDOK, y ko dosg hg gstg prmbgsm gs gk BTGOHMT (gstm
gs ko kuz u`avgrsok hg ko buok tmhm surcg), gs buo`hm ohquaraems u`o iugrzo
rgokeg`tg pmhgrmso― g` mtros pokodros ‛Buo`hm kos vadrobam`gs hg `ugstrms
pg`soeag`tms bmrrgspm`hg` o gstg mdjgtavm, pmr gjgepkm, buo`hm gk mdjgtavm
gs gk hg prgvg`ar pmsadkgs botïstrmigs, u` pg`soeag`tm qug pmhråo sgr bmeú`
sg tmr`o pmhgrmsm y gs bopoz hg boedaor ko rgokahoh ‛… C. ^. Crodmvma.
-Gk lmroram hg “Ikujm Hava`m‑ qug Crodmvma rgbmeag`ho gs hg kos 44:>> o kos
42:>> lmros (Lmroram kmbok), pgrm `ugstro Bm`bag`bao gs to` Eorovakkmso qug
sa `m iugro` kos 44:>> lrs, dosto earor gk rgkmj y lobgr hg bug`to qug sm` kos
44:>> lmros!. ^mhgems `ovgcor g` ko kå`go hgk tagepm o Ymku`toh!
Rokvobaò` Ckmdok y Hgsorrmkkm g` Orem`åo `m gs u`o saepkg irosg. Gk eu`hm
sg g`bug`tro g` u` emeg`tm euy hgkabohm, ko tagrro y ko lueo`ahoh gstï`
boedao`hm hg Gstohm vadrotmram. Crodmvma `ms habg qug gs `gbgsoram
hgsorrmkkor ko bm`bag`bao rïpahoeg`tg poro qug gsto sg ohoptg o ko `ugvo
 

rgokahoh qug gstï kkgco`hm.

^oro qug kms boedams g` gk eu`hm sg hgsorrmkkg` g` u`o prmcrgsaò`
cgmeátrabo. Q g` u` hgtgrea`ohm pu`tm sgrï` to` rïpahos y obgkgrohos qug
poro qug gxasto u`o ohoptobaò` o gstos `ugvos vadrobam`gs sgrï `gbgsoram
rggstrubturor ko bm`bag`bao.
G`tm`bgs
‛gsigro hgsa^oroåsm―-bmem
`msmtrms brggems qug rgokeg`tg
u` dag` bm` gsg g`tg`haeag`tm ‒ g``msmtrms,
aepmrto`tg poro buo`tm o poro
ko
`ugstrms ioeakaorgs g poro tmhm gk eu`hm g`tm`bgs portabapoems hg ko obbaò`
hg Hams y gsm pmr sa smkm imrtokgbg gk pakmtojg.
Mtrm pu`tm aepmrto`tg: Gs `gbgsoram hgsorrmkkor ko bm`bag`bao y poro gsm
tg`gems kms gjgrbabams poro boho håo hgk egs.
Egs pmr egs ko bokahoh hgk pakmtojg sgrï bmepkgtoeg`tg haigrg`tg y oså bm` gk
posor hgk tagepm sgrï eïs y eïs. G` u` pu`tm hgtgrea`ohm gsto prïbtabo sg
vmkvgrï `oturok y eublm eïs ocrohodkg. @oturokeg`tg bmeg`zorgems o
g`bm`tror`ms g` u` gstohm eïs gkgvohm, u` pmbm eghatotavm ‛Gk gstohm hg
pakmtojg― bmem habg Crodmvma.
Buo`hm gstm posg `m sgrï `gbgsoram lobgr eïs gsiugrzms `a vasuokazobam`gs,
g`bm`trï`hmsg g` gstg gstohm dostorï qugrgr y oså sgrï hg ko eo`gro bmem sg
hgsgg.
 
 

 
 

 
ÏTGOR BGTBO@OR Q TGEMXOR HG KO
BM@BAG@BAO
½_uá sac`aiabo= ½_uá sm` kos ïrgos bgrbo`os y rgemtos hg ko bm`bag`bao=
Ïrgos Bgrbo`os hg ko bm`bag`bao..-Buo`hm u`o irobbaò` gxobto hg ko
bm`bag`bao gstï hg`trm hg `ugstrm okbo`bg hg bm`mbaeag`tm (`m odstrobtms), gs
a`imreobaò` qug yo pmsggems smdrg buokquagr tgeo, ko obbaò`, ko satuobaò`, y
oså subgsavoeg`tg. Gstm gs km qug vgems, gsbubloems, sg`taems qug `ms
rmhgo, ok acuok qug mtro a`imreobaò` qug lgems rgbadahm hg hasta`tos iug`tgs
(gsbublor, gs hgbar, XY, gtb.).
Kos ïrgos hasto`tgs m rgemtos hg ko bm`sbag`bao gs a`imreobaò` qug sòkm
pughg sgr rgbadahm pmr `msmtrms, gs ko a`imreobaò` qug pmhgems mdtg`gr hg
mtros iug`tgs, y gstm a`bkuyg u` bm`mbaeag`tm odstrobtm. ^mr gjgepkm, gk
bm`mbaeag`tm hg buokquagr gstrgkko hg u`o bm`stgkobaò` bmem Okio Bg`tourm
gs ko irobbaò` hasto`tg hg `ugstro bm`bag`bao. Rg troto, dïsaboeg`tg, hg qug ko
a`imreobaò` obgrbo hg okcm euy odstrobtm. Buo`hm sòkm pmhgems ohava`or hg
quá sg troto…. Ko bm`bag`bao tag`g u` bmkmr hmrohm bkorm. "Kos ïrgos rgemtos
hg bm`bag`bao prmpmrbam`o` u` rïpahm prmbgsoeag`tm hg ko a`imreobaò`. ^mr
km to`tm gk qug ustgh utakabg zm`os okgjohos hg ko bm`bag`bao, pughg lobgr kms
gvg`tms hg bm`trmk y ko rgbupgrobaò` hg imreo euy giaboz y rïpaho hg
prmbgsoeag`tm hg ko a`imreobaò`".
 
 

 
 

 
HGROTTMKKM GXGT@M Q
TGJWYG@G@BAEAG@XM!
Olmro gs u` tagepm `ugvm, u`o `ugvo gro, buo`hm u`o pgrsm`o yo `m `gbgsato
hgjor su bugrpm iåsabm.
Ko pgrsm`o pughg tmeor ko hgbasaò` hg qug odsmkutoeg`tg obgpto su bugrpm
iåsabm, qug pughg hgsorrmkkorsg bm` ák y eublm eïs. ^mr km to`tm, gsto pgrsm`o
iareo bm` Hams gk `ugvm bm`trotm hg qug vavarï poro sageprg, rgjuvg`gbgrsg y
qug, crobaos o gstg bugrpm iåsabm vo o rgsmkvgr u`o cro` bo`tahoh hg torgos.
G`tm`bgs gk bugrpm hg ko pgrsm`o bmeg`zorï o rgjuvg`gbgr6 y lodrï u`o
rgcg`grobaò` hg tmhm gk bugrpm.

Kms qug brgg` qug poro ko sokvobaò`, y ko vaho gtgr`o hgshg gk pu`tm hg vasto
hg kos Xgb`mkmcåos hg ko Eobrm Rokvobaò` hgdg` sgr jòvg`gs rgjuvg`gbgrï`
 

rïpahoeg`tg.
Loy u` pu`tm hg vasto, u`o pmsabaò` g` ko qug sg brgg qug kms jòvg`gs m vagjms
- sg gstodkgbg u`o bagrto ghoh o ko qug u`o pgrsm`o- hgdg` rgokazor tok m buok
obbaò`.
Q g` ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo hg gstos iosgs (jòvg`gs m vagjms) - sg gstodkgbg`
bagrtms
prmeghamboea`ms y okcu`ms
`mreokazohm eorbms
hg ko qug bopto` u`o gspgbag hg sastgeo
pgrbgpbaò`.
Gstm sac`aiabo qug gs `gbgsoram boedaor ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo. Q hgbaharsg o
`m g`vgjgbgr, o boedaor ko eg`tg. @m tmeor u` hmceo bm`vg`bam`ok.
½Buïk gs ko ghoh hg ko eg`tg lueo`o=
Ra su bm`bag`bao km pgreatg, sg pughg kkgcor o u`o ghoh eublm eg`mr g` gk
emeg`tm, sageprg qug km hgsgg. Xmhm hgpg`hg hg bòem sg ohopto ok egham
oedag`tg. Ko rgcg`grobaò` gs u` prmbgsm hg u`o rgbupgrobaò` bmepkgto. Xmhm
gk eu`hm hgdg gstor so`m, jmvg` y igkaz.
Okkå gstï ko vgrhohgro rgokahoh - gk eu`hm hg ko gtgr`o juvg`tuh y dgkkgzo. Kms
sgrgs lueo`ms
rgokahoh hghabohms
pmr så easeo. Ko ok rgjuvg`gbaeag`tm
prgcu`to g a`abao`hm
gs: ½_uá tapm ko vgrhohgro
hg gquapojg hg "bm`bag`bao
bmkgbtavo" sg bg`trò g` su bm`bag`bao pgrsm`ok=
Ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo gs ko bm`bag`bao u`aiaboho hg tmhos kos pgrsm`os.
Gxastg` pu`tms hg vasto gstodkgbahos obgrbo hg tmhm.
Boho lmedrg tag`g sus prmpaos ahgos obgrbo hg tmhm y haigrg`baos hgshg gk
pu`tm hg vasto hg kms mtrms.
GK pu`tm hg vasto prmegham rgsukto`tg m bm`bgpbaò`- gs u`o rgprgsg`tobaò`
bmkgbtavo. Q pmr km to`tm gs pgrbadahm pmr ko cg`tg bmem u`o rgokahoh mdjgtavo.
Loy hms rgokahohgs:
?.- Ko qug gxastg g` `ugstro eg`tg6
4.- Ko qug gs u`o rgokahoh iugro hg ko eg`tg, km qug pgrbadaems bmem okcm
gstodkg.
Xmhms kms gkgeg`tms hgk eu`hm sm` brgohms pmr ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo hg kos
pgrsm`os.
Ra ok eg`ms u`o portg hg ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo boedao, gk eu`hm gepgzorï
o boedaor, o tro`simreorsg.
Ko Bm`bag`bao oigbto ko eotgrao smdrg ko rgokahoh iåsabo.
^mr km to`tm, ko eotgrao hgpg`hg hg ko bm`bag`bao. ^mr km to`tm, dosï`hmsg g`
ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo pughg boedaor ko Xagrro, gk gspobam, mtrms eu`hms.
 
 

 
 

RWRXAXWBAÒ@ HG A@IMTEOBAÒ@ G@ KO
BM@BAG@BAO BMKGBXAYO
Gk lmedrg tag`g u`o torgo poro sokar hg ko a`ikug`bao hg ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo
obtuok. Gs `gbgsoram supgror ko vgkmbahoh hg hgcrohobaò` damkòcabo qug lo
sahm crodohm g` `ugstros eg`tgs. Xmho ko bm`bgpbaò` hg ko vaho tag`g
bm`sgbug`baos g` gk `avgk cg`átabm. Rastgeo hg gigbtms gs iugrtg y pmhgrmsm
g` ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo. Ko pgrsm`o hgdgråo oepkaor su `avgk hg bm`bag`bao
o rgtarorsg hg ko bm`bag`bao bmkgbtavo (BB). Hgdgems ohquarar u` eoymr `avgk
hg vadrobaò`, o sgr eïs "kacgro", o trovás hg ko gxpo`saò` hg ko bm`bag`bao.
Hg`trm hg BB o u` lmedrg gs sòkm u` gkgeg`tm. O trovás hg ko gxpo`saò` hg
su bm`sbag`bao, odo`hm`o ko BB. ^oro gkkm, sustatuyo ko imreobaò` hg ko
bm`bag`bao o ko gstrubturo hg ko "gtgr`o".
 
 

RGTAGR @WEÁTABOR HG BWTO

Boho prmdkgeo tag`g u`o sgrag `ueárabo. Boho satuobaò` pughg
gxprgsorsg g` `úegrms. Ko bopobahoh hg hacatokazor gk prmdkgeo vag`g g`
gk prmbgsm. Ra kos bairos lo` bmeg`zohm o vadror- u` smkm håcatm m tmho ko
sgbug`bao, gs u`o sgÿok hg qug ustgh lo oprg`hahm o "Hacatokazor" sus
prmdkgeos bmtahao`ms.
Cracmra Crodmvma lo pudkabohm hms kadrms aepmrto`tgs smdrg gstg tgeo:
"Tgcg`grobaò` hg ko sokuh bm`bg`trï`hmsg g` kms `úegrms" y "Eátmhms hg
bm`bg`trobaò` poro boho håo". G` gstms Crodmvma gsbradg smdrg su "Rgrags
`ueárabos hg buro" y bòem trodojo` poro oyuhor o ko rgcg`grobaò` hg
òrco`ms:
Boho `úegrm tag`g u`o vadrobaò` gstrubturok g`árcabo y gsparatuok, boho u`m
bm` su prmpao giabobao y tmtokeg`tg a`hgpg`hag`tg hgk ahameo qug sg lodko g`
gk `úegrm. W`o vadrobaò` gstrubturok saeakor toedaá` sg g`bug`tro hgtrïs hg
boho pokodro y boho sm`ahm ouhatavm. Km easem sg opkabo o u`o sgrag hg
`úegrms, bmem boho `úegrm vadro g` u`o hgtgrea`oho irgbug`bao. Rgrag hg
`úegrms tag`g` su prmpam bmrrgkobam`o`hm ko vadrobaò` gstrubturok.
Kos ïrgos hg bm`mbaeag`tm gstï` bm`gbtohos bm` kms `úegrms. Ok bm`bg`trorsg
g` kms `úegrms, kos vadrobam`gs sg obtavorï` g` gstos ïrgos. G` bm`sgbug`bao,
gk `úegrm gs u` eátmhm sòkahm hg 'bm`trmk'. Kos bairos toedaá` gstï`
a`tgrbm`gbtohos pmr gk bm`trmk, bm` gk `avgk gsparatuok. Bm`bg`trï`hmsg g` kms
`úegrms oyuho ok hgsorrmkkm hgk gspåratu y ko gxpo`saò` hg kms `avgkgs hg
bm`bag`bao.
'Kos sgrags @ueárabos― oyuho` o gstrubturor `ugstrm `avgk hg bm`bag`bao qug
gs ko pkotoimreo poro gk bm`trmk hg `ugstro sokuh y gvg`tms. Eag`tros sg bg`tro
g` kms `úegrms, sgr euy bm`sbag`tgs hg su bugrpm pmr ko sg`sobaò` y vgrkm
bmem tmtokeg`tg y bmepkgtoeg`tg so`m. Gstm gs brubaok poro u`o rïpaho
rgbupgrobaò` y vmkvgr o ko `mreo. Gstor odagrtms y rgbgptavms o gstg sa`cukor
prmbgsm brgotavm. Gk mdjgtavm sageprg gs ko `mreo, y ko `mreo gs ko a`abaok,
a`voraodkg m å`tgcros gstohm gsparatuok.
Gk eátmhm hg Crodmvma "Rgrags `ueárabos hg buro― poro buror g`igreghohgs
gs to` saepkg bmem giaboz. G` su praegr kadrm `medro o voraos g`igreghohgs
y osac`o o boho u`m u`o sgrag `ueárabo ú`abo y gspgbåiabo. Gstos sgrags
pughg` bm`sastar hg ba`bm, sagtg, mblm m `ugvg håcatms. Hagz, m`bg m hmbg
 

