Amprolium for Prophylaxis of Ovine Sarcocystis

Author(s): R. G. Leek and R. Fayer

Source: The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 66, No. 1 (Feb., 1980), pp. 100-106
Published by: The American Society of Parasitologists
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 J. Parasitol., 66(1), 1980, pp. 100-106
? American Society of Parasitologists 1980

AMPROLIUM*FOR PROPHYLAXISOF OVINESARCOCYSTIS

R. G. Leek and R. Fayer
Animal Parasitology Institute, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, United States
Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705

ABSTRACT: The efficacy of amprolium against clinical sarcocystosis resulting from Sarcocystis ovicanis
was determined in two experiments involving 40 lambs. In each experiment, four lambs were used in
each of five test groups-uninoculated unmedicated, inoculated unmedicated, uninoculated medicated
(100 mg/kg), inoculated medicated (100 mg/kg), and inoculated medicated (50 mg/kg). Amprolium was
provided as a feed additive to each medicated group for 31 days beginning 1 day before oral inoculation
with 100,000 S. ovicanis sporocysts. Data from deaths, body temperatures, weight gains, serum protein
levels, hematocrits, hemoglobin values, LDH and SGOT values, postmortem examinations, and histolog-
ical examinations indicated that amprolium at both levels tested reduced the number of deaths and severity
of clinical signs of sarcocystosis in experimentally infected lambs as compared with unmedicated controls.

Sheep become infected with Sarcocystis
ovicanis Heydorn et al. 1975 when they ingest
sporocysts shed in the feces of canids. Schi-
zonts of S. ovicanis develop in or near en-
dothelial cells of blood vessels of sheep with-
in 15 to 42 days after ingestion of sporocysts
(Munday et al., 1975). Cysts of S. ovicanis de-
velop in cardiac and skeletal muscle as early
as 41 days after ingestion of sporocysts (Hey-
dorn and Gestrich, 1976).
During and after the appearance of schi-
zonts, experimentally infected sheep may suf-
fer acute sarcocystosis, characterized by ane-
mia, anorexia, cachexia, and death (Leek et
al., 1977). Similar signs, including abortion,
have been observed in pregnant ewes exper-
imentally infected with S. ovicanis (Leek and
Fayer, 1978). Cattle have exhibited similar
signs following experimental infection with
sporocysts of Sarcocystis bovicanis Heydorn
et al. 1975 from dog feces (Fayer and Johnson,
1973) and in field cases of acute bovine sar-
cocystosis (Corner et al., 1963; Frelier et al.,
1977).
The present study was conducted to deter-
mine whether the anticoccidial, amprolium,
would affect the severity of acute sarcocysto-
sis in experimentally infected lambs. Ampro-
lium was selected for testing because it has
proved to be effective in controlling bovine
and ovine coccidiosis (Hammond et al., 1966,
1967; Slater et al., 1970), and also, because it
Received for publication 22 June 1979.
* Mention of a trademark or
proprietary product
does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the
product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
and does not imply its approval to the exclusion
of other products that may be suitable.
100
is the only compound that has been tested to
date for efficacy against acute sarcocystosis. It
was effective in reducing the acute effects of
S. bovicanis in experimentally infected calves
(Fayer and Johnson, 1975).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two experiments were conducted, each consist-
ing of 20 Polled Dorset male lambs divided into
five groups of four lambs. Groups were of nearly
equal total weight. Group designations were as fol-
low: Group 1, uninoculated unmedicated (UU);
Group 2, inoculated unmedicated (IU); Group 3,
uninoculated medicated with 100 mg/kg of body
weight (UM) (high level); Group 4, inoculated med-
icated with 100 mg/kg of body weight (IM) (high
level); Group 5, inoculated medicated with 50 mg/
kg of body weight (IM) (low level). Lambs in Exp.
1 were 8 to 10 wk old when inoculated; those in
Exp. 2 were 12 to 16 wk old. All lambs were born
at the Animal Parasitology Institute and raised in
isolated barns to prevent exposure to carnivores.
After weaning, they were maintained on an ad lib
diet of alfalfa hay, grain mix, alfalfa pellets, trace
mineralized (TM) salt, and water. Immediately be-
fore experiments began, the lambs were moved to
another isolated barn away from other sheep and
housed as groups of four in separate, concrete-
walled pens. During the experiments they were fed
alfalfa hay (Exp. 1 only) or pelleted alfalfa (Exp. 2
only), grain mix, TM salt, and water.
Amprolium premix to provide the above drug
levels in each day's ration of grain mix was supplied
to each medicated group of four lambs. No other
feed was given until the grain was consumed (usu-
ally within 0.5 hr). The grain ration was reduced
accordingly when a lamb in a group died. Medica-
tion began the day before inoculation (day 0 minus
1) and continued until 29 days after inoculation
(DAI).
The inoculum, S. ovicanis sporocysts, was ob-
tained from the feces of dogs that had been fed in-
fected sheep meat. Sporocysts were cleaned of de-
bris as described by Hammond et al. (1968) before
use. Sporocysts were 11 to 13 mo old when used

