BOOK-30 / LESSON-1

GRAMMAR :
1) GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS :
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT VERB COMPLEMENT
Driving across the city takes about an hour.
To leave Now would be rude.

AN. IT VERB COMPLEMENT SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

It takes about an hour to drive across the city
It was Nice meeting you.
was Wonderful to see Maria again.

* Swimming in the lake is fun. * To give compliments gracefully requires skill.

It is fun swimming in the lake. It requires skill to give compliments gracefully.

* Finding souvenirs to take home was not difficult. * To express appreciation shows good manners.
It was not difficult finding souvenirs to take home. It shows good manner to express appreciation.

* To welcome the guests is a host’s responsibility. * To accept compliments graciously takes self-confidence.
It’s a host’s responsibility to welcome the guests. It takes self-confidence to accept compliments graciously.

* To praise the food that is served is a guest’s duty. * It’s a valuable privilege to vote.
It’s a guest’s duty to praise the food that is served. * It was wonderful to go to New York last summer.
* It requires patience to work with children.
* Being invited to a party is usually pleasant. * It is a serious decision to go to war.
It’ usually pleasant being invited to a party. * It takes courage facing danger.
* It’s dangerous riding a bull.
* Heating a large house is simple with a good furnace. * It’s disappointing not passing the book quiz.
It’s simple heating a large house with a good furnace. * It’s difficult learning English.

2) SEQUENCE OF ADVERBS IN FINAL POSITION :

PLACE (1) MANNER (2) TIME (3)
1. The children are at home alone tonight.
1. Alec plans to travel to Chicago by train next week. * number 4 also correct:
1. Ann eats breakfast at the cafe every day. John walked briskly down the walk.
1. John walked down the walk briskly.

* He walked into the room quietly during the meeting. * Sally will go to France by plane in April.
1 2 3 * John will buy souvenirs at the mall this morning.
* Ralph answered the questions fully and at once. * Frank bought souvenirs downtown yesterday.
2 3 * He answered the questions on the tape correctly today.
* Dan decorated rooms downstairs secretly after bedtime. * She will invite her friends over to her house tomorrow.
1 2 3 * Mr. White compliments his students in class every day.
* A crowd stuck around curiously after the disaster. * Sally will drive to work early in the morning.
2 3 * Cat sits in the window in the winter.
* The marchers walked across the bridge during the storm. * Grace thanks everyone gratefully right away.
1 3 * The students play soccer in the park twice a day.
* The satellite flew around the earth rapidly. * They’ll move into the apartment on Saturday.
1 2 * Sue studies hard every night.
3) THAT-NOUN CLAUSE SENTENCES :
It’s a wonder that you weren’t killed.
That you weren’t killed is a wonder.

* It is a fact hot air is less dense than cooler air. * It is undeniable that Mark is a capable leader.
Hot air is less dense than cooler air is a fact. That Mark is a capable leader is undeniable.

* It is certain that the sun will rise in the morning.

* It is well-known that smoking often leads to cancer. That the sun will rise in the morning is certain.
That smoking often leads to cancer is well-known.
* It is essential that you read the instructions.
* It is possible that Mary may receive an award. That you read the instructions is essential.
That Mary may receive an award is possible.

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4) THAT-NOUN CLAUSES AS COMPLEMENTS :
NOUN PHRASE BE OPTIONAL THAT NOUN CLAUSE
The fact is (that) you were late!

* The reason was (that) we weren’t listening. * Her feeling was (that) she didn’t pass the test.
* My understanding is (that) we can’t go with you. * The fact is (that) the weather will improve
* My hope is (that) peace will prevail. * Our mistake has been (that) we haven’t studied.
* The reason is (that) one of my kids was sick. * My feeling is (that) he’s not such a good actor.