håcatms gxastg` poro gk bm`trmk hg kms obm`tgbaeag`tms. Bm`bg`trï`hmsg g` u`

`úegrm gspgbåiabm ustgh easem sg oyuho o so`or hg gsto g`igreghoh.
G`tm`bgs, surcg ko prgcu`to: ½^mr quá gstg eátmhm gs to` saepkg bmem giaboz=
- Buokquagr g`igreghoh gs u`o hacrgsaò` hg ko `mreo. Gsto hacrgsaò` pughg
sgr gxprgsoho g` voraos bgkhos a`havahuokgs y g` osmbaobam`gs hg bákukos
g`tgros bmem òrco`ms m g` kos iu`bam`gs gsg`baokgs hg tmhm gk mrco`asem.
^oro buror u`o g`igreghoh rgokeg`tg sac`aiabo vmkvgr o ko `mreo. Ko sgrag
`ueárabo iobakato gstg rgcrgsm. Bg`trï`hmsg g` gkkms kg oyuho o ojustor ok
gstohm, qug gs ko `mreo, km qug rgsukto g` ko burobaò` hg ko g`igreghoh
Gk `úegrm `m sm` saepkgeg`tg sac`ms eotgeïtabms, sm` ko g`grcåo hgk
Brgohmr. Wstgh pughg buror kos g`igreghohgs bm` hgtgrea`ohms bm`ju`tms hg
`úegrms.
^ughg sgkgbbam`or u` `úegrm hg kadrm hg C. ^. Crodmvma g` bm`imreahoh bm`
ko g`igreghoh, km pusm g` gk boepm, eg`tokeg`tg rghubg gk toeoÿm hg u`
pu`tm, y gsto buro hg vadrobaò` poro g`tror g` gk bugrpm y hgjorkm okkå pmr
okcú` tagepm.
^ughg ustgh aeoca`orsg u` `úegrm m u`o sgrag hg `úegrms poro rgprgsg`tor
g` u`o kuz haigrg`tg y gk bmkmr. Wstgh pughg gsbradar. Wstgh pughg
saepkgeg`tg rgbmrhor y rgpgtar. Rgrag `ueárabo pughg sgr gk vmkueg` g` u`
bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm, g`tror g` u` òrco`m hg ko pgrsm`o g`igreo pmr u`m m
tmhms o ko vgz. Rgrag `ueárabo gs egjmr poro jucor g` gk boepm hg ko
pgrbgpbaò` (g` irg`tg hg ustgh).
Kos sgrags `ueárabos tag`g` u` aepobtm g` gk bugrpm ou` sa` bm`bg`trorsg g`
gkkms. ^grm bm`bg`trï`hmsg g` gstms `úegrms, gk aepobtm gs eublm eoymr.

"…
`mreoBoho
g` g`igreghoh
kos bákukos u gs u`o hgsvaobaò`
òrco`ms, m hg tmhmhggkkomrco`asem.
`mreo. KosKohgsvaobam`gs
rgbupgrobaò`hghgkoko
g`igreghoh sac`aiabo u` rgtmr`m o ko `mreokahoh hgtrïs hg boho `úegrm gs ko
bmrrgspm`hag`tg gstrubturo hg vadrobam`gs. Km easem pughg hgbarsg obgrbo hg
ko sgbug`bao hg `úegrms y bg`trorsg g` ko sgbug`bao hg håcatms a`habo ko
oia`obaò`. Osaeasem, bmem gk sm`ahm hg u` haoposò` oia`o`hm a`strueg`tms
eusabokgs...
(Cracmra Crodmvma)
 
 

 
 

Rac`aiabohm hg kms `úegrms sgcú` Crodmvma

Boho `úegrm bmrrgspm`hg o u`o vadrobaò` m obtm, rgprgsg`tohm oquå o trovás
hg u` vgrdm g` cgru`ham poro iobakator ko eg`tokazobaò` hm`hg `m vgems sòkm
gk `úegrm g` så, sa`m toedaá` su bmrrgspm`hg`bao hg obugrhm o su vadrobaò`.
 

BMEM RG KGG@ KMR GR^OBAMR G@ KOR

RGBWG@BAOR=
"... O ia` hg
bmeporor kosobgkgror
ïrgos hgkobm`tg`ahm
rgcg`grobaò` hg kosgbug`bao
g` boho eotgrao hgk bugrpm poro
`ueárabo lueo`m, pughg
kms qug sg
g`bug`tro` g`trg kos pokodros hg u`o irosg. Hg gsto eo`gro, boho crupm hg
håcatms - sgporohos pmr u` gspobam - qug bmeprg`hg ko sgbug`bao hg `úegrms,
sg pughg bm`sahgror u`o pokodro, qug g`bagrro gk . Iu`bam`oeag`tm `mreok hg
ko eotgrao, qug bmrrgspm`hg o ko sgbug`bao bmepkgto hg `úegrms qug ok
a`tg`tor tmeor gsto pokodro, gs pmsadkg ohava`or gk `avgk hgk Brgohmr, qug
emkhgo ko eotgrao hg tmhm gk mrco`asem y ko qug bmrrgspm`hg o ko sgbug`bao
hg `úegrms.
Ko kuz qug ho vaho o ko eotgrao bmrrgspm`hag`tg o u`o sgbug`bao hg `úegrms
sg hastraduyg hg obugrhm bm` kos kgygs hg ko òptabo hg tmho ko eotgrao g` gk
bugrpm lueo`m y g` gk egham oedag`tg barbu`ho`tg y gs pmr gsto rozò` qug
 

okcu`ms sg`taeag`tms y gembam`gs sm` pgrbadahms bmem gxtgr`ms o `ugstrms

bugrpms... "
.. "Ok bm`bg`trorsg g` gkkms huro`tg u` pgråmhm hg tagepm suiabag`tg, sg pughg
sg`tar y" vgr "kos vadrobam`gs qug prmhubg`, bmem sa tmeoro` ko imreo hg u`o
egkmhåo. Gsto gs u`o bm`habaò` gsparatuok. @m loy pokodros suiabag`tgs poro
hgsbradarkm, sòkm pughg sgr gxpgraeg`tohm. Ko pokodro qug lg tg`ahm gk hgsgm
hg gsbradar g` gstms gspobams gs gspåratu―.
 
KOR BOWROR HG KO G@IGTEGHOH
^oro boho g`igreghoh gxastg u`o bouso, u` obm`tgbaeag`tm rgspgbtavm g` ko
vaho hgk sgr lueo`m qug bouso bagrtos gembam`gs.
Gsos gembam`gs hg Oemr, okgcråo, trastgzo mham, rgsg`taeag`tm, suiraeag`tm,
bouso` mtrms obm`tgbaeag`tms.
Bm`imreg o ko gembaò` praeorao, kms obm`tgbaeag`tms hg hgsorrmkko` hg imreo
pmsatavo
EAGHM.mGk`gcotavo. Gk sgr
sgr lueo`m lueo`m
sageprg bm`mbg
tag`g hms gembam`gs
qug hgbaharsg dïsabos:
pmr u`o hg gsosOEMT
hms Q
botgcmråos dïsabos.
O portar hgk emeg`tm g` qug ko gembaò` gstï sag`hm rgbm`mbaho, gsto pughg
sgr tro`simreoho. Boho juzcoeag`tm ea`úsbukm `obg hg ko gembaò` dïsabo hgk
eaghm, cg`gro`hm oså obm`tgbaeag`tms `gcotavms m eotgrao hoÿa`o. Oså, kos
gembam`gs hgk sgr lueo`m hgtgrea`o` su hgsta`m y u`o oktgrobaò` hg kos
gembam`gs tro`simreo gk hgsta`m.
Kos gxpgrag`baos `gcotavos m eo`aigstobam`gs a`hgsgohos hg ko eotgrao
sac`aiabo ko ‛@M ^GTBG^BAÔ@― hg Hams g` gstg tapm hg rgokahoh y dkmqugo
ko tro`simreobaò` hgsgoho. Gk egbo`asem hg bm`trmk gs euy sg`bakkm:
• Hgjg hg juzcor poro `m sgr juzcohm.
• ^grhm`g y paho pgrhò`.
• Obgptg su prmpao vaho bm` ocrohgbaeag`tm.
• Oemr a`bm`habam`ok hg ustgh easem y hg kms mtrms
 

BMEM BMEG@ZOT BM@ GK

EÁXMHM HG CTACMTA
CTODMYMA=
 
?) Kms `úegrms gstï` obtavms, `m sm` brgg`baos m u` tapm hg ratuok.
Lodkoems hg u`o bag`bao y qug tag`g ko iu`baò` hg orem`azor tmhms kms
ospgbtms hg `ugstro vaho, yo sgo g` su sokuh, psabmkmcåo, rgkobam`gs,
`gcmbams... g` ia` tmhos kos ïrgos. Kos Yasuokazobam`gs sm` rgbmeg`hohos pmr
gjgepkm vasuokazor ko sgbug`bao `ueárabo sokag`hm hg u` roym hg kuz g
akuea`ï`hmsg.
Aeocå`gsg kos sgbug`baos hg `úegrms g` 2H y hg prgigrg`bao g` bmkmr pkoto
drakko`tg.
Xrodojor bm` bmkmrgs toedaá` sg rgbmeag`ho. Aeocå`gsg kms `úegrms hg su
bmkmr iovmratm m qug gk bmkmr qug vag`g o ko eg`tg (loy bmkmrgs rgbmeg`hohms
poro kocu`os g`igreghohgs).
Xoedaá` pughg hor emvaeag`tm o kms `úegrms, aeoca`ï`hmsg qug sg
gstaro`, sg sgporo` y kugcm sg u`g` g` u` pu`tm, gtb. ^ughg aeoca`or kms
`úegrms g` u`o gsigro / pgkmto. O bm`ta`uobaò`, a`trmhubar ko gsigro
pgqugÿo g` gk bugrpm, g` gk kucor hm`hg kg hugkg, pmr gjgepkm.
Aeocå`gsg kos sgbug`baos hg `úegrms g` ko bodgzo y kugcm qug bog`
smdrg ustgh bmem ko kkuvao. Ra ustgh quagrg hor u` bmkmr pkoto o ko kuz,
sgrï oú` egjmr!
^ughg gsbradar kms `úegrms eg`tokeg`tg g` u`o `udg. Gsto imreo hg
bm`bg`trobaò` gs euy dug`o, pmrqug oquå ustgh sg bm`bg`tro g` kos
sgbug`baos `ueárabos y g` ïrgos rgemtos hg ko bm`bag`bao ok easem
tagepm. Bm`bg`trï`hmsg g` kos zm`os okgjohos hg ko bm`bag`bao kms
rgsuktohms sgrï` oú` eïs rïpahms.
@mto: Ra sg bm`bg`tro g` ïrgos rgemtos hg ko bm`bag`bao, gk rgsuktohm gs
eublm eïs rïpahm y, pmr to`tm, ko burobaò` pughg mburrar a`bkusm eïs
rïpahm. Bm`bá`trgsg, pmr gjgepkm, g` kos `udgs, ko ku`o, gk smk, kms
 

pko`gtos, g` gk a`ia`atm...
Gsbradar ko sgbug`baos `ueárabos g` u` pghozm hg popgk y hgjorkos
pgcohos g` u` vosm hg ocuo huro`tg u`ms ea`utms, pughg gsbradarkos g`
ko dmtgkko, u`o jorro gtb.
Kos pughg kkgvor g` gk dmksakkm hgk odracm, dmksm, gtb. ^oro sageprg pmhgr
gblor u` vastozm.
Hastraduar vorams trmzms hg popgk bm` kms `úegrms g` gk lmcor, miaba`o,
bmblg, gtb.
Rg pughg` bmkcor kms `úegrms, pmr gjgepkm:
G` kos porghgs, kos pugrtos, gk rgiracgrohmr, gtb. Hg tmhos kos imreos, g`
tmhms kms kucorgs!
O`mtg kms `úegrms y pm`grkms hgdojm hg ko okemloho m g` ko boeo,
hgjï`hmkms "trodojor" pmr ko `mblg.
Gsbradar `úegrms g` popgk ju`tm bm` ko imreukobaò` eïs pmsatavo hg sus
mdjgtavms. Xg`gr gsto lmjo sageprg o su kohm poro qug sageprg pugho
bm`bg`trorsg g` gkko. hg ko pagk smkoeg`tg bm` gk hghm m gk kïpaz. Bgrbo m
Gsbradg kms `úegrms
smdrg gk satam oigbtohm. @mto: Wtakabg prgigrg`tgeg`tg dmkåcroims bm`
ta`to gspgbaok, bmem u` totuojg ioksm. Kïpabgs hg bmkmrgs m bmkmro`tg hg
okaeg`tms.
Rg pughg gsbradar g` u` pghozm hg popgk m g` u`o ba`to ohlgsavo.
@mto ?: Ra `gbgsato voraos sgbug`baos hg `úegrms, sg bm`bg`tro g` u`o
hgspuás hg ko mtro.
@mto 4: Ra utakazo voraos sgbug`baos, gsbradarko u`o hgdojm hg ko mtro.
@mto 2: Ra sg gsbradg g` u` satam hgk bugrpm qug gs kkoco m lgraho, gsbradar
hargbtoeg`tg g` ko portg supgramr hm`hg hugkg m bgrbo hgk satam hg ko kgsaò`.
@mto 8: Ygr gk rgsuktohm smkoeg`tg, y `m bòem vo o sgr rgsugktm!
Aepmrto`tg: O eghaho qug ustgh sg bg`tro g` u`o sgbug`bao hg `úegrms, trotg
hg vasuokazor gk rgsuktohm hgsgohm y lobgr km eïs pmsatavm pmsadkg. Kms
boedams qug sg bm`sacug` bm` kos sgbug`baos hg `úegrms sm` pgreo`g`tgs
pmrqug kms boedams mburrg` g` tu bm`bag`bao. Boho vgz qug tg bm`bg`tros g`
kms `úegrms gstorïs u` posm ohgko`tg. Q pugstm qug toedaá` tg gstïs
bm`bg`tro`hm g` ko Eobrm Rokvobaò`, gstms boedams sgrï` toedaá`
pgreo`g`tgs poro tmhos kos pgrsm`os qug tag`g` prmdkgeos saeakorgs.(Hg kms
@úegrms qug Buro`)
4.-^oro mtros bmsos, gvg`tms m satuobam`gs hg ko vaho oså bmem poro `ugstro
 

sokuh gk eátmhm pra`bapok gs gk ^akmtojg hg ko Bm`hubbaò` hg ko Tgokahoh y kms

haigrg`tgs eátmhms hg Bm`trmk (pmr gjgepkm pmr imreos, pmr bmkmrgs gtb.)
 
