Unit 1

Introduction to Logistics
in English.
 ls

lntroduction to logistics

Makea list of al[ the different areasof logistlcsyou canthink of by completingthe diagram
helow.

I Fivepeoplegivetheir definition ol logistics.Conrpletetlre sentencesusing the wordsf rom

the box.

provide. storage. supportr distribution. deliveryo maintenance

Logisticsmeansthat you manage the procurement and movement of goodsandthe

of inventorv.
z l t me a n st he of t h e g o o d sth e cu st o menr e e d sa t t h e r i g h tti m e ,i n th e
right place, and of the right quatity.
3 My definition of logistics is this:it's to plan,organize, and manageoperations that
services andgoods.
4 Logistics - that'sthe purchasing, maintenance, and reotacement of
material andstaff.
5 Logistics is the ptanning and of operations suchas warehousing,
i n ve n to r yt r, ans p o r proc
t, u r e m e nst,
u pp t y,a nd
A UDI O

,',it't
4:.1
Listento the racardinga*d checkyour' a ns w e r 5 .
THEME I

INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

TEXT I

LOGISTICS

Before reading the text check the meaning of the Key Words
in the dictionary.

Nouns: goods, flow, resources, consumer, consumption, user,

product, producer, storage, retailer, inventory, warehouse,
destination, re-engineering, customs, taxes, duties, logistician
Verbs: to consume, to handle, to include, to require, to comprise,
to produce, to manufacture, to manage, to purchase, to sell, to
implement, to perform, to ensure, to increase, to decrease, to pack

Logistics can be defined as the management of the flow of

goods, information and other resources, energy and people between
the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet
the requirements of consumers. Logistics involves the integration
of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material-
handling, packaging and security. Logistics may have an internal
focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics).
If the company manufactures a product from parts purchased
from suppliers, and those products are then sold to customers, one
can speak about a supply chain. Supply Chain can be defined as
a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the
function of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials
into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of
these finished products to customers.
Logistics management is part of supply chain management.
Logistics management plans, implements, and controls the efficient
flow and storage of goods, services and related information between

5
the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet
customers’ requirements.
Successful supply chain operators work in close partnerships
with their customers; they jointly explore the opportunities for
increasing efficiency of the supply chain and improving service
levels by using the latest systems and techniques. This approach is
also referred to as logistics re-engineering. The re-engineering
process considers the following factors: the nature of the product,
the optimal or preferred location of source or manufacture, freight
and transport costs and the destination market, seasonal trends,
import and export regulations, customs duties and taxes, etc.
A professional working in the field of logistics management
is called a logistician. The main functions of a qualified logistician
include, among other things, inventory management, purchasing,
transportation, warehousing, consultation and organizing and
planning of these activities. Logisticians are responsible for the life
cycle and supply chain operations of a variety of products. They are
also responsible for customs documentation. They regularly work
with other departments to ensure that the customers’ needs and
requirements are met.

UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN POINTS

1. Review questions.
1. What does the term “logistics” imply?
2. What does the term “supply chain” imply?
3. What is logistics management?
4. What do service providers do in order to increase efficiency
of the supply chain?
5. What process is called “logistics re-engineering”?
6. What factors does this process consider?
7. What are the main functions of a qualified logistician?
8. What are professional logisticians responsible for?

6
2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Logistics can be defined as the management of the flow

of goods between the point of origin and the point of
consumption.
2. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation,
inventory, warehousing, etc.
3. Usually, logistics does not involve the management of
the flow of energy and people.
4. Logistics always has an external focus.
5. All supply chains are very simple.
6. The complexity of the supply chain will vary with the size
of the business.
7. Logistics management is part of supply chain management.
8. Logistics management plans, implements, and controls the
efficient flow and storage of goods, services and related
information.
9. Successful supply chain operators work in close partnerships
with their customers.
10. The re-engineering process does not consider the nature of
the product.
11. A professional working in the field of logistics management
is called an academician.
12. The main functions of a qualified logistician include,
inventory management, purchasing, transportation,
warehousing, etc.
13. Logisticians are responsible for the life cycle and supply
chain operations of a variety of products.
14. Logisticians normally do not work with other departments
of the company.

7
3. Match the parts you find under A with the parts under B
to make meaningful sentences.

