A Computer Code For Fully-Coupled Rocket Nozzle Flows

AD-A019 538
A COMPUTER CODE FOR FULLY-COUPLED ROCKET NOZZLE FLOWS

(FULLNOZ)
H. S. Pergament, et al
AeroChem Research Laboratories, Incorporated
Prepared for:
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
April 1975
DISTRIBUTED BY:
#Pi Technical In *m ice

J. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
AJ', Sclei Report AAoCbem TP-3ZZ
023123
A COMPUTER CODE FOR FULLY-COUPLED

ROC KET NOZZLE FLOWS (FULLNOZ)
H.S. Pergament
R.D. Thorpe
AeroChem Research Laboratories, Inc.

Princeton, New Jersey 08540
April 1975 AI FOACZ C'F.Z ,('Y

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A COMPUTER CODE FOR FVLLY-COUPLED ROCKET NOZZLE INTERIM
I-LOWS (FULL.NOZ) I SeDt 72 - 30 Apr 75
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____ ____
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H.S. PER(;AMENT F44620-74-C-0006

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Approved for public release: distribution unhlimited. D D
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10 SUPPL(lt"N?*N 04011%
ROCKEI NOZZLE FLOWS

COMPUTER CODES
CHEMICALLY REACTING FLOWS
GAS/PARTICLE NONEQIILIBRIUN FLOWS
40. ACISPAC 7 I'Lom~".'r" 00r*V51 ##d# anIeef~md

ldofff~y 6V ""tv .. eh*
A comprehensive computer code (FULLNOZ) hais been developed to perform detailed

calrulationm of rocket nozzle flows downstream of the sonic line. The code uses
the streamtihc method to integratv the hyp.orbolic governing equations of steady
supers4onic flow. The prograIm represents a significant advance in nozzle flow
predic:tions through the ccjupling of gas/particle nonequilibrium effects, "on-
equ ilibriLum chemistry, tkirhu lent botindrir 1i~yers (to determine the effects of
wall hent trantsfer anid fhear ntr('') nd turbulent mixing across *treamtubes.
CD r~nf''o'
~ 147 Ii~v~tOOOLLt IUNCLASSIFIED
It eU oft Y CLAI As$ ose 0, tI ISt (*%so VMS IIS405
UNCLASSIFIED
WECWMIy CLAMeAM41he of w aIw..(l ~..d
This report describes the analytical and numerical techniques employed by the
code, presents results of a sample calculation for the Minuteman Stage 2 nozzle
and gives complete instructions on the preparation of input data and a iull
FORTRAN listing.
?I
* U
UNCI.ASS I I I1)
:
SECURITY CLASSIATION Of THIS PAGC(H~t.ol W4.M0
Conditions of Reproduction
Reproduction. translation, publication, use
and disposal in whole or in part by oz foi
the United States Government is permitted.
Qualified requestors may obtain additional

copies from the Defense Documentation
Center, all others should apply to the
National Technical Information Service.
SUMMARY
This report describes the analytical and numerical techniqu.. utilized in

the development of a fully-coupled rocket nozzle flow computer code (FULL-
NOZ). The code uses the streamtube method to integrate the governing equa-
tions of steady supersonic flow. The elliptic Navier-Stokes equations are
reduce.d to hyperbolic form by a,surning diffusional effects along streamlines
are small comps.red to those across streamlines. Finite difference techniques
are then used to solve the hyperbolic equations dlong -and perpendicular to
streamlines.
FULLNOZ represents a signifcant advance in nozzle flow calculations by

coupling the effects of nonequilibrium chemistry, gas/parcicle thermal and
dynamic nonequilibrium, turbulent mixing across streamatubes and turbulent
boundary layers. Turbulent mixing is treated via a phenomenological eddy
viscosity model, while the turbulent boundary layer analysis utilizes the experi-
mental data of Keener and Hopkins (which relates the compressible skin fric-
tion coefficient to treasured velocity/temperature profiles in flows with favor-
able pressure gradients), the Van Driest transformations and the momentum
integral equation. The operation of FULLNOZ requires the specification of
initial gas and particle properties just downstream of the sonic line, the nozzle
wall contour and temperature, and a chemical z eaction mechanism and rate
coefficients. The marching scheme proceeds downstream computing flow
properties and composition along surfaces orthogonal to a specified nurmber of
streamtubes. A mixed explicit/implicit differencing scheme is used to obtain
the most favorable integration step size.
Sample calculations are presented for the Minuteman 3tage 2 nozzle. In

addition, this report describes the preparation of input data and gives a full
FORTRAN listing of the progra.n. ".Lso included is an analysis of hete.oge-
neous electron/ioa recombination on particles, although it has not as yet been
incorporated into the code.
DDC
for)
ACCESSION1
NIS W .IluKII9 JAN 22 197o ii
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PRE AC E
This is a report on the work performed on Contract F44620-74-C-0006

covering the period I September 1973 to 30 April 1975. It is basically a
program user's manual for FULLNOZ, although some additional results ob-
tained during this period, e. g. a preliminary study of how to incorporate
heterogeneous electron-ion recombination into the code, have also been
included.
The authors would like to thank J. T. Kelly for his initial work in the
development of FULLNOZ and Capt. L.R. Lawrence, AFOSR Program
Manager, for his interest, encouragement and support during the development
of FULLNOZ.
This code is available for public use and may be obtained by forwarding
a request and a tape to Lt. Robert Sperlein, DYSP, at the Air Force Rocket
Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, CA 93523.
This scientific report has been reviewci and is approved.
I
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A streamtube area; also pre-exjlonentiai term in rate coefficient

equations
ajj enthalpy-temperature polynomial coefficients, see Eq. (20)
B activation energy
CD particle drag coefficient
CD normalized drag coefficient, see Eq. (34)
CDFM free molecular drag coefficient
CDI high Reynolds number drag coefficient, see Eq. (35)

Ci mass fraction of ith species
CF skin friction coefficient, see Eqs. (54) and (59)
Cp gas specific heat

Cs particle specific heat
D diffasion flux, defined by Eq. (23)
D diffusion coefficient
Fi defined as Ci/Mi
fp ratio of actual particle drag coefficient to the drag coefficient for
Stokes flow
gp ratio of actual particle heat transfer coefficient to heat transfer

coefficient for Stokes flow
H gas stagnation enthalpy
HIZ shape factor, defined by Eq. (69)
0
Hf htat of formation at 298 0 K
h gas static enthalpy
hi particle/gas heat transfer coefficient
I total number of gas species
J total number of particle groups
i[ p equilibrium constant
k thermal (eddy) conductivity
Ikf forward reaction rate coefficient
kg molecular 4 -ormal conductivity in particle/gas interaction terms
3
L total number of species on left or right side of reaction
I -li s specific heat polynomial coefficients

1,6 enthalpy constant of integration, see Eq. (31)
1.7 entropy constant of integration, see Eq. (32)
C 5P
Le turbulent Lewis number, Le :
k
M Mach number
Mi molecular weight of ith species
&n streamtube mass flow, defined by Eq. (13)
N number of reactions
h' r
Nu =
Nu Nusselt number,
k
n distance normal to streamline, also exponent in Eqs. (57) and (58)
LC
Pr turbulent Prandtl number, Pr k
Pr laminar Prandtl number
p static pressure
q heat flux, defined by Eq. (22)

qw wall heat transfer, defined by Eq. (62)
R universal gas constant, also value of nozzle radius at each x

Re Reynolds number based on streamtube width
Rep particle Reynolds number
Re x Reynolds number based on distance along nozzle wall
Ree Reynolds number based on boundary layer momentum thickness
r radial distance from axis; also recovery factor, Eq. (49)
rp particle radius
s distance along streamline
S entropy
St Stanton number, defined by Eq. (62)
T static temperature
Tr recovery temperature
- II i
U velocity along streamline

U velocity in boundary layer
UT friction velocity, defined by Eq. (63)
V particle velocity normal to gas streamline
production rate of ith species
x axial distance from nozzle starting line
y distance from nozzle wall
Y molar concentration
Greek Letters
a numerical stability coefficient for marching scheme, see Eq. (29)
y ratio of specific heats
AG Gibbs free energy
Ai
Ak(S ) change in 0 across streamtube
6 boundary layer thickness
S* displacement thickness
6n finite difference mesh spacing in n1 direction
68 finite difference mesh spacing in s direction
O angle between streamline and plume axis; also boundary iy'tr
momentum thickness
e)3'8s, respectively; final, initial and intermediate streamline radii of
e" curvature
S T/100, used in Eq. (30)
T ukinematic
viscosity
stoichion etric coefficient on left hand side of reaction
yf stoichiometric coefficient on right hand side of reaction
L oheddy
viscosity
119 molecular viscosity in particle/gas interaction terms
p gas density
p particle cloud density
pS density of liquid or solid particle
T shear stress, defined by prc.
Eq. (21) and (60)
SII multiplication
5
summation
Subscripts
aw adiabatic wall
c compressible
e wall streamtube
FM free molecular
g gas
i ith species; also, incompressible
j particle group identification index
k streamtube index
.1 orthogonal surface index; also refers to species on left or right
hand side of reaction in Eq. (6)
m mth reaction
n differentiation in direction normal to streamlines
o stagnation value
p particle
s differentiation in streamline direction
t total
w wall
6
-- m -. . | -. m ,, ,,. w!
TABLE OF CONTEN"IS
Page
LIST OF SYMBOLS 3
I. INTRODUCTION 9
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS 13

A. Differential Equations 13
I. Gas Phase 13
3. Particles 15
B. Finite-Difference Equations 17
1. Gas Phase 17
2. Particles 20
3. Integration Step Size 22
4. Solution Procedure 22
C. Auxiliary Calculations 23
1. Thermodynamic Input Data 23
2. Chemical Kinetic Input Data 24
3. Particle/Gas Drag and Heat Transfer
Coefficients 26
D. Turbulent Boundary Layer Equations 28
III. PREPARATION OF INPUT DATA 32
IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS 47

A. Sample Calculations 18
B. Heterogeneous Electron Ion Recombination 54
V. REFERENCES 56
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1 FULLNOZ SCHEMA fIC
IC
2 INPUT DATA DT F'INITIONS 33

