OF BUILDINGS. IN ENON lec ce30 Eccentric 87. [u the case of cccentric loadingson a steel column, the bending momer fea oie Bale: exch, principal axis shall be calculated and the resulting bending stresse wm added tov the axial load Der square inch. “The working loed Per square inch ma then be inerway Specified in by-law 85 up to a lime F, where ‘| #5(1-£) (1mm) tlie Fi denotes the working load 7 That inch specified in by-law 85, £ the total foad on the column in tons divided by the Gross eroas sectional area of'the colimn a in square inches, and | the ratio of eftctive column length to the least radius of 8y¥tation. Sefinuiog 88. In cases where a beam is connected toa continuing column, the bending beam proportionately to their Stiffnesses, account being taken of all bending moments or shearing forces at any joint. Ditto 89. Ina continuing column all beuding moments due to eccentricities f loading Aecany,on® floor level may be considered we entirely dissipated at the levels of he floor beams immediately above ana below, provided that the colume oy these latter levels is effectively restrained in the direction of the eccentricity, Set See =00), Tha wets loads and st OMe fam BS for beams, columns and all theie connection Lae of steel 91. Where structural s one ti emai an of composite Quality and 92. Concrete mit a ith these by-laws and shall not be relied upon to infored” SUPPOrt, collect or transnye lading otherwise than as provided in the by-laws soneree. Reinforced concrete shall be regards composition and quality, not inferior , as to that designated IIT in by-law id, eee 93. Construction which will Support or transmit loading supported, collected mee or transmitted by reinforced conerete shall comply with the requirements of these y-laws, 2 concrete, i dations 94. Loading su ported, collected or transmitted by reinforced concrete shall orced be distributed upon the earth by coucrete which shall :— concrete. in the same manner as is 35 (2) if plain, be of composition and quality not inferior to that designated in by-law 14! The angle of dispersion through such plain conorete sliall be taken as not less than 45 degrees with the horizontal ; and such Plain concrete shall not be relied Upon to resist shearing or tensile stresses otherwise than in accordance with this by-law; and (c) if reinforced, comply with the Tequirements of these by-laws,a eee os 2 hs i Tne pressure upon such distributing concrete shall be caleulated, and such je. Hf plain, shall comply in all respects with the cequirements of by-law 33 I suet 19 is eequired for plain concrete which is to support walle. o» Toog enuts loading in a building or part thereof, or which distributes suck loading ™*t! upon the earth, proper protection shall be provided to prevent such damage to the metal as would, in the opinion of the district surveyor, affect adversely the stability of such building or of any part thereof. ‘etal is used in combination with conerete which supports, collects sal 96. , Reinforcement shall be of structural steel complying with these by-laws Raita £2 combined with the'concrete that the reinforcement will be sufficient to provides ments in accordance with these by-laws, all necessary (2) resistance to tension ; I (6) assistance for the concrete to resist shearing actions ; and (c) assistance for the concrete to resist compression. Reinforcement shall, immediately before being placed in the concrete, be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil or other matter which might affect adversely the proper combination of such reinforcement with such concrete. 97. "Reinforcement shall have concrete cover, and the thickness of such cover Cover off (exclusive of plaster ot other decorative finish) shall be :— rein (a) for each end of a reinforcement rod or bar which is anchored otherwise "=" by means of « hook, not less than 2 inches, nor less than twice the diameter | of such rod or bar beyond such anchorage ; (8) for longitudinal reinforcement rod or bar in a column, not less than 1} inches, nor less than the diameter of such rod or bar ; I (©) for @ longitudinal reinforcement rod or bar ina beam, not less than Linch, nor less than the diameter of such rod or bar ; (d) for tensile, compressive, shear or other reinforcement in a slab, uot I less than } inch, nor less than the diameter of such reinforcement ; (©) for any other reinforcement (not being a binding) not’ less than § inch, nor less than the diameter of such reinforcement. i 98. The following by-laws 99 to 112 inclusive shall relate only to the use of Skeleton reinforced concrete in a building wherein the loads and stresser ace transmitted {iam through each storey to the foundations wholly by a skeleton framework of anforen I concrete or partly by a skeleton framework of reinforced conerete and partly by a party wall or party walls. 