oo REFERENCES Rocket and Jet Propulsion il, P. G., and Peterson, C. R. 1965. Mechanics and ther- ‘modynamics of propulsion. New York: Addison-Wesley. Lancaster, 0. E., Bd. 1959. Jet propulsion engines. Vol. XU in High speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. oh, W. H. T. 1968, Jes, rocket, nuclear, ion and electri propulsion: theory and design. New York: Springer- Verlag Smith, G. G. 1950. Gas turbines and jet propulsion for air- craft. Sth ed. London: Iliffe. Sutton, G. P., and Ross, D. M. 1976. Rocket propulsion ele ‘ments 4th ed. New York: Wiley ‘crow, M. J. 1958. Aircraft and missile propulsion. New York: Wiley. Propellers and Windmills ‘Ashley, §, 1992. Turbines catch their second wind. ASME, Mechanical Engineering PropLems / 217 Eldridge, F. R. 1980. Wind machines, 2nd ed, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, Glauert, H, 1947, Elements of airfoil and airscrew theory, 2nd ed. New York: Macmiflan, Hansen, B. C. and Butterfield, C. P. 1993. Aerodynamics of horizontal-axis wind turbines. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 25: 115~49. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews. Meacock, F. T. 1947. Blements of aircraft propelter design. London: E. and B. N. Spon. ‘Simmons, D. M. 1975. Wind power. New Jersey: Noyes Data Corp. . ‘Taylor, D. W. 1933. The speed and power of ships. Rev. ed, Washington, D.C.; Ramsdell ‘Theodorsen, T. 1948, Theory of propellers. New York: MeGraw-Hill Torrey, W. 1976. Wind-catchers. Brattleboro, Vt: S. Greene Press. PROBLEMS 61. A horizontal 150 mm pipe, in which 62 1/s of water are flowing, contracts to a 75 mm diameter. Ifthe pressure inthe 150 mm pipe is 275 kPa, calculate the magnitude and direction af the horizontal force exerted on the contraction 662. A horizontal 0 mm pipe, in which 1 820 I/min of water are flowing, enlarges to 2 100 mm diameter. Ifthe pressure in the smaller pipe is 138 kPa, calculate magnitude and direction ofthe horizontal force on the enlargement 63. A conical enlargement in a vertical pipeline is 5 ft long and enlarges the pipe from 12 in. to 24 in. diameter. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the venical force on this en- largement when 10 cfs of water flow upward through the line and the pressure at the smaller end of the enlargement is 30 psi 64, A conical diverging tbe is horizontal, 0.3 m long, has 75 mm throat diameter, 100 mm exit diameter, and discharges 283 l/s of water into the atmosphere. Calculate the magnitude ‘nd direction ofthe force consponents exerted by the water on the tube, 65. A 100 mm nozale is bolted (with 6 bolts) to the flange ‘F300 me horizontal pipeline and discharges water into the ‘smosphere, Calculate the tension load on each bolt when the ‘resure in the pipe is 600 kPa, Neglect vertical forces. 166. For the nozzle of problem 6.5 what flowrate will produce ‘tension force of 7 KN in each bolt? 62. Calculate the force exerted by the water on this orifice plate. Assume that water in the jet between orifice plate and ‘vena contracta weighs 4.0 O25" 8 dorifice or T Nenacentacta Problem 6.7218 / MPULSE-MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE 68. The projectile partially fills the end of the 0.3 m pipe Calculate the force required to hold the projectile in position ‘when the mean velocity in the pipe is 6 m/s. 6m came << Probiem 6.8 69, Ths “needle nozzle” discharges a free jet of water at a velocity of 30 m/s. The tension force in the stem is measured experimentally and found to be 4 448 N. Predict the horizontal force on the bolts Problem 6. : 6.10. 90° bend occurs in a 0.3 m horizontal pipe in which the pressure is 276 kPa. Calculate the magnitde and direction of the horizontal force on the bend when 0.28 m/s of water flow therein, 6.11. 