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)
Figure Page
3 COMPARISON BETWEEN METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS
(MOC) AND FULLNOZ CALCULATIONS OF MM-STAGE 2
NOZZLE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS 47
4 COMPARISON BETWEEN METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS

(MOC) AND FULLNOZ CALCULATIONS OF MM-STAGE 2
NOZZLE GAS TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS 48
5 INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE BOUNDARY LAYER ON WALL

STREAMTUBE TEMPERATURE 49
6 INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE BOUNDARY LAYER ON WALL

STREAMTUBE VELOCITY 50
7 BOUNDARY LAYER PROFILES AT MM-STAGE 2 NOZZLE

EXIT PLANE 51
8 INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENTS ON EXIT PLANE GAS PROPERTIES 52
9 INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENTS ON EXIT PLANE PARTICLE
TEMPERATURES 53.
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 NOZZLE EXIT PLANE BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERS 51
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE INPUT DATA
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE OUTPUT
APPENDIX C: SAMPLE OUTPUT - EXPLANATIONS
APPENDIX D: FORTRAN i,STI:G

1. INTRODUCTION
This report describes a new fully-coupled rocket nozzle code (FULLNOZ)

which treats, simultaneously, gas/particle nonequilibrium, nonequilibrium
chemistry, diffusion across streamlines, and turbulent boundary layers within
axisyrnmetric and two-dimensional nozzles. Because of its fully-coupled capa-
bility FULLNOZ can be applied to a wider range of problems than such existing
rocket nozzle codest as TDK1 (which does not account for gas/particle non-
equilibrium effects), the nozzle portion of the CONTAM- 4-cde, the original con-
stant y gas/particle nonequilibrium code of Nickerson and Kliegel 3 and the
recently-developed gas/particle and chemical .nonequilibrium code developed at
Lockheed/Huntsville.' The emphasis in the present code has been on an accu-
rate calculation of nozzle exit plane gas and particle properties (particularly
major and minor neutral and charged species concentrations), rather than on
the determination of specific impulse, although FULLNOZ is well equipped to
calculate Isp.
e.g. none of these codes calculate turbulent boundary layers.
1. "ICRPG Two-Dimensional Kinetic (TDK) Nozzle Analysis Computer Pro-

gram," Dynamic Science Corp., December 1973 (revised %ersion).
2. Hoffman, R.J., English, W.D., Oeding, R.G. , and Webber, W.T.,

"Plume Contamination Effects Prediction: The CONTAM Computer Pro-
gram," Final Report, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, AFRPL-
TR-71-109, December 1971.
3. Nickerson, G.R. and Kliegel, J.R., "Axisymmetric Two-Phase Perfect

Gas Performance Program," TRW Systems Report No. 02874-6006-ROOO,
Vols. I and II, April 1967.
4. Penny, M.M. and Smith, S.D., "Supersonic Gas-Particle Flows, Includ-

ing Reacting Chemistry," JANNAF 8th Plume Technology Meeting,
Colorado Springs, CO, July 1974.
K9
5
FULLNOZ is based on the MULTITbIBE code developed by Boynton.
which incorporates the streamtube methodt (described by Boynton and Thomson6 )
to integrate the hyperbolic governing equatic.is of steady supersonic flow. The
major routines incorporated into FULLNOZ which are not in MULTITUBE in-
dude (1) particle/gas nonequilibrium, (?) n.onequilibrium chemistry and
(3) turbulent wall boundary layers. Briefly, in the streamtube method the
elliptic Navier-Stokes equations$ are reduced to hyperbolic form by assuming
that diffusional effects along streamlines are small compared to diffusion
across streamlines. This assumption is very good for rocket nozzle (and plume)
flows and enables one to solve an initial value problem (where a marching pro-
cedure can be used) rather than the more difficult boundary value problem. The
gas flow equations, in finite-difference form, are solved along and perpendicu-
lar to streamlines while a full continuum particle cloud system of equations is
incorporated for the condensed phase.
The advantages of using the streamtube method over the method of charac-
teristics in calculating rocket nozzle (and plume) flows are:
* Species diffusion, shear, and heat transfer normal to streamlines

are easily included.
0 Chemical reactions or internal relaxations are easily incorporated
since the calculation follows streamlines.
0 Bounding surfaces and gradients normal to streamlines are treated
without difficulty; and
* A wide variety of boundary conditions including mass transfer, shear
and heat transfer can readily be incorporated.
In contrast to the abovementioned codes,1 which all use the method of

characteristics.
In using the Nai ier-Stokes equations as a base the technique can readily
be extended, vith the proper boundary conditions, to low density nozzle
flows.
5. Boynton, F.P., "The MULTITUBE Supersonic Flow Computer Code,"

General Dynamics/Convair GDC-DBB 67-003, February 1967.
6. Boynton, F.P. and Thomson, A., "Numerical Computation of Steady,

Supersonic, Two-Dimensional Gas Flow in Natural Coordinates," J.
Computational Phys. 3, 379-398 (1969).
10
77 - ~
-n-- -- -T,_ __ _ _ __ _ _
TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
LIMITING PARTICLE STREAMLINES

STREAMTUBE S ---
ORTHOGONAL SURFACES '

"DECREASING r
INITIAL SURFACE (M>I0
.0
Figure 1. FULLNOZ schematic.
Operation of the code is achieved by specifying (1) initial gas and particle
properties in the supersonic region just downstream of the nozzle throat, t
(Z) the nozzle wall contoar, (3) a chemical reaction mechanism and rate coeffi-
cients, (4) physical properties of the particles, and (5) the nozzle wall tempera-
ture (for the boundary layer calculations). With the above input data the march-
ing scheme steps from one orthogonal surface to the next (Fig. 1) computing
gas and particle properties within a specified number of streamtubes. The
(essentially) cortinuous particle size distribution is represented by up to a
maximum of 8 discreet particle sizes. All particles cross the gas stream-
lines, but the lighter particles follow the gas streamlines more closely than the
heavy particles. As depicted in Fig. 1, limiting particle streamlines are com-
puted for each particle size. At each orthogonal surface (i.e. each integration
It would be useful to incorporate an "initializing" scheme which utilizes

comb tstion chamber properties as initial conditions, computes flow
properties through the transonic region and establishes an initial super-
3
sonic data line. Such a scheme, developed by Nickerson and Kliegel,
is contained in the codes of Refs. 1-3, and with additional programming
could be inserted into FULLNOZ.
11
step) the code calculates wall shear stress and heat transfer, boundary layer
displacement thickness and velocity and temperature profiles. The shear stress
and heat transfer are coupled to the main nozzle flow via their effect on the
wall streamtube properties.t The turbulent boundary layer analysis utilizes
the Van Driest 7 transformations and the experimental data of Keener and
Hopkins,$ which relates the compressible skin friction coefficient to "neasured
velocity/temperature profiles in flows with favorable pressure gradients (see
Section 11.C.4). The boundary layer momentum thickness is computed via the
momentum integral equation, using the wall streamtube pressure, velocity, etc.,
as the boundary layer Iedge' conditions. The displacement thickness is then
determined from the velocity profile and momentum thickness.
The code will not handle shocks that might originate from the nozzle wall
in turning the flow. The flow in the region of the shock will be treated as a
strong compression wave.
This implicitly assumes that the boundary layer momentum and energy
thicknesses are smaller than the wall streamtube thickness. This will
generally be true for high Reynolds number nozzle flows. Provision is
in the program, however, to transfer momentum, heat and mass across
strearrubes, so that if an appropriate transfer coefficient can be defined
the boundary layer effects can be "felt" throughout the flow.
Nozzle shocks could be incorporated into FULLNOZ in a manner similar

to that employed in the AIPP code ' 10 to detect internal plume shocks, but
this would requ.re additional programming.
7. Van Driest, E.R., "Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids,"

J. Aeron. Sci. 18, 145-160 (1951).
8. Keener, E.R. and Hopkins, E.J., "Van Driest Generalization Applied to

Turbulent Skin Friction and Velocity Profiles Measured on the Wall of a
Mach 7.4 Wind Tunnel," AIAA J. 11, 1784-1785 (1973).
9. Pergament, H.S. and Kelly, J.T., "A Fully-Coupled Underexpanded

Rocket Plume Program. (The AIPP Code). Part 1. Analytical and
Numerical Techniques," AeroChem TP-302a, AFPRL-TR-74-59,
November 1974.
Rocket Plume Program (The AIPP Code). Part II. Program User's
Manual, "AeroChemTP- (in preparation).
12
&
The code was written for operation on a CDC 6400 computer and requires
approximately 122 K (octal) of core storage. For operation on machines with
larger core storage the user may want to increase the dimension of some param-
eters, such as total number of species (25 maximum) and total number of
reactions (40 maximum).
This report serves primarily as a program user t s'manual, but also con-
tains all the governing equations (Section II) and the results of some preliminary
parametric calculations for the Minuteman, second stage nozzle (Section IV. A).
The user should be cautioned that, although the code has been formally debugged
for several test cases, extensive calculations have not (as of April 1975) been
made; therefore some operational problems may be experienced. If these do
occur, please contact the authors.
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
This section gives the governing differential and finite-difference equa-

tions used in the code. Also included are the auxiliary equations for calculat-
ing thermodynamic and chemical kinetic properties of the system, gas/
particle drag and heat transfer coefficients and turbulent boundary layer
properties.
A. Differential Equations
1. Gas Phase
For most high Reynolds number nozzle flows of interest the turbulent
transport of mass, momentum and energy throughout the main nozzle flow
will be negligible. Thus in the equations that follow all transport terms will
be identically zero. In practice this is achieved by setting ITURB (Card 4,
Cols. 56-60) equal to zero. If turbulent diffusion across streamtubes is to be
included due either to initial non-uniformities or to the propagation of boundary
layer effects across the flow, appropriate (constant) values of the eddy trans-
port terms, R, Pr and Le will have to be input ol Card 10. If a suitable expres-
sion for ediy viscosity in terms of local properties can be developed for trans-
port across streamtubes within nozzles, this exp-ession can easily be added to
the program in subroutine TRANSP.
L The same numerical integration techniques and similar program logic is

incorporated into the A_PP code, 9' 4° to which the reader is referred for
additional information on program subroutines.
[ 13
Global Continuity
(puj).+ Pu 2"9+ P uh 0()
S -Momentum
3f
pug 8 t P3 ~ r, r+ L rpi P(2 (2)
n-Momentum
pue +9 P pi Pi (3)
Jul PJ
Species Continuit t
pn(C), =pWi + I rL (Ci)nJ (4)
Energy - r r Pr( (-V1
Pu HS [1r H, +
(Le 1) hi (Ci).f
iXI
9
+ 9 PjP 2 +r ( - .
Sthis
toS or u p i v + U
3 3
3 fP C (T ()
tIn this formulation, Wi is expressed in units of sec-.