LESSON - 2
GRAMMAR :
1) CHANGING EMBEDDED QUESTIONS TO INFINITIVES :
MAIN CLAUSE EMBEDDED QUESTION (Noun clause)
Can you tell me
Do you know how I can wrap this package ?
How can I where I can find that book ?
I don’t know what I should bring for the party ?
I know
I wonder

MAIN CLAUSE QUESTION-WORD + TO INFINITIVE

Can you tell me
Do you know how to wrap this package ?
How can I where to find that book ?
I don’t know what to bring for the party ?
I know
I wonder

* Can you tell me where I can find my car keys? * Can you tell me which bus I should take?
Can you tell me where to find my car keys? Can you tell me which bus to take?

* I know how I can fix the radiator. * I wonder whose book I can borrow.
I know how to fix the radiator. I wonder whose book to borrow.

* Do you know whom I should see about a job? * I don’t know what I should do about the mistake.
Do you know whom to see about a job? I don’t know what to do about the mistake.

2) RATHER THAN / AS WELL AS / BUT NOT :

CONNECTIVE USE EXAMPLES
RATHER THAN indicates preference or alternative * Albert prefers to read rather than watch TV.
( similar to “ instead of ” ) * She likes working in the garden rather than in the kitchen.
* We’ll walk rather than take a taxi.
AS WELL AS indicates addition * The game was long as well as tiring.
( similar to “ besides “ ) * Paul ordered rice as well as potatoes.
* Sally swims as well as skins.
BUT NOT indicates contrast * The curtains fit the windows in length, but not width.
NOTE: but not does not join verbs * The party was great fun, but not long enough.

EXAMPLES (Rather than) EXAMPLES (As well as)

* Patsy usually chooses to study rather than play. * George plays golf in good weather as well as bad.
* The child likes vegetables rather than desserts. * My new sports car runs fast as well as efficiently.
* He likes to read classic novels rather than modern * Infection as well as exhaustion caused her
books. hospitalization.
* If you’re greatly outnumbered, retreat rather than attack. * Tommy wanted cookies as well as cake for dessert.
* I prefer to stay at home rather than go to a movie. * Al is a good sportsman. He runs as well as swims.
* I’d choose table tennis rather than football. * Mary sings as well as dances.
* The employer selected Bill rather than Bob. * South Texas is hot as well as humid.
* Sara married for love rather than money. * Every day Mike runs five miles as well as lifts weights.
* The food was mild and tasteless rather than flavorful. * Stan likes ice cream as well as cookies.
* If you’re too tired, stay home rather than go out. * Frank enjoys watching comedy on TV as well as drama.

EXAMPLES (But not)

* The snacks were delicious, but not filling. * Sally is going to the lecture, but not Betty.
* Most children like sweets, but not vegetables. * A phone was installed in the family room, but not in the bedroom.
* The watch was expensive, but not prohibitive. * The food at the restaurant was delicious, but not expensive.
* The test was difficult, but not impossible. * The weather was cold, but not freezing.
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* Robert drives fast, but not carelessly. * Maria speaks fast, but not clearly.

3) NOUN / ADJECTIVE APPOSITIVES :

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO APPOSITIVE PHRASES:
* Maj Smith, who is a navy pilot, plans to retire in March.
Maj Smith, a navy pilot, plans to retire in March.

* The Millers are going to Jamaica between October and February, which is the tourist season.
The Millers are going to Jamaica between October and February, the tourist season.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES REDUCED TO APPOSITIVE PHRASES:

* Because he was exhausted from the long trip, Grandfather rested before going on.
Exhausted from the long trip, Grandfather rested before going on.

* Although he was tired and hurry, Uncle Ben still refused to break dinner until he’d finished the job.
Tired and hurry, Uncle Ben still refused to break dinner until he’d finished the job.

EXAMPLES
* The July storm, (which was) the worst of the season, caused extensive damage to the crops.
* Bobbie, (who is) their youngest son, is joining the army next month.
* (Because he was) afraid of starting an argument, Sam kept quiet.
* Dick and Jane packed up their camping gear (because they were) disappointed in the weather.
* (Although they were) lost in the fog, the Boy Scouts still managed to reach their destination.
* Bluebonnets and buttercups, (which are) my favorite wild flowers, are blooming now.