 

EÁXMHMR HG BM@BG@XTOBAÒ@
‛…Bm`sahgrm buokquagr gvg`tm gxtgr`m, a`bkusm hgk iuturm, bmem u`o imreo
hgtgrea`oho hg a`imreobaò`.
u`g` bmem emsoabms, Kmsmburrg
acuok qug gkgeg`tms qug bm`statuyg`
g` ko gstrubturo ko imreo,
hgk OH@. Ra sg
mdsgrvoems bm` otg`baò` ko vgrsaò` prmtgabo hg ko mrco`azobaò` hg ko eotgrao,
pmr gjgepkm ko gstrubturo hgk OH@ y ko bmeporoems bm` ko gstrubturo hg u`o
vorao`tg `m prmtgabo, pmr gjgepkm ko hg u`o paghro, sg pughg gstodkgbgr bmem
u`o kgy, qug gk rgikgjm hg ko imreo prmtgabo sg vg bmem ko ikubtuobaò` hg u`o
gstrubturo brastoka`o, pmr gjgepkm ko paghro (imreo `m prmtgabo), g` ko buok
mdsgrvoems kos easeos ikubtuobam`gs qug kos prmbghg`tgs hg ko eotgrao qug
hgshg gk pu`tm hg vasto lueo`m bm`sahgroems bmem a`o`aeoho.
Ra` gedorcm gsto oiareobaò` gs ordatrorao. Ko eoymråo hg kos pgrsm`os vg gk
eu`hm hg eo`gro bmrrgbto. Hgbar hg eo`gro ‛bmrrgbto― gs g` rgokahoh u`o
eo`gro ordatrorao pmrqug gxastg` pu`tms hg vasto haigrg`tgs. Qm portm hg kms
bm`bgptms hg km vavm y km a`o`aeohm bmem sg hgia`g` hg ko eo`gro
trohabam`ok. RAE^KAIABM bm`sbag`tgeg`tg bagrtos A@IMTEOBAM@GR,
rghubaá`hmkos losto mdtg`gr IACWTOR CGMEÁXTABOR sg`bakkos qug
pgreatg` ko BME^TG@RAÒ@ TÏ^AHO, sa` hasea`uar su bm`tg`ahm hg
a`imreobaò`. Gstm prmvag`g hgk emhm hg vgr mrtmhmxm qug sg g`sgÿo g` ko
obtuokahoh g` ko gsbugko sgbu`horao, ko u`avgrsahoh y mtros a`statubam`gs
ghubotavos. ^mr gsm, okcu`ms hg kms bm`bgptms a`trmhubahms pmr eå tmeo` g`
bug`to gk `avgk hg pgrbgpbaò` gxastg`tg hg emhm osmbaotavm. Ra` gedorcm, ok
`avgk gsparatuok tmhm sg bmeprg`hg, pmrqug ko sokvobaò` bm`bagr`g o tmhms.―
C. Crodmvma
‛..Hohm qug pg`soeag`tms y sg`taeag`tms imreo` ko rgokahoh trahaeg`sam`ok,
boho boedam hg`trm hg `msmtrms a`ikuyg g` ko gvmkubaò` hg ko rgokahoh tgrrg`o
gsg`baokeg`tg. Boho pko` hg rgbupgrobaò` hgpg`hg hg kms yo eg`bam`ohms
iobtmrgs pmr oqugkkms qug gstï` aepkabohms g` gstg pko`.―
 
 

RGBBAÒ@ IA@O@ZOR
 

Lg hgsorrmkkohm
dg`giabams gs g` ko gbm`meåo
rgokahoh eïshg ko sokvobaò`,
rg`todkg g`gjgepkm,
qug, pmr ko qug kosahastradubaò`
`m sg tag`g hg
g` kms
bug`to. Gsto hastradubaò` gs ko sacuag`tg: buo`hm `m tmeoems g` bug`to ko
gstrubturo hg kos bm`gxam`gs bmeu`gs m supm`coems, pmr okcu`o rozò`, u`o
torgo: gk dg`giabam justm, g` rgokahoh gk sac`m hg `m bm`todakahoh g` ea
gbm`meåo g`tro g` ko gstrubturo hg ko bm`todakahoh mdkacotmrao6 Oquå gstï ko
rgimreukobaò`. G` rgokahoh, tg`cm u` emhgkm eotgeïtabm, qug lobg pmsadkg
aepkgeg`tor u` bm`trmk, y lobg pmsadkg g`sgÿor iïbakeg`tg kms eátmhms hg ko
gbm`meåo hg ko sokvobaò`. Bm` kms eátmhms hg ko gbm`meåo, dug`m, qug sg
doso` g` ko torgo hg mdtg`gr u` dug` dg`giabam, gk gstotus hg saeukto`gahoh hg
bm`gxam`gs u`avgrsokeg`tg
bm`bag`bao lueo`o orem`amsos
gstï haspugsto hg tok sg prmhubg
eo`gro qugpmrqug eugstrmhg
kms gkgeg`tms qugko ko
bm`bag`bao bm`tag`g` gk bm`mbaeag`tm hg Gk hgsorrmkkm gbm`òeabm, a`bkuahm gk
hgsorrmkkm lobao ko sokvobaò` y ko brgobaò`. ^mr km to`tm, gk dg`giabam g` gstg
bosm sg bm`sahgro bmem dg`giabam cg`grokazohm y dg`giabam tro`sigrahm bm` gk
rgtmr`m iuturm o trovás hg ko gstrubturo hg sokvobaò`. Gs hgbar, g` cg`grok, gsto
gs mtro gbm`meåo qug ko qug sg hgsorrmkko sòkm g` ko rg`todakahoh. Gsto mtro
gbm`meåo rgokeg`tg ho u` dg`giabam eublm eoymr qug gk qug, pmr gjgepkm,
`m tmeo g` bug`to ko torgo hg ko sokvobaò` u`avgrsok. ^mr km to`tm, g`sgÿm kms
eátmhms hg bm`trmk gbm`òeabm hg tok eo`gro qug eugstrm bòem su

bm`bag`bao sg gxtag`hg
bug`to hg qug ok bm`mbaeag`tm
bm`mbgs gstos bm`gxam`gs,hgbm`struygs
gstos bm`gxam`gs.
tu prmpamQprmcroeo
buo`hm tg hos
gbm`òeabm, m portabapos g` gk prmcroeo gbm`òeabm cg`grok hg ko smbaghoh
poro qug sgos bm`sbag`tg hg qug boho u`m hg tus emvaeag`tms sg tmeo g`
bm`ju`tm kos torgos hg prgsgrvor ko bavakazobaò`, Gk hgsorrmkkm gbmkòcabm, kos
torgos hg km gtgr`m, hg lgblm, ko rgprmhubbaò` hg ko vaho. ^mr km to`tm, g` gstg
bosm, poro ustgh ko gbm`meåo sg hgsorrmkko g` ko gstrubturo hgk bm`trmk sòkm
pmrqug pmr ko hastradubaò` bmrrgbto hg kms rgbursms ustgh hg tok eo`gro pughg
brgor bm`habam`gs poro ko rgprmhubadakahoh gtgr`o hg ko vaho. Gsto gs u`o
tgb`mkmcåo gbm`òeabo gspgbaok qug, g` praegr kucor, tmeo g` bug`to bòem su
Okeo a`tgrobtúo bm` kms gkgeg`tms hg kms gvg`tms iuturms y bòem gstms
gvg`tms sg hastraduyg` g` gk gspobam y gk tagepm y bòem gstms gvg`tms gstï`
 

bm`gbtohms bm` su Okeo. Gk bm`bgptm hg gbm`meåo hg sokvobaò` sg doso g` gk

pra`bapam hg hastradubaò` hgk dg`giabam g` ko gstrubturo hg ko sokvobaò` hm`hg
gk dg`giabam vugkvg pra`bapokeg`tg hgspuás hg posor pmr gk vå`bukm
tgb`mkòcabm, pmr gjgepkm, hg ko sgcurahoh gbmkòcabo hgk hgsorrmkkm hg ko vaho.
G`tm`bgs gk dg`giabam mdtag`g rgokeg`tg u` eoymr vokmr oÿohahm hgdahm o su
hastradubaò` o tmhm
bm`tropmsabaò` gk iuturm,
ok bosm buo`hmyo`mqug g` gstg bosm,
km lobgems gk km
y pmr iuturm
to`tmgskmsbm`mbahm, g`
prmdkgeos
rgkobam`ohms bm` gk hgsorrmkkm g` cg`grok pmhråo` mburrar.
 
 

^AKMXOJG ^OTO MDXG@GT HA@GTM

Gstg eátmhm sg hgdg lobgr hg kos ?>:>> O KOR ??:>> pe hg su zm`o lmrorao.
G` praegr kucor hgbahar poro quá `gbgsato gk ha`grm, g`sgcuaho hgbar Rokvobaò`
eobrm y gk hgsorrmkkm
Wsg 3?2<?14? orem`amsm
poro bg`trorsg hgolmro..
g` gk tmhm gkkm sgcú`
Brgor kos g`sgÿo`zos
su sastgeo hg CC.
hg bmmrhg`ohos
pgrsm`okgs, y mdtg`gr g` gk bg`trm y gk trodojm bmem km lobg gk Brgohmr .. oså
qug `ms aeoca`oems u`o bmkue`o vgrtabok hg gspobam y pm`gems
trovás hg ko bmkue`o lmrazm`tok hg Xagepm g`tm`bgs hgbaems 3?2<?14? ^oro
g`tror g` gk bg`trm, qug gs `ugstrm sastgeo hg bmmrhg`ohos
pgrsm`okgs hg tagepm y gspobam y `ugstrm kucor eïs pmhgrmsm poro `msmtrms.
O portar hg olå gepgzoems ko cgstaò`. Bm`bá`trgsg g` kos pko`tos hg kms pags,
boea`or smdrg gk ha`grm losto qug sus pags gstï` bokag`tgs. Ra mdtag`g okcú`
pg`soeag`tm `gcotavm eag`tros sg lobg gstm, hgbar "hagz o ko pmtg`bao eg`ms
?3". Eo`tg`gr ko bm`bg`trobaò` g` ko torgo pgrsm`ok qug pughg hgbar: ym gstmy
hgspgrto`hm gk ha`grm poro ]]]]]]]. Wtakabg 3?84324?<12 poro ko
prmspgrahoh6 Xoedaá` 2?1<738?< poro mdtg`gr rgsuktohms rïpahms. Buo`hm
kms pags gstï` euy bokag`tgs yo gstï. Iajor kms rgsuktohms hg 38?, 38?, 38?
ocrohgzbo ok brgohmr, gk Hr. Crodmvma, su Okeo, Gspåratu, ko Bm`bag`bao.
Hacoems, <<1 ... < poro kkgvorkm o ko rgokahoh iåsabo.
 

 
Eátmhm poro @gcmbams gxatmsms
G` kms `gcmbams, gs euy aepmrto`tg mptor hg a`eghaotm pmr ko vaho gtgr`o y gk
hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m.
Gs euy aepmrto`tg haigrg`baor g`trg gk lmedrg bm` gk okeo, qug gs ko brgobaò`
hg Hams y kms hgeïs qug gstï` boea`o`hm g`trg `msmtrms sa` gk okeo. Kms
rgbm`mbgrï` pmr sus obbam`gs y lgblms, pmr su iokto hg buahohm lobao kms
hgeïs, pmr gk gcmbg`trasem y ko ovorabao.
Kos rozm`gs sm` `uegrmsos. Ru eu`hm gsto hgrruedï`hmsg, oså qug tg`gems
qug tg`gr buahohm poro qug `m `ms orrostrg` bm` gkkms
Loy trgs `avgkgs hgk sgr:
?. @avgk Eotgraok ‒ gk `avgk eïs dojm
4. @avgk hg g`grcåo
2. @avgk hg a`imreobaò`
a`imreobaò` ‒ qug gs gk `avgk eïs oktm (gs praemrhaok qug tmhms
obtuoems hgshg gstg `avgk, kms rgsuktohms sm` ?>>% ‒ vokg ko pg`o
gstuhaor y ohquarar gk bm`mbaeag`tm hgk Brgohmr, gstg bm`mbaeag`tm
olmro gstï o `ugstrm okbo`bg)

Oquå voems o hasbutar hg `gcmbams, y voems o bm`sahgror lobgrkm

gxobtoeg`tg g` ko zm`o hg `avgk hg a`imreobaò`.
 

Hg obugrhm bm` Crodmvma, gs euy aepmrto`tg pm`gr bmem mdjgtavm osgcuror

ko vaho gtgr`o, pmr så easem, pgreatg qug gstg tapm hg tro`sobbam`gs
bmegrbaokgs prmpmrbam`g` tmhm km qug odorbo ko sokvobaò` y gk hgsorrmkkm
orem`amsm ckmdok. Gsto gs ko dosg hg ko g`sgÿo`zo hg Cracmra Crodmvma pmr ko
gxastg`bao oquå y olmro.
Boho `gcmbam tag`g `uegrmsms mdjgtavms. G` boho mdjgtavm sg hgdg pm`gr gk
hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m bmem dosg, g` hmbueg`tms gsbratms, oså bmem g` sus pko`gs:
prmhubtms rgkobam`ohms, eorfgta`c, mrco`azobaò`, gvokuobam`gs hg ragscm,
pko`gs ia`o`bagrms, gtb.…
8. Buo`hm sg bm`statuyg u` pko` hg `gcmbam tag`g qug bm`tg`gr hg`trm hg så
easem gk hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m poro dag` hg tmhms, ko opkabobaò` hg
tgb`mkmcåos a`mig`savos, qug bmeg`zorï o hgsorrmkkor bm` ko oyuho hgk
Brgohmr y haspm`gr qug gk hgsorrmkkm hg tmhm u` pko`gto gstï g` orem`åo
bm` ko @MTEO hgk Brgohmr.

7. Kos `ugvos ïrgos

bm`imreahoh hg`mreo
bm` ko `gcmbam bmeg`zorï`
rgbaá` o oporgbgr
gstodkgbaho y g` hgsorrmkkm
‒ hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m. Osåhggk
sastgeo hg bmepgtg`bao sg gkaea`o, `ugvos osmbaobam`gs oporgbg` y
co`o` iugrzo poro kms qug obgpto` gstg trodojm g` dg`giabam hg tmhms y
eghao`tg gk usm hg tgb`mkmcåos a`mig`savos y oqugkkos tgb`mkmcåos qug `m
bm`toea`g` gk egham oedag`tg.
9. Gstg eátmhm prmvgg, poro kms qug quagrg`: gk brgbaeag`tm hg kos
pgqugÿos geprgsos g` cro`hgs geprgsos a`tgr`obam`okgs, y gs `gbgsoram
a`trmhubar gstm g` sus pko`gs hg `gcmbam.

Ok lobgr gstm,
hgsorrmkkm sg a`habo
gtgr`m ko a`tg`baò`
hg `gcmbam hg sgr
tag`g bmem sgram, qug `m
iu`hoeg`tm gs u`o
ko vaho drmeo.
gtgr`o hgk Gk
 

lmedrg.
Crodmvma, ^gtrmv y Orgpygv lo` a`sastahm g` gstm huro`tg kms úktaems 4>
oÿms, eghao`tg ko rgcg`grobaò` hg òrco`ms lueo`ms, ko burobaò` hg kos
pgrsm`os o bouso hg g`igreghohgs crovg y ko prgvg`baò` hg botïstrmigs
ckmdokgs pmtg`baokeg`tg pmr ko iugrzo hg sus pg`soeag`tms.
Gk lmedrg gstï mdkacohm, g` tmhos sus obbam`gs, o tmeor eghahos g` ko
hargbbaò` hg ko vaho gtgr`o y gk hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m hg su prmpao geprgso. Kms
posms sm` ‒ ko ohquasabaò` hg bm`mbaeag`tms y su opkabobaò`, g` tmhms kms
ïedatms hg ko vaho hg u`m y ko haiusaò` hg gsto g`sgÿo`zo.
Oså, lodro kkgcohm gk emeg`tm hg qug pmhoems trodojor sa` gstrás, cuaohms
pmr ko eo`m me`apmtg`tg hgk braohmr. Xmhm a`tgrbgsmr g`trg Hams y kms
lmedrgs sm` gkaea`ohms: eugrtg, haigrg`tgs mrco`azobam`gs, ko prgmbupobaò`
y gk eaghm.