The drag (fpj) and heat transfer (gpj) factors are defined as, fp= CDRep/24
and gpi = (Nu/2) (Tp - Tr)/(Tp - T), where Tr is the recovery temperature
based on the relative velocity between the gas and particle.
The following auxiliary expressions are required:
Species Production
NL
v ?j kMr kfm 1
"k pm i=1
(6)
Equation of State
p - . (7)
Mi
Stagnation Enthalpy
H1 7 + h (T) (8)
2. Particles
For the condensed phases present within the flow a continuum parti-
cle cloud assumption is made and therefore field conservation equations for
continuity, momentum and energy can be written for the particles. The
(essentially) continuous distribution of particle sizes at each point in the flow
is modeled by several groups of constant size particles representative of the
distribution. For a given group, j, the conservation equations, written in a
streamline oriented coordinate system are:
15
... .~ .~ .-Sv .
k Continuity
2 u-Momenlturn
up(u~ ) i(
Vp inv - ' (V ej - e3 -
P f
n-Momentum,
i)S+VP (VP j)n+ UP (VP en + U e)..

UI i(V
P 3r Pi
Energyt
3k9
tThe effects of chemical reactions on the surface of particles are not

included in this analysis.
When the particle undergoes a phase change (liquid to solid) it is kept
at the solidification temperature until the total heat of solidification is released
(via radiative and convective heat transfer) to the gas.
B. Finite-Difference Equations
A finite difference formulation of the gas phase and particle cloud govern-
ing equations is utilized on a grid which lies along and perpendicular to the
streamlines.
1. Gas-Phase
The momentum and energy equations (Eqs. (2), (3) and (5))are solved
via an explicit finite-difference marching technique, whereas the species
, continuity equation (Eq. (4)), utilizes an implicit finite difference formulation
developed in an earlier study at AeroChem. 1 This mixed form of the differ-
ence equations is necessary for the economical operation of the present code
since, for near-equilibrium chemistry, the explicit finite-difference form of
Eq. (4) leads to stability-limited (impractically small) integration step sizes.
Equations (2), (3) and (5) are left in explicit form since the required integra-
tion step sizes for stability are reasonable; ar, implicit fo'rmulation of these
equations would unnecessarily complicate the calculations.
To minimize the effects of large tube-to-tube property variations on

the calculation of streamline curvature, a VonMises-type transformation is
employed, i.e.
MZ27Sp u~rdn (13)
Using Eq. (13) the finite difference forms of the differential equations become:
Global Continuit,
rnk x Pk,l+lUk1l IA (14)
11. Mikatarian, R.R., Kau, C.J. , and Pergament, H.S., "A Fast Computer
Program for Nonequilibrium Rocket Plume Predictions, " Final Report,
AeroChem TP-282, AFRPL-TR-72-94, August 1972.
17
s -Momentum
"'k(Uk. +zI UkL) + (Ak,+i +A ( + Pk,
Ak(rkk 6Sk) 2w (A +
P f
fILg
Pj .g
9 (j .L
j=l1k/. pr
(15)
n-Momentum
'9 8r k1 P + i1 '
Pk4)
ks =- Uktuk+
+l, 0 iimk +flk+Z
2
+ *.Az~ + 1, (Pu 2 )k Ij
j 2f ( P, 'Pj" ky-
,kJVPj
Species Continuityl
+ 2k4r~k 6s k kI
(17)
The species mass ractions at station kJ! 4 1 (Ci, k1+1) are determined
by linearizing the chemistry terms ( ( Vi)k) a,d inverting the resulting

matrix (see Ref. 1).
18
A k(rk4qk + (u'kz+ Uk 1 ) k+ h. kD k]6sk)ZiT
+ +1 AiT)(2 (p. i[VaR
jai P j )fI
+(u 2-uP )+ L( T,,,(18

p3
jk f. Pr ~k
State
Enthalpy
H +
u .. T Cik (20)
where in Eqs. (15), (17) and (18),
k k + if ukf~)
19
and
x (Pkft k kr +kif k k+ i) (T k+ t4 T k)
and
D ('k+0 4 ,+ u k '5D i kjk )(C~ t1 C k,A)
(23)
Particles
The finite difference form~s of Eqs. (9-12) are:
Continuity
6
sk
(rp~k iu (rp u + (rpp V ) (rp Vk
p* *P p.t p.p)k
k+i V):p f6
+ 6sk(rp p up kln) e kr 6s (rp V

k
) 3
Pp pikr- s
0
(241
20
a-Momientum
(Uklp UP kz
"p . U
-6sV (veUpe) -
*k R (Vn sk
fL
92(ITlig )kA(UPj Uk,It k

pi
(25)
n -Momentum
69
+ UF.C vG + Up j eskl 6s
j k l Pn k
9(9 1P
i v 6s
2 PS r Pj k k
(26)
~
UP ~CS( s T T
3(
X(T4-T s
(,27)
3. Integration Step Size
The integration step size must be limited in order to perform a

stable calculation. The stability of the explicit finite difference scheme 6for
solving the gas dynamic equations is discussed by Boynton and Thomson,
who show that the stable step size for laminar flow is determined from,
-1
66Ela e
1(MZ
+ - 1
- 1 )L/Z
1 (28)
For turbulent flow the eddy viscosity replaces the laminar viscosity in the
expression for Re.t The step size determined from Eq. (28) may not be
sufficiently small if the chemistry is very "fast". Thus, an additional
"chemistry" control has been incorporated into the code: at each integration
step (orthogonal surface) the species mass fractions are tested for sign. If
any C i goes negative the integration step size is halved and the calculations
are repeated until the C i in question becomes positive or the step size be-
comes less than the minimum allowable step size. In the latter case the
program terminates.
The particle cloud system of equations (Eqs. (9-12)) contains deriva-

tives related only to the convection of mass, momentum and energy. In the
momentum and energy equations, the convection terms are equal to the
particle/gas interaction terms. Unlike the gas flow equations the particle
equations have no wave or diffusive nature. Consequently when these equa-
tions are solved explicitly there is no stability limitation on the integration
step size and the step size can be determined from Eq. (28).
4. Solution Procedure
The gas phase and particle cloud finite difference equations are
solved on a grid consisting of the streamtubes and the surfaces orthogonal to
them, as illustrated in Fig. 1. All gas and particle flow properties, stream-
line positions and angles must be known along the initial orthogonal surface
downstream of the throat (M > 1). Starting with the first streamtube (adjacent
to the axis) the streamtubes are extended a distance 6s to a downstream sur-
face, utilizing the radius of curvature, (0s)? obtained from the normal momen-
tum equation (Eq. (16)) and the known initial pressure distribution along the
Eq. (28) is not, of course, valid in the limit, Re - 0. In that case (i.e.
6 n /Z
flows), s -- Mz-l]
the si tu,ion for rnot practical nozzle
22
surface. The resulting streamtube areas are then used to determine all the
necessary gas properti:s at the downstream surface from Eqs. (14), (15),
and (17)-(23). The transfer of mass, momentum and energy into or out of
each streamtube is arranged such that what is lost from a given streamtube
is gained by the adjacent tube. Thereby mass, momentum and energy are
automatically conserved.
In order to render this marching scheme conditionally stable a single
iteration on the radius of curvature calculation is required,' with the new value,
(es)' determined using the downstream surface properties. (0s)" is then
combined with ( 9s)'k in the following expression, 6
(9) = (1 - COOS)' + a(6 )" (29)

This new value for the radius of curvature is then used in the calculation. A
value for a of 0. 55 is used in the present code. (The scheme is conditionally
stable for a 2- V2).
After the gas phase equations have been solved for the first stream-
tube the particle properties are determined by sequentially applying the parti-
cle momentum, continuity and energy equations. The calculation of gas and
particle properties then moves outward to the next strearntube and the proce-
dure is repeated up to the last streamtubet where boundary conditions must
be aprlied.
C. Auxiliary Calculations
1. Thermodynamic Input Data
The thermodynamic data are input via curve fits of specific heats 2
of individual species in the JANNAF tables. 13 These curve fits have the form,
C = Lli + + 1i +L 4 3 +LSi0. 2 cal/mole.K (30)
pL ,0 +L 3 .o 2 4i/mle 0
In general the limiting particle strearrlines for each particle size will
not extend to the last streamtube.
12. Cruise, D.R., "Information Manual for the Theoretical Propellant

Evaluation Program," Naval Weapons Center PEP NOTE TN -U -I (plis
additions), December 1964.
13. JANNAF Thermochernical Tables (Dow Chemical Company, Midland,

Mich.), continuously updated.
23
r
r
where * = T(°K)/1000. The enthalpy is then expressed as,
h. = PdT + Li kcaVmole (31)
where L- pi dT; le,being the heat of formation at 298 0 K.