LESSON - 3
GRAMMAR :

1) SHALL : (Making a suggestion)

 We use shall with I or we in a question when we want to make a suggestion and ask another person if he / she
agrees with this suggestion.
Shall I show you how I do this? - You’re hoping he’ll agree with or take you up on your suggestion.
Shall we go to lunch? - It’s 12:00 o’clock, you’re hungry and you want your friend to go to lunch with you.

EXAMPLES

* I think we’ve spent enough time on this lesson. Shall we go on to the next one?
* They’re having an excellent performance at the theater this weekend. Shall we go?
* Oh! There’s no catsup on the table. Shall I get some?
* The travel agency has a very reasonable tour offer to Italy this summer. Shall we make reservations.
* According to the map, there’s a small park about twenty miles from here. Shall we stop and rest a while?
* The TV is too loud. Shall we turn the volume down?
* That lemonade looks good, and it’s only twenty five cents a cup. Shall we buy some?
* It’s getting too cold for us to continue working in the yard. Shall we go inside?
* We’re out of milk and coffee. Shall we stop at the grocery store after work?
* I think it’s getting hot in here now. Shall I open the window?

2) ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES :
NOUN ADJECTIVES : -y / -ly / -ful / -less / -ern / -ous / -ic / -ical / -ish / -like / -al / -ar / -ary.
Silk-silky hysteria-hysterical
brother-brotherly style-stylish
use-useful child-childlike
home-homeless monument-monumental
north-northern family-familiar
danger-dangerous station-stationary
hero-heroic
NOUN & VERB  ADJECTIVE : -able / -ible / -ive / -tive / -ative.
refund- refundable protect-protective talk-talkative
force-forcible produce- productive
VERB  ADJECTIVE : -ent / -ant.
differ- different assist-assistant
NOTE: The suffix WARD can be added to various word stems to form ADJECTIVE.
Back-backward land-landward

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EXAMPLES
* Due to the emergency last night, Sgt Thomas didn’t get enough sleep; therefore, he is very sleepy today.
* Sgt Jones easily becomes everybody’s friend. I had never met such a friendly person.
* The mechanic reassembles each part with care. He’s a careful person.
* Tom had a lot of money, but he spent every penny. Poor thing, he is penniless now.
* My friends like warm weather, and are now living in the South. In fact, they’re living somewhere in southern Texas.
* Michael Jackson got his fame by being a popular singer. He has been famous since he was a little boy.
* This is an old city with a lot of history. It has many historic buildings.
* He was acting like a child when he said that. It was a childish remark.
* It isn’t known what caused the revolution, but perhaps dissatisfied citizens started a revolutionary movement.

3) SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT :

SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS :
Some indefinite pronouns are considered singular, and therefore take a singular verb. These pronouns are :
one, each, either, neither, every, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody.
* One of the teachers in our school has a foreign car.
* Each of the children in the class has a dictionary.
* Either of the books on my desk is acceptable.

EXAMPLES
1. Neither of the two instructors was at the party.
1. Every room in the house needs to be painted.
1. Somebody I don’t know is looking in the files.
1. Someone from Spain is visiting Bruce.
1. Everybody in our office drives to work.
1. Everyone hands in the assignments to the teacher.
1. No one in our family reads mystery stories.

THERE + BE :
In a sentence with there + be, the verb agrees with the subject that follows it.
* There is a pencil on the table.
* There are some pencils on the table.
If the subject consists of two or more parts, the verb is plural.
* There are a notebook and a pen on the table.

EXAMPLES
1. There is a student from Spain in our class.
1. There is an application for the Air Force Academy on the desk.
1. There are many decisions to be made before we settle here.
1. There are no blankets around here, and I’m freezing.
1. There is nobody who can translate this letter for me.
1. There are ten chemical formulas we have to learn by tomorrow.

COMPOUND SUBJECTS :
A) When both parts of a compound subject refer to the same person or thing.
* Her brother and president of the company was at the party.

B) When a singular subject is joined to a noun by together with, accompanied by, or in addition to.
* Betty, together with her sister, is going to Italy.
* David, accompanied by Theresa, was at the theater.
* A nut, in addition to a bolt, is needed to hold this in place.