 
Ròkm loy 4 gembam`gs: gk eaghm y gk oemr
Ra sg g`bug`tro g` gk eaghm ‒ `m gstï g` gk oemr
Ra ustgh gstï g` oemr ‒ ustgh `m gstï g` gk eaghm.
Gs su hgbasaò`.
 
Bmeag`bg bm` km qug gs obbgsadkg g` su håo o håo hg trodojm:
 

Rgrag poro gk bm`tobtm hargbtm bm` gk Brgohmr ‒ ??1<?, ?423>388

y ?42???7>47

Rgrag poro tro`simreor km `gcotavm g` pmsatavm y poro ko ohquasabaò` hg ko

sgrg`ahoh y ko poz ?<<<18< y ?>-?3 (káosg hagz gkgvohm o ko eg`ms hagbasagtg)
 ‒ prm`u`baorkm buo`hm sg gstï dojm gstrás g` u`o ovoko`blo hg
obm`tgbaeag`tms `gcotavms

?. gsbradar gstos sgrags g` su gsbratmram, g` sus hmbueg`tms, ocg`hos,

mrhg`ohmrgs…
4. g`mreg
bmeag`zo o probtabor ‛Bm`bg`trobam`gs Haoraos― ‒ gxpgraeg`torï u`
brgbaeag`tm
 

2. Kggr kms kadrms hg Crodmvma

8. Tg`harsg tmtokeg`tg o ko mrag`tobaò`
mrag`tobaò` hgk Brgohmr bm` km qug aro o
gepgzor o hasirutor hg ta easem g` u` bmrtm pgråmhm hg tagepm, tg`hrïs
qug trodojor bm` pgrsm`os saeakorgs o ta easem, qug gstï` g` gk easem
boea`m hg ko vaho gtgr`o y gk hgsorrmkkm gtgr`o (gk trodojm sgrï hurm, pgrm
gstorïs okgcrg bmem `u`bo o`tgs). G` praegr kucor, sageprg sg hgdg hor
pramrahoh o osgcuror ko vaho gtgr`o poro tmhms kms portabapo`tgs g` kms
`gcmbams y g` tmhms kms hgeïs, oså bmem o tmhms y boho u`m hg sus
prmygbtms.
7. Ghubor o ko cg`tg g` boho posm. Ko bm`bag`bao hg ko pgrsm`os vo g`
oueg`tm bm` u`o vgkmbahoh g`mreg y tmhm gk eu`hm tag`g sgh hg
bm`mbaeag`tm qug `ms gstï kkgvo`hm o ko vaho gtgr`o, ko sokuh, ko okgcråo y
ko dgkkgzo hg ko vaho!
9. gstor ocrohgbahms o kos ovgs hgk bagkm, o u`o pgqugÿo ikmr g` gk boepm y
bm` kos pgrsm`os qug `ms sm`råg` ‒ tmhms sm` g`vaohms poro kmcror qug ko
okgcråo hg vavar tg loco sm`rgår y okbo`zoros u` `avgk hg hgkgatg suprgem.
3. G` buo`tm o kos ia`o`zos, osgcúrgsg hg a`trmhubar qug gstï trodojo`hm
poro ko vaho gtgr`o y gk hgsorrmkkm gtgr`m ‒ poro gk dag` hg tmhms y boho
u`m, bm` gk ia` hg tg`gr sageprg ha`grm y poro vgr qug tu `gcmbam sg
gxpo`ho bm` ropahgz…
<. Lobgr pko`gs hg `gcmbam egtabukmsms hg oktm `avgk hg tok imreo qug kms
gkgeg`tms pughg` coro`tazor ko imreo eïs giaboz poro ko vaho gtgr`o poro
tmhms.
 
 

 Xú `gcmbam sgrï gxatmsm uso`hm gstos sgrags:

8?1 <?1 3?1 <? ‒ gk brgbaeag`tm hg kos pgqugÿos geprgsos g` gk egham y
kos cro`hgs geprgsos eghao`tg ko opkabobaò` hg eátmhms hg ko vaho
gtgr`o y gk hgsorrmkkm
3?1 8?1 <?? ‒ hgsorrmkkm hg `gcmbams g` mtrms poåsgs
<?1 8?1 3?8 ‒ A`hgpg`hg`bao hg ko pgqugÿo Geprgso
1?8 <?1 <3 ‒ prm`to oyuho poro kos pgrsm`os poro qug pugho` hmea`or
kos tgb`mkmcåos hg ko `ugvo bm`bag`bao o trovás hg su prmpam `gcmbam
7?< 81? 9?3 ‒ bm`strubbaò` hg u`o iug`tg a`hgpg`hag`tg hg ia`o`baobaò`
8?1 <37 ‒ Opkabor tgb`mkmcåos hg hgsorrmkkm Gtgr`m
8?1 <?< 3?1 <81 -hgsorrmkkm hg kos bopobahohgs poro ko cmdgr`odakahoh
prghgbadkg pgrsm`ok
7?8 1?< 1?1 ‒ hmea`am hg bm`mbaeag`tms y lïdatms `gbgsorams poro
`gcmbams
1?8 8?1 <? ‒ qug gk tagepm `m gs u` iobtmr qug hgtgrea`g u` gvg`tm.
A`tgrboedao`hm gk gvg`tm y gk tagepm gk gvg`tm tg`hrï pramrahoh smdrg gk
tagepm.
8?1 <?8 ‒ mptaeazobaò` hg su trodojm ‒ g` km qug hgdg prgstor otg`baò` y
 

km qug `m!
8?1 <?<3?1 1?88<? dug`o rgputobaò` púdkabo hg su trodojm
<?8 8?< 3?1 ‒ bm`strubbaò` hg rgkobam`gs oreò`abos bm` kms eagedrms
hg ko ioeakao y oeacms

7?1 81< 3?1y8?

prmhubbaò` ‒ hgsorrmkkm
vg`tos sgcú` kmshgpra`bapams
kos tgb`mkmcåos hg `gcmbams
hg ko burobaò` hg
hgsorrmkkm
gtgr`m
7?1 3?8< ‒ tmhm gs pmsadkg! @m loy `oho aepmsadkg g` gstg eu`hm.
<18 3?1 3< 8< ‒ sg pughg kmcror sageprg km qug ustgh lo pugstm bmem
mdjgtavm poro tmhos kos pgrsm`os y ustgh easem
4<1?8<>?<1>81< ‒ bmrrgbbaò` hg kms obm`tgbaeag`tms posohms g` kms
`gcmbams … y kugcm sg bg`tro` g` gk `úegrm sacuag`tg:
1?82?4<1 ‒ bmrrgcahm gvg`tms hgk posohm g` prgsg`tg y iuturm
<?8 8?< <? ‒ gs `gbgsoram sodgr utakazor gk tagepm
8?8 <? << ‒ tro`simreobaò` hgk tagepm g` ha`grm
 

RGBBAÒ@ ROKWH
BM@XTMK HG TGJWYG@GBAEAG@XM YARXAG@HM
XTOJG GR^OBAOK
(O portar hg ko g`sgÿo`zos hgk Hr. Cracmra Crodmvma)
?. Yasuokazor u`o gsigro hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm g` irg`tg hg ustgh,
g`sgcuaho kg hoems ko a`imreobaò`: @mreo huro`tg ko ghoh hg ?< oÿms g` ko
sgegjo`zo hgk Brgohmr. ^m`gr g` ko gsigro su aeocg` o kms ?< oÿms, m
buokquagr mtro ghoh qug ustgh hgsgo.4. G`iòqugsg ohg`trm hg ko gsigro eårgsg
y hgsbmepråeosg. Gs hgbar,
hgbar, jokg iugrtgeg`tg hgshg ko bodgzo y tmhm gk
bugrpm losto ko pko`to hg kms pags, bmem sa tuvagro u`o eïsboro y u` trojg
gspobaok, tmtokeg`tg pgcohm ok bugrpm, hg emhm qug okaso tmhos kos orrucos hg
ko
Hgboro,
gstg g`hgrgzo gk bugrpm,
easem emhm, opko`o
sg pughg gk gstòeocm
trodojor bm` mtroy joko kos vg`os
pgrsm`o, hg kos pagr`os.
hgsbmepraeo ko
a`imreobaò` hg rgjuvg`gbaeag`tm hg ák m gkko.
BM@XTMK HG TGJWYG@GBAEAG@XM
Aepraear gsto aeocg` y pm`grko g` su hmreatmram, buortm hg doÿm m g` boho
lodatobaò` hg su boso. Bo`tor ko sgbug`bao `ueárabo, doakor y rgpgtarko
eg`tokeg`tg poro sg`tarsg dag`!
^oro rgjuvg`gbgr boho bákuko hg su bugrpm olmro 7?8.
Yoems o oprg`hgr o gsto g` sa`tm`åo bm` `ugstro okeo, o oprg`hgr o gstor g` ko

okgcråo y gk oemr.
 

" BM@BG@XTOBAÒ@G@ KOR ^OTXGR HG

@WGRXTM BWGT^M ^OTO BWTOT BAGTXOR
G@IGTEGHOHGR" RGCÚ@ C.^. CTODMYMA
A`suiabag`bao rgsparotmrao ocuho ‒ oktgr`otavoeg`tg bm`bg`trorsg g` kms mjms y
g` kms mdjgtms eïs rgemtms hgk egham gxtgr`m.
A`suiabag`bao borhaobo ocuho, ko pagr`o hgrgblo, gk hghm cmrhm hgk pag
azquagrhm, måhm hgrgblm.
Xroueotasem blmqug, Gstohms hg blmqug - gk mjm hgrgblm, måhm azquagrhm, gk
hghm egÿaqug hgk pag hgrgblm.
^rmbgsms eokac`ms - ko supgriabag hg kms pags y ko eo`m azquagrho.
^rmbgsms dg`ac`ms - ko pagk hg drozms
Rgptabgeao (g`vg`g`oeag`tm hg so`crg) - mdjgtms hasto`tgs, eo`m hgrgblo.
G`igreghohgs rgsparotmraos - pag hgrgblm, eo`m azquagrho hghm egÿaqug.
G`igreghohgs hg kms òrco`ms hacgstavms - bovahoh mrok, måhm hgrgblm.
G`igreghohgs hgk raÿò` y hgk trobtm ura`oram - ko rmhakko hg ko pagr`o hgrgblo.
G`igreghohgs g`hmbra`os y egtodòkabos - gk kåeatg g`trg gk bugrpm iåsabm y gk
oedag`tg gxtgr`m.
G`igreghoh hg Mbupobam`ok (prmigsam`ok) - sokavo - opkabor kms eátmhms hg
bm`bg`trobaò`.
Ko a`tmxabobaò` ocuho - gk måhm hgrgblm y ko rmhakko hg ko pagr`o azquagrho.
G`igreghohgs a`igbbamsos
G`igreghoh `grvamso - gk måhm
- gk hghm hgrgblm,
å`habg mjm hgrgblm.
hg su eo`m hgrgblo.
 

^agk y g`igreghohgs vg`árgos ‒ oktgr`o`hm: drozms ‒ pagr`os-mjm hgrgblm.

Xudgrbukmsas - pags, eo`ms, mdjgtms g` emvaeag`tm pmr sgporohm.
G`igreghohgs qug `mreokeg`tg rgquagrg` ko a`tgrvg`baò` quarúrcabo - gspa`o
hmrsok, pagr`o hgrgblo, pag azquagrhm.
G`igreghohgs mbukorgs, mjms, portg bmbbåcgo hg ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok.
G`igreghohgs hg kms hag`tgs y ko dmbo - gk hghm egÿaqug hg ko eo`m
azquagrho
 

BM@XTMK ^OTO KO TGCG@GTOBAÒ@ HG

HAG@XGR
Gstoems g` gk boea`m hgk hgsorrmkkm sparatuok, `m gs u` boea`m iïbak pgrm
Hams `m `ms ho u`o bruz hgeosaohm pgsoho poro borcor, `ohag rgbadg u`o torgo
qug `m pmhrï buepkar, boea`oems lobao gk áxatm, gsto gs ko tgb`mkmcåo poro ko
rgcg`grobaò` hg hag`tgs.
^oro ko rgcg`grobaò` hg buokquagr òrco`m qug loco iokto, hgdgems brgor u`
io`toseo hg gstg òrco`m, pghaems ok brgohmr qug `ms oyuhg o brgor gstg
lmkmcroeo, qug `ms oyuhoro g` gk brgbaeag`tm hgk hag`tg. ^mr quá pghar ok
brgohmr qug `ms oyuhg o brgor gstg lmkmcroeo, poro qug ák pugho vgr `ugstrm
trodojm y bm`bghgr`ms su pgreasm,. Oså, mbosam`okeg`tg, voems o pghar ok
Brgohmr qug `ms oyuhg., losto qug pmhoems hmea`or gsto tgb`mkmcåo, y
oprg`hgr o trodojor o portar hg `avgkgs gkgvohms, gk `avgk hava`m.
Ygems bmem kos ?4 gsigros hgk zmhaobm sm` prmygbtohos hgshg gk `avgk hg
orrado lobao odojm o ko bodgzo hgk lmedrg, kms ?4 sgbtmrgs gstï` sag`hm

imreohms hg`trm
brmemsmeo hgu`o
y boho ko bodgzo
hg gsosy sgbbam`gs
bmrrgspm`hg` o kos ?4o sgbbam`gs
bm`ta`uoro hgk o u`o
bmrrgspm`hgr
 

portg portabukor hgk bgrgdrm. ½^mr quá `gbgsatoems obtavor praegrm `ugstrm
bgrgdrm= ^oro qug ák pugho obtavor gk eopgm lmkmcrïiabm g` ko sgbug`bao hg
kms brmemsmeos. Gstm lobg u`o oka`gobaò` g`trg kms aepuksms bòseabms g kms
hgk bgrgdrm o portar hg hò`hg vo` kms brmemsmeos. Xmhms kms prmbgsms gstï`
sag`hm rgstourohms poro ko @MTEO (eotraz). @ugstrm mrco`asem gstï olmro
obtavohm y gstï kastm poro trodojor. @ms vmkvgems bm`sbag`tgs hg ko parïeahg
hg ko bm`sbag`bao qug drakko a`tg`soeg`tg smdrg `ugstros bodgzos, @M LOQ
HWHO g` `ugstros bm`bag`baos! Loy u` a`tg`sm roym pkotgohm qug vo hargbtm
o ko gsigro hgk Eobrm bm`trmk, bm`ta`uo`hm o trovás hgk brastok hg ko
bm`sbag`bao hg ko tagrro, o trovás hg kos sgiarmts, ok brgohmr. ^ghaems ok
Brgohmr su ouxakam y pmhgems vgr bmem tmhos kos gsigros hgk zmhaobm
oporgbg`, drakko`hm hg ko tgrbgro o ko `mvg`o., gk drakkm oporgbg, obtavobam`gs
mburrg- ha`ïeabo hg tmhms kms prmbgsms, u` emvaeag`tm g` gsparok sg a`abao.
Gsms royms sm` u`aiabohms g dojo` o trovás hg ko gsigro hgk ïrdmk hg ko vaho.
Da`ol, Cgdurol, Lmh, Eokblut, kms royms bm`ta`úo` o trovás hgk bo`ok bg`trok
hgk brastok
bm`trmk hg pko`gtoram,
boho u`m hgy `msmtrms.
sg hgtag`g` g` gk`m
Olmro bg`trm hg ko
gxastg` eïsgsigro hg ko Eobrm
mdstïbukms qug `ms
aepaho` hg okbo`zor u` bm`tobtm purm, obtavobaò` y rgcg`grobaò`.
Ko gsigro hgk Eobrm bmeo`hm rgokazo su tro`sabaò` o "ha`ïeabo". G`sgcuaho
kms royms poso` pmr ko portg supgramr hg ko bodgzo y pmr ko praegro vártgdro
bgrvabok y g` sgcuaho ko ckï`huko tarmahgs bmeag`zo o drakkor.
Kms royms g`tro` g` ko tarmahgs, y tgrea`o` bmem vacos (bmkue`os)hg kuz bmkmr
hg rmso, poro tmhms kms hag`tgs qug sgrï` rgcg`grohms. Mdsgrvg bmem gk
lmkmcroeo hgk hag`tg oporgbg, km buok `ms habg qug ko ha`ïeabo hgk prmbgsm yo
bmeg`zò.
@ms bm`bg`troems
rgcg`grobaò` g` gk lgblm
iug rgbadaho, y qughgboho
qug bákuko
tmho kosodg
a`imreobaò`
hg gsm. Gksmdrg ko
okcmratem
gspgbaiabm gs opkabohm poro gk prmbgsm hg rgcg`grobaò` ^oro gk prmbgsm hg
rgcg`grobaò` usoems ko eotraz hg kos bákukos trm`bm, kos bákukos trm`bm gstï`
kmbokazohos g` ko eghuko òsgo hg kms lugsms korcms y pko`ms .Ko bmkue`o sg
gxtag`hg o trovás hgk bugrpm, pmr gsm gs iïbak gxtrogr gstos bákukos.
Bákukos trm`bm bmeg`zoro` o brgbgr g` sus bm`bag`baos bm` u` bmkmr hg rmso
pïkahm, tro`siagro kos bákukos trm`bm poro gk gspobam hgk lmkmcroeo, bm` gk
pmhgr hg su pg`soeag`tm. Olmro hoems u` aepuksm o portar hgk okeo bm` ko
bm`bag`bao g` kos bákukos trm`bm praeoraos poro ko rgcg`grobaò` hgk hag`tg, hg
obugrhm bm` gk bm`mbaeag`tm hg ko `mreo hgk Brgohmr. LGBLM!
O portar hg gso praegro bákuko, hms eïs sgrï` gxtroåhos.
 

