[rer] away from the office, These changes have already rolled out with no interruptions, and will allow us to continue offering the same great service at your busiest time in the year. @ > Modules > Land Law > Mortgages > Creation Of A Mortgage [ean © JLeraverns 8 JL suorieva siavoano =] 10.1.2 Creating a Mortgage Lecture Share this: The different types of mortgages Ifa legal interest is used as security, the mortgage can be legal or equitable. If equitable interest, the mortgage can only be equitable. Pre-1926 mortgages This mortgage would be made by the borrower transferring his legal estate to the lender in exchange for the loan. If the borrower defaulted on a payment, the lender would then sell the property - reformed by LRA 1925. Legal mortgage under the LRA 1925 S85 $85 allows the mortgagor to grant a long lease of the property to the mortgagee. The lease will be terminable once the loan is repaid. Legal mortgage of a term of years under the LRA 1925 S86 Under $86 the lease no longer needs to be assigned, but instead the creation of a sub-lease would create a mortgage. An attempt to use the pre-1926 method of assigning the lease will result in the lease being converted into a sublease for the current unexpired period of the main lease, minus 10 days. This period of ten days allows a second sub-lease to be granted for a second mortgage. Charge by deed under the LRA 1925 S87 A deed will be executed by the mortgagor confirming that there is a mortgage/charge ovS87 gives the same powers and remedies to the mortgagor as would be given if the property had been leased or subleased by S85 or S86. Registered land Under the LRA 2003 $23(1)(a) the power to create a legal charge is provided. A charge should be created by the completion of a deed. The charge must be registered before it will have legal effect (but it will operate in equity) Cityland and Property (Holdings Ltd) v Dabrah [1968] Ch 166 - a legal charge is created by simple words showing an intention that the land is to be mortgaged with the repayment of a loan. $25 of the LRA 2003 confirms this along with the LRR 2003 rule 103, First registration $4(1)(g) LRA 2002 - creation of a ‘first protection legal mortgage’ of a qualifying estate means the property will then be required to be registered, Once registered, the charge will take effect as a charge by deed by way of a legal mortgage. Equitable Mortgages This principle operates where there has been a contract to create a legal mortgage but it has not yet been executed as a deed. This will give rise to an equitable mortgage from the date the contract is formed. This contract must be in writing as per S2 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. Informal mortgage by deposit of deeds Equity will also protect an individual where it was clear that the owner of the property intended to charge their property in relation to a loan - Russel v Russel(1783) 1 Bro CC 26. $2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 requires there to be an agreement made in writing - United Bank of Kuwait ple v Sahib [1997] Ch 107. Equitable mortgage of an equitable interest An equitable mortgage is created by the pre-1926 method of transferring the whole legal estate to the mortgagee. This transfer must be made in writing to pass the equitable interest. Rights of the mortgagor The right to redeem The right of redemption refers to the right of the borrower to ‘redeem’ the mortgage once, loan and all of the interest has been repaid. Following this repayment, the mortgage ends| the lender no longer has any right over the property.The right to redeem at law is a contractual right. The contractual provisions cannot be altered or ignored — Kreglinger v New Patagonia Meat & Cold Storage Co Ltd [1914] AC 25. Redeeming at equity Equitable redemption is possible as long as the loan and any interest has been repaid. The equity of redemption In an equitable mortgage, where the legal estate has been transferred to the mortgagee, the mortgagor owns the ‘equity of redemption’. This refers to the mortgagor's equitable interest in the property, which is an interest in land - Pawlett v Attorney General(1667) Hardres 465 Protection on the equity of redemption Equity protects the rights of the mortgagor, and does not allow any arrangement that prevents the mortgagor from redeeming, and prevents any burdens imposed on the property during the term of the mortgage operating once the mortgage is redeemed. Prevention of redemption Ifa provision in an equitable mortgage prevents a mortgagor from redeeming it will be void - Toomes v Conset(1745) 3 Atk 261 Postponement of redemption A provision that postpones a redemption in such a way that the right to redeem is worthless will also be void. There is no equitable right to redeem before the date of redemption, Other advantages for the mortgagee The mortgagee may also insist on terms which are unrelated to the actual mortgage, but provide a benefit to the mortgagee. These kinds of agreements are valid so long as they are not in breach of competition law or unconscionable. However, they are only usually valid for the duration of the mortgage (Biggs v Hoddinott [1898] 2 Ch 307), even if the mortgagor has agreed that the agreement will continue after the redemption of the mortgage. Oppressive or unconscionable agreements may be invalid even whilst the mortgage agreement is in effect - Cityland & Property (Holdings) Ltd v Dabrah [1968] Ch 166. Right to grant a lease S85 and $86 powers require the mortgagor to grant a lease to the mortgagee. Therefore, i would be impossible to grant a second lease over this property. The same would apply fo mortage.