99. | The coinpressive, shearing and bond stresses in reinforced concrete ahull Streses i becaleulated, and, subject to the requirements of by-law 101 such strosees shall wee pe exceed those shown as appropriate for each designation of concrete in Tables 1X. and X following :— Taste IX~Drdinary concrete ‘Permissible concrete atreses, i on Designation of Modular feonerete ;atia ‘Compression | [Bue to bending” Direct . | : ; I ! 6 | 9 is 1 rr) 630 => UL 1s 7530 2 000 «a Where other proportions of fine to coarse agureyate are used the permissible Concrete stresses shall be based on the ratio of the sum of the volumes of the fine and coarse aggregates, each measured separately to the quantity of cement, aud shall be obtained by proportion from the two nearest designations— _ s Tames X—Qually"A concrete Permissible concrete stresses, per aquare inch Bond in 15 130 a 15 135 UL 15 120 Where other proportions of fine to coarse aggregate are used the permissible Concrete stresses shall be based on the ratio of the sum of the volumes of the fine and coarse jates, each measured separately, to the quantity of cement, and Provided also that the “punching shear stress in a footing (or similar construc- tion) of reinforced concrete which complies with the requirements of these by-laws fall be not more than twice the permissible shearing stress shown as appropriate for each designation of concrete in Tables TX and X above in this by-law. Stresses in, 100, ‘The tensile and compressive stresses in steel reinforcement of reinforced mene concrete shall be celoulated, and, subject to the requirements of by-law 101, such x stresses shall not exceed thase shown es epprupriate for each designation of ‘stress in Table XI following ;— Taste XI — Maximum permissible Designation of stress in steel reinforcement ara inl er ar Pinson in helical reinforcement in a.column 900" engion ther than in belivel reinforcement ia « column. 18}000. 12+ ongyidinal compremion in a beam where the omprenicecesivcxace ot 18.000 the concrete is not taken inte account, Longitudinal compression, direct or dee ta bending where the compressive The calculated com. ‘esiatance of the concrete is taken into account, Pressive stress in the Surrounding concrete multiplied by the modular ratio. Stresses in 101. lum permissible stresses in a reinforced cone Conerte art thereof having a ratio of eects column length to least radius of gyration not columns, Xeeeding 80 shall¢he cx specified in by-laws 99 and 100, The maximum permissible stresses in a reinforced concrete column or part thereof having a ratio of effective columa leogth to least radius of gyration between 50 and 120 as shown in Table XI following shall not exceed those which result from the multiplication of the appropriate wwe maximum Permissible stresses specified in by-laws 99 and 100 by the coefficient shown appropriate foreach ratio of effective column lengeh to least radius of gyration in Teble tat following :— Taste XIE Ratio of effective column length to leas Coefficient 38 1 % a0 70 O-8 80 OF 90 O68 100 o-5 lo. O4 120 03ed) ‘i I For any ratio of eflotive column ledgth to least radius of gyration between 50 and 120 not shown in Table XII abovefthe a, D pptopriate coefficient shall be deter. i mined on the busis that the coefficient varfes in proportion with the Tatio of effective roluna length ta least radius of gyration between those shown as consecutive in Tabi NT aha co actly feng’ te jsvtiain oF part thereof shall not bave a ratio of effective I solano length to least cadius of gyration more than 120. toa, The effective column length to be assumel in dete mining the working kiectivy load per square inch in accordance with by-laws 99, 100 and 10% shall be as follows :— lengths reinforce ‘Type of columa ‘onerete Eftectiva column tengeh columns Columas of one | Properly restrained at both ends in 0-75 of the actual column length. ‘storey. Position and diseotion, I [eee ere ee | Property restrained at both ends in Actual column length, |__ Position but not in direction, hk | Property restrained at one end la A value intermediate between the | position and direction and im- actual columnlength aniewin tee length depending upon the efficiency of the imperfect restraint. Columns ontinu- ; Properly restrained at both ends in | 0-75 of the dinance Row floor level to ing through; position and direction, floor le two or more ———_____" | Atoreys, Properly restrained at both ends in | A value intermediate berween 0-75 and 1-00 of the distance from floor level to floor (oF roof) level, depend. ing upon the efficiency’ of the irectional restraint. [a ‘Properly restrained at one end in| A value intermediate between the li pen and (oaners I ceatee Feel aos ea to floor (or rte restrais | and twice that ance, | ontind dieeton nt dheeuieree | ab level upon the ef |__the imperfect restraint. The effective column len; lues given above are in respect of typic: only and embody the general principles which shell be employed in assessing, to the satisfaction of the district surveyor, the appropriate vine fox any particular column, 103, sucuey duh to