1
The entropy is expressed as,
Si = sooT CpdT+
Pi "T +~L~i cal/mole-°K (3Z)
where L7 i is the entropy integration constant. The coefficients L, - L 1 are

input on Card group 8.
2. Chemical Kinetic Input Data
Ten possible reaction types are included in the program:
Reaction Type
(1) A+B C+D

(2) A + B + M C + M
(3) A + B C + D + E
(4) A + B : C
(5) A + M C + D + M
(6) A + B C + D
(7) A + B + M C + M
(8) A + B -C + D + E
(9) A + B C
(10) A + M C + D + M
Reaction types (6)-(10) correspond to reaction types (1)-(5), but proceed in

the forward direction only. In Reactions (2), (5), (7) and (10), M is an
arbitrary third body. In this program, all species are assumed to have equal
third body efficiencies.
24
The forward rate coefficient, kf, is input to the code as one of the
following 8 types
Rate Coefficient Type '
(1) kf = A
k() = AT-
(3) k= = AT- 2
(4) kf = AT-
(5) kf = A exp(B/RT)
(6) kf = AT-' exp(B/RT)
-I
(7) kf = AT 2
kf = AT N exp(B/RT)
(8)
The equilibrium constant, Kp, is determined from
In Kp - A G/RT (33)
where the Gibbs free energy, &5G, for individual reactions is computed from
the input thermodynamic data.
1' Rate coefficient data for typical rocket nozzle and plume reactiot.s may
be found, e.g., in Ref. 14.
14. Jensen, D. E. and Jones, G. A., "Gas -Phase Reaction Rz-.e Coefficients
for Rocketry Applications, " Rocket Propulsiol E.t-blishment Technical
Report No. 71/9, October 1971.
25
3. Particle/Gas Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients
The momentum and energy exchange (via convective heat transfer)

between the small diameter particles and the combL'stion products in the
nozzle cannot adequately be described by simple theoretical expressions (e. g.
Stokes law). 15 Empirical correlations of drag and heat transfer coefficients
developed by Crowe1 6 have therefore been incorporated in the particle/gas
interaction terms (see, e. g. Eqs. (2), (3), and (5)).
16
a. Drag Coefficient - The drag coefficient has been correlated by Crowe
in terms of a normalized value,
C= (CD -CD)/(CDM - CD)(34)
where CD1 is the drag coefficient at very large Reynolds number and CDFM is
the free molecular drag coefficient. Note that for ReP<<11, C- 1, while
for Rep>>1, CD-.0 0.
The expressions needed to evaluate CD from Eq. (32) are:
CD = 0.66 + 0.26 [exp(4 lrxMp)-l] + 0.17 exp[ -2.5(lnMp/l. 4)'] (35)
CD - 5/ + ZS2Z) + 4(,
1erf(S ~ 1 )+ (36)
DFM V4 ~25'1/
where, S1I r-- Mp (37)
CD= G(Kn) D(Kn, Rep) (38)
G (Kn) Kn 0 '- exp(l. 2 KnO. 5)(9

5
1 + Kn 0 '4exp(l.2KnO )
15. Soo, S. L., Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase _Systems (Blaisdell Publ. Co,
Waltham, Mass., 196Y).
16. Crowe, C. T. , "On the Momentum and Heat Transfer Equations for Two-
Phase Plumes," Washington State Univ. , March 197 1.
26
and
Re
D(Kn, Re) I exp[. -j KnO*6 exp(Kn) (CD 0.4)1 (40)
M
I~n = 1. 264'Ry - (41)
and, CDo = 24/Rep (42)
The expression used in the particle/gas interaction terms is then,

CD
fp = FFF CD- (43)
o
where FFF is a factor (input on Card 15, Cols. 1-10) used to arbitrarily vary
CD to account for uncertainties in the above analysis.
b. Heat Transfer Coefficient - Heat transfer from the particle to the

gas is expressed in terms of a Nusselt number as,
q = 2ir rp Nu k(Tp - Tr) (44)
where Tr is the recovery temperature. From Crowe 6 we get the following

expression,
Nu = NuK + Y +1 Re Pr exp(-Re/2Mp) (45)
NUKD
Nuo(l + 5Y1 '*
5
NuKD Nud/( 1+ (M/RepPr g) Nuo (46)
Nu o is the Nusselt number in incompressible flow, expressed as
Nu. = 2.0 + 0.459Rep 5 ' SS Prg0 ' 33 (47)
27
The recovery temperature is defined as,
Tr = T + r((U-up? + Vp )/2Cp (48)
where the recovery factor r is
r = 0.9 + (rFM - 0.9) exp(-Rep/2Mp) (49)
and
rFM = y- + I (2 + O. 67exp(-Iv1h)) (50)
The expression used in the particle/gas interaction term is,
T -T
gp p=FFG Nu T -- Tr (l
where FFG is a factor (input on Card 15, Cols. 11-20) used to arbitrarily
vary gp to account for uncertainties in the above analysis.
D. Turbulent Boundary Layer Equationst
The turbulent compressible boundary layer analysis is initiated by

calculating the corresponding adiabatic flat plate, zero pressure gradient,
incompressible boundary layer properties, based on a 1/7 power law' 7
'1i
The "free stream" properties (subscript "e") for the boundary layer
analysis are taken to be the properties in the last (wall) streamtu )e. It
is implicitly assamed that the boundary layer displacement thickness is
smaller than the width of the wall streamtubc.
York, 1968), p. 599.

velocity pr,-(ile.t Expressions for the incompressible momentum and bound-
ary layer thickness are,
e i(x) = o.o36/Re (52)
6i(x) = lO. 286 e i(x) (53)
The incompressible skin friction coefficient is evaluated from the Karman-

Schoenherr relation. ZO
CF = [17.08 (loglo Reei), + 25.11 loglo Re i + 6.012] -1 (54)
Transformation from the compressible to the incompressible boundary

layer is accomplished via the Van Driest equations, ? which relate the velocity
and temperature profiles as follows,
Te T
Tw U
- =f(U) (55)
Tt -T
w
It was originally anticipated that the complete boundary layer equations

including nonequilibrium chemistry would be solved by finite differences
and coupled to the nozzle flow solution. A number of boundary layer
codes are available, including tnose of Herring and Mellor i s and the
Aerotherm BLIMP code, 19 which would be very useful for this purpose.
However, initial attempts to incorporate the BLIMP code into FULLNOZ
showed that it would take more effort than was warranted at this time.
Consequently, a more simplified analysis was incorporated into the
present code.
18. Herring, H. J. and Mellor, G. L., "A Method of Calculating Compressible

Turbulent Boundary Layers," NASA CR-1144, September 1968.
19. Tong, H., Buckingham, A.C., and Morse, H.L., "Nonequilibrium

Chemistry Boundary Layer Integral Matrix Procedure, " Aerotherm
Final Report No. 73-67, July 1973.
20. Hopkins, E.J., Keener, E.R., and Louie, P.T., "Direct Measurements
of Turbulent Skin Friction on a Nonadiabatic Flat Plate at Mach Number
6.5 and Comparisons with Eight Theories," NASA TN D-5675, February
1970.
29
The general functional relation used in the analysis is
n
t Ue T U (56)
Equation (56) becomes the Crocco relation for n = I and the quadratic for
n=2.
A general expression between T/ Te and U/U e can then be written

5)n
T
= A + iL +
+ C (7
where T TT
T Twe
/eTt
From Back and Cuffel,2 1 wall cooling (Tw < Taw) tends to make the
exponent n closer to 1.0, while wall heating causes n to approach 2 or more.
The value of n selected here was 1. Z. It was determined by fitting recent
data of Keener and Hopkins8 for which, Tw/Taw = 0.32. (This corresponds
to a wall temperature of 1000-1300 K. ) Equation (57) was used to generate a
table of T/ Te vs. U/Ue , which is then used to determine the compressible
skin friction coefficient via the Van Driest transformation
CIio0T
- I Te) z d( U-e
U (58)
The Stanton number was determined from the relation
st = o.35C (59)
which is supported by the experimental data of Back and CuffelZ1 for accelera-
ting flows.
21. Back, L.H. and Cuffel, R. F., "Relationship Between Temperature and
Velocity Profiles in a Turbulent Boundary Layer alor, g a Supersonic
Nozzle with Heat Tranm'fer," AIAA J. 8, 2066-2069 (1970).
30
Wall shear stress and heat transfer are then calculated from
16o
Tw : " aeUef (60)
;w= -St Pe Ue Cp (Tte - Tw) (61)
In order to obtain the velocity profiles the friction velocity profile,

(U/UT)i = f(U/Ue) is first determined from another Van Driest transformation,
U Ia T)L/Z d( ) (62)
where the friction velocity is defined as,
UTi (PeUeicfilZ'w) V'

(63)
(y/6); is then obtained from the standard incompressible boundary layer

profiles 2 1
YUT U U
U< 5 (64)
UT UT
YUT exp ; 5 < 13.96

-
(65)
2.5 UT
YU~
TU/U T - 5.05~ U
v ?..SU
2.5 -T > 13.96 (66)
t The values of YUT/V are normalized by exp[ U/UT max -5.05]/2.5} to

avoid the calculation of the v profile in the boundary layer.
22. Kays, W.M., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer (McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1966).
31
Another Van Driest transformation yields (y/6)c = (y/6)i. Once the com-
pressible profiles are known, 0/6, 6*16, and the shape factor are determined
from
0/6 .
!
(j
U
)( jL)d(..
d(
~ (67) 3
6*16 3 'h'
1 d( ) (68)
H1 e/6 (69)
The variation of momentum thickness along the nozzle is determined via

integration of the momentum integral equation,
C[c de I dU e Ape edR (70)
by the use of backward differences. 1 6 and 6* are then evaluated from Eqs.
(67) and (68).
III. PREPARATION OF INPUT DATA
All necessary information for preparing input data is given below; Fig. 2
defines some of the input for a sample case. Many of the input parameters
that are left blank are used in the companion rocket plume code l0 (AIPP), but
not in FULLNOZ.
This requires that a throat value of 0 be assumed.
32
03O),x1(0) XBW2 ROW3
K,8
- KIMAXeSl
~NOILeJ? ONDSP WJ
CONTAINING PARTICLES T
OF SIZE GROUP J jit5%CA q '*,NPG
LIMIT OF
PARTICLE CLOUD 4
OF SIZE GROUP J
TRODY WJ) '3
X01)
Ril
Figure 2. Input data definitions.
Card Fortran
No. Cols. Name Description Format
1 1-10 NDATA Number of data sets; in present ver- I. 10
sion of code data sets cannot be
stacked; therefore NDATA = 1
Z 1-80 ID Run identification ZOA4

3 1-10 NSEC Maximum run time (sec); when run I. 10
time reaches NSEC nozzle properties
at last orthogonal surface are punched
and can be used to continue the calcu-
lation. (Not operational in present
version of code )
11-22 DXLSS Approximate distance (cm) along axis E12. 5
between orthogonal surface print sta-
tions. For control of print increment
by number of integration steps (KP,
Card 5, Cols. 11-15) instead of axial
distance, make DXLSS larger than
XLNLkX (below)
33
!-
Card Fortran
3 23-34 XLMAX Maximum distance (cm) along axis for E12.5

which calculations will be made.
XLMAX should be set somewhat larger
than axial distance to nozzle exit plane
in order to complete calculation at last
wall point
4 1- 5 ITYPE Inner boundary condition (nozzle axis) 15