C) When each or every modifies singular parts of a compound subject is joined together by and.
* Every student and every teacher was at the meeting.
* Each coach and each player knows this rule.

D) When two parts of a compound subject are so closely related that they refer to a single thing.
* Bacon and eggs is my favorite breakfast.

E) When two or more singular subjects are joined by or or nor.

* Thomas or Eric operates the new computer.
* Neither Todd nor Roy understands the problem.

EXAMPLES
1. The student and team captain is Mr. Smith’s son.
1. Sgt Carson, together with Sgt Evans, rides the bus to the city.
1. Every child and every teacher eats in the school cafeteria.
1. Bread and butter is served at dinner.
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1. Betty or Elise does the shopping.
1. Neither Stan nor his parents İS interested in traveling.
1. Tom’s jacket and Bill’s sweater are on the bed.

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY :
When pronouns of indefinite quantity are used with an of phrase, the verb must agree with the noun that appears in the
of phrase. These pronouns are: any, all, some, none, more, most.
* Are any of the students from Ecuador?
* Is any of the coffee from Colombia?
* All of the students bring their dictionaries to class.
* All of the water in this area has a lot of minerals.

EXAMPLES
1. Some of the butter contains less animal fat.
1. Some of the cream tastes sour.
1. None of the pilots have checked in.
1. None of the paper was blue.
1. More of the tuna sandwiches were eaten.
1. Most of the oil was shipped to a foreign country.

IRREGULAR CONSTRUCTION :
Some nouns which are irregular always appear in plural form, and therefore require plural verbs.
* The clothes are in the dryer.
Other irregular nouns end in -s and are singular in meaning, and therefore take a singular verb.
* The news about more U.S. jobs is good.
There are also irregular nouns that show their plurality by means other than s. When these nouns are plural, they
require plural verbs.
* The man works eight hours. The men work eight hours.
Still other irregular nouns may either be singular or plural.
* One fish was in the shallow water. Ten fish were in deep water.

EXAMPLES
1. Physics keeps Ed very busy at the university.
1. Mathematics confuses many students in that class.
1. Whose pliers are on the table?
1. The children go out to play everyday.
1. The fish in this lake grow very quickly.
1. The sheep on our ranch produce a lot of wool.

LESSON - 4
GRAMMAR :
1) PERFECT GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES :
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
PERFECT Having + past participle Having been + past participle
GERUND Having studied all nigh, Tom was ready for the Having been accused of robbery, Sam had to hire a
exam lawyer.
PERFECT To have + past participle To have been + past participle
INFINITIVE The all night study session proved to have been a Today the accusations against Sam appear to have
mistake for Tom. been dropped.

EXAMPLES
1. Mary makes many mistakes in grammar in spite of having graduated from college with a four point average.
1. Due to having lost the election, the President must move out of the White House.
1. Elaine will take a long vacation next month as a reward for having finished her novel before the publisher’s deadline.
1. Karl is frightened due to having seen a ghost on the stairway.
1. Thomas is thankful for having been allowed to drive his dad’s BMW to Mexico City.

1. We are lucky to have had good weather all week

1. Bill looks great! He appears to have lost a lot of weight.
1. She hopes to have been accepted at Harvard by this time next year.
1. Tom appears to have been injured in the football game.
1. Jean seems to have been betrayed by her best friend.

2)ADJECTIVES USES AS NOUNS :

 Adjectives used as nouns, refer to group of people, for example “ the poor “
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  Adjectives + (- ese / - ish), refer to group of people of a particular nationality. “ the Chinese, the English”
 When used as nouns, all of these adjectives regularly take a plural verb.
EXAMPLES
1. Caring for the poor is one of the responsibilities of religion.
1. He spends a lot of his time visiting the sick since he retired from the military.
1. An old saying states, “Only the good die young.”
1. Our national song calls the United States “the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
1. After the battle, the dead were buried and the wounded were sent home.
1. The missing in action are the cause of many tears back home.

