Batayeva Zaure. - Colloquial Kazakh - The Complete Course For Beginners PDF

DO aad PT td Team ta ie Piae ale ty ee Ree ry_ ise 10 ma es Mm Colloquial Kazakh Colloquial Kazakh provides a step-by-step course in Kazakh as it is written and spoken today. Combining a user-friendly approach with a thorough treatment of the language, it equips learners with the essential skills needed to communicate confidently and effectively in Kazakh in a broad range of situations. No prior knowledge of the language is required. Key features include: * progressive coverage of speaking, listening, reading and writing skills ¢ structured, jargon-free explanations of grammar * an extensive range of focused and stimulating exercises * realistic and entertaining dialogues covering a broad variety of scenarios * useful vocabulary lists throughout the text * an overview of the sounds and alphabet of Kazakh * additional resources available at the back of the book, including a full answer key, a grammar summary, bilingual glossaries and English translations of dialogues. Balanced, comprehensive and rewarding, Colloquial Kazakh will be an indispensable resource both for independent learners and for students taking courses in Kazakh. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on two CDs or in MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquial Kazakh pack. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material complements the book and will help enhance learners’ listening and speaking skills. www.routledge.com/books/details/97804 15674287 ge ee. Free additional audio is available to download from the oe product page atTHE COLLOQUIAL SERIES Series Adviser: Gary King The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans Greek Romanian Albanian Gujarati Russian Amharic Hebrew Scottish Gaelic Arabic (Levantine) Hindi Serbian Arabic of Egypt Hungarian Slovak Arabic of the Gulf Icelandic Slovene Basque Indonesian Somali Bengali Irish Spanish Breton Italian Spanish of Bulgarian Japanese Latin America Cambodian Kazakh Swahili Cantonese Korean Swedish Catalan Latvian Tamil Chinese (Mandarin) Lithuanian Thai Croatian Malay Tibetan (forthcoming) Czech Mongolian Turkish Danish Norwegian Ukrainian Dutch Panjabi Urdu English Persian Vietnamese Estonian Polish Welsh Finnish Portuguese Yiddish French Portuguese of Yoruba German Brazil Zulu (forthcoming) COLLOQUIAL 2s series: The Next Step in Language Learning Chinese German Russian Dutch Italian Spanish French Portuguese of Brazil Spanish of Latin America All these Colloquials are available in book & CD packs, or separately. You can order them through your bookseller or via our website www.routledge.com. Colloquial Kazakh The Complete Course for Beginners Zaure Batayeva | Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YoRKFirst published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Dedicated to my father 072013 Zaure|Batayeve Abdrakhman Batayev The right of Zaure Batayeva to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Batayeva, Zaure. Colloquial Kazakh : the complete course for beginners / [Zaure Batayeva]. — 1st ed. p. om. — (The colloquial series) Text in English and Kazakh. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Kazakh language— Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. 2. Kazakh language—Grammar. 3. Kazakh language—Spoken Kazakh. 4. Kazakh language— Self-instruction. |. Title. PLOS.K41B38 2012 494'.34582421—do23 2012005544 ISBN: 978-0-415-67428-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-67430-0 (audio CDs) ISBN: 978-0-415-67429-4 (pack) 415-67434-8 (MP3s) 203-81047-7 (ebk) ‘Typeset in Avant Garde and Helvetica by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong FSC Printed and bound in Great Britain by sruiesa_FSC* C004839 J 7, international Ltd, Padstow, CornwallContents Acknowledgements Introduction The sounds of Kazakh 1 TatbickaHbima KyaHbIWwTbIMbIH! Glad to meet you! In this unit you will learn how to: greet others introduce yourself or others use pronouns and personal endings use the negative word emec ask and answer yes/no questions 2 Cis kaigan Gonacwi3? Where are you from? In this unit you will learn how to: say where you are from use the verb G6ony put nouns in the plural speak about office items use demonstrative pronouns use numbers xii xiii 23vili Contents Contents 3 4 5 Cisqiq oT6acbinEis ynkeH Ge? 39 7 Anmatpiga xkaH6bIp >%Kaybin Typ It is raining in Almaty Is your family big? In this unit you will learn how to: * speak about family * use the possessive indicate place, time and age tell the time use the names of weekdays and months Vtanuagaumpin, Gipax Ka3ip Anmatbiqa TypaMbin 53 | am from Italy, but | now live in Almaty In this unit you will learn how to: * speak about your job * use the present/future tense describe daily activities ask yes/no questions speak about city transport speak about leisure activities 9 use the simple conditional Canappixbi3 cetti GoncbiH! 74 Have a nice trip! In this unit you will learn how to: * buy a train ticket * give instructions * ask for and give directions 10 * indicate the purpose of an action * give the date with the help of ordinal numbers Ic-canap 90 Business trip In this unit you will learn how to: * book a hotel room * express necessity and obligation * arrange a meeting ask for and give permission indicate your physical position locate things with the help of prepositions In this unit you will learn how to: check in at an airport describe ongoing actions and events describe ongoing movement speak about the weather and the seasons Haypbi3 KyTTbI GoncbiH! Happy Nowruz! In this unit you will learn how to: invite someone to take action state or ask for someone's intentions make a polite request say a blessing say what you like or dislike Bisgin yire KoHakka Kenini3 Please come and visit our home In this unit you will learn how to: invite guests and visit