Olmro tg`gems trgs bákukos (trm`bm) Eotraz.

G`vaoems gk aepuksm `ugvoeg`tg y gxtrogems hms eïs. Olmro loy ba`bm hg
gkkos.
G`vaá `ugvoeg`tg gk aepuksm y gxtroaco trgs eïs.
Olmro tg`gems < bákukos trm`bm. Gk gedraò` praeoram hgk hag`tg gstï imreohm.
Gstg gedraò` bm`tag`g bákukos `m haigrg`baohos qug `m pmsgg` u` prmcroeo
hg hgsorrmkkm. G`sgcuaho a`trmhubar ko pokodro HAIGTG@BAOBAM@ poro tmhos
kos bákukos. G` gstg emeg`tm, `úbkgms y prmcroeo hg hgsorrmkkm oporgbg` g`
kos bákukos. G`vaoems mtrm aepuksm y gxtrogems ko `mvg`o bákuko , qug poso o
imreor portg hgk lmkmcroeo, bm` gstg obtm hgjoems gk a`tgramr poro gk gxtgramr,
pmrqug gk hag`tg tag`g hms eo`aigstobam`gs ko a`tgramr y ko gxtgramr ,, g` gstg
emeg`tm u`o euktapkabobaò` `mreok hg kos bákukos sg a`abao kkg`o`hm gk
lmkmcroeo. ^oro obgkgror gk prmbgsm hg rgcg`grobaò`, bmkmboems bákukos
trm`bm. Gstos porgbg` u` rgemka`m qug caro g` gk sg`tahm hg kos eo`gbakkos hgk
rgkmj y kadgro bákukos `mreokgs y sokuhodkgs kms hag`tgs bmeag`zo` o drakkor.
Hoems ko MTHG@= bm`
sag`hm rgcg`grohms, "Tgcg`gror tmhoshgk
boho òrco`m kos bugrpm".
bm`gxam`gs hg kms hag`tgs
Mdsgrvoems bmemqug
gk gstï`
roym
vo hg ko tarmahgs g` hargbbaò` ok pkgxm smkor, vgems u` pu`tm (Gsigro) hg
eopgm. G` gsto gsigro vgems tmhms kms hag`tgs y kms akuea`oems. ^ghaems ok
Brgohmr qug `ms oyuhg y vgems bmem ko aeocg` hg kms hag`tgs oporgbg` g`
gstg pu`tm. A`tg`saiaboems ko akuea`obaò` y pgrbadaems qug boho aeocg` gstï
vavo, gstï bm`imreg ok ko `mreo y gs ha`ïeabo. Olmro kms royms vo` hgk pu`tm
g` gk pkgxm smkor g` hargbbaò` o ko tarmahgs. Hg boho òrco`m u` roym dko`bm
pkotgohm geo`o lobao kms hag`tgs.
Olmro `ms bm`bg`troems g` ko ckï`huko patuatorao qug sg porgbg o u` irajmk,
a`tg`saiaboems
ocuo socroho g`oquå ko akuea`obaò`
ko ckï`huko y hoems
patuatorao. ko mrhg`:
‛Mdsgrvg bmem"Bmkmbo u`omdsburo
u`o smdro cmto hg
hgsoporgbg hg ko ckï`huko patuatorao.
Xmhm km qug gstï aepahag`hm gk trodojm hgsoporgbaò sg hgrrataò, LGBLM.
^grbado qug ko ckï`huko patuatorao iug obtavoho y earo poro `msmtrms
ocuorho`hm gk bmeo`hm hg km qug `gbgsato sgr rgokazohm. Emstroems kms
hag`tgs poro ko patuatorao y hoems gk bmeo`hm:" Tgcg`gror hag`tgs bm`sto`tg y
ha`ïeaboeg`tg". Mdsgrvg qug ko ckï`huko patuatorao vam tmhm km qug labaems y
bmeag`zo b buepkar bm` su torgo.
Mdsgrvg bmem ko hg orrado dojo ko kuz hgk Brgohmr. ^ghaems ok Brgohmr qug
`ms oyuhg g` gk prmbgsm hg rgcg`grobaò`. ^ghaems o ko Eohrg tagrro qug `ms
oyuhg o gstodakazor gk prmbgsm hg rgcg`grobaò`. Ygems bmem u`o bmkue`o hg
 

kuz sudg hg ko tagrro, otrovagso gk bugrpm gk akuea`o kms hag`tgs. Gsto kuz
rgcrgso y rgstouro pkg`oeg`tg ko rgkobaò` bm` ko Xagrro. Q kms hag`tgs
eorbohms, o portar hg u` prmbgsm gsto`horazohm, bmeag`zo` o eotgraokazorsg.
Xmhm gk mrco`asem sg orem`azo, sg rgstouro y sg vavaiabo (sg rgjuvg`gbg).
Gk prmbgsm g` kms hag`tgs sg a`tg`saiabo hg ko eo`gro eïs orem`amso.
Ocrohgbgems ok brgohmr pmr gk bm`mbaeag`tm qug `ms lo sahm rgvgkohm.
Ocrohgbgems o ko tagrro pmr oyuhor`ms o rgokazor km qug rgbadaems hgk
Brgohmr. Ru torgo gs eo`tg`gr haoraoeg`tg gk prmbgsm hg rgcg`grobaò` bm` ko
vasuokazobaò` o trovás hg ko ha`ïeabo pmsatavo hg ko rgcg`grobaò`, gk rgsuktohm
ia`ok, g` gk iuturm, sgrï u` mrco`asem bmepkgtoeg`tg sokuhodkg.
 

XGB@MKMCÅO ^OTO TG@MYOT KO YARAÒ@

Gsto gs u`o hg kos tgb`mkmcåos poro u`o rg`mvobaò` hg ko vasaò`6 km pughg
lobgr hg ko eo`gro sacuag`tg:
Aeocå`gsg u`o gsigro hgk toeoÿm hg 7 be hgko`tg hg ustgh, y pm`gr g` gsto
gsigro ko sgbug`bao hg `úegrms ?<1?>?8.
Q kkgvorko hg`trm hg su bodgzo.
_uåtgsg sus kg`tgs g aeoca`g bòem royms hg kuz pkotgoho hg ko gsigro gstï`
drakko`hm o trovás hg sus mjms.
Ia` hgk gjgrbabam.
 
 

G@IGTEGHOHGR Q GK WRM HG
KMR BMKMTGR ^OTO MDXG@GT GIGBXMR
EGHABA@OKGR"
Kms bmkmrgs pughg` toedaá` sgr a`bkuahms g` gk prmbgsm hg vasuokazobaò` y g`
ko bm`bg`trobaò`, hg imreo a`tgkacg`tg y brgotavo. ^grm, tag`gs qug sg`tar g` tu
okeo ko oia`ahoh poro gstg prmbgsm. Gsto lo sahm u`o bm`sto`tg g` tmhm gk
prmbgsm brgotavm g` kos táb`abos hg Cracmra Crodmvma, oså qug praegrm hgdgs
g`tror g` gk gspobam hg tu okeo, sg`tartg dag`, sg`tartg bm`imrtodkg, tmtokeg`tg
o ia` bm` gsto bm`gxaò`, g` gstg emeg`tm sg`tarïs sa hgdgr utakazor
kms bmkmrgs g` tu prmbgsm brgotavm y gkgcar kms bmkmrgs ohgbuohms poro tu
satuobaò`.
Ko sa`tm`åo pgrigbto bm` tu okeo sgrï kkgvoho o bodm o trovás hgk oemr qug
geo`o hg tu bmrozò` y ko cgstaò` hg su bm`bag`bao hg eo`gro bkoro g a`tuatavo.
Oså sageprg sodrïs gkgcar km egjmr poro ta.
Odsbgsm - ozuk y emrohm.
Okbmlmkasem - oeorakkm, Å`hacm.
Okgrcaos - `oro`jo, Å`hacm.
Okzlgaegr - Ozuk-emrohm.
O`geao - rmjm.
^árhaho hg opgtatm - vgrhg kaeò`, oeorakkm.
Gxbgsm hg opgtatm - Å`hacm.
Ortratas - vamkgto, ozuk y emrohm.
Oseo - `oro`jo, ozuk.
Drm`quatas - vgrhg, ozuk, turqugso.
A`ikoeobaò` - ozuk.
Lgemrrmahgs - ozuk msburm.
Hmkmr hg bodgzo - vgrhg, ozuk.
Crapg - emrohm, turqugso, ozuk msburm.
G`igreghoh hg eoeo - púrpuro-Tmjazms, Tmso.
Haspgpsao - vgrhg kaeò`, oeorakkm.
^árhaho hg vasaò` - ozuk, Å`hacm.
Hmkmr hg eugkos - ozuk, ozuk-Yamkgto.
^rmpg`saò` o a`igbbam`gs - Yamkgto.
Xrostmr`m A`tgsta`ok (vag`trg) - `oro`jo oeorakkg`tm.
 

Bòkabm - kaeò`, oeorakkm.

G`igreghoh òsgo - Ygrhg kaeò`, emrohm.
G`igreghoh hg ko pagk - Ozuk-^úrpuro, vgrhg kaeò`.
Ro`crohm - Ozuk-Ygrhg.
^rgsaò` ortgraok okto - vgrhg, ozuk.
^rgsaò` ortgraok dojo - Tmjm, rmjm-O`oro`johm.
Kgubgeao - Emrohm.
Iagdrg - ozuk.
Xrostmr`ms eg`struokgs - Tmjm, ozuk y vgrhg.
Ygjaco ura`orao g`igreghoh - Oeorakkm-@oro`jo.
Hmkmr eusbukor - @oro`jo pïkahm.
Xrostmr`ms `grvamsms - Ozuk-Ygrhg, vgrhg.
_ugeohuros - Ozuk, vgrhg, ozuk.
Bï`bgr - emrohm, ozuk y emrohm.
^orfa`sm` - Å`hacm.
G`igreghoh lgpïtabo
@guem`åo - Tmjm, - Ozuk,
å`hacm, rmjmoeorakkm.
y `oro`jo.
G`igreghoh rg`ok - Oeorakkm, oeorakkm-@oro`jo.
La`blozò` - Ozuk, kuz ozuk.
Tgsiraohms - rmjm.
Bï`bgr - ozuk, ozuk y emrohm.
Iagdrg hgk lg`m (Ta`atas okárcabo gstobam`ok)- rmjm-O`oro`johm.
Kos g`igreghohgs hgk bmrozò` - Bmkmr hg rmso, vgrhg.
RAHO-Yamkgto, å`hacm, rmjm.
Grupbaò` butï`go - turqugso, bmkmr hg kaeò`.
@ïusgos
O`saghoh- -kuz ozuk.ozuk
vgrhg,
Ob`á - Tmjm ^úrpuro.
Gbzgeo - Ygrhg kaeò`.
Gpakgpsao - ozuk msburm, turqugso.
Úkbgro - vgrhg.
 

TGCG@GTOBAÒ@ HG KO BMKWE@O YGTXGDTOK

?.
Bm`bg`trobaò` g` ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok: O km korcm hg su km`catuh bm` ko kuz
eg`tokeg`tg gsbradar ko pokodro "@MTEO" poro oyuhor ok prmbgsm hg buro

ckmdok.
4. pm`gr eg`tokeg`tg ju`tm o ko ortabukobaò` hg ko bohgro hgrgblo hg u`o
GRIGTO hg kuz (GRIGTO ?) y gsbradar a`imreobaò` pravakgcaoho
"rgcg`grobaò` tmtok hg ko gspokho." Olmro pmhgems vgr u`o bkoro bm`gxaò`
drakko`tg g`trg gsto gsigro y ko "`mreo" gsbratm g` ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok, yo qug
ko a`imreobaò` drakko bkoroeg`tg hgshg ko gsigro o trovás hg su bugrpm lobao ko
"`mreo". (Bmem kms prmdkgeos hg ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok sm` pmr km cg`grok
prmdkgeos hg tmhm gk bugrpm, sg`taems qug gk drakkm hg ko kuz rmhgo y rgcg`gro
tmhm `ugstrm bugrpm iåsabm).
2. ^m`gems mtro GRIGTO hg kuz (GRIGTO 4) bm` ko easeo a`imreobaò`
"rgcg`grobaò` tmtok hg ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok", gsbrato g` ko ortabukobaò` hgko
rmhakko hgrgblo. W`o vgz cg`groho u`o bm`gxaò` gstï drakko`hm hgshg gsto
 

gsigro bm` ko "`mreo", gsbratm g` ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok. Gk drakkm hg ko kuz bm`

su a`imreobaò` hg ko rmhakko kkgco losto gk euskm, pmr tmhms kms òrco`ms, o ko
"`mreo" g` ko bmkue`o vgrtgdrok.
8. O bm`ta`uobaò`, sg aeoca`o` u`o XGTBGTO GRIGTO (GRIGTO 2) hgk
kohm hgrgblm hg Ko ortabukobaò` tadam-Xorsao`o, pgrm gsto vgz bm` ko
a`imreobaò` "rgcg`grobaò` bmepkgto hg ea bugrpm." Gsto gsigro sgrï mbupohm
pmr u`o kuz hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm.
Tgbatoems eg`tokeg`tg:
"Tgcg`grobaò` tmtok hg ea bugrpm dojm ko @MTEO hgk Brgohmr!"
W` iugrtg rgspko`hmr kkg`ò gk ïedatm hg ko a`imreobaò` sokg hg ko
ortabukobaò` hg ko tadam-Xorsao`o, sudg o ko pagr`o y gk euskm, sacug lobao gk
bugrpm. Budrg kms òrco`ms sgxuokgs, sastgeo hacgstavm, låcohm, dozm, raÿm`gs
y pï`brgos. Xoedaá` kms pukem`gs sg kkg`o` pkg`oeg`tg hg gsg drakkm. Gk
rgspko`hmr sg bm`gbto bm` ko pokodro "@MTEO" gsbratm g` ko
bmkue`o vgrtgdrok y bm`ta`úo sudag`hm o trovás hg ko tarmahgs y gk bugkkm losto
gk bgrgdrm, y qug
iugrtgeg`tg sg haracg o ko ckï`huko
g` gk bg`trm patuatorao.
hgk bgrgdrm Gstm u`o
sg cg`gro rgbadg gk drakkm
pgqugÿo to`
gsigro
hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm gxobtoeg`tg hm`hg gk brï`gm sg bmeg`zò o
hgsorrmkkor.
7. Olmro sokcoems hg `ugstrm lgeasigram hgrgblm o trovás hg u` orbm
kuea`msm ok lgeasigram bgrgdrok azquagrhm. Ko a`imreobaò` smdrg bòem
hgdgems eo`tg`gr `ugstrm bugrpm so`m sg g`bug`tro g` gk lgeasigram bgrgdrok
hgrgblm.
9. Gk lgeasigram azquagrhm bmeag`zo obtavo`hm ko a`imreobaò` qug rgbadaò
"prmbgsm" y km tro`siagrg o tmhm gk sastgeo g`hmbra`m.
Gstg sastgeo,prmhubg
egtodòkabm, gs gk qug
kossglmrem`os
g`borco hg bm`trmkorporo
`gbgsoraos tmhmrgcg`gror
`ugstrm sastgeo
`ugstrm bugrpm
pmr bmepkgtm, a`bkusm poro rgjuvg`gbgr ok easem.
Olmro `ugstrm bugrpm gstï trodojo`hm hg obugrhm o ko @MTEO hgk Brgohmr.
3. Tgcastror ko igblo y ko lmro obtuok, y g`vaor gsto a`imreobaò` - o portar hg
olmro - losto gk a`ia`atm.
 