A B

1) Supply chain a) work in close partnerships with their

customers

2) Successful supply b) inventory management, purchasing,

chain operators transportation, and warehousing

3) Service providers c) the integration of information,

transportation, inventory,
warehousing, material-handling, and
packaging, and security

4) The re-engineering d) is the ability to ensure that the right

process considers products are sourced, made available
at the right place and at the right time

5) Logistics involves e) to ensure customer needs and

requirements are met

6) The main f) the nature of the product, the optimal

functions of or preferred location of source or
a qualified manufacture, the projected volumes
logistician include freight, etc.

7) Logisticians work g) use the latest systems and techniques

with other to re-engineer the process
departments

8
6 | UNIT1 Introduction
to logistics

2 Gompletethe foltowing table using the words from ejxerciseI

Noun

storage

distribution
l6 i tom a in ta in
, transoortation
''-'.:'
8i purchasing

3 with the correctformof the wordsfromthe table.

ilow completethe sentences

7 ln my iob I overseethe of vehiclesand machinery.

2 Dotheyalso parcelsand packages on Sundays?
? Goodsarenormally boughtin the department.
4 We a z4-hourdeliveryservice.
Thiscompany only goodsby road.
6 We all ourgoodsin the warehouse.

4 iiatch the definitions(a-f) with thewords(r-6) betow.

r carrier n
z freightforwarder n
3 supplier n
4 haulagecontractor/haulier n
5 courier T
6 consignee l
 UNIT1 Introduction
to logistics| 7

company whichcarriesgoodsby road

b personor firm namedin a freightcontractto whomgoodshavebeenshippedor turnedoverfor
care
c companythat specializesin the speedyand securedeliveryof sma[[goodsand packages
d companythat transportsor conveysgoods
e company whichsupplies partsor services
to anothercompany; alsocalledvendor
f personor businessthat arranges documentation andtravelfacilitiesfor companies
dispatching
goodsto customers
A U DI O

a 3
5 Listento threepeopledescribing
theiriobsin togistics:a warehousemanager, a freight
forwarder,anda shippingoperationsmanager.lllatcheachiob to the correctperson.

5 l{ow tisten again and completethe sentences.

Personr
1 My job is to of goodseitherby sea,air,road,or rail.
the transport
z partof thejob is
An important withcustomer requestsaboutthe most
suitablemodeof transport.
3 My responsibilities
alsoinclude goodshippingrateswithshippinglines
andtransport
companies.
4l customs clearance
on behatfof my clients.

Personz
5 InmyjobI haveto thatthe cargois not damaged
onboardthe shipor
whileloadingor unloading.
6l on shippingratesand preparequotationsfor our salesoffice.
customers

Person3
7 Anotherpartof my job is to with departments
suchas transportand
production.
8 Apartfromthat, I thatvehicles,
machines,andanyotherkindof
equipmentaremaintained to a highlevet.
8 | UNIT1 Introductionto togistics

7 ilatch theverbs(r-a) with the activities(a-h) to makephrasesfromthe recordings.

Thentisten
againto checkif necessary.

r book T
z consolidate tr
3 deal T
4 keep T
5 make I
6 use n
7 check T
8 take care TI

a a numberof shipments underonebil[of lading

b bookingreservations
c that healthand safetystandards are maintained
d moderncomputersystems
e spaceon a ship,train,lorry,or plane
f whereto put them in the warehouse
g an eyeon the budget
h with all the necessary
documentation

I Work with a partner to descrtbetwo different jobs. The phrases in the bor wilt help you.

PartnerA til€ or, p. 7r

Li PartnerB Fileo9, p.7z

Questions
Whatdo you do?
What'syour line of work?
Whatdoesyour iob involve?
Descrlbingjobs
I work for a major shipping compqny.
I work in the regionol depot.
Describingresponsibilities
I'm responsiblefor ...
ln my job I have to ...
My job involves...
Remember...
You workfor or of a company.
You work in an area or a department.
Youare responsiblefor or in chargeof something.
Herearesomeusefulverbsfor describing keyjob responsibilities:
to advise to oversee
to prepare to provide or supply
to train to ensure
to manoge to review
to estimate to liaise with
to monitor to orgonize
to carryout
 UNIT1 to logistics| 9
Introduction

9 Replace verbswithwordsfromthe boxthat havethesamemeanlng.

the underlined
'' .: :. .,,,..:,':.,,:,'r:1,].],,,.,,...,.. :: :. l
.. . .:i,,,,'.,r,,:::,::,1ili:]::ll.:,,1:l,l
provide. train . organize. ensure. informabout . check

r Wesupplvsoftwarefor the carindustry.

z I oftenadviseclientson the mostsuitabletransportmethod.
3 In my job I haveto makesurethat passengers arriveon schedule.
4 My job incoming
is to supervise goods.
5 | alsoplanthetransport of goods.
6 | instructstaff.