Set ITYPE = I
6-10 IKIND Outer boundary conditicn; set IKIND = 1
for wall boundary condition
11-15 Not used; leave blank

2-I-25 Not used; leave blank
26-30 IBUGSH Debug printout index; 15
0 - No debug printout
I - Extensive printout for debugging

46-50 IPART Particle indicator; 15
0 - No particles
1 - Particles in flow

i
56-60 ITURB Turbulent flow indicator; 15
0 - Inviscid
3 - Constant values of turbulent mix-
ing parameters, i, Pr and Le are
input on Card 10
5 1- 5 KMAX Initial number of streamtubes plus one 15

(axis is counted as K= 1; maximum is
40)
6-10 NN Number of terms for Cp polynomial
curve fit plus one; for curve fits sup-
plied with program,Z NN = 6. If fewer
coefficients are used for a given
species NN is left at 6 and zeroes are
input for the nIvssino cocfficicnts (see
Card 8)
34
Card Fortran
Format
f
No. Cols. Name Description
5 11-15 KP Output control; number of orthogonal

surfaces between print stations. To
control print via axial distance (DXLSS,
Card 3, Cols. 11-22) instead of orthog-
onal surfaces set KP larger tIlan.
LPLANE (Card 5, Cols. 36-40)
16-20 MMAX Number of points needed to describe 15

shape of inner boundary; always set
equal to 2 for axis boundary
21-25 NMAX Number of points required to define 15
nozzle wall contour (50 maximum)
26-30 NDS Total number of gas species in flow 15

(25 maximum)
31-35 NITER Maximum number of iterations allowed 15

for iterative soluttions (e.g. calculation
of streanitkibe properties for variable
Recornmrnded value: NITER = 50
36-40 LPINNE Maximum nuniber of integration steps 15

for entire calculation
41-45 IKINE Number of chemical reactions [5

(40 maximun)
NOTE: IF NO BOUNDARY LAYl.R CALCULAT'ONS ARE TO BE

MADE CARD 6 tAY 3E LEFT BLANK, BUT MUST BE
INCLUDED
6 1- 5 TWALL Nozzle wall temperature (OK) F5.0

(assumed constant)
8 IBLFLG Boundary layer property printout II
indicator;
0- Print Re, 61, Oil Cfi, UT I, '6
O c, CfcCf Iz qw, T'w
t.
1 Print :tbov ptus velocity and tcn-
perature profiles
3S
Card Fortran
6 11 IBL Boundary layer calculation II

indicator;
0 - Do not calculate boundary layer
1 - Calculate boundary layer
7 1- 9 ALPHAH Factor that multiplies maximum stable F9.4
step size (see Eq. (28)); Recommended
value: ALPHAH = 0.8
10-18 EPSLON Amount by which streamtube Mach num- F9. 4
bers must exceed one in order for the
calculation to continue. Recommended
value: EPSLON = 0.01
19-27 TOL Convergence tolerance for iterative F9.4
solutions; Recommended value:
TOL = I X 10-4
28-36 DELTA Metric exponentt; F9.4

0 - Two-dimensional flow
1 - Axially symmetric flow
37-45 ATOL Maximum allowable fractional change F9. 4
in streamtube area per step. Recom-
mended value: ATOL = 0. 1
NOTE: CARD GROUP 8 DEFINES THE THERMODYNAMIC DATA

FOR EACH SPECIES. THERE ARE 2 CARDS PER SPECIES
AND NDS SPECIES
8.1.1 1-13 A(l) L, Specific heat polynomial con- E13. 5

1426 A(3) L2 stants for first species, see
27-39 A(3) L3 Section II.C. 1 (cal/mole oK)
40-52 A(4) L4
t The particle conservation eqiations are written only for axially

synunetric flow. Thu; two-d',rnnsional solutions can only be
obtained for flows \vwahuut particles.
6
Card Fortran
8.1.2 1-13 A(5) L5 , Specific heat polynomial con- E13.5

stant for first species
14-26 A(6) L6 , Enthalpy constant of integration E13. 5
for first species
/ 0
o 0z dT) (kcal/mole)
f -
27-39 CS(1) L?, entropy constant of integration

for first species (cal/mole OK)
8. NDS. 1 Repeat thermodynamic data for NDS

8. NDS.Z species
NOTE: CARD GROUP 9 IDENTIFIES EACH SPECIES AND

SPECIFIES VARIOUS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES.
MUST BE IN SAME ORDER AS CARD GROUP 8
9.1 1- 4 IDENT(l) Species name; first species (the A4

remaining data on Card 9. 1 also apply
to the first species)
13-24 MUO(1) Viscosity at reference temperaturet E12.4
(g/cm-sec); only used when flow
contains particles. FOR IPART = 0,
MUO MUST = 0 FOR ALL SPECIES
25-36 TO(l) Reference tempe3rature for viscosity E12.4
(°K)
37-48 OMEGA(1) Exponent describing viscosity/tern- El2.4
perature relation; i cc T t
49-60 PR(l) Reciprocal of species Prandtl number E12.4

61-72 SC(1) Reciprocal of species Schridt number E1Z.4
73-80 MW(l) Species molecular weight E8.2
t Values for common gases can be found in most physics and chemistry
handbooks.
37
Card Fortran
9. NDS Repeat for each species
NOTE: CARD 10 IS NOT NEEDED IF ITURB =0 (CARD 4,

COLS. 56-60)
10 1-10 TLE Turbulent Lewis number (constant)
11-20 TPR Turbulent Prandtl number (constant)
21-30 EDDYK Eddy viscosity, g/cm-sec (constant)
NOTE: CARD GROUPS II AND 12 DEFINE THE LOCATION OF

THE INITIAL ORTHOGONAL SURFACE, AND THE FLOW
ANGLE, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, VELOCITY AND
SPECIES MASS FRACTIONS WITHIN EACH STREAMTUBE
11 1-12 X(1) Initial axial position on inner boundary E12.4
(cm)
13-24 R(1) Initial radial position on inner bound- E12.4
ary (cm); usually equal to 0 for axis
boundary
25-36 PHI(l) Initial flow anglet on inner boundary E12.4
(radians); usually equal to 0 for axis
boundary
* 12.1.1 1-12 X(2) Axial position at outer boundary of first E12.4

streamtube (cm)
13-24 R(2) Radial position at outer boundary of E12.4
first streamtube (cm)
25-36 PHI(2) Flow angle at outer boundary of first E12.4
streamtube (radians)
37-48 P(2) Average pressure in first streamtube E12.4
(atm)
49-60 T(2) Average temperature in first stream- E12.4
tube (OK)
61-72 U(2) Average velocity in first streazntube E12.4
(c m/s ec)
12.1.2 1-10 C(1, 2) Average mass fraction of first species E10.3
in first streautube
Flow angle is defincd as the angle between the flow velocity vector
and the axis.
38
Card Fortran
12. 1.2 11-20 C(2, 2) Average mass fraction of second species E10.3
in first streamtube
71-80 C(8,2) Average mass fraction of eighth species El0. 3

in first streamtube
NDS
NOTE: I(--) DENOTES THE NEXT INTEGER LARGER

NDS
THAN (NDS). REPEAT CARD 12. 1. 2 TO INCLUDE
NDS SPECIES, 8 SPECIES/CARD
12.2.1 1-12 X(3) Axial position at outer boundary of E12.4

second streamtube (cm)
61-72 U(3) Average velocity in second1 streamtube E12.4

(cm/sec)
12.2.2 1-10 C(1,3) El0. 3
71-80 C(8, 3)
12.2. I(- L-) C(NDS, 3) Average mass fraction of last species ElO. 3
* in second strearntube
12.(KMAX-1).l 1-12 X(KMAX) Axial position at outer boundary of last EIZ.4

• (KMAX-1) streamtube (cm)
NDS
12. (KMAX-1).I( -) C(NDS, Average mass fraction of last species E10.3
KMAX) in last Etreamtube
NOTE: CARD 13 DEFINES THE POSITION OF THE INNER
BOUNDARY
13.1 1-12 XW(1) Initial axial position (cm); repeat of E12.4

X(I) on Card 10
13-24 RW(l) Initial radial position (cm); repeat of EIZ. 4

R(1) on Card 10
39
Card Fortran
13.1 25-36 PHIW(1) Lcave rest of card blank; program E1Z.4
37-48 PW(1) will deternine these inner boundary E12.4
49-60 SW(1) properties E12.4
13.2 1-12 XW(2) Axial distance greater than XLMAX E12.4
(Card 3, Cols. 23-34)(cm). Since the
"
4inner boundary is an axis the program
will interpolate linearly between XW()
and XW(2) to get axial locations of
orthogonal surfaces. Therefore, set
XW(2) = I X 1010
13-24 RW(2) Final radial position of inner boundary E1Z.4
(cm); since inner boundary is an axis
set RW(2) equal to R(l) on Card 11
25-36 PHIW(2) Leave rest of card blank; program E12.4
37-48 PW(2) will determine these inner boundary E12.4
49-60 SW(2) properties E12.4
NOTE: CARD GROUP 14 DEF!NES THE POSITION OF THE

OUTER BOUNDARY (NOZZLE WALL CONTOUR)
14.1 1-12 XB(1) Initial axial position of nozzle wall (cm); E12.4
equal to X(KMAX) on Card 12. (KMAX- I.I
13-24 RB(1) Initial radial position of nozzle wall E12.4
(cm); equal to R, KMAX) on
Card 12. (KMAX-1). 1
14.2 1-12 XB(2) Axial position (cm) of second point along E12.4
nozzle wall
- 13-24 RB(2) Radial position (cm) of second point E12.4
along nozzle wall
14.NA'AX 1-12 XB(NMAX) Final axial position (cm) of nozzle wall E12.4
13-24 RB(NMAX) Final radial position (cm) of nozzle wall E12.4
NOTE: CARD GROUPS 15-19 AND 20-24 (OR 25-32) ARE