wind. t. pyovided such exces is solely due to stresses induced by provided that such excess shall not apply to secondary floc: i ee the stresses in roof construction above the topmost floor level in a nilding. AN eae are column shall have longitudinal steel reinforcement, Reinfore- I and the cross-sectional area of such reinforcement shall oot be less than 0-8 per cent., ment for to treaties 8 per cent., of the gross cross-sectional area of the soln required ‘0 transmit all the loading in accordance with these by-lews $ I Tei ing helical reinforeement shail have also at t helical reinforcement, Such pagitudinal bars shall be in contact with such helical rehtineerean and equidistant I around its inner circumference. At longitudinal reinforcement, the spliced bars shall overlap longi- tudinal distance not less than 24 times the diameter of the Et per bar, e lesser. jeal reinforcement vitto. the longitudinal such transverse reinforcement shall be anchored segughoved as to provide all necessary restraint against buckline nj reinforcement ; and the ends of es id Properly.40 The diameter of such transverse reinforcement shall be not less than + inch. ; a \" pitch of such transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the three follow 1 of such column : of the smallest longitudinal reinforcement in a i Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation, with the turns of the helix Shaced evenly ; and its ends shall be anchored properly. The pitch of the heltet {uins shall be not more than 3 inches nor more than one-sixth of the core-diareatee of such column ; and such pitch shall be not less than I inch nor less than thet -times the diameter of the ateel forming such helix. wiantést* 108. ‘The diameter of a steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete shall be not ment. more than 2 inches. The diameter of @ longitudinal steol reinforcement in a reinforced concrete columa shail be not less than $ inch. 2 ccf a0 The diameter of « main steel reinforcement in a reinforced conceste beam or yglab shall be not less than $ inch, > 4.3; ie eet The diameter of a steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete other th yor *“" dinal reinforcement in a column or a main reinforcement in a beam or sla diameter of steel forming a tie, helix, stirrup or the like, shall be not less theg tei ‘The diameter of steel forming a mesh-reinforcement for the tension in reinforced concrete shall be not less than yi; inch™rt Spacing of 107. The distance between two steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete Frinforee- shall be not less than the greatest of the three following distances :— (a) the diameter of either bar if their diameters are equal ; (2) the diameter of the larger bar if their diameters be unequal ; (c) ¢ inch more than the greatest size of the coarse aggregate comprised in such concrete. Provided that the vertical distance between two horizontal main steel reinforce- inforcements, shall be not less than # inch, except at a splice and except where one of such reinforcements is transverse to the other. The pitch of distributing bars in a reinforced concrete solid slab shall be not more than four times the effective depth of such slab. A mesh-reinforcement shall be of such dimensions, shape, proportions and arrangement as will afford proper combination of such reinforcement with such conerete, Shear re: 108. Where the concrete slone is not sufficient to resist, in accordance with intorcement. by-law 99, the shearing action in reinforced concrete, the whole of sat shearing action shall be provided for by the tensile resistance of shear reinforcement acting in proper conjunction with the compressive matinee of the concrete; but the magnitude of such shearing action to be so provided for shall not exceed four times that which the concrete afone sould resist in accordance with by-law 99, Reizrups. 109. "A stirrup in reinforced concrete shall pass round, or’be secured ade ately ° otherwise to, the appropriate tensile reinforcement ; and such stirrup shall have both its ends anchored Properly. re ity sisteties, + einforced concrete solid slab spanning in one direction shall have ‘erinsials. distributing bars at right angles to the main tens teinforcement of such slab; and the aggregate cross-sectional area of such distributing bars shall be ‘not lees ‘than one-tenth of the ‘aggregate cross-sectional area of such main tensile reinforce- ment associated therewith. rriterce ns ssottt: Where the compressive resistance of concrete in beams is taken into fe account, the compression reinforcement where it is required shall be effectively. anchored over the distance where it is required at points not further apart centre to centre than 12 times the diameter of the anchored bar. ment.Where the compressive resistance in concrete is not suas eessive ceinforcement shall be effectively anchored laterally and vertically (iN the distance whera it is required at pointe not freaten apart centre