RGBBAÒ@ BM@XTMK HGK

BKAEO
Ea sgbbaò` hg kos G`sgÿo`zos, gk bm`trmk hg prm`òstabms, gstï haracaho
pra`bapokeg`tg o ko brgobaò` hg bm`habam`gs rgokgs hg vaho poro buokquagr
pgrsm`o y gsto sgbbaò` hg kos G`sgÿo`zos sg opkabo o tmhos kos pgrsm`os sa`
aepmrtor ko ghoh. Gk prmpòsatm hg gsto sgbbaò` hg kos G`sgÿo`zos gs g`sgÿor o
u`o pgrsm`o g` buokquagr satuobaò` poro mdtg`gr gk prm`òstabm hgk hgsorrmkkm
hg buokquagr gvg`tm, y gk bm`trmk hg obugrhm bm` gstm. Gk prm`òstabm sg havahg
g`: praegrm, ko rgbgpbaò` hg a`imreobaò`, y kugcm, rgspgbtavoeg`tg, gk bm`trmk
yo sgo kòcabm m a`imreotavm. M bm`sgcuar gsos borobtgråstabos gsparatuokgs qug
pgreataråo` bm`trmkor buokquagro hg kms obm`tgbaeag`tms g` gk `avgk hgk Okeo,
eag`tros
buokquagrqug, pmr gjgepkm,
obtavahoh g` rgpmsm, gsto`hm g` buokquagr kucor m g`
a`hustraok.
 
G` gstg sg`tahm, gk bm`trmk hg prm`òstabm tag`g u` gstohm cg`grok qug gs
lueo`m, y gk gspgbåiabm bm` rgspgbtm o boho gspgbaokazobaò`. G`sgÿm bosa
tmhos kos gspgbaokahohgs qug gxastg`. Dug`m, kms rgokzm g`sgÿo`hm prm`òstabm6
G`sgÿm gk sastgeo hg gstrubturobaò` hg ko bm`bag`bao. Emstror bòem u`o
pgrsm`o, pmr gjgepkm, pughg oprg`hgr o bm`trmkor y sodgr km qug sgrï g`
haigrg`tgs gsigros hg obtavahoh. Bmeg`bá o lobgr gstm g` ko ovaobaò`, kugcm g`
gk g`trg`oeag`tm hg pakmtms qug, pmr gjgepkm, pgreo`gbg` huro`tg eublm
tagepm g` kms vugkms. G` mtros pokodros, poro oqugkkms qug yo tg`åo` eublo
gxpgrag`bao y cro` prïbtabo. Gk bm`mbaeag`tm qug rgbadå g` ko prïbtabo sg
gxtg`haò odsmkutoeg`tg o tmhos kos hargbbam`gs hg hgsorrmkkm qug gxastg` g` gk
eu`hm hg lmy.
 
Eas prm`òstabms sg rgokazo` g` kms rïpahms subgsms obtuokgs hg tok eo`gro qug
gk sastgeo qug sg hgsorrmkkò g` ko prïbtabo hg ko prghabbaò` sg gjgbuto pmr
praegro vgz a`hgpg`hag`tgeg`tg, a`hgpg`hag`tgeg`tg hg sa sg bm`sahgro` kms
iobtmrgs m `m sg bm`sahgro`. G` mtros pokodros, ustgh okbo`zo gsg `avgk
gsparatuok qug bm`trmko yo sgo g` rgpmsm m g` gstohm hg sugÿm, pgrm sa`
gedorcm gk bm`trmk hg prm`òstabm tag`g kucor. Ra kms gvg`tms sg gstï`
 

emvag`hm rïpahoeg`tg m sa, pmr gjgepkm, sm` prmdkgeïtabms, supm`coems

qug, poro ko sgcurahoh, gk bm`trmk sg aepkgeg`to smdrg dosgs a`bm`habam`okgs.
Gs hgbar, ustgh hastraduyg hg o`tgeo`m ko a`imreobaò` g` su hgsorrmkkm poro
qug prïbtaboeg`tg kmcrg gk bm`trmk hg boho satuobaò`, a`bkusm sa `m tag`g
a`imreobaò` prgkaea`or smdrg ko satuobaò`. Buo`hm kms gvg`tms gepagzo` o
gvmkubam`or km suiabag`tgeg`tg rïpahm yo pughg bm`trmkor sa` bm`sahgror tmhms
kms gvg`tms g` u`o iako.
 
BM@XTMK ^OTO KO
^TGYG@BAÒ@ HG XGTTGEMXMR
"Eg bmkmbm g` ea sastgeo pgrsm`ok hg bmmrhg`ohos hg gspobam y tagepm, Hacm
trgs vgbgs 3?2<?14?.
Aeoca`m qug eg gstmy bmkmbo`hm g` EA bg`trm hm`hg ea iugrzo gs eoymr.
Ko bmkue`o hgk gspobam gs vgrtabok y ko hgk tagepm gs lmrazm`tok, oedos
drakko` g` kuz hg bmkmr dko`bm-pkotgohm y vmy ok Bg`trm hm`hg hacm: "olmro ym
obtúm bmem obtúo gk Brgohmr." Q earm lobao orrado g a`vatm ko KWZHMTOHO
hgk OEMT GXGT@M y ko eugvm smdrg ko Xagrro, smdrg tmhms g` kos ïrgos qug
`mreokeg`tg sm` oigbtohos pmr tgrrgemtms. Kkgvm ko bm`bag`bao ok ïrgo hg ea
bmrozò` y sag`tm okgcråo g` ea bmrozò`. Olmro poro rgimrzor ea bm`trmk
prm`u`bam <?3784?<1?<1? (poro ko ^rgvg`baò` hg Xgrrgemtms)"
Bm`ta`úo`ms bm` gstg gjgrbabam u`ms ea`utms eïs y mdsgrvoems sa pmhgems
sg`tar okcu`o sg`sobaò` g` gk bugrpm.
O`tgs hg a`abaor ko prïbtabo toedaá` pmhgems hgbar: Bmkmbm gstg gjgrbabam g`
gk tagepm g`trg kos ?> pe y kos ?? pe (pmr sa `m km rgokazoems g` gstg lmroram)
 
 

 
BM@XTMK ^OTO KO
^TGYG@BAÒ@ HG BOXORXTMIGR EW@HAOKGR
 
Hr. Crodmvma `ms ham ?4 eátmhms y sucaraò qug gepgzoems bm` gk <º eátmhm
poro oyuhor o prgvg`ar pmsadkgs botïstrmigs eu`haokgs y orem`azor gk eu`hm
qug `ms rmhgo.
^oro bmeg`zor, hgdgems bm`bg`tror`ms g` gk eu`hm bm` tmhos `ugstros
bákukos.
Bm`bá`trgsg g` su bugrpm iåsabm y pghar qug tmhms kms prmbgsms gstá`
`mreokazohms.
Earg su bugrpm y `mreokabg tmhos kos iu`bam`gs hg tmhms kms òrco`ms g` su
bugrpm.
Haco: QM `mreokazm gk iu`bam`oeag`tm hg tmhms kms prmbgsms g` ea bugrpm g`
gk `avgk bgkukor.
G`sgcuaho ^rmygbtor u` roym hg kuz y vgrko ar okrghghmr hg tmhm gk pko`gto.
Gxtag`ho su roym hg kuz poro gk eu`hm.
Buo`hm prmygbto gk loz hg kuz pughg pgrbadar qug loy 4 m`hos hg kuz. Ko
sgcu`ho m`ho pgrbadg ko praegro m`ho bmem gk iuturm.
Bm` su vasto gsparatuok / obbaò` odorbor tmhm gk mdjgtm gxtgr`m, tmhms kms
mdjgtms
Crobaos hg su rgokahoh.
ok eátmhm < Gk iuturm gstï sag`hm prmygbtohm pmr `msmtrms poro
 

hgsorrmkkor `ugstro okeo y bm`bag`bao hg tok imreo qug sg coro`tabg ko vaho

gtgr`o poro tmhms.
 

XGB@MKMCÅO ^OTO XTOGT BWOK_WAGT 

BM@HABAÒ@ EGXGTGMKÒCABO O KO @MTEO
^mr iovmr, haco: "3?2<?14? g`trm g` ea gspobam pgrsm`ok y sastgeo hg
bmmrhg`ohos hgk tagepm y gk gspobam hg ea eoymr pmhgr y obtúm bmem gk
Brgohmr obtúo.
G`sgcuaho: Qm trodojm poro ko Eobrm-sokvobaò`, ^ahm qug tmhos kos
bm`habam`gs bkaeïtabos g` `ugstrm pko`gto sgo` kkgvohms g` ko `mreo.
Yasuokazm gk ^u`tm (pgqugÿo gsigro) hg OWXM-MTCO@AZOBAÒ@ hg kms
trug`ms, rgkïepocms, kkuvao, cro`azm, Bokmr gxtrgem, gtb.,(ustgh habg quá gs km
qug gstï trodojo`hm, kos bm`habam`gs egtgmrmkòcabos qug hgsgo `mreokazor) sa
`m vg ko pgqugÿo gsigro (gk pu`tm) gstï dag`.
Wstgh hgdg sodgr qug to` prm`tm bmem ustgh km habg sg eo`aiagsto. Olmro habg
: "Ymy o g`vaor gk roym hg kuz, ko kuz hgk oemr hg ea bmrozò` hargbtoeg`tg o
gsg pu`tm hg outm-mrco`azobaò`. _ughorsg okkå huro`tg ok eg`ms 9> sgcu`hms.
Hgbar: 38? prmtgbbaò` a`eghaoto poro tmhms kms sgrgs lueo`ms g` `ugstrm
pko`gto y poro eå.
Kgs hgsgm u`o IGKAZ cgstaò` hgk tagepm!
Xoedaá` pughg hgbar 838<?24?8< poro hgtg`gr a`eghaotoeg`tg buokquagr
obbaò` `gcotavo .
^mr iovmr, trohubar o mtrms ahameos y bmeportar bm` Xmhms.
 
 

BM@XTMK ^OTO XTOGT KO KWZ HGK OEMT OK

EW@HM
 
"Mdsgrvg bm` eïs hgtokkg y prmiu`hoeg`tg gsto imtm... sg pughg vgr gk vokkg=
Earg tmhm gk boea`m, vgrï bosos, ástos pmhråo` sgr hg u`o pgqugÿo bauhoh...
vgo km qug gstï orrado= ^orgbg u`o gspgbag hg `agdko kacgro... pag`sg g` gstm
bmem sa ko `agdko iugro tmhms kms pg`soeag`tms y sg`taeag`tms hg tmhos kos
pgrsm`os qug vavg` okkå.

Olmro earo lobao orrado... vgo ko Kuz Hmroho hgk Oemr emvaá`hmsg lobao gsto
bauhoh ... y bmem ko kuz hgk oemr gstï g`tro`hm troyg`hm igkabahoh y okgcråo o
tmhms.

<<< 1?4 <?<<8<

Olmro trotg hg vasuokazor su prmpam ^ugdkm/Yakko/Bauhoh.

Wstgh gs gk qug gstï troyg`hm gsto Kuz.
 
 

MXTMR
 
EÁXMHM HG BM@XTMK HGK CKMDM DKO@BM
^KOXGOHM
Aeocå`gsg u` g`mreg ckmdm hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm tro`sporg`tg y
pgregodkg ‒ ko gsigro hg ko sokvobaò` u`avgrsok, y ^rgvg`baò` hg u`o pmsadkg
botïstrmig ckmdok. M saepkgeg`tg: ko gsigro hg ko sokvobaò` u`avgrsok. Gstg
ckmdm tag`g u`o bugrho y ustgh ko smstag`g.
Aeocå`gsg u` em`tò` hg pgqugÿos gsigros bm` torgos portabukorgs: ko suyo
(prmdkgeo m gvg`tm pgrsm`ok), hg ioeakaorgs y oeacms. Q buokquagr mtrm.
Kkgvo tmhos kos pgqugÿos gsigros bm` kos torgos hg`trm hgk dokò` y km kadgro g`
gk bagkm. Rugkto ko bugrho.
Tgbugrhg gk ckmdm qug ikmto g` gk bagkm, tmbï`hmkm bm` su bm`bag`bao, y obtavg
 

ko torgo hg ko sokvobaò` u`avgrsok, y ^rgvg`baò` hg u`o pmsadkg botïstrmig

ckmdok, ju`tm bm` ko smkubaò` o su mdjgtavm portabukor (torgo m prmdkgeo).
 