INCLUDED ONLY 1W PARTICLES ARE IN FLOW,
i.e. IPART = 1 (CARD 4, COLS. 46-50)
15 1-10 FFF Factor which mltiplies particle/gas E10.3

drag coefficient (see Section It.C.3)
Card Fortran
No. Cola. Name Description Format
15. 11-20 FFG Factor which multiplies particle/gas E10.3

heat transfer coefficient (see
Section f. C. 3)
21-30 CL Liquid particle specific heat (cal/g-°K) El0.3
31-40 CS Solid particle specific heat (cal/g-OK) E10. 3
41-50 HTRAN Particle heat of solidification (cal/g) EIO. 3
51-60 WT Particle molecular weight El0.3
16 1-10 RHSS Particle density (g/cm3 ) El0.3

31-40 TPS Particle solidification temperature (OK) E1O. 3
17 1- 5 NPG Number of particle groups (8 maximum) 15

6-10 NC Index noting whether particle properties 15
are constant or variable along initial
orthogonal surface
0 - constant
I - variable
NOTE: NBL( ) INDICATES RADIAL EXTENT OF EACH

PARTICLE GROUP ALONG INITIAL ORTHOGONAL
SURFACE (SEE FIG. 2); DEFINED AS LAST
STREAMTUBE NUMBER CONTAINING PARTICLES
PLUS 2. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE FIRST PARTICLE
GROUP EXTENDS TO STREAMTUBE NO. 12,
NBL(1) = 14
18 1- 5 NBL(l) Last streamtube containing first particle 15

group along initial orthogonal surface
(streamtube number + 2)
NBL(NPG) Last streamtube containing NPG particle 15

group (streamtube number + 2)
19 1-10 RP(I) Radius of first particle group (cm) 8E10. 3
RP(NPG) Radius of NPG particle group (cm)
41
Card Fortran
NOTE: IF PARTICLE PROPERTIES ALONG INITIAL ORTHOG-
ONAL SURFACE ARE CONSTANT (NC = 0) CARDS 20-
24 ARE INPUT; IF NC = I THE NEXT CARD GROUP IS
NO. 5
20 1-10 WI(1) Velocity of first particle group in stream- E10.3

kine alirection (cm/sec)
11-20
*
WI(2)
•
Velocity of second particle group in
streamline direction (cm/sec)
E10.3
I
WI(NPG) Velocity of NPG particle group in stream- E10.3
line direction (cm/sec)
21 1-10 VI() Velocity of first particle group normal E10.3
to streamline (cm/sec)
11-20 VI(2) Velocity of second particle group normal E10.3
* to streamline (cm/sec)
VI(NPG) Velocity of NPG particle group normal to E10.3

streamline (cm/sec)
22 1-10 TPI(1) Temperature of first particle group (OK) E10.3
11-20 TPI(2) Temperature of second particle group E10.3
S • (OK) •
TPI(NPG) Temperature of NPG particle group (OK) E10. 3

23 1 -If RHP(1) Particle cloud density of second particle E10.3
group (g/cm)
11-20 RHPI(2) Particle cloud density of second particle E10. 3
* , group (g/cm)
RHPI(NPG) Particle cloud density of NPG particle E10. 3

group (g/cm 3 )
Card Fortran
NOTE: IF A PARTICLE GROUP IS AT THE SOLIDIFICATION

TEMPERATURE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT WHICH HAS
BEEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE LIQUID PARTICLES
(i. e. SOME FRACTION OF THE TOTAL HEAT OF
SOLIDIFICATION) IS INPUT ON CARD 24. IF THE
PARTICLE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE OR BELOW THE
SOLIDIFICATION TEMPERATURE, DENGI(J) = 0
(J = 1, NPG)
24 1-10 DENGI(1) Heat transferred from first particle E10.3

group at solidification temperature (cal)
11-Z0 DENGI(2) Heat transferred from second particle E10.3
* group at solidification temperature (cal)
DENGI(NPG) Heat transferred from NPG particle El0. 3

group at solidification temperature (cal)
NOTE: IF PARTICLE PROPERTIES ALONG INITIAL ORTHOG-

ONAL SURFACE ARE VARIABLE (NC = 1) CARDS 25-32
ARE INPUT (SEE FIG. 2)
25.1 1-10 W(I, 1) Streamwise velocity of first particle El0.3

group at r = 0 (cm/sec)
11-20 W(1, 2) Streamwise velocity of second particle El0.3
* * group at r = 0 (cm/sec)
W(1,NPG) Streamwise velocity of NPG particle El0. 3

group at r = 0 (cm/sec)
26.1 1-10 V(l, 1) Normal velocity of first particle group E10.3

at r = 0 (cn/sec); generally = 0
11-z0 V(l,2) Normal velocity of second particle group E10.3
* . at r = 0 (cm/sec); generally - 0
V(I,NPG) Normal velocity of NPG particle group E10. 3

at r = 0 (cm/sec); generally = 0
13
F
Card Fortran
27.1l 1-10 TP(l, 1) Temperature of first particle group at E10. 3
r = 0 (°K)
11-20 TP(, 2) Temperature of second particle group E10.3
* at r = 0 (OK)
TP(I,NPG) Temperature of NPG particle group at E10.3

r = 0 (°K)
28.1 1-10 RHP(I. 1) Particle cloud density of first particle E10.3
group at r = 0 (g/cm 3)
11-20 RHP(l, 2) Particle cloud density of second particle El0.3

group at r = 0 (g/cm 3 )
RHP(INPG) Particle cloud density of NPG particle E10.3

group at r = 0 (g/cm 3 )
29.1 1 -5 ICOND(il) Index which indicates whether first parti- 15
cle group is at solidification temperature

at r a 0
ICOND = 0; No
= 1; Yes
6 -10 ICOND(1,2) Same as above for second particle group 15
ICOND(l,NPG) Same as above for NPG particle group 15
30.1 1-10 DENG(I, 1) Heat transferred from first particle El0.3

group at r = 0 at solidification tempera-
ture (cal) (See NOTE on page )
11-20 DENG(1,2) Same as above for second particle group E1O.3
DENG(1,NPG) Same as above for NPG particle group E10.3

25.2
26.2
27.2 Same as 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1,
28.2 and 30. 1, except for first streamtube
29.2
30.2
Card Fortran
25. (NBL- 1)
26. (NBL- 1)
27. (NBL-1) Same as above excpt for last stream-
28. (NBL- 1) tube containing pa.ticles
29. (NBL - 1 )
30. (NBL-1)
NOTE: CARDS 31 AND 32 LOCATE THE INITIAL BOUNDARY

OF EACH PNRTICLE GROUP
31 1-10 TRBDY(1) Distance from axis, along initial orthog- El0.3

onal surface, to boundary of first particle
group (cm) (see Fig. 2)
11-20 TRBDY(2) Same as above for second particle group E10.3
TRBDY(NPG) Same as above for NPG particle group El0. 3
32 1-10 DNDSP(I) Distance from outer boundary of last E10.3

streamtube containing particle to boundary
of first particle group at initial orthogonal
surface (cm) (see Fig. 2)
11-20 T)NDSP(Z) Same as above for boundary of second ElO.3
* • particle group
* DNDgP(NPG) Same as above for boundary of NPG 0
particle group
NOTE: THE FOLLOWING CARDS CONTAIN THE REACTION

MECHANISM AND RATE COEFFICIENTS. USE ONLY
IF IKINE (CARD 5, COLS. 41-45) IS GREATER THAN
0, (SEE SECTION II.(;. Z FOR REACTION AND RATE
COEFFICIENT TYPES )
33.1 1- 4 IZD(1) Species A A4

7 + sign
8-11 IZD(2) Spccies B A4
14 + sign
15-20 Blank or M A4
'5
r
Card Fortran
33.1 z2 =sign
22-25 IZD(3) Species C A4
28 + sign (if needed)
29-32 IZD(4) Species D A4
35 + sign (if needed)
36-39 XZD(5) Species E A4
49-50 IRR Reaction type (I to 10) 12
51 IRT Rate coefficient type (I to 8) U1
52-59 RC(1) Pre-exponential factor, A E8. 2

(cm-molecule-sec units)
60-63 RC(2) Temperature exponent, N F4.1

64-72 RC(3) Activation energy, B (cal/mole) F9. I
33. IKINE Same as above for IKINE reaction
46
IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS
This section gives the results of several sample calculations made with
FULLNOZ and an analysis performed to determine heterogeneous electron-
ion recombination rates in solid propellant nozzle flows.
12-50 A
2
MOC
IO~ MOCENTERLINE
6- WALL
4-
%9
WALLNO-
j 2-
6 I I
-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

AXIAL DISTANCE FROMi THROAT, cm
Figure 3. Comparison between ;\ctho(I of Characteristics (MOC)

and FULLNOZ calculation& of MM-Stage 2 nozzle
prcu3surc distributions.
17
L.
TZ- 34A
3500 1
3000 -WITH H2 /CO CHEMISTRY
sJ 2500 'ENTERLINE
WALL - - -
w%
2000
1500- MOC
1 FULLNOIZ
10001
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
-25
AXIAL DISTANCE FROM THROAT, cm
Figure 4. Comparison between Method of Characteristics (MOC)
and FULLNOZ calculations of MM-Stage 2 nozzle
gas temperature distributions.
A. Sample Calculations
Initial calculations with FULLNOZ were compared with calculations for

the Minuteman, Stage 2 nozzle using a two-phase constant y method of
characteristics (MOC) code. 3 The purpose of this comparison was to check
the numerical accuracy of the code. Input data for the calculations are given
in Ref. 23.
Figures 3 and 4 show the pressure and temperature distributions along

the centerline and wall (witsh no boundzry layer effects). The pressure dis-
tributions compare very well, but FULLNOZ temperatures are slightly
higher than those calculated via the MOC code. The centerline gas tempera-
ture calculated with FULLNOZ shows a more pronounced effect of gas/parti-
Z3. Pergament, H.S. and Mikatarian, R.R., "Predictions of Minuteman