1O Comptetethe form with your own job detaits.Usecompletesentencesand expressionsfrom

this unit.

Jobprofile:
Company: I worK
for

Jobtitte:
Mainresponsibilities:

3-5 keyactivities:

A CT IVI T IES
TAI KIl {G A BO UTR EGU L A R

WhentatkingaboutgeneraIfactsand describing whatwe normalty

do,
we usethe presentsimple.lt is oftenusedwith wordsthat sayhow
oftensomethinghappens,e.g.usually,often,always,sometimes,every,
etc.We usethe verbdo to makequestions and negativestatements:
I workfor on internationallogisticscompany.
He usuollyspendsa lot of time with his customers.
Do you ship goods to Asia?
He doesn'twork in the Europeanoffice.
10 J\ l - 1 In tro d uct ion
to L oei s t ic s

11 put thewordsin theright order.Usethecorrectformof theverb.

1 an exceltent / provide/ delivery service / my company.

2 you/ how much/ handleI cargo/ peryear?
3 to o th erc oun tr i es
/ n ot s hi p/ w e / chemic alproduc ts.
4 responsible for/ be/ the warehouse manager I alsolvehicles
andmachinery.
5 to foreigncompanies / carparts/ thisvendor/ suppty?
6 usually / arrange / for companies / a freightforwarder/ documentation.

1 2 Workwith a partner.Followthe stepsbelowto practisethis diatogue.

A AskB whathe/shedoes.
B Re sp ondT.et lA wh er ey ouwo r k.
A AskB to giveyousomedetailsaboutthe job.
B TettA aboutyourmainjob activities. job.
ThenaskA abouthis/her
A Respond. Describe yourjob activities.

1J Completethe crcsswordpuzzlewith wordsfrom this unit.

Across
4 Anotherword for freight. tr
5 Whatyou storein the warehouse.
6 Workcloselytogether withsomebody.
T
T
Down
r Anotherword for organize.
T
z To giveinformationaboutthe price.
3 Anotherword for supervise.
5 Sendgoods.
 UNIT1 Introduction
to logistics| 11

Readthis article and answerthe questions.

CHINA'S BOOMINGEXPORTBUSINESS

China'seconomyis developing
at a rapidpacewith double-digit
growthratesin exportbusiness
and an expectedincreaseof40 per
cent by 2O7O.Withan estimated
tradevolumeof nearly2 trillionUS
dollarsin 20O6,Chinahandles
morecargothan anyothercountry
in the world.Giventhesegrowth
rates,it is not surprisingthat the
Chineselogisticssectorincreased
by morethan 12 percent lastyear.

In orderto supportthe booming

industry,the government is
currentlyinvestingmassivelyin
the country'sinfrastructure.
Over
the nextfew years,the Chinese
government wantsto improveand
extendthe existingroadand railway
networksas wellas maritime
harboursand airoorts.

Fortransportlogistics,Shanghaiis one of the mostattractivelocationsin China.lt

is the secondlargestcityin the countryand hasgoodlinksto the most important
industrialregions.AndShanghaiis also a modernandwelcominghostfor visitors
andbusinesspeoplefromChinaandaroundthe world.

1 Doyou knowanyothercountrieswithconsiderable exportgrowthrates?

play
Howdoeslogistics an important rotein a country's
economy?
Whatdo you knowaboutthe logistics
industryin yourcountry?
 L e t ’s g e t s t a rt e d

W o r k w i t h a p a rt n e r. A s k t h e q u e s t i o n s b e lo w a n d m a k e a n o t e o f t h e a n s w e rs.
Th e n t e l l t h e gro u p w h a t y o u f o u n d o u t a n d d is c u s s.