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 LEEKAND FAYER-AMPROLIUM FOR PROPHYLAXISOF OVINESARCOCYSTIS 101

and had been stored in Hanks Balanced Salt Solu- 41.7

TEMI'ERATURE
tion plus antibiotics at 7 to 10 C (Leek and Fayer, A (average) EXP. I
1979). Approximately 100,000 sporocysts suspend- elevations above 40 C and ranges
ed in the storage medium were administered per os 41.1
in gelatin capsules to each inoculated lamb.
All lambs were observed daily for clinical signs
of infection. They were weighed on day 0 and at 40.6 -
weekly intervals thereafter until the end of the ex-
periments. Temperatures were recorded daily. Jug- li'
rt s
ular blood was collected on day 0 and weekly there- 40.0 -s.-. - . ,

after, except for weeks 3 to 5, when it was collected 1# ~~~~GROUP

twice weekly. Blood was collected in vacuum tubes as 1 UU
containing EDTA anticoagulant for Coulter Count- 39.4- 2 IU
er determinations of hematocrit and hemoglobin 3 UM ----.....
-z- .
levels and in vacuum tubes containing no antico- 4 IM
4
-??4
IM ............
5 IM.......
agulant for determination of serum constituents. 38.9l . I I
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6 63
Serum protein levels were determined with a re-
fractometer and serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT) levels were quantitated with a Clinicard
computerized blood analyzer model 368.
A thorough postmortem examination was made
40.6
on each experimental animal. Dead or dying lambs
and those killed during an experiment were exam-
ined immediately. Surviving lambs were killed 63
DAI. The tissues (tongue, heart, kidney, skeletal 40.0

muscle, and other organs with gross lesions) taken

from each lamb were fixed in neutral buffered for-
malin, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin-eosin
and examined microscopically. Cysts present in his-
tological sections of tongue from Exp. 2 were count-
ed. Mean group values were determined for body
temperature, body weight, serum protein, hemato-
crit, hemoglobin, and serum enzymes on 0, 7, 14,
21, 24, 28, 31, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 DAI (Figs. 1-
5). Data from each experiment and data combined
for each group and groups were compared on the
aforementioned days by the New Duncan Multiple
Range Test. Because data from the individual ex-
periments could be combined without altering the
statistical results, they are presented more concise-
ly as combined data in the present report. Signifi-
cant differences among groups represent alpha val-
ues of <0.05.
RESULTS
Deaths
In Exp. 1, two lambs in Group 2 (IU) died-
one at 43 DAI and the other at 59 DAI. A third
lamb in this group was killed in extremis 48
DAI. In Exp. 2, one lamb in Group 4 (IM,
high level) died 59 DAI.
Feed consumption
In both experiments, only those lambs in
Group 2 (IU) had reduced feed consumption.
In Exp. 1, feed consumption was first reduced
26 DAI and reduced consumption continued
for 2 wk. In Exp. 2, feed consumption was
first reduced 28 DAI and reduced consump-
tion continued for 5 days.
DAYS AFTERINOCULATION
FIGURE 1. Average group-body temperature for
lambs in Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2. Ranges
shown are for days 0 to 63.
Temperature
At the beginning and end of each experi-
ment, body temperatures of all sheep were
within normal limits (39.0-40 C; Merck and
Co., Inc., 1973). In Exp. 1, inoculated groups
(Groups 2, 4, and 5) had elevated tempera-
tures at intermittent intervals between 14 and
44 DAI (Fig. 1). The highest average group
temperatures were recorded for Group 2 (IU)
on 14 DAI (41.0 C) and on 25 DAI (41.5 C).
In Exp. 2, Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 had elevated
temperatures at intermittent intervals be-
tween 20 and 48 DAI (Fig. 1). The highest
average group temperatures again were re-
corded for Group 2 (IU) on 25 and 26 DAI
(41.1 C). Analysis of combined data from
Exps. 1 and 2 revealed that Group 2 had a
significantly elevated average group temper-
ature above all groups during weeks 2, 4, and
7 and above control uninoculated groups (1,
3) and Group 4 (IM, high level) during weeks
5 and 6. Group 5 (IM, low level) had a signif-