Exhaust Plume Ehectrcal Properties," AeroChe'ii TP-2.81, July 1972.
4-8
-4" , 17 --
cle interactions than was demonstrated by the MOC code. The results of a
short run with FULLNOZ, including a set of 10 reactions involving Hz/CO
chemistry, (see Ref. 23 for the reaction mechanism and rate coefficients)
are also shown on Fig. 4.
Figu-'es 5 and 6 show the influence of boundary layer heat transfter and
shear stress on the temperature and velocity within the wall streamtube.
I
The largest effects are observed for the cold (500 0 K) wall; when the wall is
near the adiabatic wall temperature.(= 3000 0 K) the results are similar to
those for no boundary layer.
3000
2600
NO BOUNDARY LAYER
2200 WALL TEMPERATURE, K
o- 5000
W 1800 3000
1400-
1000
01
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
DISTANCE FROM THROAT ALONG WALL, cm
Figure 5. Influence of nozzle boundarv layer on wall streazmtube

temp erature,
49
-3.00 I I
NO BOUNDARY LAYER
WALL TEMPERATURE, K
2.75 500
E
E 2.50-
0
o2.25-
0
w
>S
0 25 50 75 100 125 150

DISTANCE FROM THROAT ALONG WALL, cm
Figure 6. Influence of nozzle boundary layer on wall streamtube

velocity.
Figure 7 shows the boundary layer velocity and temperature profile at

the nozzle exit plane; Table I demonstrates that the boundary layer displace-
ment and momentum thicknesses are much less than the wall streamtube
thickness, i.e. all boundary layer effects are confined to the wall streamtube.
Figures 8 and 9 show the resuhs of a parametric series of calculations

in which the gas/particle drag and heat transfer coefficients were arbitrarily
varied (via the factors FFF and FFG on Card 15) over their approximate
ranges of uncertainty to test the effect on exit plane ;.nd particle properties.
Figure 8 shows that varying FFF and FFG can have Eignificant effects on gas
temperatures and velocities. Figure 9 demonstrates that the 4R diameter
particles can be eitl.cr at the solidification temperature or completely solidified.
depending on the value chosen for FFG.
so
1.4 IIIIIIII 1.
1.2 1.
1.0 -" VLCT .
mowm
0.4( WALL TEMIPERATURE, K -.

~13000
0.2 -- 500 -.
0 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

y/ 8
Figure 7. Boundary layer profiles at MM-Stage 2 nozzle exit plane.
TABLE 1
NOZZLE EXIT PLANE BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERS

MM-Stage 2 (Ref. 23)
Nozzle Exit Radius = 60. 9 cm

Axial Distance From Throat = 134 cm
Wall Temperature, 0K
500 3000
Wall Streamtube Width, cm 1. 24 1. 38
Boundary Layer Thickness, cni 4.45 .50
Displacement Thickness , cm 0.451 0. 196
Momentum Thickne!,,,, cin 0.355 0. 161

22 00
5,
2000 FFG
0.0
-L
Z Q3
4,0
1200
2400-
FFF
FFG
0.1,0.3
2200-
01.
2 2000-
-j
I-f
1800-1
16001- 1 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Figure 9. Influence of particle drag and heat transfer coefficients

on exit plane particlc temiperatures.
53
I
B. Heterogeneous Electron Ion Recombination
One of the unanswered questions in determining nozzle exit plane electron

mole fractions is the extent to which heterogeneous electron/ion recombination
on the surface of solid particles can enhance homogeneous electron/ion recom-
bination rates. Towards this end we have adopted a model developed at
AeroChem by Calcote, Kurzius and Silla 4 in which a negatively charged parti-
cle (particles are negatively charged because the electrons will reach the sur-
face more rapidly than positive ions) is neutralized by positive ions striking
the surface. Thus, instead of requiring a three-body collision for recombina-
tion, only a two-body collision between the solid particle and positive ion need
occur. To a first approximation the particle electron recombination rate can
be equated to the rate at which positive ions strike the solid particles. How-
ever, if negative ions are present (for typical solid propellants mole fractions
of C1" are from 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than electron mole frac-
tions) the electron recombination rate will decrease, since some of the posi-
tive ions will react with negative ions rather than electrons.
The solid particle electron recombination coefficient, ape' is defined from
dn
(-de ) =-ape n+np (71)
tp Pe P
where ne is electron density, t is time, n+ is positive ion density and np is the

particle numbe density. If particle diameters are small compared to the gas
mean free path" (free molecular flow) and the electron densities are suffi-
ciently high that the particles remain negatively charged, ape is essentially
the random ion flux to the particle (with a correction factor for negative ions),
a irr( + [&(2)] (72)
t If particle diameters are not small compared to the mean free path correc-
tions will have to be made to the expression for a .
24. Calcote, H.F., Kurzius, S.C., and Silla, H., "Solid Propellant Flame
Ionization and the Effect of Chemical Additives," Third Radar Attenua-
tion Symposium, CPIA -ubl. No. 4b (Applied Physics Lab., Johns
Hopkins Univ., Silver Spring, 1964), pp. 17-40.
54
where r is the particle radius, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the gas
temperature, m+,me, and m. are the masses of positive ions, electrons and
negative ions, respectively, ajid n- is the negative ion density.
Equations (71) and (72) represent the formal method for incorporating
heterogeneous electron/ion recombination into FULLNOZ. However, we must
also account for the possibility that, at the high temperatures near the nozzle
throat, the particle is emitting electrons via thermionic emission. Under
these conditions a steady state is achieved by balancing the random current
density to the particle (from the plasma) by thermionic emission. Equating
these electron currents results in a "critical" electron density for which the
net current flow to the particle is zero and an initially neutral particle will
remain neutral. This critical electron density is defined by,
T 3V;2
(ne)cr = B(-2) Tg exI 11, 605 Ew/Tp1 (73)
where B is the thermionic emission constant, Tp is the particle temperature,

T_ is the gas temperature and Ei is the effective work function of the particle
in volts. Thus, heterogeneous electron/ion recombination is only of potential
importance for ne > (ne)cr.
The technique adopted to incorporate the above equations into FULLNOZ

is:
1. At each integration step determine whether the local electron

density is greater than the critical electron density. (During the
initial stages of the expansion process, where particle tempera-
tures are very high it is likely that ne < (ne)cr.)
2. If ne < (ne)cr then electron/ion recombination will not be significant

and Eqs. (71) and (72) will not be employed.
3. If ne > (ne)cr Eqs. (71) and (72) will be incorporated directly into
the general kinetic scheme (with possible corrections to Eq. (72)
due to non-free molecular flow effects).
The above procedure has not as yet been incorporated into the code.
55
V. REFERENCES
1. "ICRPG Two-Dimensional Kinetic (TDK) Nozzle Analysis Computer Pro-

gram," Dynamic Science Corp., December 1973 (revised version).
2. Hoffman, R.J., English, W.D., Oeding, R.G., and Webber, W.T.,

"Plume Contamination Effects Prediction: The CONTAM Computer Pro-
gram, " Final Report, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, AFRPL-
TR-71-109, December 1971.
3. Nickerson, G. R. and Kliegel, J. R., "Axisymmetric Two-Phase Perfect

Gas Performance Program, " TRW Systems Report No. 02874-6006-ROOO,
Vols. I and II, April 1967.
4. Penn, M.M. and Smith, S.D., "Supersonic Gas-Particle Flows, Includ-

ing Reacting Chemistry," JANNAF 8th Plume Technology Meeting,
Colorado Springs, CO, July 1974.
5. Boynton, F.P., "The MULTITUBE Supersonic Flow Computer Code,"

General Dynamics/Convair GDC-DBB 67-003, February 1967.
6. Boynton, F.P. and Thomson, A., "Numerical Computation of Steady,

Supersonic, Two-Dimensional Gas Flow in Natural Coordinates," J.
Computational Phys. 3, 379-398 (1969).
7. Van Dijest, E. R. , "Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids,"

J. Aeron. Sci. 18, 145-160 (1951).
8. Keener, E.R. and Hopkins, E.J., "Van Driest Generalization Applied to

Turbulent Skin Friction and Velocity Profiles Measured on the Wall of a
Mach 7.4 Wind Tunnel," AIAA J. 11, 1784-1785 (1973).

Rocket Plume Program. (The AIPP Code). Part I. Analytical and
Numerical Techniques," AeroChern TP-302a, AFPRL-TR-74-59,
November 1974.

Rocket Plume Program (The AIPP Code). Part II. Program User's
Manual, "AeroChemTP- (in preparation).
11. Mikatarian, R.R. , Kau, C.J. , and Pergament, H. S. , "A Fast Computer
Prograiii for Noiwqaulibriuni Rocket Plume Predictions, " F inal Report,
AeroChem TP-282, AFRJPL-TR-72-94, August 1972.
6
12. Cruise, D.R., "Information Manual for the Theoretical Propellant
Evaluation Program, " Naval Weapons Center PEP NOTE TN-U-I (plus
additions), December 1964.
13. JANNAF Thermochemical Tables (Dow Chemical Company, Midland,

Mich.), continuously updated.
14. Jensen, D.E. and Jones, G.A., "Gas-Phase Reaction Rate Coefficients
,for Rocketry Applications, " Rocket Propulsion Establishment Technical
Report No. 71/9, October 1971.
* 15. Soo, S.L., Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems (Blaisdell Publ. Co,
Waltham, Mass., 1967).
16. Crowe, C. T., "On the Momentum and Heat Transfer Equations for Two-
Phase Plumes," Washington State Univ., March 1971.
17. Schlicting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1968), p. 599.
18. Herring, H. J. and Mellor, G. L., "A Method of Calculating Compressible

Turbulent Boundary Layers, " NASA CR-I 144, September 1968.
19. Tong, H., Buckingham, A. C., and Morse, H. L., "Nonequilibrium

Chemistry Boundary Layer Integral Matrix Procedure, " Aerotherm
Final Report No. 73-67, July 1973.
20. Hopkins, E.J., Keener, E.R., and Louie, P.2., "Direct Measurements
of Turbulent Skin Friction on a Nonadiabatic Flat Plate at Mach Number
6.5 and Comparisons with Eight Theories, " NASA TN D-5675, February
1970.
21. Back, L.H. and Cuffel, R.F., "Relationship Between Temperature and
Velocity Profiles in a Turbulent Boundary Layer along a Supersonic
Nozzle with Heat Transfer," AIAA 2. 8, 2066-2069 (1970).
22. Kays, W. M., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer (McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1966).
23. Pergament, H. S. and Mikatarian, R. R. , "Predictions of Minuteman