How often do you give

presentations in your job?

© Who do you normally present to?

(Colleagues, customers, other
firms, etc.)

© When was the last time you gave a

presentation in English?
Was it a success? If yes, why?
If not, why not? Explain your
answer.

9 How do you feel about presenting in

a foreign language?

© Think of an excellent (or terrible)

presentation that you have
attended. What made it good
(or bad)?

1 Lis t e n t o t h e o p e n i n g s e n t e n c e s o f t h e t hr e e p r e s e n t a t io n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t a b l e .

Presentation 1 Presentation 2 Presentation 3

Presenter’s name

Presenter’s position/function

Topic of presentation

Who is the presentation for?

W h i c h p r e s e n t a t io n s are f o rm a l a n d w h i c h l e s s f o rm a l?
| UNIT 1 Let’s g e t sta rte d

2 Lis t e n t o t h e o p e n i n g s a g a in a n d co m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s.

Presentation 1

i , let me thank you all for being here today.

2 Let m e ___________________ myself. My name is ...
3 I’m here today t o ___________________ our new semi-automatic shelving system.
4 My talk i s ___________________ relevant to those of you w h o ___________________ for the
different parts we supply.

Presentation 2

5 I’m happy that so many of you c o u ld ___________________ today at such short

6 As you can see on t h e ___________________ , o u r___________________ today is project

documentation.
7 This is extrem ely___________________ for all of us who are directly___________________ in
international project management, right?

Presentation 3

8 I’m ___________________ that you all have very tigh t___________________ , so I appreciate you
taking the time to come here today.
9 As y o u ___________________ know, my name is .... I’m the n e w ___________________ manager
here at Weston Ltd.
10 Today’s topic will be very important for you a s ___________________ sin c e ___________________
your help to evaluate and select candidates for training.

3 P u t t h e s e n t e n c e s fro m a b ov e in t h e corre ct
c a t e g o ry ( a - d ) .

a saying what the topic is:

b welcoming the audience:
c saying who you are: 12 i j j

d saying why the topic is relevant for the

audience:

N o w p u t a - d in t h e o rd e r y o u w o u l d u s e
t o s t a r t a p r e s e n t a t io n .

LJ
 UNIT 1 Let’s g e t sta rte d

i\ M a t c h t h e s e l e s s f o rm a l p h r a s e s w i t h t h e m or e f o rm a l p hr a s e s in t h e t a b l e .

What I want to do today is ... I know you are all very busy ... As you know, Pm ...

OK, shall we get started? Its good to see you all here. Hi, everyone.

Today Pm going to talk a b o u t ...

In my talk I’ll tell you a b o u t ...

More formal Less formal

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. l
Today 1would like to ... 2
Let me just start by introducing myself. My name is ... 3
It’s a pleasure to welcome you today. 4
In my presentation 1would like to report on ... 5
The topic of today’s presentation is ... 6
1suggest that we begin now. 7
Pm aware that you all have very tight schedules ... 8

5 N o w pr a c ti s e t h e o p e n i n g o f a p r e s e n t a t i o n . Us e p h r a s e s fro m t h e b o x a n d f o ll o w t h e W IS E
f l o w c h a rt.

W elco m e Introduce S a y what the Explain why audience

audience yourself topic is will be interested

OPENIN G A PRESENTATION

W e lc o m in g th e a udie nc e
Good morning/afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
Hello/Hi, everyone.
First of all, let me thank you all for coming here
today.
Pm happy/delighted that so many of you could
make it today.
I n t r o d u c i n g y o u rs e l f
Let me introduce myself. Pm Dave Elwood from ...
For those of you who don’t know me, my name’s ...
As you probably know, Pm the new HR manager.
Pm head of logistics here at Air Spares.
Pm here in my function as the Head of Controlling.
S a y i n g w h a t y o u r t o p i c is
As you can see on the screen, our topic today is ...
Today’s topic i s ...
What I’d like to present to you today is ...
The subject of my presentation is ...
E x p l a i n i n g w h y y o u r t o p ic is r e l e v a n t f or y o u r
a udie nc e
My talk is particularly relevant to those of you/us
w ho...
Today’s topic is of particular interest to those of
you/us who...
My/The topic is very important for you because ...
By the end of this talk you will be familiar with ...