to centre ; [aairtes of the anchored bar. ‘The aubsidiary telafessese ie cmt oF be hooked over both the compresion wet I taken into account the a “ 1 i (12. Hooks and other anchorages of reinforcement in reinforced vonerete ‘os shall be of such form, dimensions and arran; ement as will ensure their adequacy without Overstressing the concrete, or any other material, 113. Where reinforced conerete is used in the construction of a building Build herein the loads and stresses are not tmoanttee through each storey’ to the ‘ompoute foundations wholly by a skeleton framework of reinforced concrete nan partly by “onstruct a skeleton framework of reinforced cuncrere and Partly by a party wall or party walls, the standard of stability shall to the satisfaction of she district surveyor, be not inferior to that Tequired for compliance with by-laws 99 to 112 inclusive. 114. Reinforcement in reinforced Concrete shall not be connected by welding, Welding o except in accordance with conditions Prescribed by the Council in each particular enone case. Provided that round or square bare not Verse to each other forming a mesh reinfore a solid py electrically fusing the metal of such rods at their points of be executed at the works where euch mesh is fabricated and be satisfied as to its suitability, 115. Reinforced concrete subjected to bending actions in building shall stittness i Possess adequate stiffness to Prevent such defection or deformation as might, in the opinion of the district Surveyor, affect adversely the stability of such hnilding I or of any part thereof. ate grginforced coucrete subjected to compression in a building shall possess Ditto Adequate stiffness, or be provided with adequate restraint, to prevent such lateral I Aexure as might, in the opinion of the district surveyor, affect adversely the stability of such building or of any part thereof ar ante, @brication and erection of reinforced concrete shall be such as will fascial foture that the ascumptious upon which the atrewes fe aaa Concrete and its rein- of reinforced forcement have been calculated shall be fulfilled adequately at all times in the © i building of which such reinforced concrete forme art. 118. Where the district surveyor finds substantial reason for doubt as to the Testing (or fuiciency or suitability of the reinforced cones for its purposes under these by. dele" I laws, the builder shall make such test or tests on such concrete as the district surveyor Tay Jequire; and if such testing proves, in the gpinion of the district surveyor, fhat such concrete is insufficient or unsuitable fer se Purposes under-these by-laws, i SuGh Gomerete shall be removed and replaced with mishoney concrete which complies with these by-laws. i INSTRUCTIO} 119. For the purposes of these by-laws the expression “ chimney shaft * Degaition Square inches in a4 «0. | for the purpose means the material surrounding a verticel fluc which exceeds $0 area and through which smoke or other products of combustion Pass of reaching the oped air. "appa ap eran oi bree maacony i ti aye seman ys ne plan gi Pr ee ata Petey nee esaD ee t #2 Every chimney shaft shall be constructed in accordance with the’ requirements of br. 126 to 131 (inclusive) ; thuft within or forming part of a building may be constructed «1 she shstrwt surveyor approves subject to :— f y being not inferior to that required by (inclusive) ; and (0) proper precautions being taken to prevent damage to the building through heat oc through corrosion of structural steel. ree mena 120. Before the construction of a chimney shaft is commenced :— nae (1) The site of such shaft shall be cleared of all such material as in the opinion of the district surveyor would, if not removed, affeu adversely the stability of such shaft or of any part thereof; and 2) all excavations, voids or cavities in the said site shall be filled or other- wise treated as the district surveyor may require for the purpose of ensuring the stability of such shaft. Filling required for the purpose of compliance with this by-law shall be of such material as the district surveyor may approve as ensuring the stability of such shaft and of evéry part thereat, Provided that if plain concrete be used it shall be as regatds composition and quality not inferior to chat designated VIL in by- law 14, Peesure on ._ ‘The pressure upon earth intended or likely to support or restrain a chimney Pus shaft shall be calculated to the satisfaction of the district surveyor ; and the intensity of such pressure shall not exceed that allowed by the district surveyor, The builder shall furnish all such evidence as the district surveyor may require in order that he may decide the intensity of such pressure. Temas 122. The pressure upon plain concrete filling required for compliance with aig by-law 120 shall be calculated to the satisfaction of the district surveyor and the intensity of such pressure shall not exceed that shown as appropriate for each desig- nation of