Exhaust Plume Electrical Properties," AeroChen TP-281, July 1972.
24. Calcote, H. F. , Kurzius, S.C. , and Silla, H. , "Solid Propellant Frne

Ionization and the Effect of Chemical Atdtivc , " Third Radir Attenuia-
tion S'mnposiuwn, C1I\ Publ. No. -6 (A.)icd I111ysic i. , J olr
Hopkim, Univ., Silver Spring, 19t4), pp. 17-40.
t: 7
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE INPUT DATA
A-1
'C-~A 414 L "OZ1
Al,
2z+ f..u/L.Y" IouPl4XO N.2

AZ, hOAV r0o004 , - r' 09L/oz .L0PL 7"C,7" CA5C 9/75 ,91
. 72,00 2. 0004#2 1 •52 4-2
4 / / 0 0
T is
L5 /0 2 Z2 /0 $0 900 /0
/000" I
.0.oB 0'0//-4 0.
oI
o / CO /
1 4/. 0-542 4C 7 £,
75 0-7
t..1//05'75;, 2
€Z'544.IO321. E'2 CO
2 - 59 .0.4 -2-'2544 04
,'3i.2/ 4f9L,, COZ£ot

.Z 3 ol,.?ol 3 t.',9,.ef39B2E#,2
8.31 '4-eS1, '3302,(P9E3,90' 5 9,C Z15-S/97Z54zv*1
20'3344,5 £2 2 A
'0549Z-45,05/39955
S.4. '"34/Z..2 ,/-"5O575.fZ.O'0BO760.4157 £- i

4 sZ Z 6- j70 0PL9Er/' 3z/. 6 'z 2
4 DA(
* 5/'5B"5 "/ / 7.3 95J'75 f./-.3 253 62' £ 10 ZA 3 7F £" /
2 OH
2 .75/7'I-I 79210Z09 Cf./l'509.509),
00L 0 £-Iz I
1 .4704
97.50
a(/2' .,. '4/./62 j/-'55935i 5 96,9 5
(#2z.
* ~ £"' /I$lZ
//L
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0 #2
. 43449 £#i
2/'.2 19310092 £t/-'461582"4,.4 6708313354-/
. 9!9- 27l. £-2-'IZ4Z4o8E11'525L477
4
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£C1-
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.Z /a/ Z7099 £-158/5.304 £.z.4€718172 £-2
* .8t/
• "[4/7589
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Z.-596 o4067--I-"Z421998,E£I'•S70 /17,f
3
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a/a/.1 4!544 EE1 861r9

4 F' O-.2854I47EO'B51
/1.zoo4 £"3 I
I
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9, co L'S 300, 0'75 /' 1. 4'.
.33
/63"5 £- .oo. o 1i" 14 -

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6-4
25.5 L-4 300, 0 •75' 4' I"4 /7-
48.
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50/9 300. 076'I
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9/ . /- 2127 , 5 4260 0' 16 - 00 21.

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3 - 17',38 4,
MA~IL. -4/ Tf2z
IZ71 112 1011/340 0! 30 4 - 7 5
3H I
F04ThP I I-
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4 VC>,Z/o
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2 *t3#E0;r4
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0'.34070/26SO 9.r) 4.
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J/18- 24160 0j-3181:4 5hABO 26.50'

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.. '/St ~ ~ 10 Ji *,0v~039f6 0*/

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279. 2 3 2 0./3,2
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2. 2 0 -27,
9 -,0/3E-,08
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271 ZZ9 7
to A 2 7 2.
7x2 8 W 4,eOL, 7
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A4
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APPENDIX B
SAMPLE OUTPUT
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APPENDIX C
SAMPLE OUTPUT -EXPLANATIONS

APPENDIX C
SAMPLE OUTPUT - EXPLANATIONS
The first page of output contains all the input data on Cards 1-5 and 7,
followed by the species identification data (Card 9) and the distributions of
properties along the initial orthogonal surface. The units of each variable
are identical with those used for the input data. These are followed by the
axis location and the nozzle wall contour.
The standard printed output at each value of KP (Card 5, Cols. II-15)

or DXLSS (Card 3, Colo. I I-22) gives properties for each streamtube, from
K (streamtube index) a 2 to K a KMAX. In addition to the usual output* i. e.
X, R, PHI, T, P, U, the following properties are printed:
MA Mach number
DELY streamtube width (cm)
H enthalpy (cal/g)
HT stagnation enthalpy (cal/g)
TAW shear stress at tube interface (dynes/cml)
Q heat flux at tube interface (cal/cml-sec)
PT dynamic pressure (atm)
RHO density (g/cm')
SX distance along streamtube (cm)
SUMDOT total mass flow bounded by streamtube (g/sec)
C species mass fraction

X species mole fraction
WDOT ,species production rate (g/cn-3 sec)
only for FI total mass flow of species up to present streamtube
viscous (g/sec)
flows ZJ species flux at tube interface
* X and R refer to the coordLnates of thte outer boundary of streamtube

while the flow propterties ire verage valuies across the strearntube.
C. t
Boundary layer parameters, if computed, are printed between the tube
properties and the composition data in the last streamtube (at downstream print
stations). The following parameters are printed:
RES Reynolds number based on distance along wall

DELTA! boundary layer thickness (incompressible)
THETAI momentum thickness (incompressible)
CFI skin friction coefficient (incompressible)
UFI friction velocity (incompressible)
DISP displacement thickness
DELTAC boundary layer thickness
THETAC momentum thickness
CFC skin friction coefficient
H12 shape factor (= DISP/THETAC)
QWALL heat flux at wall (cal/crnz-sec)
TAUWALL shear stress at wall (dyues/cm z )
U/UE B. L. velocity profile (UE g velocity in last tube)
T/TE B. L. temperature profile (TE = temperature in last
tube)
Y/DEL location in B.L. (DEL :. DELTAC)
If MART 1, particle properties are printed; first, a NAMELIST of

the input data on Cards 15 through 19 (and 20 through 23 for NC = 0), followed
by the initial particle properties in each streamtube. The standard particle
print gives the downstream and cross-stream velocity, temperature, Reynolds
number ;,nd particle cloud density for each particle group and total particle
momentaun flux, for each strearntube. Sincu, typical1/, the liniting particle
streamlines are within streamtube KMAX the outer LubeC will contain no parti-
cies Li,-ti.ig particle streamlines are notei as, 'BOUNDARY OF PARTICLE
PHASE A! $ =X. XXXXX', followed by the radial position of the limitingparti-
cle st,-earni-ne for each particle group. If the particles are initially in the
liquid cha-e the program will print where Lhey ft.zt tu oidify,
APPENDIX D
FORTRAN LISTING
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A Computer Code For Fully-Coupled Rocket Nozzle Flows - Pergament

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AD-A019 538

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

#Pi Technical In *m ice

A COMPUTER CODE FOR FULLY-COUPLED

AeroChem Research Laboratories, Inc.

April 1975 AI FOACZ C'F.Z ,('Y

. . .. .:. r...." ',~. ~ .o~uieve a d iU

Approved for Public Release;

Prepared for jfrIMN2

Arlington, Virginia 22209

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE ~itl ii yoa

H.S. PER(;AMENT F44620-74-C-0006

i.LROCHIEM- RES LARCH LABORAI1OR I ES, INC. 681308

AINR v'nw: oFi Ci OF SCI,! T1 FlU RESEAR'I/NA April 1975

YAT IE9 T (of is R#Pwfj

Approved for public release: distribution unhlimited. D D

ROCKEI NOZZLE FLOWS

40. ACISPAC 7 I'Lom~".'r" 00r*V51 ##d# anIeef~md

A comprehensive computer code (FULLNOZ) hais been developed to perform detailed

Qualified requestors may obtain additional

This report describes the analytical and numerical techniqu.. utilized in

FULLNOZ represents a signifcant advance in nozzle flow calculations by

Sample calculations are presented for the Minuteman 3tage 2 nozzle. In

This is a report on the work performed on Contract F44620-74-C-0006

This scientific report has been reviewci and is approved.

A streamtube area; also pre-exjlonentiai term in rate coefficient

CDI high Reynolds number drag coefficient, see Eq. (35)

Cp gas specific heat

gp ratio of actual particle heat transfer coefficient to heat transfer

I -li s specific heat polynomial coefficients

n distance normal to streamline, also exponent in Eqs. (57) and (58)

Pr laminar Prandtl number

q heat flux, defined by Eq. (22)

R universal gas constant, also value of nozzle radius at each x

U velocity along streamline

II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS 13

III. PREPARATION OF INPUT DATA 32

IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS 47

2 INPUT DATA DT F'INITIONS 33

4 COMPARISON BETWEEN METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS

5 INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE BOUNDARY LAYER ON WALL

6 INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE BOUNDARY LAYER ON WALL

7 BOUNDARY LAYER PROFILES AT MM-STAGE 2 NOZZLE

8 INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

9 INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER

APPENDIX A: SAMPLE INPUT DATA

APPENDIX B: SAMPLE OUTPUT

APPENDIX C: SAMPLE OUTPUT - EXPLANATIONS

APPENDIX D: FORTRAN i,STI:G

This report describes a new fully-coupled rocket nozzle code (FULLNOZ)

e.g. none of these codes calculate turbulent boundary layers.

1. "ICRPG Two-Dimensional Kinetic (TDK) Nozzle Analysis Computer Pro-

2. Hoffman, R.J., English, W.D., Oeding, R.G. , and Webber, W.T.,

3. Nickerson, G.R. and Kliegel, J.R., "Axisymmetric Two-Phase Perfect

4. Penny, M.M. and Smith, S.D., "Supersonic Gas-Particle Flows, Includ-

* Species diffusion, shear, and heat transfer normal to streamlines

In contrast to the abovementioned codes,1 which all use the method of

5. Boynton, F.P., "The MULTITUBE Supersonic Flow Computer Code,"

6. Boynton, F.P. and Thomson, A., "Numerical Computation of Steady,

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

LIMITING PARTICLE STREAMLINES

ORTHOGONAL SURFACES '