| Remember to use words like we, us , and our to

• highlight common interest.
| UNIT 1 Let’s g e t sta rte d

STRUCTURING A PRESENTATIO N ( l )

Most formal - and many informal - presentations have three main parts and follow this simple formula:
1 Tell the audience what you are going to say! = Introduction
2 Say it! Main part
3 Tell them what you said! = Conclusion

There are several ways you can tell the audience what you are going to say.
would like* in fin it iv e
Todoy I'd like to tell you about our new plans.
This morning I'd like to bring you up to date on
our department.
going to + in fin it iv e
I'm going to talk to you today about new
developments in the R & D Department.
This afternoon I'm going to be reporting on the
new division.
will + in fin i t iv e
I'll begin by explaining the function.
I ' ll start off by reviewing our progress.
After that, I' ll move on to my next point.
will be + v e r b -ing
I'll be talking about our guidelines for Internet use.
During the next hour we'll be looking at the
advantages of this system.
*

C o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s 1-8 w i t h t h e c orre c t f o rm o f t h e v e rb a n d a s e n t e n c e e n d in g from b e lo w .

you on the proposed training project V° U " *° ^ ° SEK° ’S investment Plans

you how the database works

W H W - v n v o f ou, pres**m arket p o s.t.o n "

at business opportunities in Asia _

on our financial targets for the division

by telling you about what lane’s group is working on

about EU tax reform

1 give Today Pd like to give you an overview o f our presen t market position. _____________
2 show Pll be showing_____________________________________________________________
3 talk During the next two hours we’ll b e _________________ 2____________________
4 bring Pd like to ________________________________________________________________
5 report This afternoon Pm going to ________________________________________________
6 update Today Pd like t o ___________________________________________________________
7 look This morning we’ll be
8 begin Today Pll __________
 UNIT 1 Let’s g e t sta rte d | 9

STRUCTURING A PRESENTATIO N ( 2 )

The purpose of the introduction is not only to tell the audience who you are, what the talk is about,
and why it is relevant to them; you also want to tell the audience (briefly) how the talk is structured.
Here are some useful phrases to talk about the structure.
I've divided my presentation into three (main) parts: x, y, and z.
In my presentation I' ll focus on three major issues.
First (of all), I' ll be looking a t ..., second ..., and third ... | The most common way to structure
i' ll begin/st art off by explaining ... • a presentation is to have three
Then/Next/After that, I' ll go on to ... main parts, and then subdivide
Finally, /7/ offer some solutions. them into (three) smaller sections.

У C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e w o rd s in t h e bo x.

after • all • areas • divided • finally • start • then • third

I'll be talking to you today about the after-sales

service plans we offer. I’l l _______________ 1 by I’ve my talk into three
describing the various packages in detail. main parts. First of. 5

_______________ 2 I'll go on to show you some
case studies._______________ 3, Pll discuss how
you can choose the best plan to meet your
customers’ needs.
I’ll tell you something about the history of our
company._______________ 6 that I’ll describe
how the company is structured and finally, Pll
give you some details about our range of
products and services.

I’d like to update you on what we’ve been working on over the
last year. I’ll focus on three main_______________ 7: first, our
joint venture in Asia; second, the new plant in Charleston. And
_______________ 8, our redevelopment project.

8 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e pr e p o s i t i o n s in t h e b o x.

about • at • for • into • of • on • to • with

1 Thank y o u _________ coming all this way.

2 I've divided my presenta tion_________ three parts.
3 First of all, Pll give you an overview _________ our financial situation.
4 First, we'll be lo o k ing_ t he company's sales in the last two quarters.
5 In the first part of my presentation Pll fo cus_________ the current project status.
6 Point one d e a ls__________ APG's new regulations for Internet use.
7 Secondly, Pll t a lk ____________ our investment in office technology.
8 After that Pll move o n _______________ the next point.
THEME X

EXPORT DOCUMENTS

TEXT I
EXPORT DOCUMENTS

Before reading the text check the meaning of the Key Words
in the dictionary.