6 in, horizontal pipeline bends through 90° and while bending changes its diameter to 3 in, The pressure in the 6 in. pipe is 30 psi. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the horizontal force on the bend when 2.0 cfs of water flow therein, Both pipes are in the same horizontal plane. 16.12, A 100 mm by 50 mm 180° pipe bend lies in a horizontal plane. Find the horizontal force of the water on the bend when, the pressures in the 100 mm and 50 mm pipes are 105 kPa ‘and 35 KPa, respectively. 6.13. Calculate the force on the bolts. Water is flowing. S85 8150 mma Problem 6.13 6.14. The axes ofthe pipes are in a vertical plane, The low- rate is 283 m®/s of water. Calculate the magnitude, direction, and location of the resultam force of the water on the pipe bend. Problem 6.14 6.18. Water flows through a tee in a horizontal pipe system. ‘The velocity in the stem of the tee is 15 f/s, and the diameter is 12 in, Each branch is of 6 in. diameter. If the pressure in the stem is 20 psi, caleulate magnitule and direction of the force of the water on the tee ifthe flowrates in the branches are the same, 6.16. Two types of. gasoline are blended by passing them through a horizontal “wye"” as showa. Calculate the magni- tude and direction of the force exerted on the ““wye™ by the ‘gasoline. The pressure ps = 145 kPa Problem 6.16 6.17. If the 0wo pipes from the reservoirs of problem 5.42 join through the (anequally size) braaches ofa horizontal te and the discharge pipe leaves along the stem of the te, find the magnitude ind direction ofthe force of the water on the 120, The tee is at an elevation of 25 m (82 £0. 6.18. A nozle of 30 mm. tip diameter discharges 0.018 7 m'/s of water verically upward. Calevlate the volume of water in the jet between the nozzle tip and a section 3.6 above this point 6.19. The block weighs 1 1b and is telé up by the water jt issuing from the nozzle. Calculate H for a flowrate of 0.058 54 cfs Ignore the small quantity of water above pene AA. iii| [ Problem 6.19 (620, When round jes of the same velocity meet head on this flow picture results. Derive (ignoring gravity effects) an ex- pression for 0 in terms of c and d, oo Ke i =a it — FT Sy Peablem 6.20 621. The lower tank weighs 224N, and the waterin itweighs 897 N. If this tank is on a platform scale, what weight will register on the scale beam? as mma ig Problem 6.21 PROBLE: 6.22, A free jet issues form this “Borda orifice” into the at- ‘mosphere, Calculate d/D. Problem 6. 6.23. The pressure difference results from head loss caused. by eddies downstream from the orifice plate. Wall friction is negligible. Calculate the force exerted by the water on the orifice plate, The flowrate is 7.86 cfs. 2h psi ct a ae t Problem 6.23 6.24. The pump, suction pipe, discharge pipe, and nozzle are all welded together as a single unit. Calculate the horizontal component of force (magnitude and direction) exerted by the water on the unit when the pump is developing a head of 22.5 m. ama Problem 6.24220 J THe IMPULS MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE 6.28, When the pump is started, strain gages at A and B in- ‘dicate longitudinal tension forces in the pipes of 23 and 100 Ib, respectively. Assuming a frictionless system, calculate flow- rate and pump horsepower Problem 6.25 6.26, A sphere of 50 mm diameter placed on the centerline of a water (40°C) tunnel produces a vapor cavity as shown, TThe cavity occurs in such high speed flows because the pres sure behind the body is reduced to the vapor pressure. Cal- culate the force exerted by water and vapor on the sphere if the velocity at section I is 30 m/s. ( 100 mm 4n0an 1% 300mm 4 200mm Problem 6.26 6.27. Calculate the drag on the streamlined axisymmetric body. The velocity defect downstream of the body marks the wate, caused by fFietion effects on the body, % ve Problem 627 6.28. Referring to the sketch of problem 5.88, prove that the thickness (measured vertically ofthe falling sheet of water is constant for all locations far from the weir crest. 