concrete in Table IV of by-law 34. ‘The angle of dispersion through such plain concrete filling shall be taken as uot less than 45 degrees with the horizontal ; and such plain concrete filling shall not be relied upon to resist tensile stresses otherwise than in accordance with this by-law. Loating on 128. Loading due to or transmitted by » chimney shaft shall be calculated foundations. to the satisfaction of the district surveyor and be distributed upon the earth by concrete which shall— (2) comply with the requirements of by-law 32 in the same manner as is required in the case of a building ; (6) if plain, be as regards composition and quality not inferior to that de- signated V in by-law 14 and comply with the requirements of by-law 35 in the same manor a2 is required for conorcte which ia to oupport walls or piers. The angle of dispersion through such plain conorete shall be taken as not less than 45 degrees with the horizontal; and such plain concrete shall not be relied upon to resist tensile stresses otherwise than in accordance wich this by-law; anc fi (0) if reinforced, comply with the requirements of these by-laws relating to the use of reinforced concrete. Shape of 124. A chimney shaft: shall be of square, circular or any regular polygonal ahaits, shape. Quality of 125, A chimney shaft and the footings thereof shall be constructed of suitable Urickwork. brickwork jointed with suitable mortar; and the brickwork enclosing such shaft shall be built with a batter (or inclination inwards) of 1} inches at least in every 10 feet of height. Thickness of 126. The thickness of the enclosing brickwork at the top of a chimney shaft Srickwork. and for 20 feet below the top shall be at least 8} inches, and shall be increased at least one half-brick for every additional 20 feet ox part thereof measured down- wards.a pares “an 43 Tey ae. comice, pedestal, plinth, string course or other variation from Caps, brickwork in a chimney shaft shall be provided as additional to the thickness omices, x i t I phin ti w: with by-law 126 and shall be of proper con- 2 nits at ed immediately below the ba y vhafe, and All round such base by regular oflsets to a projection not less than the thickness of the enclosing brickwork at the base of such shaft, The space enclosed by such footings shall be filled in solid to the satisfaction ! of the district surveyor as the work proceeds: § Where metal is used in connection with the Construction of a chimney Protection - thatt or the footings thereof, proper protection shall be provided to Prevent damage of eneeal. I ely ofa to such metal which, in the opinion of the district surveyor, might affect advers the stability of such shaft, 130. For the purposes of this by-law the height of a chimney shuft shall be Heiste of reiroular or of any regular polygonal shepe, A 131, Any internal lining in a chimney shaft shall be provided as additional Lining of fo and independent of the thickness of the enclosing brickwork, and shall suc my thal, bonded with such brickwork, Part VIlI—Miscettayzous § Fees of ake Provisioas of this by-law shall apply to chimneys constructed Chisness of bricks or blocks or of concrete and for the purpose of this by-law fue weeree Sek as the duct not exceeding 80 square inches in area through which smoke oc etn Products of combustion pass for the purpose of reaching the open i, {2) Blues may be formed in walla and chimneys may be constructed against A walls or detached chimneys may be constructed provided. tha (a) ualess otherwise provided by these by-laws every (ue shall be sur- Founded throughout with not less than 4 inches ia thickness of’ sit i bricks or | Properly bonded, bedded and jointed with mortar or of concrete cast in position or (except in the case of party walls) ff uch materials in combination with metal. Every ehimasy or suck, formed. by nati i the roof flat or gutter adjoining line of junction with such roof flat or gutter, height than a height equal to six times the least width of the otimney or stack ss the caso may be at the lercl oti highest point in such line of junction unless the chimney or stack is adequately secured against overturning. Every chimney which projects from a wall shall be properly bonded inte we ‘otherwise securely attached to the wall. : (0) every chimney shall be built on suficient foundations tothe satisfaction i of the district, surveyor but auch foundations shall not be required if {i) the chimney is built on corbels of brick, stone or other incombustible I material and the work 40 corbelled out does not project tee hen eeat more than the thickness of the wall measured itmedisaie bey ae , {i the chimney is carried upon steel framework or reinforced concrete constructed in accordance with these by-laws. (o) the highest six courses of every chimney or stack constructed of bricks or blocks shall be jointed with cement morta, (2) Unless expressly provided in these by-laws no Aue shall be less than 14 inches across in every ditection,