Nouns: invoice, Bill of Lading, consignment, consignee,

consigner, owner, embarkation, request, license, embarkation
Verbs: to issue, to specify, to itemize, to load, to own, to contain,
to match, to arrange, to embark, to match with

In exporting, different Export Documents are typically used:

common export-related documents, certificates of origin, other
certificates for shipments of specific goods, export licenses,
temporary shipment documents.
Common Export Documents include Bill of Lading,
Commercial Invoice, Export Packing List.
1) Bill of Lading is a shipping document that is issued by
the carrier to the shipper for receipt of the goods. It is a contract
between the owner of the goods and the carrier to deliver the
goods, which gives details of a consignment, its destination and
the consignee.
- Inland Bill of Lading is issued by the trucking company
and/or the railroad line for taking the goods from the
exporter’s facility to the port of embarkation or
consolidation facility.
- The Ocean Bill of Lading (OBL) is a document required for
the transportation of goods overseas. The document
specifies the details of the goods that have to be
transported, such as quantity, type and destination.

128
 - The On-board” Bill of Lading is issued for goods, which
have been loaded onto the ship.
- The Through Bill of Lading is issued when the goods are to
be transported by more than one carrier.
- The Container Bill of Lading is issued for the transportation
of containerized goods).
- The Groupage Bill of Lading is issued for grouped
consignments.
- Air Waybill (AWB) is issued when goods are sent by air.
AWBs are non-negotiable, mainly because of the short
amount of time that the goods are in transit.

2) Invoices
An invoice is a document that contains specific information
regarding the goods shipped.
- Commercial invoice is the seller’s formal request for
payment. It is prepared by the seller/exporter and addressed
to the buyer/importer. The invoice identifies the buyer and
seller, describes the goods sold and all terms of sale,
including Incoterms, payment terms, relevant bank
information, shipping details, etc.
- Pro-forma invoice is an invoice sent to the buyer before the
actual shipment. It gives the buyer a chance to review the
sale terms (quantity of goods, value, specifications) and get
an import license if required. It also allows the buyer to
work with their bank to arrange any financial process for
payment. For example, to open a Documentary Credit
(Letter of Credit), the buyer’s bank will use the pro-forma
invoice as a source of information.
- Customs invoice is a special kind of invoice for the
customs authorities of the importing country. It contains
additional information such as domestic value and export
price of the goods.
- Consular invoice is the evidence that the goods, which are
imported, are not over-priced.

129
 Export Packing List is a formal document that itemizes a
number of details about the cargo such as seller, buyer, shipper,
invoice number, date of shipment, mode of transport, carrier,
description, the type of package (a box, crate, drum, or carton), the
quantity of packages, total net and gross weight (in kilograms),
package marks, etc. The details on the Packing List match exactly
with what is specified on the commercial invoice and Bill of
Lading. But pricing information is not required on the Packing List.

UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN POINTS

1. Review questions.

1. What are Export Documents used for?

2. What do Common Export Documents include?
3. What does the term “Bill of Lading” imply?
4. What types of Bill of Lading are widely used in
international trade?
5. When is AWB issued?
6. What does the Ocean Bill of Lading specify?
7. When is the Through Bill of Lading issued?
8. When is the Container Bill of Lading issued?
9. What does the term “invoice” imply?
10. What types of invoices are widely used in international
trade?
11. What is a pro-forma invoice?
12. What does Export Packing List specify?
13. Is pricing information required on the Packing List?

130
2. Complete the following sentences.

1. Common Export Documents include Bill of Lading,

Commercial Invoice, …
2. Bill of Lading is a shipping document that is issued by
the carrier to the shipper …
3. Inland Bill of Lading is issued by the trucking company
and/or the railroad line for …
4. Ocean Bill of Lading is a document required for …
5. The On-board” Bill of Lading is issued for goods, which
have been ….
6. The Through Bill of Lading is issued when the goods are to
be transported ...
7. Air Waybill is issued when goods are …
8. An invoice is a list of goods that …
9. Commercial invoice is the seller’s formal request for …
10. Pro-forma invoice is an invoice sent to the buyer before
the actual shipment, giving the buyer a chance …
11. Customs invoice contains additional information such
as …
12. Consular invoice is the evidence that the goods, which are
imported, are not …
13. Export Packing List is a formal document that itemises
a number of details about the cargo such as seller, buyer,
shipper, invoice number, …
14. The details on the Packing List match exactly with what is
specified on the commercial invoice and …
15. Pricing information is not required on …

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