THE STRONG AND THE BRAVE ( Somut)

beautiful disabled hungry rich weak
blind elderly injured sick wealthy
brave famous innocent strong wounded
clever great intelligent ugly young
courageous guilty living uneducated
dead handicapped poor unemployed
deaf homeless proud uninformed

ABSTRACT QUALITIES
absurd good obvious supernatural
bad impossible possible unexpected
evil long short unimaginable
expected mysterious sublime unknown

EXAMPLES
1. A sign in a printing shop reads: “ The possible we do in an hour; the impossible takes a little longer.”
1. The radio play takes as its subject the world of the supernatural.
1. Most people try to prepare for the unexpected by keeping some extra cash on hand.
1. The class is producing a drama from the theater of the absurd.
1. “The long and the short of it” means the core of the matter.
1. It was also Napoleon who said, “ The English are a nation of shopkeepers.”
1. In the play, “Julius Caesar,” by William Shakespeare, we read: “The evil men do lives after them; the good is oft
interred with their bones.”
8. “From the sublime to the ridiculous,” which is credited to Napoleon Bonaparte, means something like from a high
point to a low point.

3) PRONOUN AGREEMENT :
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESS POSSESS REFLEXIVE
ADJECT PRONOUN
SINGULAR I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its itself
PLURAL we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
EXAMPLES
1. Anyone who comes into the building must identify himself or herself.
1. Betty is from Chicago, where she has lived for many years.
1. The major bought his wife a watch for her birthday.
1. Would you please help yourself to refreshments?
1. Someone has left his or her car in the colonel’s space.

TORNADO TOM
Reporter : General, would you please comment on your recent campaign in the desert?
What was your basic strategy?
Gen. Tom : Our military didn’t want the enemy to know what we were planning, and so,
first of all, we took out his air force.

Reporter : What do you mean, you “took out his air force”?
Gen. Tom : I mean we destroyed 90% of his planes. And after we had taken out his ability to see
what we were doing, we moved our armored divisions to the west and north.
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Reporter : I see.
Gen. Tom : Now, he was expecting us to make an amphibious landing on the seacoast.
And to sustain that belief, we had massed our ships off the coast.

Reporter : Was that the reason for the practice landings during the last few weeks?
Gen. Tom : Yes, that’s correct. So we moved several of our divisions up to the northern side of the city,
and that, in essence, is the way we started our offensive.

Reporter : If he had pulled out his chemical weapons, how would you have responded?
Gen. Tom : We expected that he might use chemical weapons,
and so we were prepared for their use against our troops.

Reporter : Thank you for the interview, sir.

FUNCTIONS
LESSON-1
EXPRESSING GRATITUDE AND RESPONDING :

Thanks a lot. I appreciate your help (kindness, thoughtfulness, etc.)

Thanks very much. You shouldn’t have (done it).
Thanks you very much. I’m very grateful (to you).
Thanks so much. Thanks for the compliment.
Thanks a million. I’m in your debt.
Thanks a bunch. I can’t thank you enough.
Many thanks. How can I ever thank you?
I owe you one. I appreciate it.

You’re welcome. Never mind.

You’re very welcome. Any time.
You’re more than welcome. It was no trouble.
You don’t have to thank me. It was nothing.
Think nothing of it. (It was) No problem.
Don’t mention it. (It was) My pleasure.
Don’t worry about it. Forget it.

Jim: Okay, Ann, I’ve finished changing your tire. You should be able to drive safely now.
Ann: Thanks so much, Jim. I don’t know what I would have done without you.
Jim: Believe me, it was nothing.

Sue: Oh, Mom, this dress is absolutely beautiful. You shouldn’t have!
Mom: I enjoy making clothes for you. Don’t mention it.

Matt: Bill, I appreciate your help in fixing my TV set.

Bill: It was no trouble. What are friends for?
Matt: Yeah, but you gave up your whole Saturday afternoon. I owe you one.

