COVID 19 Pandemic

Lockdown Lecture 12
No one takes me to (Regular Lecture 16)
the grazing land; Mode of Delivery- Online
missing friends. Program- BVSc & AH- 6th semester
Subject- Veterinary Virology
Today’s topic: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Dr. Sirjan Bastola

BVSc, MVSc, MMedSc
Asst. Prof., Vet. Microbiology
pcrnepal@gmail.com
2020 September 1
Introduction

 BVD was first described in New York, the US in 1946

as a new disease of cattle.
 Mucosal disease, an another form of infection
was later reported in 1953.
"BVD virus" (BVDV) comprises a group of viruses which differ in their
nucleotide sequence, antigenic properties, virulence and effect on the
host cell.

BVDV-1

Repeat sequence of (TGTATATA)

BVDV-2

Repeat sequence of (TGTAAATA)

Classification of Pestiviruses based on the entire nucleotide sequence (504 nt) of Npro
 Genetic differences

Isolates of BVDV
Phenotypic differences Phenotypic differences
Genotypes
Cytopathic Cytopathic

Biotypes BVDV-1 BVDV-2 Biotypes

(Classical BVDV) (Atypical BVDV)

Non-cytopathic Sub genotypes Non-cytopathic

BVDV-1a BVDV-1b BVDV-2a BVDV-2b

 Genetic drift results the genotypes

and sub genotypes.
 2) Insertion of host
1) Insertion of other mRNA segment
BVDVs RNA segment (Recombination)
(Recombination)

Genomic changes arising

Non-cytopathic viruses (ncp) from different events Cytopathic viruses (cp)
 Circulates widely in cattle  Antigenically similar to the
non-cytopathic viruses from
3) Duplication of where they arise
4) Point mutation
viral RNA segments
(Mutation in NS2-3
gene)

 Cytopathology in tissue culture does not correlate with virulence.

 All virulent BVDVs are non-cytopathic viruses.
Spot the difference!

Genome organization of BVDV and encoded proteins. The schematic representation of

the genomic RNA (upper part) and the encoded proteins (below) is shown.
Transmission

Nose to nose contact Contaminated farm

equipment or visitor
Types of infection and pathogenesis
Transient Infection
(Hit and Run strategy)
 Transient infection occurs when host is infected for the
first time.
 The viruses make use of a relatively short period of
susceptibility to infection in host to multiply and survive.
(Hit and Run).
 but strategy not sufficient for survival of BVDV
 Once the virus is cleared, the animal is no longer threat
to the herd.

Transiently
infected (TI)
animal

Symptoms of BVD Immune response in TI

Persistent Infection
(Infect and Persist strategy)

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

The virus evades the immune
system of host altogether by Immune response in PI
infecting the individual prior
to the attainment of immuno-
competence. The virus refrains 1) Mutation
PI animal
from damaging its host. The
host develops an immuno-
tolerance towards the virus. ncp cp
i.e. the immune system of host
considers the BVD virus to be
the part of the body. Persistently infected 2) Superinfection
(PI) animal Mucosal Disease
cp
PI animal  Animals that become visibly sick from BVD are almost
always persistently infected animals (PI’s).
 These animals were infected while still developing
inside the cow during pregnancy.
Individual animals-mostly calves
 Eye problems
 Unusual walk
 More likely to suffer from diarrhea or other infections
 Reduced growth, scruffy coat

Mucosal Disease
 Occurs due to infection by
two biotypes of BVDV
 Symptoms like BVD but severe
 Weight loss, diarrhea, coarse coat
 Mucosal lesions in entire GIT
- ulcer type of lesions
 Death (CFR 100%) Muzzle Tongue
Immunotolerance
Fetus infected with an ncp virus between 30 to 110 days
of gestation (or before 5 months)

Does not produce any antibodies against virus

Virus is present at the time of stage of maturation of

immune system. Non-self antigens are tolerated

Later, viral antigens will not be recognized as non-self

antigens
Immunotolerance is highly specific

PI animal PI animal

No immune response against Immune response against

the own BVD virus in PI animals a different BVD virus in PI animals
(No protection against own virus) (Protection against another virus)

Seronegative in serological tests Seropositive in serological tests

 Immune system is capable of differentiating between distinct types of BVD virus.

Immunization against immunotolerant animals (PI)?

PI animal

 The immunization of immunotolerant animals

is useless as persistent infection will not be touched.
 No immune response towards own BVD virus. Natural infection

Vaccination
2 ways PIs are produced
The threat of BVDV persistent infection to a herd
Summary

The calf will The calf will

be born sero- be born sero-
negative and positive and
persistently not persistently
infected. infected.
Summary
• Reduced conception and early
embryonic death
• Abortions and stillbirths
• Birth of non-viable or abnormal
calves- reduced number of calves.

Mastitis, Endometritis,
Pneumonia
Virus cultivation (isolation)
Specimens
Live animal - buffy coat of whole blood
Dead animal- spleen, liver, kidney, lymph node and sections
of GIT containing lesions
Two samples taken 3 weeks apart should be analyzed to
confirm the persistent infection in an animal
Cell lines
 primary bovine kidney, turbinate and testis cells

Sample 1 Sample 1

Sample 2 Sample 2

7 days pi BVDV (ncp) can be detected

on infected MDBK cells using
CPE of BVDV (cp) on MDBK cells fluorochrome or enzyme-labelled
 lysis of cells in monolayer BVDV-specific antibodies
Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection of antigen
1) Antigen capture ELISA
 targets NS2-3 antigen
2) RT-PCR
 detects viral RNA

Detection of antibody
1) VNT
2) ELISA
Sensitivity
 Both detect Ab to E2 protein
 Paired sera collected, a fourfold
increase in Ab titer necessary to
detect recent infection
Detection and removal of PI animals

3-4 weeks apart

PCR/ Ag capture ELISA

• 3-4 weeks apart

 PCR/Ag capture ELISA and Ab
capture ELISA

• Detects antibody to virus

Vaccination

Herd vaccination: Two vaccinations with an interval of 4 weeks. For use in cattle from
8 months of age, all animals should be vaccinated.
Revaccination: Re-vaccination at an interval no greater than 13 months
 Once a PI, always a PI!

1) Are you a PI? Search Assignment

2) Have you met a PI? 1) Ear notch test for BVD
2) Immunocompetence
3) Viral latency
http://www.animalhealthni.com/what-is-BVD.aspx -> Herpesvirus
-> Retrovirus
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/disease-
management/cattle-diseases/bovine-viral-diarrhoea/

http://www.oakhill-vets.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/03/BVD_factsheet_sml.pdf
Thank You