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 102 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY,VOL. 66, NO. 1, FEBRUARY1980

20.0 GROUP
GROUP WEIGHT
I UU ---- average)
2 fx
19.0 UM -----.. *
S IM ... ,-
4 1M **---
18.2 - 5 IM ..............
D= DEATH
17.5
..............
, 16.4- . ....
.4

15.5-
0
14.5
. D V
13.6 I I I?
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 6
29.1-
WEIGHT
28.2- (average)
EXP.2
27.3-
GROUP
26.4 - I UU
1 UU ----_
25.5 - 3 IM ..........
4 IM ...
24.5 -
D=DEATH
D= DEATH .
.?..................
23.6 - 7 .5
SERUMPROTEIN
(;aivcrag;lc) l/
22.7 -

21.8 - 7.0

20.9 -

20.0 - 6.5

19.0- -; /

18.2 E
DAYS AFTER INOCULATION

FIGURE 2. Average group weights for lambs in 5.5 - GROUP

IUU
Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2. 2 IU ....
3 UM ......
5.0- 4 IM .........
5 IM ...............
icantly elevated average group temperature D= DEATH
above uninoculated controls (Groups 1, 3) and 4.5
Group 4 (IM, high level) during weeks 4, 5, DAYS AFTERINOCULATION
and 6. FIGURE 3.Average group-serum-protein levels
for lambs in Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2.
Weight
In both experiments, lambs in Group 2 (IU) Serum protein
gained less weight than lambs in any other Serum protein levels were reduced in all
group though differences were not significant. inoculated groups (Groups 2, 4, and 5) in both
Deaths of lambs markedly influenced group experiments during the period of acute illness
average weights (Fig. 2). At the conclusion of (Fig. 3). Combined data from Exps. 1 and 2
Exp. 1 (lambs now 17-19 wk old), control reveal that the greatest reduction was in
Group 3 (UM, high level) and control Group Group 2 in which levels were significantly re-
1 (UU) gained 21% and 16.8% more than their duced below those of all other groups on 28,
starting weights, respectively, whereas Group 31, and 35 DAI. Reductions in Groups 4 and
4 (IM, high level) and Group 5 (IM, low level) 5 were not as great as Group 2 but were re-
gained 15% and 5.7% of their starting weights, duced significantly below those in control
respectively. Three of the Group 2 (IU) lambs groups on 31 DAI. Serum protein levels for
had lost 26.7 to 36.1% of their starting weight all inoculated groups increased rapidly after
by the end of the experiment. In Exp. 2 (lambs the period of acute illness and reached high
now 21-25 wk old) weight gains were 41%, levels at 56 and 63 DAI. On these days all
40%, 35%, 33%, and 29% for groups 5, 3, 4, 1, inoculated groups had significantly higher
and 2, respectively. levels than the uninoculated groups.

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 LEEKANDFAYER-AMPROLIUM
FORPROPHYLAXIS
OF OVINESARCOCYSTIS 103

HEMATOCRIT HEMOGLOBIN
(average) 14 (average) EXP. I

/EXP.1
35
12-
'
/ . . . . ..
P\ ... .......' -
30 D .
-44.
u 10
o
Z 25 GROUP \ "'
e~
8 1 uu1
GKUUP 2 IU
a. /D
1UU 3 UM .....
20 /D
2 IU .... 4 M ........
3 UM ..... 6-
5 IM ...............
4 IM ........... D= DEATH
15 5 IM ............... . .