(Ko tgb`mkmcåo hgk bm`trmk hgk Hr. C. Crodmvma)
 
 

 
EÁXMHM HG HMDKG BM@M

 ?.-
?.- Imreobaò` hg u` hmdkg bm`m

G` praegr kucor, eg`tokeg`tg bm`struar u` bm`m hmdkg, hm`hg kos pu`tos sg

gstï` tmbo`hm. Ú`gtg hghms pukcorgs g å`habgs hg oedos eo`ms- _ug a`habo
u` toeoÿm hgk hmdkg bm`m. Gk bm`m hgk kohm hgrgblm gs u`o g`troho poro
gvg`tms, qug quagrm tro`simreor (pmr gjgepkm: gk eokgstor, hmkmr, hgsgepkgm,
prmdkgeos hg porgjo …) bm`m hgk kohm azquagrhm gs u`o sokaho poro kms
gvg`tms hgsgohms bm`imreg o ko `mreo (sokuh, okgcråo, trodojm sotasiobtmram,
rgkobaò` oreò`abo …) pu`tm hg bm`gxaò` gs gk kucor hg @mreokazobaò`
(tro`simreobaò`). Eg bm`bg`trm g` ea mdjgtavm y g`vam ko a`imreobaò` g` gk
kohm hgrgblm hgk hmdkg bm`m. Ok easem tagepm, buo`hm bm`gbtm kms hms
bm`ms, bmkmbm gk `úegrm < bmem u`o sgÿok poro ko Gtgr`ahoh. Akuea`m gk
`úegrm < bm` u`o kuz hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm (qug gs gk bmkmr hgk Gspåratu
Ro`tm). Ea a`imreobaò` okbo`zo gk pu`tm hg bm`gxaò` y oquå, qug sg
tro`simreo g` `mreo, y sokg o trovás hg ko portg azquagrho hgk bm`m hmdkg.
Gk `úegrm < gs u`o sgÿok poro ko gtgr`ahoh. Hg gsto eo`gro, ko tro`simreobaò`
ohquagrg gigbtm gtgr`m. W`o vgz qug ko tro`simreobaò` gs bmepkgto, ko
bm`strubbaò` hg bm`m hgsoporgbg.
4.-Opkabobaò`:
 

Gjgepkm:  ko prgsaò` ortgraok okto

okto (lapgrtg`saò`)
Aeocå`gsg u`o gstrubturo hg hmdkg bm`m, satuoho o 1> ¾ g` rgkobaò` o su
bugrpm. Ok easem tagepm, g` gk pu`tm hg bm`gxaò` hg hms bm`ms, bmkmbor gk
`úegrm < akuea`ohm pmr u`o kuz hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm. Caror ko gstrubturo
hg hmdkg bm`m ocujos hgk rgkmj. Bm`m hgk kohm hgrgblm sg haracg olmro lobao
ea bugrpm. Eg`tokeg`tg, kadgrm o ko a`imreobaò` ‒ ko prgsaò` ortgraok okto, qug
g`tro g` gk bm`m hgk kohm hgrgblm (pra`bapam hg vobåm) lobao gk pu`tm hg
bm`gxaò`, hm`hg ko a`imreobaò` sg tro`simreo g` u`o prgsaò` ortgraok `mreok.
Ok easem tagepm hacm:
‛Orem`azobaò` hg ko prgsaò` ortgraok g` u` `avgk bgkukor, hg obugrhm bm`
ko @mreo hgk Brgohmr‛
Ko a`imreobaò` ‒ ko prgsaò` ortgraok `mreok, sokg o trovás hgk bm`m hgk kohm
azquagrhm bm` ko easeo hg`sahoh hg a`imreobaò` bm` gk qug g`trò g` gk bm`m
hgk kohm hgrgblm. Ko hg`sahoh gs ko vgkmbahoh hg prmbgsoeag`tm hg ko
a`imreobaò`. Buo`hm
hg`sm y drakko`tg to`tmsgbmem
trodojo
sgobm` bmkmrgs,
pmsadkg. Gstmosgcúrgsg hg qug
prmpmrbam`o u`osgo`
okto km eïs
vgkmbahoh
hg tro`seasaò` hgk gigbtm hgsgohm.
 

EÁXMHM HG BM@XTMK O XTOYÁR HG KOR

IMTEOR CGMEGXTABOR  
Gstg tapm hg pakmtojg utakazo kos imreos cgmeátrabos poro brgor u` boepm
a`imreotavm iuturm orem`amsm.
Qm g`trm g` ea okeo, vgm y obtúm bmem gk Brgohmr. Rokvobaò` ckmdok y
hgsorrmkkm oreò`abm.
Ea hgsgm gs: (A`trmhubg u` hgsgm hg buokquagr tapm aeoca`ï`hmkm yo

rgsugktm/rgokazohm)
Q poro orem`azor gstg obm`tgbaeag`tm utakazm kos imreos cgmeátrabos hg
bm`trmk, aeoca`m hg`trm hg ko gsigro hg ko bm`bag`bao hg 7 egtrms, u`o gsigro
hg kuz dko`bo pkotgoho hg`trm hg ko buok gsbradm eg`tokeg`tg : "Ko sokvobaò`
ckmdok y hgsorrmkkm oreò`abm"
Kugcm iugro hg ko gsigro hg ko bm`bag`bao pmr 7 egtrms eg aeoca`m mtro imreo
cgmeátrabo ( u` budm, u`o parïeahg, u` bm`m , km qug tú quagros) y hg`trm hg
gsto imreo cgmeátrabo a`bkuym eg`tokeg`tg ea dag` imreukohm
obm`tgbaeag`tm ( kkgvor o ko @mreo gsto satuobaò`, gsto rgkobaò`, gstg òrco`m,
gtb.)
O bm`ta`uobaò`, gepgzor o bm`gbtor kos hms imreos cgmeátrabos o trovás hg
kms lobgs hg kuz qug sokg` hg ko gsigro o ko imreo cgmeátrabo gxtgramr y kugcm
rgcrgso` o ko gsigro y oså subgsavoeg`tg losto qug kms royms hg kuz `m sgo`
euy `uegrmsms.
G` gstg pu`tm, km qug hgdgråo mburrar gs qug kmcros vgr kos imreos cgmeátrabos
g` 2 haeg`sam`gs, bmem sa sg puhagro vgr hgshg tmhms kms ï`cukms.
Eo`tg`gr ko bm`bg`trobaò` smdrg kos imreos cgmeátrabos y ko kuz, losto qug gk
obm`tgbaeag`tm sg eo`aiagstg hg eo`gro orem`amso.
@m gs `gbgsoram eo`horkm ok a`ia`atm, gstm `m sg lobg eïs. Dosto bm` kkg`or
bm` ko kuz Xoedaá` sarvg poro prmdkgeos psabmiåsabms.
 

GK OTXGIOBXM BWDM BM@M BWDM

Cracmra Crodmvma, ko cgmegtråo gs ko gxprgsaò` iu`hoeg`tok hg ko a`imreobaò`
eotgraokazoho hgk brgohmr qug pmsgg u` pmtg`baok eg`tok y (bm` gsm, toedaá`
ko giabag`bao g`grcátabo).
Gk sgr lueo`m g`tag`hg kos imreos cgmeátrabos egjmr puhag`hm trodojor eïs
iïbakeg`tg bm` gkkms qug bm` iacuros odstrobtos. ^mr gsm, ko bokahoh hg ko
eotgrao pughg sgr tro`simreoho “o trovás hg u` ortgiobtm eg`tok bm` imreo
cgmeátrabo tro`simreo`hm su a`imreobaò`. Ohgeïs, pughg sgr cg`grohm u`o
prmtgbbaò` hg a`ikug`baos `gcotavos o trovás hg kms mdjgtms cgmeátrabms.
Gk ortgiobtm bbb gspgbåiabm gs bm`struahm g` trgs `avgkgs hg ohg`trm lobao
oiugro: Budm, bm`m, budm. Gsm sac`aiabo qug gk odracm hgk budm gs u` bm`m,
pgrm qug o su vgz gstï sag`hm kaeatohm o trovás hg u` budm.
^oro oepkaor gk gigbtm pmhgems aeoca`or u`o bgkho hmroho hgk brgohmr hg`trm
hgk budm qug rgbadg ko a`imreobaò` sacuag`tg:
0 " pròrrmco hg ea vaho, ko rgbm`strubbaò` hg ko `mreo, ko sokuh, ko vaho
gtgr`o, juvg`tuh gtgr`o."
O trovás hg ko prmcroeobaò` hgk ortgiobtm poro gk gstohm hgsgohm, tmhos kos
a`imreobam`gs `gcotavos sgrï` tro`spmrtohos o u`o vgkmbahoh euy rïpaho
losto gk bg`trm hgk ortgiobtm y tro`simreohos.
Okcu`os mpbam`gs
• Tgcg`grobaò` hgkhgocuo:
usm:pm`gr u` ortgiobtm eg`tokeg`tg orrado hg u` craim.
 

0 " ocuo hg vaho sokuhodkg, hgsa`tmxabo`tg, bm`strubtavo, rgcg`grotavo, kacgrm

y odsmkuto eg`tg sokuhodkg bm`imreg o ko `mreo hgk brgohmr. Gk ocuo burotavo
hgk brgohmr sok hg gso kkovg. "
• Tgcg`grobaò` hg okaeg`tms: vgr gk ortgiobtm hg imreo saeakor g` ko portg
supgramr hg kms okaeg`tms.
0 " sa` prmhubtms quåeabms, bmeaho orem`azoho, kacgrm y sokuhodkg bm`imreg
o ko `mreo hgk brgohmr."
• Tgcg`grobaò` hgk bugrpm: tro`sigrar u` ortgiobtm poro hg`trm hg u`o gsigro y
aeoca`orko g` so`crg, g` mtrms ikuahms bmrpmrokgs m portgs bmrpmrokgs.
0 " tmhms kms vokmrgs hg ko so`crg (vokmr... \y...) Rg g`bug`tro` g` ko `mreo
hg ko brgobaò`.
• Outm-Tgspm`sodakahoh: bmkmbor hms ortgiobtms orrado hg kms lmedrms.
0 " gstmy hgbahahm o sobor tmhos kos borcos hg eas lmedrms y `m obgptor eïs
kos borcos hg kms mtrms. O portar hg olmro kkgvm smkoeg`tg ko rgspm`sodakahoh
poro eå easem."
• ^rmtgbbaò` bm`tro ko bm`toea`obaò` gkábtrabo g` oedag`tgs y ok kohm hg kms
oporotms.
• Xro`simreobaò` hg satuobam`gs iuturos.
• Tgokazobaò` hg hgsgms.
• ^rmtgbbaò` bm`tro kos g`grcåos `gcotavos
Xgrea`or sageprg bm` ko prmcroeobaò` ia`ok:
0 " iajm gso ea hgbasaò` poro ko burobaò` y rgcg`grobaò` hg... Bm` ko kuz hgk
brgohmr o`tg gk im`hm hgk okeo hgk brgohmr "
Akuea`or 0 Igblo0 Lmro 0 ∐
Rgcú` Crodmvma, hgspuás hg lodgr lgblm gstm voraos vgbgs dosto bm` obtavor
ko prmtgbbaò` hgk
^rmcroeobaò` ortgiobtm
lgblo g` ko zm`o hgk budm bm`m budm bm` ko
o`tgramreg`tg."
Tgbugrhg qug hgdg sgr usohm bmem buokquagr haspmsatavm, saepkgeg`tg ho`hm
ko mrhg` hg su iu`bam`oeag`tm.
 
 

 
 

^TOBXABO HG BM@XTMK HG KO TGOKAHOH

GRXODKGBAHO ^MT CTODMYMA BM@ BMKMTGR
Hgbaho`
otg`baò` u` obm`tgbaeag`tm
smdrg gstms bmkmrgs:iuturm qug quagrg` lobgr rgokahoh y iajor vugstro
Tmso
Ygrhg
Oeorakkm
Tmjm
Ozuk
Yamkgto
Eag`tros kms vasuokazoems u`m hg gstms bmkmrgs pgreo`gbgrï crodohm g`
`ugstro eg`tg, oså pugs bm`bg`tráem`ms smdrg gsg bmkmr huro`tg ba`bm
ea`utms eag`tros tg`gems g` eg`tg `ugstrm hgsgm osmbaohm o ko sokvobaò` hg
tmhms kms sgrgs vavag`tgs hgk pko`gto, ok tgrea`or kms ba`bm ea`utms hoems
crobaos.
 
 

W@O IMTEO IOBAK HG ^AKMXOJG

Bmem km a`habo ko iacuro, orrado gsto ko gsigro hgk Brgohmr (hg u` bmkmr pkoto
drakko`tg) y poso pmr `ugstrm @ÚEGTM hg egs hg `obaeag`tm o ko gsigro hg
odojm qug bm`tag`g `ugstrm mdjgtavm!
Opkaborkm o u` mdjgtavm bm`brgtm, pmr gjgepkm bmeporor u` borrm, u`o boso
gtb.
@mto: Ko gsigro hg orrado rgprgsg`to ko Kuz hgk Brgohmr aeoca`orko kkg`o hg
kuz dko`bo pkotgoho euy drakko`tg, g` ko gsigro hg odojm bmkmbor su mdjgtavm,
gsto gsigro hgdg sgr hg mtrm bmkmr, rmsato, ozuk gtb. Aeoca`o qug g`trg gkkos gstï
su Egs hg @obaeag`tm pmr gjgepkm sa gs Mbtudrg Aeoca`or gk `úegrm ?>, y
hgspuás ko gsigro hg orrado dojo poso`hm pmr gk `úegrm hagz lobao tu gsigro
hgk mdjgtavm. W`o vgz qug ko gsigro hg odojm yo gstï bmepkgtoeg`tg akuea`oho
bm` ko kuz  hg bmkmr pkoto quagrg hgbar qug lo kkgvohm su mdjgtavm o ko
@MTEO. Oså tgrea`o gk bm`trmk.
 
 

 
 

^W@XM HG TGMTCO@AZOBAM@ HGK BWGT^M

Xrodojo`hm bm` u` ïrgo io`toseo hg ko pgrbgpbaò` hgsorrmkkoho.
Bgrbo hgk bugrpm, bgrbo hg ko pagk, bgrbo hgk bmrozò` gstï gk pu`tm hg ko
rgmrco`azobaò` hgk bugrpm.
Bmkmqug su eo`m hgrgblo hgko`tg hg ustgh y `m mdkacug o ko eo`m o ar lobao
gk bg`trm hgk pgblm.
Ko eo`m pmr så easeo sg otrogrï losto gk pu`tm hg Tgmrco`azobaò` hgk bugrpm.

Ko tgb`mkmcåo iu`bam`o oså:

?. Imreg u` mdjgtavm (torgo) y km a`sgrto g` u`o pgqugÿo gsigro.

Ko Xorgo hgdg sgr gspgbåiabo: ko rgstourobaò` hg ko vasaò`, ko rgstourobaò`

ouhabaò`, rgcg`grobaò` hg òrco`ms, ko `mreo hg ko sokuh huro`tg kms ?< oÿms
(m hg buokquagr ghoh) g` ko sgegjo`zo hgk Brgohmr. "
Rg pughg` pm`gr u` por hg prmdkgeos.
4. Ko gsigro g` ko qug sg g`soedkorm` tmhos kos torgos gkgcahos, sg rghubg o u`
pu`tm. Xag`g qug g` u` smkm aepuksm, euy rïpahoeg`tg, kkgvorkm losto gk ïrgo
io`toseo, gk pu`tm hg ko rgmrco`azobaò` hgk bugrpm.
 