Chris: Hey, I’ve got two extra tickets to Saturday’s basketball game. Could you use them?
Steve: I sure could. Thanks a million, Chris!
Chris: Any time.

Dr. Smith: Well, it appears that the operation was a success. Your heart should last you for many years now.
Mr. Jones: Oh, Doctor, how can I ever thank you? I’ll always be in your debt.
Dr. Smith: You don’t have to thank me. I’m just glad that I could help.

Stephanie: I’d like to thank you again for the wonderful wedding gift. My husband and I really appreciate your
thoughtfulness
Mrs. Carr: I was more than happy to do it for you. And let me repeat how much I enjoyed your wedding.
Stephanie: Thanks very much. I hope everyone enjoyed it.

Mr. Palmer: You really have some nice furniture in this store.
Shop Owner: Thanks for the compliment. Is there anything I can help you with?

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Mr. Palmer: No, thank you. I’m just looking today.
Shop Owner: We appreciate your stopping in. Please come again.

LESSON - 2

ASKING FOR AND GIVING INFORMATION :

Excuse me, do you know where.........? I was wondering if you could help me. I’d like to know..........
Pardon me, I’m looking for......Do you know where it is? Ma’am, could you tell me......../ Do you know........?
I’m sorry to bother you, but........... Sir(Miss), would you be so kind as to tell me........?

This may sound like a dumb question, but.........? Do you know...........?

I hope you don’t mind my asking, but..............? Can you tell me.......?

Amy: Excuse me, I’m looking for a bank. Do you know where one is?
Ben: Sure. There’s one not far from here. Turn right at the first traffic light, then go about two blocks farther.
Amy: Thanks.

Cal: Pardon me. Can you tell me which corner the bus stops on?
Dan: Yes, that’s a bus stop over there. See that pole with an orange sign on it across the street?
Cal: Oh, yes, I see it. Do you know how often the buses run?
Dan: I’m not sure but, I think it’s every ten minutes during rush hour.
Cal: Thank you very much.

Ernie: I’m sorry to bother you, but I was wondering if you could help me.
Bert: I’d be glad to try. What can I do for you?
Ernie: I’m looking for the place where they sell Spurs tickets.
Bert: Oh, that’s Tours and Tickets in Arnold Hall.
Ernie: Thanks for the information.

LESSON - 3

SUGGESTING A COURSE OF ACTION :

I- Expressions such as these indicate that the speaker feels very sure about what should be done.
I think that you (we) should...... * I would suggest that encirclement would be our best tactic.
I would suggest that...... * I think we should commit all our troops to a surprise attack.
My suggestion would be to..... * I believe we shouldn’t put so much emphasis on the time element.
The best thing to do would be to.... * To me, our best option would be to adopt a strategy of counterattacking.
Your (our) best opinion would be to.... * My suggestion would be to surround the enemy
The best course of action would be
to....
I believe you (we) ought to....

II-We use them if we are uncertain. These would be appropriate for use in formal settings.
It seems to me that perhaps..... * I think it might be a good idea to replace the compressors.
you (we) might want to...... * we might want to consider just changing the valves and nozzles.
have you (we) considered.... * has replacing them ever been considered?
we have considered.... * It seems to me that perhaps instead of just keeping our old equipment,
has....ever been considered.... we should consider investing in an entirely new technology.
I think it might be a good idea.... * one idea would be to do another study of the cost.
one idea would be to.......

III- With close friends, we normally use less formal phrases to make suggestions.
Left column- very direct statements Right column- less certainty
I think you’d better...... Take my advice and..... You might want to.....
Why don’t you...... Do yourself a favor and... It may be a good idea to.....
You should... If you want my opinion..... You probably should....
You ought to.... Let’s..... You might want to think about.....
If I were you, I’d... Maybe you’d better....
What you need to do is... Maybe you should think about....

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LESSON - 4

EXPRESSING AND RESPONDING TO SYMPATHY :

 To express sympathy is to share in the sorrow or emotion of someone else.

* I am (was) sorry about.... * I was shocked to hear about......