D= DEATH 4_ ? .
) 7 14 21 28 35 42 4) 56 63
10
) 14 il 2I8 35 4'2 49 56 6

45

40-

.~S . \ '% - -.:--D

10 " os %
co 35 -
......::
.
........."
= GROUP \ /"
8- 1UU \ /
X 30 2 IU
3 UM ........
4 IM ............
6 - 6 5 IMIM ...............
25 D= DEATH

4
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 4) 56 63
20 DAYS AFTER INOCULATION
4 21 28 35 42 49
DAYS AFTER INOCULATION
FIGURE5. Average group-hemoglobin levels for
FIGURE4. Average group-hematocritlevels for lambs in Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2.
lambs in Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2.

Hematocrit ysis of combined data from Exps. 1 and 2 re-

vealed that hemoglobin values did not vary
Average group hematocrit values did not significantly for any group until 28 DAI. At
vary significantly for any group in Exps. 1 and that time and on 35,42,49, and 63 DAI, Group
2 until 28 DAI. Analysis of combined data 2 (IU) had a significantly lower hemoglobin
from Exps. 1 and 2 revealed that on 28, 35, value than all other groups (Fig. 5). The
and 42 DAI, Group 2 (IU) had a significantly hemoglobin value also was significantly lower
lower hematocrit than all other groups (Fig. than those of uninoculated control groups on
4). The hematocrit for Group 2 remained sig- 56 DAI. Although the hemoglobin values
nificantly lower than that of the uninoculated were low for Groups 4 (IM, high level) and 5
control groups on 49, 56, and 63 DAI. Al- (IM, low level) on 28 DAI, they were not sig-
though the hematocrits were low for Groups nificantly lower than those of the uninoculat-
4 (IM, high level) and 5 (IM, low level) on 28 ed control groups until 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63
and 35 DAI they were not significantly lower DAI.
than those of the uninoculated control groups
until 42, 49, and 56 DAI. Serum enzymes

Average serum levels of LDH did not vary

Hemoglobin
significantly for any group in Exps. 1 and 2
Average group hemoglobin values some- until 31 DAI (Fig. 6). Analysis of combined
what paralleled the hematocrit values. Anal- data from both experiments revealed that only

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 -_t_ < _><
W .............. S,v,^,,

104 THEJOURNAL
OF PARASITOLOGY,
VOL.66, NO. 1, FEBRUARY
1980

700 700
LDH SGOT
GROUP (aver.ge) GROUP (average)
1 UU EXP.1 1 UU EXP.i
- 600 2 IU .....***- 600 2 1U ...................
\D
z 3 UM ...... 3 UM .......
4 IM ......... 4 IM ...........
/D
5 IM ............ 5 IM ...............
500 500 -
0 D= DEATH D= DEATH J
P:
\D z
z BC*'
,?''''' ]D
x 400 .. 400 II
/
.<
z x. h r''
.-?,ft. `'? z '/
/
300 - :: .r
a 300
. i,.
0-
....'
). }i
5fX A "I
21 24 28 31 2t
35 42 49-' "I
56 63 200 -
.l\.- ....
;;cr.rc,,;"r^=

,\IIIX
100 -

z 21 24 28 31 3'5 42 49 56 63

z 5-
S(;OT
GROUP (avcr;gc)
2 I LU - EXP.2
[.
z 2 I1I
zf- 3 l!M -
I00' 4 IM
5 IM
..""- ..
D= DEATH
2400

100OO ..;-;. - ;
DAYS AFTER INOCULATION
I) -
FIGURE 6. Average group-serum-enzyme levels
of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) for lambs in Groups (0 21 24 2 i I i5 42 i) 5(6 6
1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2. I)AYS AFTEl R INOC(('LATI()N

