C. Tabla Gi PDF

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GTBL057-appc GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 2, 2008 20:48
APPENDIX
Ideal-Gas Specific
Heat C
Three types of energy storage or possession were identified in Section 2.6, of which two,
translation and intramolecular energy, are associated with the individual molecules. These
comprise the ideal-gas model, with the third type, the system intermolecular potential
energy, then accounting for the behavior of real (nonideal-gas) substances. This appendix
deals with the ideal-gas contributions. Since these contribute to the energy, and therefore also
the enthalpy, they also contribute to the specific heat of each gas. The different possibilities
can be grouped according to the intramolecular energy contributions as follows:
C.1 MONATOMIC GASES (INERT GASES AR, HE, NE,

XE, KR; ALSO N, O, H, CL, F, . . . )
h = h translation + h electronic = h t + h e
dh dh t dh e 5
= + , C P0 = C P0t + C P0e = R + f e (T )
dT dT dT 2
where the electronic contribution, f e (T ), is usually small, except at very high T (common
exceptions are O, Cl, F).
C.2 DIATOMIC AND LINEAR POLYATOMIC GASES

(N2 , O2 , CO, OH, . . . , CO2 , N2 O, . . . )
In addition to translational and electronic contributions to specific heat, these also have
molecular rotation (about the center of mass of the molecule) and also (3a − 5) independent
modes of molecular vibration of the a atoms in the molecule relative to one another, such
that
5
C P0 = C P0t + C P0r + C P0v + C P0e = R + R + f v (T ) + f e (T )
2
where the vibrational contribution is

3a−5
θi
f v (T ) = R [xi2 e xi /(e xi − 1)2 ], xi =
i=1
T
and the electronic contribution, f e (T ), is usually small, except at very high T (common
exceptions are O2 , NO, OH).
825
2nd Confirming Pages

GTBL057-appc GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 2, 2008 20:48
826 APPENDIX C IDEAL-GAS SPECIFIC HEAT
EXAMPLE C.1 N2 , 3a − 5 = 1 vibrational mode, with θ i = 3392 K.

At T = 300 K, C P0 = 0.742 + 0.2968 + 0.0005 + ≈0 = 1.0393 kJ/kg K.
At T = 1000 K, C P0 = 0.742 + 0.2968 + 0.123 + ≈0 = 1.1618 kJ/kg K.
(an increase of 1 1.8% from 300 K).
EXAMPLE C.2 CO2 , 3a − 5 = 4 vibrational modes, with θ i = 960 K, 960 K, 1993 K, 3380 K
At T = 300 K, C P0 = 0.4723 + 0.1889 + 0.1826 + ≈0 = 0.8438 kJ/kg K.
At T = 1000 K, C P0 = 0.4723 + 0.1889 + 0.5659 + ≈0 = 1.2271 kJ/kg K.
(an increase of 45.4% from 300 K).
C.3 NONLINEAR POLYATOMIC MOLECULES

(H2 O, NH3 , CH4 , C2 H6 , . . . )
Contributions to specific heat are similar to those for linear molecules, except that the
rotational contribution is larger and there are (3a − 6) independent vibrational modes, such
that
5 3
C P0 = C P0t + C p0r + C P0v + C P0e = R + R + f v (T ) + f e (T )
2 2
where the vibrational contribution is

3a−6
θi
f v (T ) = R [xi2 e xi /(e xi − 1)2 ], xi =
i=1
T
and f e (T ) is usually small, except at very high temperatures.
EXAMPLE C.3 CH4 , 3a − 6 = 9 vibrational modes, with θ i = 4196 K, 2207 K (two modes), 1879 K
(three), 4343 K (three)
At T = 300 K, C P0 = 1.2958 + 0.7774 + 0.1527 + ≈0 = 2.2259 kJ/kg K.
At T = 1000 K, C P0 = 1.2958 + 0.7774 + 2.4022 + ≈0 = 4.4754 kJ/kg K.
(an increase of 101.1% from 300 K).

GTBL057-appd GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 2, 2008 20:49
APPENDIX
Equations of State
Some of the most used pressure-explicit equations of state can be shown in a form with two
D
parameters. This form is known as a cubic equation of state and contains as a special case
the ideal-gas law:
RT a
P= −
v − b v 2 + cbv + db2
where (a, b) are parameters and (c, d ) define the model as shown in the following table with
the acentric factor (ω) and
b = b0 RTc /Pc and a = a0 R 2 Tc2/Pc
The acentric factor is defined by the saturation pressure at a reduced temperature