* I was sorry to hear about.... * Too bad that.......
* I’m sorry that..... * I want you to know how sorry I am about.......
* I’m so sorry to hear about... * I can’t tell you how sorry I am that......
* I’m so sorry that...... * I’m deeply/ truly/ really sorry to hear.......

 When we want to show someone that we really understand what he / she is experiencing, we use them:

* I know your feelings.

* I understand how you ( must) feel.
* I understand what you’re going through.
* I know how you feel.......
* I understand how lonely/ sad/ hurt/ angry you must feel.

 If we want to offer assistance in some way, we use expressions like these:

* Is there anything I can do for you? * I’ll be here if you need me.
* Please let me know if there is anything I can do? * Please don’t hesitate to call on me if there’s something
* I’ll be more than glad to help you. I can do.
* Please call if you need me. * If I can help (you)in any way, let me know./ just call

 We usually respond in the following ways:

* Thanks a lot. * I appreciate your thoughtfulness.

* Thank you very much. Thank you for your kindness.
* I’ll call if I need you. Thanks. Concern.
* It’s very nice of you to offer to help. * Thank for being so kind / thoughtful / understanding.

LESSON - 1 MEANING SYNONYM SYNONYM MEANING

appreciate V be grateful for estar agradecido por

band N belt or strap

cinturón o correa

increase or rise; an act that helps aumentar o aumentar un acto que

boost N
encouragement ayuda a alentar

boost V raise
aumento
cleaners N place where clothing is cleaned
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 lugar donde se limpia la ropa
expression of praise or
compliment N expresión de alabanza o
admiration
admiración
compliment V praise or express approval
alabanza o aprobación expresa
hacer más agradable mediante la
decorate V make more pleasing by addition
adición
don’t mention it E It’s all right
Todo está bien
figure N amount / number ; form
cantidad / número; formar
fraction N part of
parte de
furnace N device for giving heat dispositivo para dar calor
grateful J thankful, appreciative
agradecido
hook N catch for attaching captura para adjuntar
invite over V ask to visit
pedir visitar
just the same E anyway
de todas formas
keep an eye on E watch carefully mira cuidadosamente

kid N child
niño
link N connection
conexión
companion; spouse; one of a
mate N Compañero; esposa; uno de un
matched pair
par emparejado
device to convert sound to
microphone N dispositivo para convertir el
electricity
sonido en electricidad
praise V express approval, compliment aprobación expresa, cumplido
remainder N balance equilibrar
investigación para obtener
research N investigation to get facts
hechos
research V investigate to get facts
investigar para obtener hechos
something that serves as a
souvenir N
reminder algo que sirve de recordatorio
speak up V speak louder
habla mas alto
speech N a talk given to an audience
una charla dada a una audiencia
stick around V remain in / at a place permanecer en / en un lugar
stick by V remain true / faithful permanecer fiel / fiel
welcome V greet / accept with pleasure saludar / aceptar con gusto

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LESSON - 2 SYNONYM MEANING
additive N a substance added to smt. to change it in some way
bureau N a government department/ division of a department
compensate V make payment for
compensate for V make up for or balance out
compressor N a machine that presses or squeezes gases together
crank N an arm-like device used for turning things
crumble V fall apart or break into pieces
deposit N a natural accumulation; resources like oil, gas
diminish V reduce in size or effect
do away with V get rid of or eliminate
duct N a tube-like passage for liquids, gases, etc.
fully ADV completely
horsepower N a unit for measuring power
in search for PRP looking for
intake ADJ related to taking something in
invert V turn upside down
in working order EXP in good condition
make up for V substitude for, compensate for, a mistake or offense
mechanized ADJ automated, done with or having machines
mercury N a silver-colored poisonous metal
nozzle N a device through which liquid is discharged
punish V set as a penalty
rag N a worn cloth
reciprocate V move back and forth or up and down alternately
residue N that which remains or is left over
seep V move or pass through slowly
simultaneous ADj occurring at the same time
spray V discharge liquid in a mass of small drops
thereby ADV by that means
underground ADV below ground
upside down EXP in a position with the top turned to the bottom
valve N a device used to control the flow of liquids or gases
VAX V polish
well N a deep hole which is drilled in the earth to obtain oil,
gas, or water

