Howell JC, Lipsey MW & Wilson J (2014) A handbook for evidence-based «ystems. London, UK: Lavington Books, ‘Kocgl Od, Farrington DP, Aogimeri LK & Day DM (2008) Evaluation ofa ‘ignitive- behavioural programm for children with eondvet problems Lewis MD, Granic I, Lamm C,slaze PD, SticbenJ,Tedd RM, Moadab & ‘Changes in the neural bases of emotion ogulatin associate with clinical siden with behaviour probleme. Development and Paychopathology 20 919-93 Pepler D, Waleh M, Yule A, Levene K, Vaughan A & Webber J (2010) Bridging the Gv (Gap: Interventions with aggressive girls and their parents, Prevention Seience 1 220 2 Walsh MM, Pepler DJ & Lavene KS (2002) A modal intervention fr gils with disruptive ‘behaviour problems: The Rarlscourt Girls Connection. Canadian Joumal of Courslling 27-3 Washingtan State Institute for Pub Pliy, Molioring 8, Granie, Lamm C & Lewis MD (2011), Neural Changes Associated with ‘Treatment Outeome in Children with Exteralizing Probloms. Biological Payehiazry 709) 873-879, ‘WolteringS, Liao V, Liu 2X & Granie I (2016) Neural rhythms of change: long-term {improvement aftr suocossfl treatment in children with disruptive behavicr problems, ‘Neural Plasticity, Atielo 1D 873197 httpféxdoiorg/10.1156/2015873197. Chapter 26: The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development By David P Farrington Aims ‘The orginal aim of the CSDD was to deseribe the development of delinquent ‘and criminal behaviour in inner-city males, to investigate to what extent {his coud be predicted in advance, and to explain why juvenile delinquency hogan, why it did or did not continuo into adult crime, and why adult crime often ended as men reached their 208, The main fu was on eontinity or «iscontinity in behavioural development, on the effets of ie events on Characteristics of the sample At the time they were first contacted in 1961-62, the boys were all living in ‘8 working-lass area of South London. The sample was chosen by taking all the boys who were then but rather a complete popul time (see Farrington, 2008), ‘Most of the boys (357, or 87%) were of white British origin, being brought up by parents who had themselves been brought up in England, Scotland or‘was, therefore, overwhelmingly a traditional, white, urban, workingc-clame ‘sample of British origin. Data collected at different ages ‘The boys were interviewed and tested in their schools by psychologi when they were aged about eight, 10 and 14. They were then interviewed i) Although the most interesting individuals in any research on offending tend ‘to be the hardest to locate and the most uneo-operative, we have always ‘managed to trace and interview a very high proportion of the sample: 389 out F410 who were alive at age 18 (95%) and 378 out of 403 who were alive al ‘age 32 (94%), for example. By age 48, 17 of the men had died, of whom 13 had ‘been convicted — it is a problem for criminological researchers that the most Between 2004 and 2013, 551 adult children of these males (84% of a target sample of 653) were interviewed at the average age of 25; 291 of the 348 sons (85%) and 260 of the 310 daughters (84%), Of the remainder, ‘39 children refused, 33 parents refus ildren could not be traced, 52), their parents termed ‘generation 3 Criminal careers Natural history of offending partners around age 28, on average, Persistence in offending periods. The (7% of the sample) who committed half (51%) ofall officially recordedSelf-reported offending Daring the interviews, the G2 offences during the same age ranges, Risk factors ‘Te found many risk factors that predicted a high probability of offending This article concentrates on risk factors measured in childhood, that predict convictions for violence for both G2 males and G3 males (see Farrington 2018), Childhood predictors parent). The strongest individual predictors were high troublescmences (rated by peers and teachers), high daring (taking many risks), high dishonesty (rated by peers), high hyperactivity (acka concentration or ‘The strongest family predictors of violence by G8 males were convictions al punishment and poor parental supervision, Predictors were suspension from school, frequent truancy and high risk-taking, The strongest socio-economic Predictors were poor housing, large family size and low take-home pay of the family breadwinner (hep 26, The Cambsdge Study n Dlngusrt Seelpenent fami e research, the same risk factors were important predictors in both the CSDD and the Pittsburgh ‘Youth Study (Farrington & Locher, 1999). Generally, risk factors for offending are highly replicable over time and place, at least in Western industrialised countries Mechanisms and processes explanations of the relationship between disrupted families (broken homes) and delinquency and found that, while G2 males from broken ‘homes (permanently disrupted families) were mare delinquent than G2 males from intact homes, they were not more delinquent than G2 males ‘was not true that broken homes always had undesirable consequences (see Rarrington et al., 2009). Life events Effects of life eventsFactors encouraging desistance ‘An important life event that encouraged desistance was moving out of London, Most families who moved out were upwardly mobile families who Were moving to prosperous suburban areas in the Home Counti buying their own houses rather than renting in London. It was clear that both the official and solreported offending of the G2 males decreased ater they or their families moved out of London, possibly because of the effect of the move in breaking up delinquent poer groups, tis often believed that marriage is one of the best treatments for male offending, When we asked tho G2 males in