 
BM@XTMKGR ^OTO OQWHOT O KOR ^GTRM@OR
_WG RG LO@ ^GTHAHM Q/M RGBWGRXTOHMR

Mpbaò` ?. G`bm`tror
pgrsm`os, qug sg lo` pgrhahm o `avgk hg a`imreobaò`. Kmbokazor g akuea`or o
gstos pgrsm`os g` su bm`bag`bao. Bm` gsto obbaò` pmhgems oyuhor o tmhms kms
qug sg lo` pgrhahm (`avgk Eobrm), a`bkuahos gstos pgrsm`os pgrhahos. Akuea`g
kos bmmrhg`ohos gxobtos, gk kucor, gk pu`tm hm`hg hgdg` rgcrgsor. Gstg pu`tm
hgdg
sokaho.sgrYasuokazor
akuea`ohmbòem
iugrtgeg`tg, y pm`grkm
ko cg`tg sg eugvg og`kmprïbtabo.
korcm hg Tgsoktg gk bmrrghmr
gstg bmrrghmr hg kuz.hg
Gk bmrrghmr gstï akuea`ohm bm` pgqugÿos gsigros drakko`tgs hg ko @MTEO
hava`o, y boho gsigro mrco`azo ko sacuag`tg `mreo hg gvg`tm o boho trgs egtrms
hgko`tg hg gsos pgrsm`os, qug gstï` g` emvaeag`tm.
G` gk pko`m hgk okeo, qug gs gk boea`m, ko ruto sg kg eugstro o gstos pgrsm`os
bm` kubgs drakko`tgs poro kkgcor ok pu`tm hg rgcrgsm. Wstgh vasuokazo bòem gsos
pgrsm`os pgrhahos yo gstï` hg rgcrgsm, emhgkm hg ko `mreo, ustgh gs bopoz hg
vgr o gstos pgrsm`os g` gk pu`tm hg kkgcoho, y toedaá` hgdgråo lodgr okcm eïs
bgrbo`m, pmr gjgepkm, u` ïrdmk.
Wtakabg sugstï
haracg`tg bm`bag`bao poroyhgia`ar
ovo`zo`hm ok kåhgr
"gs bopoz hgk crupm hgHgstobor
hg gsbublorkg". pgrsm`ostrgs
pgrhahos. Gstg
sagtgs 333
 

irg`tg o sus mjms hg bmkmr ozuk, gstms `úegrms sm` u`o portg hg ko sgbug`bao
hgk `úegrm 2?<333?1??2, ko buok gs usoho pmr ko pgrsm`o qug kkgvo o bodm gk
bm`trmk. Gstg `úegrm hg sgrag tro`siagrg ko hgbasaò` bmrrgbto, gs hgbar, eugstro
ko sokaho. Gsto tgb`mkmcåo gs u`avgrsok y pughg sgr opkabohm g` buokquagr mtro
satuobaò`. Ko tgb`mkmcåo hg ko "@mreo hg Yugkm" brgoho pmr Cracmra Crodmvma
g` mbtudrg >1tl, 4>>? sg utakazò g` gstg bosm portabukor.
Mpbaò` 4:
‛G`tror g` kms Hagz." Yasuokazo`hm u`o ikgblo vmko`hm lobao gk mdjgtavm.
Obgrtor ?> g` gk bg`trm hgk mdjgtavm poro mdtg`gr u`o vasuokazobaò` a`eghaoto.
Ko troygbtmrao hg vugkm hg u`o ikgblo gs gk boea`m y ko sokaho poro oqugkkms
qug gstï` pgrhahms. _uag` kkgvo o bodm gk bm`trmk hgdgråo vasuokazor gk hgsta`m
y ko ikgblo g` vugkm, y tmhm gk tagepm vgr o gstos pgrsm`os vmkvag`hm,
gegrcag`hm hg gsto eorbo hg ?>..
Ko mpbaò` 2. Rg pughg probtabor ko vasuokazobaò` o trovás hgk g`mreg y vostm
gspobam hgk pmr g`baeo hg oqugkkms, qug sg lo` pgrhahm y rgcrgso`hm
saeuktï`goeg`tg, a`bkuyg`hm o quag`gs kkgvo` o bodm gk bm`trmk.
Tgsoktg ko portg supgramr hg ko troygbtmrao hg ko ruto, kuz gs prmygbtoho smdrg ko
tagrro y eugstro gk boea`m poro gsos pgrsm`os. Wstgh pughg vasuokazorkm
oyuho`hm, sobo`hm o kos pgrsm`os. Kkgvor o bodm gk bm`trmk.
 

XTODOJO@HM BM@ KO BMKWE@O HG KWZ  

Gjgrbabam poro buror, boedaor gvg`tms.....tro`simreor, rgcg`grobaò`...
Rg aeoca`o u`o Kuz qug vag`g hg orrado, hgshg gk a`ia`atm hg u` bmkmr dko`bm
pkotgohm, ko kuz hgk Brgohmr, gsto Kuz imreo u` tudm m pakor km
suiabag`tgeg`tg cro`hg poro g`tror g` gk, gstg rgsmkvgrï to`tm sus torgos
pgrsm`okgs bmem kms hg ko Eobrm Rokvobaò`, o`tgs hg g`tror g` gk pag`sg g` su
mdjgtavm, pughg g`tror smkm m kkgvor bm`sacm o su ioeakao, eosbmtos ,oeacms,
pko`tos, gtb. m pm`gr o OKCWAG@ bm` gk mdjgtavm hg oyuhorkm.
Qo qug g`trò g` ák sg qugho gk tagepm `gbgsoram poro buepkar su mdjgtavm.
Gk Xudm pughg emvgrsg, m caror. Mdsgrvg ko sg`sobam`gs g` su bugrpm.
 
 

BM@XTMK EGHAO@XG KO GRIGTO

BM@XTMK(O):: ?.-Yasuokaz
BM@XTMK(O) ?.-Yasuokazor
or bgrbo hgk lmedrm azquagrhm
azquagrhm u`o pgqugÿo gsigro
gsigro
hg bmkmr dko`bm-pkotgohm bm`imreg bm` kos g`sgÿo`zos hg Cracmra Crodmvma
"Gsto gs ko gsigro hg ko sokvobaò` u`avgrsok.
4. Bgrbo hgk lmedrm hgrgblm vasuokazor mtro gsigro hg buokquagr mtrm bmkmr hg
kuz (mrm). ^m`gr g` gsto gsigro gk mdjgtavm qug loyo gkgcahm. 2. G` su
pgrbgpbaò`, bm`gbtg oedos, u`aá`hmkos. Irg`tg o su pgblm. G` gk emeg`tm hg
ko bm`gxaò` vgrï u` drakkm a`eg`sm, bmem u`o kuz dko`bo-pkotgoho. Ocrohgzbo
yo Xmhm gstï rgokazohm.
 
 

BM@
BM@XTMK
XTMK (D):
(D): Aeoc
Aeoca`
a`gg u`o
u`o gsig
gsigro
ro hg bmk
bmkmr dko`
dko`bm
bm pkot
pkotgo
gohm
hm (hg
(hg
buokquagr
gsigro hgk toeoÿm)
Brgohmr,g`ko su eo`m
gsigro hgazquagrho, y sag`to sushm`hg
ko Eobrm Rokvobaò`, rohaobam`gs.
tmhm gsGsto gs koy
pgrigbtm
hg obugrhm o ko @MTEO HAYA@O.
Olmro g` su eo`m hgrgblo aeoca`g mtro gsigro (toedaá` hg buokquagr toeoÿm)
pgrm hg u` bmkmr haigrg`tg, pmr gjgepkm hg u` bmkmr hmrohm y pm`gr hg`trm hg
gsto su torgo, rgprgsg`to su torgo/mdjgtavm pgrsm`ok.
O bm`ta`uobaò`, kkgvor kos hms gsigros ju`tos losto qug sg tmbo`, buo`hm gstm
subghg ko gsigro bm` su torgo pgrsm`ok bmeag`zo o drakkor bm` ko kuz dko`bo
pkotgoho acuok qug ko gsigro hgk Brgohmr.
Gk bm`trmk tgrea`o buo`hm ko sgcu`ho gsigro sg iusam`o bm` ko gsigro
akuea`oho hg bmkmr dko`bm pkotgohm.
 
 

HAGZ GKGYOHM O KO EG@MR ?3

"Gk Brgohmr mrco`azò gk eu`hm, - oiareo Cracmra Crodmvma, hg emhm qug boho
posm sacuag`tg yo gxastg g` gk prgsg`tg. G` mtros pokodros, gk iuturm gs yo
prghgia`ahm g` gk prgsg`tg, gsto gs ko kgy hg ko vaho. G` bm`sgbug`bao, g` gk
iuturm gs toedaá` u` gvg`tm kacohm o ák. ^mr km to`tm, g` gk prgsg`tg sg pughg`
g`bm`tror sageprg kms sac`ms hgk iuturm… buo`hm sg havahg gk a`sto`tg g`
portgs eå`aeos, pmr gjgepkm a`igramrgs o ?> o ko pmtg`bao hg -?3 , sg tag`g ko
bm`iareobaò` hg qug prgbasoeg`tg ko kuz pughg sgr utakazoho bmem sastgeo hg
prgvasam`gs g` eabrm prmbgsms. ^rm`u`baï`hmko, sg pughg emhaiabor tmhm km
qug `m `ms
bm`tag`g sotasiobghg
gkgeg`tms g`pg`soeag`tm,
gk iuturm". "Ko cgstaò`g`o trovás
bm`sastg hg u` Gstohm
ko supgrpmsabaò` qug `m
outmeïtabo
hg ko a`imreobaò` òptaeo (gs hgbar, ko `mreo) smdrg ko a`imreobaò` gxtgr`o
hargbto lobao `msmtrms.―
Wtakazor gsto pmtg`bao boho vgz qug gxpgraeg`tg sg`taeag`tms y gvg`tms
`gcotavms.

 
 

GK GJGTBABAM G5YR  
Gstg gs u` gjgrbabam hg Crodmvma euy aepmrto`tg. W` gjgrbabam hg bm`bag`bao
g`grcátabo.
Buo`hm `obgems, `ugstro okeo qug yo lo vavahm o`tgs sg rgikgjo g` u` bugrpm,
pgrm gsg`baokeg`tg ko kå`go hg tagepm pughg sgr bm`trmkodkg.
Ko gsigro hg `ugstro okeo, sg a`bkuyg g` u` roham hg ba`bm egtrms. @ugstrm
boepm ïurabm sg gxtag`hg boho vgz eïs, o eghaho qug `ugstrm osbg`sm
bm`ta`úo. Gk boepm hg opgcm gs hg 7> egtrms hg o`blm, pmr km qug pughg
aeoca`or ko bo`tahoh hg bm`toea`obaò` qug pughg g`tror hg`trm hg `msmtrms sa
`m smems pkg`oeg`tg bm`sbag`tgs hg `msmtrms easems. Obtuokeg`tg, vavaems
g` u` pko`gto hm`hg ko a`tgrigrg`bao smdrg kms sgrgs lueo`ms gs bm`todakazoho
g` dakkm`gs. Kms eghams brgo` bm`ta`uoeg`tg ahgos poro qug `msmtrms
brgoems qug gstg eu`hm `m vokg `oho, kos bmepoÿåos ioreobáutabos quagrg`
g`igreor`ms poro qug pugho` vg`hgr sus hrmcos, y quagrg` lobgr`ms vavar bm`
tgemr. Kos `mtabaos hg ko pmkåtabo `ms quagrg` lobgr brggr qug `m loy ha`grm,
o`uko`hm pmr bmepkgtm ko bm`iao`zo g` gk bm`bgptm hg ko odu`ho`bao.
Eo`apuko` `ugstrm pg`soeag`tm g` vasto hg u`o `gbgsahoh hg bm`trmk hg ko
pmdkobaò` ckmdok.
qug `m tg lorá kggr,Crodmvma, hgspuáshghgkou`o
brgò ko iòreuko korcoqug
g`grcåo prgporobaò`
sg utakazo g` ko kaepaor
poro iåsabo, gk
boepm g`grcátabm.
Ko iòreuko gs G 5 YR
Ko g`grcåo gs gk rgsuktohm hgk vmkueg` hg a`imreobaò`, poro `ugstro
bopobahoh hg sg`tar oqugk vmkueg` g` gk gspobam. Ohgeïs, gsto bopobahoh
oueg`to, g`trg eïs g`grcåo sg rgbadg sgrï usoho poro brgor eïs. ^grm, smdrg
tmhm, gsto pgrbgpbaò` opmrto g`grcåo o u` gstohm praeoram hg ko purgzo, ko
gkaea`obaò` hg buokquagr tapm hg bm`habam`oeag`tm, ko a`tgrigrg`bao, ko
a`imreobaò` `gcotavo. Gstg gjgrbabam rgtaro hg `ugstrm boepm g`grcátabm boho
hgsvaobaò` prmvmboho kos
gembam`gs `gcotavos, pmrimreos
`ugstrmhggstohm `mreok. Gstm
pg`soeag`tm, sg g`tahohgs,
gk gcm, opkabo o tmhos kos
cmdagr`ms
 

hg ko smedro, kos pgrsm`os qug gstï` eo`apukï`hm`ms, poro gkaea`or ko

g`grcåo `gcotavo g` u`o rgkobaò` ioeakaor m hg porgjo, y pmr supugstm toedaá`
sg pughg usor poro kms hgeïs. Ròkm rgbugrho utakazorkm o `avgk eobrm, iugro hg
ko gsigro hg ba`bm egtrms hgk okeo.
Kugcm, u`o vgz lgblm gk gjgrbabam, sg pughg gsbradar ko iòreuko g` ko pagk m g`
u` imkkgtm, y kkgvorkm bm` ustgh.
-Racug gk gjgrbabam.
G 5YR ↔ rgstourobaò` hg ko pgrsm`o y ko gkaea`obaò` hg kos g`grcåos
`gcotavos
G`trm g` ea okeo y vgm y obtúm bmem gk brgohmr
3?2<?14?-pgreo`gbgr bg`trohm (Bm`bá`trgsg smkm g` gxastar)
3?2<?14?
3?2<?14?
ko sokvobaò` hg hgsorrmkkm ckmdok y orem`amsm y ko prgvg`baò` hg hgsostrgs
ckmdokgs ?3<8?4?.
^oro prmtgbbaò` hg buokquagr pgkacrm g` buokquagr kucor y g` boho `avgk hg
3?12?.
^oro rgcrgsor o ko @mreo hgk brgohmr ?13?4<12.
^oro mdtg`gr oyuho a`eghaoto 12<?31- Oyuho rïpaho, hg gegrcg`bao
^oro gk hgsorrmkkm pgrsm`ok gtgr`o (sgbug`bao hg ozuk, qug a`eghaotoeg`tg sg
bm`vagrtg g` mrm) 1<<<3341<<.
Ea hgsgm gs bm`vgrtar gsto satuobaò` poro boedaor gsto g`grcåo, kaepaor ea
boepm g`grcátabm, gkaea`or buokquagr a`imreobaò` `gcotavo, hgslobgreg hg
buokquagr bm`habam`oeag`tm. Boedaor gk gstohm hg gsto g`grcåo (km qug quagrg)
y pmr km qug a`sgrtor ko iòreuko G 5 YR g` gk pkgxm smkor y sg prm`u`bao:
Tgbm`mzbm ko iug`tgGhg
bmkmqug ko iòreuko ko a`imreobaò`
5 vs `gcotavo
g` gk pkgxm smkor (m kms hm`hg
m gk pu`tm sgrgs msburms)
sg imreoygk
gspobam hg a`imreobaò` `gcotavo.)
Hgshg gk im`hm hgk okeo hgk Brgohmr iajm gstg rgsuktohm bm` ko kuz hgk
Brgohmr.
 
 

TGIGTG@BAOR DADKAMCTOIABOR
-  Tgcg`grobaò` hgk mrco`asem lueo`m o trovás hg ko bm`bg`trobaò` g`
`úegrms Cracmra Crodmvma
--   Xlg tgobla`cstmmitlgCracmra
A`trmhubtam` egtlmhsCrodmvma
mi Cracmra Crodmvma Rvgtko`o Rear`mvo &
Rgrcgy Jgkgzfy
-  @uedgr sgrags imr psyblmkmcabok `mreokazotam` Cracmra Crodmvma
-  W`aiagh Rystge mi F`mwkghcg Cracmra Crodmvma
-  @uedgr imr Rubbgssiuk Dusa`gss C. Crodmvma