6.29. The flowrate passing over this sharp-crested weir in a channel of I ft width is 3.5 cfs. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the foree exerted by the water on the weir plate. Problem 629 6.30. The passage is 1.2.m wide normal to the paper. What will be the horizontal component of force exerted by the water om the structure? ogm Problem 630 631. Find the force exerted by the flowing water on the 10-ft-wide gate. Can you calculate the force R necessary to keep the gate in equilibrium? Why or why aot? Neglect fiction Problem 631 632. Flow occurs over the spillway shown, Determine the ‘magnitude and direction of the horizontal force exerted by the ‘water on the spillway. Assume the water is an ideal fluid. Th spillway is 10 fe wide.PROBLEMS / 221 Problem 6.32 6.33. If the two-dimensional flowrate through this sluice gate and roller, All wall and bottom friction may be neglected. 4450 ofs/f, caleulate the horizontal and vertical components Consider the flow field two-dimensional. of force onthe gate, neglecting wall fiction. 6.36. Flow from the end of a two-dimensional open channel is deflected vertically downward by the gate AB. Calculate the 6.34, Calculate the magnitude and direction of the horizontal force exerted by the water on the gate. At (and downstream component of force exerted by the flowing water’on this ftom) B the flow may be considered a free jet. (hatched) outfiow structure, Assume velocity distribution uni- form where streamlines are straight and parallel. Problem 6.34 . 052m Prablem 636 638. Calculate the horizontal component of force exerted by the water on this ‘submerged sluice gate.” The pressure dis- 6.37. Calculate te magnitude and dtection of the horizontal tribution at section 2 may be assumed hydrostatic. Between force exerted by the water on the frictionless “drop structure" Sections 2 and 3 head losses are large because of diffusion AB. Assime the structure to be 1 ft wide normal tothe paper.222 / renin 'ULSE-MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE Peabe 6.37 6.38. Caleulate the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical components of resultant force exerted by the flow- ing water on the “ip bucket" AB. Assume that the water between sections A and B weighs 2.69 KN and thet down: stream from B the moving fluid may be considered to be a fee jet Problem 6.38 6.39. Calculate F, exerted by the water on the block which has been placed at the end of this horizontal open channel The channel and block are 4 ft wide normal to the paper. 20 = ows Le Problen 6.39 640. This two-dimensional overflow structure (gray) at the cend of en open channel produces a free jet as shown, The water ; 113.3N>. 6.76, 68.1 m/s; 82%; 9 435 N; 642.5 KW; 527 kW; 2.1 kPa, 6.78. 106.3 kW (140 hp). 6.80. (a) 85%; (b) 15%. 6.82. P = Qp. 6.84, 272.7 KN; 59.7 Pa; ~365 Pa 6.86. 220 KN. 6.88. 393 kg (25.1 slugs). CHAPTER 7 7.2. Laminar flow. 7A, 0.03 kg/s (0.22 x 10~? slug/s), 16. R = 40/ndv 78. 5.05 x 10~* m3/s-m (0.005 425 ft?/s-fi). 7.10. 60 Pa; 30 Pa. TAL & = pusky:t 7.18. 60 m. 7.20. 0.006 4 m (0.020 ft) in air; 0.000 44 m (0.0014 fe in water, 7.22. Laminar 730. (¢) 0.157 N; (£) 71%. 7.32. 1 190 Ib; 0.45 ft; 0.003 3 ft; 1.27 ft 7.34, 1157 1b; 925 bp. 736. 124.7 KN. 740. 4.93 m', 742, 1 Tb/f (1 021 N/m) 7.46, 43 Ib/tt 748. 0.24 m/s (0.69 ft/s); 1.05 m (3.5 ft. 7.80. Q = ary, /Slye 7.82. 329 N (766 Ib). 184, 1 (2,h,R/2LAPM?y. 7.86. 288.6 K; 277.5 K. 7.88. (a) 309.2 N; (b) 670 N. 7.60, (a) @ = 2B = 1.33;(0) a = 1.345; B 12. 7.62. 0.166 m?/s3 a 7.64, 34.6 £2 /s-Rt; 4 B= 1.08; 6 12; 1746 N. 03,