FIGURE 7. Average group-serum-enzyme levels

of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
Group 2 (IU) had significantly elevated LDH for lambs in Groups 1 to 5 in Exps. 1 and 2.
levels, higher than those of all other groups,
on 31, 35, 42, 49, and 63 DAI.
Changes in SGOT levels (Fig. 7) somewhat tags on the atrioventricular heart valves, and
paralleled those for LDH. Again, only Group a necrotic lesion about 1 cm in diameter in
2 (IU) had significantly elevated SGOT the epicardium near the apex of the left ven-
levels; these were elevated on 21, 24, 28, 31, tricle. All other lambs were killed at the end
35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 DAI. of each experiment, and no similar lesions
were observed.
Postmortem examination
All three inoculated unmedicated (Group 2) Histologic examination
lambs that died in Exp. 1 had lesions typical Cysts of S. ovicanis were found intramus-
of acute sarcocystosis. Excessive serosanguin- cularly in all inoculated lambs (Groups 2, 4,
ous fluid was found in the pericardium; pe- and 5) that died or were killed 48, 59, and 63
techial hemorrhages were found throughout DAI and in the brain of the inoculated lamb
the myocardium, but were especially common killed 48 DAI. Although the number of intra-
in the coronary groove and in the adjacent fat. muscular cysts counted in histological sec-
In addition, the lamb that died 43 DAI had tions varied greatly within each group, aver-
excessive straw-colored fluid in the abdomen, aged data revealed that approximately two to
mottled discoloration of the ventral aspect of three times more intramuscular cysts were
the liver, a postorbital blood clot, fibrinous found in comparable sections from unmedi-

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 LEEKANDFAYER-AMPROLIUM
FORPROPHYLAXIS
OF OVINESARCOCYSTIS 105

cated lambs than from medicated. The aver-
age number of intramuscular cysts in tongue
was 2,946 in Group 2 (IU), 1,155 in Group 5
(IM, low level), and 813 in Group 4 (IM, high
level). Histologic sections from uninoculated
controls contained no cysts. The lamb that
died 43 DAI had no intramuscular cysts but
schizonts (meronts) were found intramuscu-
larly.
DISCUSSION
This study is the first attempt to use chemo-
prophylaxis against ovine sarcocystosis. Am-
prolium reduced the number of deaths and
reduced the severity of clinical signs of sar-
cocystosis in experimentally infected lambs D. C.
when administered in the feed at the rate of
100 or 50 mg/kg of body weight for 31 days
beginning on the day before inoculation. Am-
prolium was more effective at 100 mg/kg than
at 50 mg/kg, as judged by more normal re- CORNER, A. H., D. MITCHELL, E. B. MEADS, AND
sponses of infected lambs compared to unin-
fected lambs. At 100 mg/kg, amprolium had
no apparenttoxic effects on uninoculated con-
trol lambs.
Clinical signs of acute sarcocystosis are as-
sociated with the development of the second
generation schizonts in capillary endothelial
cells between 27 and 33 DAI (Leek and Fay-
er, 1978). The severity of the disease is dose FRELIER, P., I. G. MAYHEW, R. FAYER, AND M. N.
related (Leek and Fayer, 1978). The finding
of fewer intramuscular cysts in inoculated
medicated lambs than in inoculated unmedi- HAMMOND, D. M., B. CHOBOTAR, AND J. V.
cated lambs and the reduction in severity of
clinical signs of sarcocystosis suggest that am-
prolium effectively reduced the number of
second-generation schizonts. This reduction
in number may reflect action of amprolium
against either or both the first and second gen-
eration schizonts. Hammond et al. (1967) and
Slater et al. (1970) suggested that amprolium
affect of the schizonts of HEYDORN,
may development
Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in sheep and Ei-
meria bovis in cattle, respectively.
The findings in the present study are quite
similar to those of Fayer and Johnson (1975)
for the efficacy of amprolium against acute
sarcocystosis in cattle resulting from S. bovi- LEEK, R. G., AND R. FAYER. 1978. Sheep experi-
canis. The principal difference between these
two studies was in the method of drug admin-
istration. In the S. bovicanis study, a specific
volume of liquid amprolium was adminis-
tered orally to each animal. In the present
study, a specific weight of amprolium premix
was added to the measured grain mix pre-
sented to a group of animals. Thus, the spe-
cific amount of amprolium ingested by each
animal in the group could not be determined.
The method of administration of drug in the
latter study, although less precise than that in
the former study, more closely approximates
the conditions under which the drug would
be administered to farm or range sheep.
These findings suggest that amprolium may
be used prophylactically in the feed as a sar-
cocystostat for lambs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the assistance of
Davis, L. T. Young, and D. K. Mc-
Loughlin.
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