T r = 0.7
ln Prsat at Tr = 0.7
ω=− −1
ln 10
TABLE D.1
Equations of State
Model c d b0 a0
Ideal gas 0 0 0 0
van der Waals 0 0 1/8 27/64
Redlich–Kwong 1 0 0.08664 0.42748 Tr−1/2
2
Soave 1 0 0.08664 0.42748[1 + f (1 − Tr−1/2 )]
−1/2 2
Peng–Robinson 2 −1 0.0778 0.45724[1 + f (1 − Tr )]
f = 0.48 + 1.574ω − 0.176ω2 for Soave

f = 0.37464 + 1.54226 ω − 0.26992ω2 for Peng–Robinson
827

828 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE
TABLE D.2
The Lee–Kesler Equation of State
The Lee–Kesler generalized equation of state is

Pr vr B C D c4 γ γ
Z= = 1 + + 2 + 5 + 3 2 β + 2 exp − 2
Tr vr vr vr Tr vr vr vr
b2 b3 b4
B = b1 − − 2 − 3
Tr Tr Tr
c2 c3
C = c1 − + 3
Tr Tr
d2
D = d1 +
Tr
in which
T P v
Tr = , Pr = , vr =
Tc Pc RTc /Pc
The set of constants is as follows:
Constant Simple Fluids Constant Simple Fluids

b1 0.118 119 3 c3 0.0
b2 0.265 728 c4 0.042 724
b3 0.154 790 d 1 × 104 0.155 488
b4 0.030 323 d 2 × 104 0.623 689
c1 0.023 674 4 β 0.653 92
c2 0.018 698 4 γ 0.060 167
TABLE D.3
Saturated Liquid–Vapor Compressibilities, Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid
Tr 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
Pr sat 2.7E-4 4.6E-3 0.028 0.099 0.252 0.373 0.532 0.737 1
Zf 6.5E-5 9.5E-4 0.0052 0.017 0.042 0.062 0.090 0.132 0.29
Zg 0.999 0.988 0.957 0.897 0.807 0.747 0.673 0.569 0.29
TABLE D.4
Acentric Factor for Some Substances
Substance ω Substance ω
Ammonia NH3 0.25 Water H2 O 0.344
Argon Ar 0.001 n-Butane C4 H10 0.199
Bromine Br2 0.108 Ethane C2 H6 0.099
Helium He −0.365 Methane CH4 0.011
Neon Ne −0.029 R-32 0.277
Nitrogen N2 0.039 R-125 0.305

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE 829
FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

830 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE
FIGURE D.2 Lee–Kesler simple fluid enthalpy departure.

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE 831
FIGURE D.3 Lee–Kesler simple fluid entropy departure.

GTBL057-appe GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 2, 2008 20:50
APPENDIX
Figures
E
832

APPENDIX E FIGURES 833
FIGURE E.1 Temperature–entropy diagram for water.

Keenan, Keyes, Hill, & Moore. STEAM TABLES (International Edition–Metric Units). Copyright
c 1969,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

834 APPENDIX E FIGURES
FIGURE E.2 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ammonia.

APPENDIX E FIGURES 835
FIGURE E.3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for oxygen.

836 APPENDIX E FIGURES
FIGURE E.4 Psychrometric chart.

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P1: PBY/PBR P2: PBY/PBR QC: PBY/PBR T1: PBY

GTBL057-appc GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 2, 2008 20:48

C.1 MONATOMIC GASES (INERT GASES AR, HE, NE,

C.2 DIATOMIC AND LINEAR POLYATOMIC GASES

2nd Confirming Pages

826 APPENDIX C IDEAL-GAS SPECIFIC HEAT

EXAMPLE C.1 N2 , 3a − 5 = 1 vibrational mode, with θ i = 3392 K.

C.3 NONLINEAR POLYATOMIC MOLECULES

2nd Confirming Pages

b = b0 RTc /Pc and a = a0 R 2 Tc2/Pc

The acentric factor is defined by the saturation pressure at a reduced temperature

f = 0.48 + 1.574ω − 0.176ω2 for Soave

2nd Confirming Pages

828 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE

The set of constants is as follows:

Constant Simple Fluids Constant Simple Fluids

2nd Confirming Pages

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE 829

FIGURE D.1 Lee–Kesler simple fluid compressibility factor.

2nd Confirming Pages

830 APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE

FIGURE D.2 Lee–Kesler simple fluid enthalpy departure.

2nd Confirming Pages

APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE 831

FIGURE D.3 Lee–Kesler simple fluid entropy departure.

2nd Confirming Pages

2nd Confirming Pages

APPENDIX E FIGURES 833

FIGURE E.1 Temperature–entropy diagram for water.

2nd Confirming Pages

834 APPENDIX E FIGURES

FIGURE E.2 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ammonia.

2nd Confirming Pages

APPENDIX E FIGURES 835

FIGURE E.3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for oxygen.

2nd Confirming Pages

836 APPENDIX E FIGURES

FIGURE E.4 Psychrometric chart.

2nd Confirming Pages

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