$99 of the LRA 1925 gives a statutory power to the mortgagor to create a lease that is binding on the mortgagee. Right to sue The mortgagor also has a right to sue in relation to their land, despite the estate being subject to the rights of the mortgagee. S98 of the LRA 1925 alleviates any potential problems with the mortgagor bringing any action. Right to surrender The mortgagor may accept the surrender of a lease but only where a new lease is to replace this surrendered lease within one month of termination - $100 of the LRA 1925 Rights of the mortgagee The right to title deeds and charge certificates In relation to unregistered land (pre-1926 mortgages), the mortgagee has the right to possession of the title deeds of the property. As per Section 27(2)(f) of the Land Registration Act 2002, the charge must be registered with the mortgagee's name as the proprietor. The right to possession $85, S86 and $87 mortgages have the effect of giving a lease or sublease to the mortgagee. Therefore, the mortgagee has right to possession of the land from the date of the mortgage (National Westminster Bank plc v Skelton [1993] 1 WLR 72). There may be restrictions on this right. The right to insure Terms relating to the mortgagor providing insurance for the property are commonplace. In absence of these terms, $101(1)(ii) of the LRA 1925 implies a term allowing a mortgagee to insure the property against fire loss/damage. The right to lease Once a mortgagee takes possession of a property, they then have a right to lease the property. This lease binds the mortgagor. Remedies of the mortgagee Foreclosure The remedy of foreclosure cannot be effected until the contractual obligation of the mortThe first step of foreclosure is for the mortgagee to obtain a court order - Re Farnol Eades Irvine & Co Ltd [1915] 1 Ch 22, and then possession of the property transfers to the mortgagee as settlement of the mortgagor's debt. The mortgagee can then sell the property. Possession and sale There may be certain circumstances in which the mortgagee may use any income generated from the property to repay the debt. Section 101(1)(i) of the LRA 1925 grants the mortgagor the power to sell the land, even if it is not explicitly given in the deed. The power arises when the mortgage money is due, which is usually the contractual date of redemption. However, there are three further conditions imposed by $103 of the LRA 1925: 1. The mortgagee must serve a notice that payment is required on the mortgagor and this default continues for three months; or 2. The interest payable is two months in arrears; or 3. A covenant of the mortgage deed has been breached Target Home Loans Ltd v Clothier (1994) 1 Ell ER 439 provides for an interesting advantage to the mortgagor. The court may delay an order for possession if they believe the mortgagor can obtain a higher price by selling the property themselves. What happens once the property has been sold? When a mortgagee sells a mortgaged property, they transfer good title to the purchaser free of any of the mortgagor's interests and rights. However, the property will be subject to estates and interests which were in effect prior to the mortgage If the mortgagee has sold the property to a purchaser whilst the mortgagor retains occupation in the property, the new owner will be able to obtain an order of possession against the mortgagor. What happens to the proceeds of sale? 5105 of the LRA 1925 states that the mortgagee selling the property becomes a trustee of the proceeds of sale. The proceeds of sale must then be distributed in this particular order: 1. The payment of any money required to discharge encumbrances prior to the mortgage which the sale is not subject to; 2. Payment of costs and expenses incurred in arranging the sale; 3. The amount required to discharge the mortgage debt, including interest and any other payments required 4, The balance is to be paid to the mortgagor or anyone else entitled (British General Insurance Co Ltd v Attorney-General (1945) 12 LINCCR 113If the proceeds of sale are insufficient to discharge the mortgage debt after all of the other repayments, the mortgagee retains the power to sue the mortgagor for the remainder of the debt - Rudge v Richens(1873) LR 8 CP 358. Protection for the mortgagor Ability to pay debts The first protection afforded to the mortgagor is where they can provide evidence that despite being in arrears to the mortgagee they will be able to pay their debts shortly. This will prevent the mortgagee from forcing a sale at this point. Obtaining of possession This may not be done by force, as it would be a criminal offence as per $5 and 6 of the Criminal Law Act 1977. The mortgagee must make an application to the court, this will give a further period of time for the mortgagor to pay their debts and the court even has a power to extend this, despite being used rarely (Cheltenham & Gloucester ple v Krausz [1997] 1 Ell ER 21). Dwelling-houses If the property includes or is a dwelling-house, the Administration of Justice Act 1970 $36 protects the inhabitants. The mortgagee will have to produce an application for possession, and the court will decide what action to take. For this to be applicable the mortgagor must continue paying the current instalments (First National Bank plc v Syed [1991] 2 All ER 250). If the house is vacant, the mortgagee may repossess without an order (Ropaigealach v Barclays Bank plc [1999] 1 QB 263. This protection is not afforded to the mortgagor if they give up possession of the property only to later realise that they may use this protection to delay the sale ~ Barclays Bank ple v Alcorn [2002} All ER (D) 146 Reasonable period of time The courts take a holistic approach, considering the circumstances of each case. Mortgagee’s duty to obtain a proper price The mortgagor is also afforded protection by the mortgagee’s duty to obtain a proper price for the property - Raja v Lloyds TSB Bank plc(2001) Lloyds Rep Bank 113 Protection where the mortgagor has leased the property The Mortgage Repossessions (Protection of Tenants) Act 2010 has given some protection tenant, only applicable to dwelling houses. Service of a notice is now required before athe repossession for up to two months, giving them sufficient time to find alternative accommodation. Mortgagee’s power to appoint a receiver $101(1) LRA 1925 - the power arises when the power to sale arises, The receiver must be appointed by written document executed by the mortgagee, and this, receiver becomes an agent of the mortgagor (not the mortgagee!), as per $101. Any income generated by the receiver must be applied in this order: 1. Payment of any outgoings on the land, such as the current mortgage repayments; 2. payment of the insurance premiums; 3. payment of interest on the loan; 4, payment of capital on the loan if the mortgagee agrees; and 5, payment of any balance shall go to the mortgagor Remedies in equitable mortgages Foreclosure Requires the permission from the court, therefore, nothing changes for equitable mortgages. Possession Contention - it seems possession can only be taken with a court order, demonstrated in Barclays Bank v Bird. Sale The statutory power of sale is only granted to mortgages by deed. Therefore, to exercise the power of sale an execution of a memorandum or deed evidencing the transaction would be required, See Re Hodson and Howe's Contract (1887) 35 ChD 668. Appointment of a receiver The statutory power to appoint a receiver is only applicable where the mortgage is made by deed. Therefore, without a deed, the mortgagee must apply to the courts for the appointment of a receiver Liability of mortgagees and other parties Silven Properties v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2004] 1 WLR 997 Mortgagee’s dutiesDuty to take reasonable care of the property When the mortgagee is in possession of the property, they must take reasonable care of it - Downsview Nominees Ltd v First City Corporation Ltd (No. 1) [1993] AC 295. Not to be a trustee of his powers A trustee must do everything to the maximum benefit of the beneficiaries. A mortgagee is under no obligation to maximise the benefit of the mortgagor - they can sell the property when the like, irregardless of whether a different time of sale would have been more beneficial — Raja v Austin Gray (a firm) [2002] EWCA Civ 1965. A mortgagee may have a number of motives for choosing to sell a repossessed property at a particular time. So long as one of these motives is to enforce the security and repay their debt, the sale will be valid - Meretz investments NV v ACP Ltd [2007] Ch 197. Duty to obtain market value Silven confirmed that the mortgagee has an equitable duty to obtain a ‘fair’ or ‘true’ market value for the property on the date of sale. The transaction must not be rushed through a low sale price - Palk v Mortgage Services Funding plc (1993] Ch 330. Modern cases have confirmed the duty is in equity. Receiver's duties Selling the property The receiver's duty is identical to what the mortgagee’s would be when selling. They must obtain a proper market value - Medforth v Blake [2000] Ch 86 Acting in relation to the property Unlike the mortgagee, who may remain passive and not actually sell the property, the receiver is under a duty to not remain passive - they must take positive steps to sell or maintain the value of the property. Setting aside Where the sale of a property is fraudulent, the sale can be set aside. Ending a mortgage Formalities * The mortgage will end either if a remedy is used to terminate, or the mortgagor has his debt. On termination by repayment the mortgagor needs evidence of the repay* For unregistered land, the mortgagee must execute a memorandum of discharge which should be endorsed on the back of the mortgage deed. Time Ashe v National Westminster Bank plc {2008] 1 WLR 710 - 12 years under the Limitation Act 1980. Priorities The general rule for equitable interests is that if the interests are equal, the one which was made first will take priority. This is fairly straightforward. Priorities of legal interests Registered title - $28 LRA 2002. The first one created takes priority, unless one of the exceptions apply. The first exception is contained within $29. There are also two further rules: 1. The later disposition must be a disposition for value. 2. If the earlier disposition is not registered, but is protected by notice or is a Schedule 3 interest, it will take priority despite not being registered. For unregistered title, there are a number of considerations. 1. If the mortgagee holds the title deeds of a legal mortgage, it takes priority against all other mortgages 2. If the mortgagee holds the title deeds of an equitable interest, and a later interest is legal, the legal interest has priority unless the mortgagee knew of the earlier interest. If the later interest is equitable, the one created first prevails 3. If the mortgagee does not hold the title deeds of a legal mortgage, it will take priority if registered as a class C(i) land charge 4. If the mortgagee does not hold the title deeds of an equitable mortgage, it will take priority if registered as a class C(iil) land charge Share this: Cite This Module To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: OSCOLA APA MLA MLA-7_— Harvard =~ Vancouver_~— WikipediaAll Answers Itd, ‘Creating a Mortgage Lecture’ (Lawteacher.net, June 2020) accessed 6 June 2020 Land Law 1. Introduction > 2. Land Law Basics ¥ 3. Unregistered Land ¥ 4, Registered Land ¥ 5. Trusts of Land ¥ 6. Co-Ownership ¥ 7. Easements & Profits ¥ 8. Covenants ¥ 9. Leases & Licences ¥ 10. Mortgages ¥ 10.1 Creation > 10.1.1 Introduction > 10.1.2 Lecture Notes > 10.1.3 Example > Other Modules Contract Law > Criminal Law > Public Law > Tort Law > dules > Land Law > Mortgages > Creation Of A Mo! Ready to get started? teAfee. 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