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LESSON - 3 SYNONYM MEANING

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adopt V to take for one’s own evlatlığa kabul etmek, benimsemek
ambiguous ADJ not clear in meaning belirsiz, anlamı açık değil
base V to establish or use a foundation for dayandırmak, kurmak, üstlenmek
caution V to warn uyarmak, ihtar etmek
commit V to obligate someone to follow a course of action tevdi/sevk etmek, örnekte kendisini vermek
concept N idea or thought konsept, fikir
conflict N fight or war çatışma, mücadele, dövüş
conflict V to be in opposition to zıtlaşmak, çelişmek
contingency N an event that is uncertain faraziye, olasılık
contrary to PRP in opposition to - e karşı, zıt, aykırı
conventional ADJ usual or ordinary bilinen, konvensiyonel, klasik
counter- PFIX against or opposite karşı
derive V to obtain or receive from a source çıkarmak, türetmek
feasible ADJ capable of being done yapılabilir, mümkün
formulate V to organize into expression formulüze etmek
global ADJ relating to the entire world küresel, tüm dünya ile ilgili
in essence EXP basically or fundamentally özde, temelde
in opposition to PRP against or opposing
joint ADJ shared by or common to two or more birleşik, ortaklaşa
missing ADJ lost or absent kaybolmuş, eksik
mobile ADJ movable seyyar oynak
mobility N ability to be moved seyyarlık, yer değişebilinen
opponent N person on the opposing side rakip, karşıki
originate V to start or create yaratmak, türetmek, from; den meydana get.
pattern N design model, patern
policy N plan of action politika
political ADJ of or concerning government politik, siyasi
priority N preferential order or position öncelik
proportion N comparative relation oran, orantı, nispet
ratio N proportion oran, orantı, nispet
secure V to make firm or safe bağlamak, sağlamak, elde etmek
security N freedom from danger emniyet, güven
setting N time and place; environment yer ve zaman, ortam
simulate V to give the appearance of or imitate yalandan yapmak, ...........gibi görünmek
tactic N means or plan used to achieve a goal taktik
task N job görev

LESSON - 4 SYNONYM MEANING

accord N agreement anlaşma
amendment N change düzeltme, tadil
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 astonished ADJ greatly surprised şaşmış, hayret etmiş
astonishing ADJ surprising şaşırtıcı
back on one’s feet EXP be well again tekrar iyi olmak, iyileşmek
burn down V burn to the ground / cause to burn yanarak yerle bir olmak
condolence N sympathy baş sağlığı
constitution N the structure or form of a person or thing anayasa, bünye, oluşum
democracy N government by the people, directly or demokrasi
through elected or appointed
representatives
deserve V be worthy of / earn hak etmek, layık olmak
for lack of PRP because of not having - olmaması nedeniyle
for the sake of PRP for the good of - in hatırı için, - in uğruna
give a ring EXP call on telephone telefonla aramak, telefon etmek
in connection with PRP in relation to - ile ilgili olarak
it’s a shame that.... EXP It’s too bad that......
king N male ruler kral
mayor N elected official belediye başkanı
office N public position büro, ofis, iş yeri, bakanlık
pass V approve onaylamak anlamında geçirmek
queen N female ruler kraliçe
religion N belief din
religious ADJ devoted / referring to religion dini, dindar, dinsel
run for V campaign for elective office - için adaylığını koymak
senator N elected official senatör
send for V request by msg. to come - i çağırmak, getirtmek
service N ceremony ayin, tören
set about V begin a task başlamak
shocked ADJ greatly surprised şok olmuş, şok geçirmiş
shocking ADJ surprising korkunç, iğrenç
sympathy N sharing in feeling emotion üzüntü paylaşmada kullanılır
tragic ADJ terrible feci, acıklı
what a shame that... EXP It’s too bad that.....
with respect to PRP in regard to / concerning - ile ilgili olarak, - e gelince

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