their 20s why they had stopped Life success of offenders Zhe convicted males were divided into 47 desisters who were convicted only before age 21, 31 late-comers to crime who were convicted only at age 21 or lder, and 65 persisters who were convicted both before and after age 21 ‘The key question that was addressed isto what: extent these categories of (Chats 2: The Cambridge Sty Delnguort Development offenders were successful in different aspects of their lives at age 48. The ‘g0od nows is that the majority of all groups were considered to be leading successful lives: 96% of unconvicted men, 96% of desisters, 84% of Inte onset offenders, and 65% of persisters. ‘The most important finding is that desisters were not significantly different from uneonvicted men in 8 out of 9 areas or in their total success score, Therefore, as with smoking, those who give up offending eventually become similar to non-offenders. intergenerational transmission of self-reported offending was mediated by socio-economic deprivation and an anti-establishment attitude. Policy implicationsBecause of the link between offending and numerous other social problems, ‘any measure that succeeds in reducing crime will probably have benefits that go far beyond this. Early prevention that reduces offending would probably also reduce drinking, drunk driving, drug use, sexual promiscuity and family violenee, and perhaps also school failure, unemployment and ‘marital disharmony. Itis clear from the CSDD that the most persistent offenders start early, have long criminal careers, and have difficulties in many aspects of their lives. Furthermore, we know that persistent offenders tend to produce the xoxt generation of delinquent children. It is important to target children at risk with prevention programmes in childhood in order to break this eyele of intergenerational transmission. References ‘Farrington, D.P and Loeber,R. (1995) Transatlantic replieabiity of vsk factors in the ‘development of delinquency. In Cohen, P, Slomkowski,C. and Robin, L. (ks) Historical and Geographical Influenoce on Peychopathology. Mabiwats, NJ: Lawrence Belbaumn (9p, 200 329) ‘Harrington, DLP. (2005) Key results from the fist 40 yoas of the Cambridge Study in Delinguent Development. In Thornberry, TP. and Krabn, M.D, (Bas) Taking Stoo! of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies. New York ‘Rluwen/Plenum (pp. 197-189), Farrington, DP, Cold, J. W. and West, D.J.(2008) The development of efending frm ‘age 8 to age 50: Recent results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Monatsochrift fur Kriminolegie und Strafreterform (Journal of Criminology and Penal Reform), 98, 160-173. Pusvingion, D. P, Piquero, AR. and Jennings, WG. (2013) Offending from Childhood to Late Middle Age: Recent Results frm the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, [New York: Soringer Farrington, D. P, Tf, MM, Crago, BV. and Goi, J. W. (2014) Prevalence, frequency, ‘onset, desistanes and criminal career duration in selPreparts compared with official ecards. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 94, 241 25. Farrington, D. P.(2015) The developmontal evidence base: Prevention In Crightan, DA. ‘and owl, G., (Eds) Forensic Pyehology (2nd ed) Chichester: Wiley (pp. 143-159) Farrington, D.P, Tf, MM, Crago, RV. and Coid, J W. 2015) Intergenerational similarities in risk factors for offending. Journal of Developmental and Life-Courae Criminology, 1, 4862. ‘Chapter The Cambie Syn Dlnguors Developent Farsington,D.P, Tofi,M.M. and Crago, .V.(2017)Intergenerationsl transmission of ‘onvctons fo different ies ofeffnces. Victime and Offenders, 12, 1:2, errington, D.P. 2018) Origins of violent behavior over the life span. In Vazsoay, AT, Flannery Df, and Deli, M. ds.) The Cambridge Handboot of Violen! Behovior and ‘Aggression (2nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University ress (pp. 880).Risk Rules: A Practical Guide to Structured Professional Judgment and violence Prevention © Pavilion Publishing and Media Ltd ‘The authors have asserted their rights in accordance with the Copyright, ‘Designs and Patents Act (1988) to be identified as the author of this work. Published by: Pavilion Publishing and Media Ltd ‘Tel: 01273 434 943 Fax 01273 227 308, Enail: info@pavpub.com " Pablished 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systom, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permiccion in writing of the publisher and the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, ISBN: 978-1.912755-24-0 Pavilion Publishing and Media is a leading publisher of books, training ‘materials and digital content in mental health, social care and allied fields, Pavilion ancl its imprints offer must-have knowledge and innovative learning solutions underpinned by sound research and professional values. Editors: Derek Eaves, Chris Webster, Quazi Haque & Joanne Eaves-Thallken Production editor: Mike Benge, Pevilion Publishing and Media Ltd. Cover design: Emma Dawe, Pavilion Publishing and Media Ltd. Page layout and typesetting: Emma Dawe, Pavilion Publishing and ‘Modia Ltd. Printing: CMP Digital Print Solutions Editors Derek Eaves Lately, Executive Commissioner, Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission of British Columbia University of British Columbia Simon Fraser University. Chris D Webster Psychiatry, University of Toronto Psychology, Simon Fraser University Child and Youth Care, University of Vietoria Child Development Institute, Toronto Quazi Haque Royal College of Psychiatrists Forensie Quality Network & Elysium Healthcare Joanne Eaves-Thalken Clinical Social Worker Burnaby Mental Health and Substance Use Frasor Health