acquaintances order a meal in a café say that you can or cannot do something say that you ‘want’ to do something Kasip a3ip Ready to serve In this unit you will learn how to: speak about cooking and recipes add a direct object to a verb use adverbs of manner 105 117 130 142Contents Contents xi 11 Byn meni enwemim emec 155 14 Aysipsin Kangeim 203 It is not my size | fell sick In this unit you will learn how to: talk about shopping indicate what your plans are talk about clothing items make adjectives from nouns compare things and persons use the passive voice 12 Biz Typran Kana 171 The city we lived in In this unit you will learn how to: * discuss city travel * use the recent and distant past tense * make adjectives from verbs * make references to ‘when’, ‘since’ and ‘until’ * say what you like or dislike 13 Bapnbirbi e3srewe Gonatbin 189 Everything used to be different In this unit you will learn how to: rent an apartment use the ‘habitual past’ tense speak about city and village life make a hypothetical ‘if-then’ statement express your opinion express surprise and uncertainty In this unit you will learn how to: speak about health issues report someone else’s speech describe an action or event that you have not witnessed describe parts of the human body describe appearances say ‘because’ and ‘that’s why’ Grammar summary 221 Key to exercises 233 Translations of dialogues 253 Kazakh-English glossary 270 English-Kazakh glossary 292 Index 307Acknowledgements | would like to thank the editors of this book: Andrea Hartill, Gareth King, Isabelle Cheng, Sarah Mabley and Helena Power, for giving me their full support. | also would like to thank Askhat Erkimbay, Bakhytgul Salykhova and Murat Zhiyenkulov for offering me expert linguistic advice. Last but not least, | would like to say ‘thank you’ to all those who have shared their passion for the Kazakh language with me over the years. Their passion has given me the strength to complete this book. Introduction Like the other languages of the Turkic family, Kazakh is an agglutina- tive language. Kazakh builds sentences by gluing together words and endings on the basis of the sound quality of their vowels and consonants. The aim of this book is not to give a technical treatment of Kazakh agglutination, but to offer beginning learners of Kazakh an opportunity to immerse themselves in the most basic and most common expressions of the language. To this end, the book uses the same approach as the other titles in Routledge’s Colloquial series. Each unit centres on a series of dialogues and exercises. The dialogues are contemporary: they use the language and social settings of life in the twenty-first century. They are accompanied by ‘language points’ and ‘cultural points’, which explain the grammatical and cultural underpinnings of the dialogues. The explanations are kept succinct, allowing the dialogues and the exercises to show you how the language works. The exercises are short but focused: when done repeatedly, they will help you absorb the words, idiomatic expressions and grammatical principles that the book would like you to learn. At the front of the book, you will find an overview of the Kazakh sound system as well as the Cyrillic alphabet in which Kazakh is usually written. At the back of the book, you will find an index, a grammar summary, an answer key and the translations of dialogues from Unit 7 onwards. There you will also find a two-way glossary, which you can consult whenever you need to look up a word for an exercise. In the absence of a reliable learner’s dictionary, you may find that the glossary can also be a useful reference in real-life situations, when you are grappling to find the right word. Finally, the accompanying CDs should be of great benefit to you. If you do not live in Kazakhstan or do not have any Kazakh-speaking acquaintances, listening to the recordings will help you become famil- lar with the sounds of Kazakh. Repeating after the voices of thexiv Introduction Bene should be of great benefit as well, because no matter how The sounds of Kaza kh ial the act of repeating may seem, it will prepare you for the real-life conversations that you may want to have later. We hope that the approach of this book will help you learn the language with greater ease than you may have anticipated. As we say in Kazakh: icke cat! Until the early twentieth century, Kazakh was written in the Arabic script. It then went through a brief period of Latin spelling before it was enlisted as one of the languages of the Soviet Union and had to adopt the Cyrillic script. Today the official script continues to be Cyrillic (though there remain speakers of Kazakh around the world who, for a variety of reasons, continue to use the Arabic or Latin script). Not surprisingly, perhaps, the influence of the Russian language has been profound. Contemporary Kazakh contains numerous Russian loanwords and seven distinctively Russian sounds. Yet Kazakh is still very much its own language, thanks to vowel harmony and consonant assimilation, the two sound processes that drive Kazakh agglutination. Below you will find an overview of the sounds and sound processes that are vital to this language. Kazakh alphabet (cp 1; 2) C) Cyrillic Pronunciation Kazakh examples English equivalent _— letter sound Aa fal ana, ara, aHa father 80 le] exe, anke, axe cat 66 {b] 6ana, 6ap, ber baby Be M Baron (Russian loanword) vase rr fl ryn, rypin, ron go Fr (s] FACbIP, FAPbILL, FbINbIM ‘ Aa {dj epi, ASH, AeHe dog Ee liel en, ecik, ene yes te Lio] &nka (Russian loanword) yawn “x {3 KON, YP, KOK pleasureThe sounds of Kazakh Cyrillic Pronunciation Kazakh examples English equivalent letter sound 33 @ 3aMaH, 3aH, 3aT z00 Yn fl nue, mic, HT eat nin i Kyi, vit, ait grey KK IK} ken, Ker, KYT kite KK [al KbI3, Kas, Koi = fa 10} flac, nen, nak log Mu [m) MeH, MeKeH, Man man Hu {n] Hal, He, Hapbik no HH (n) aH, TaH, MbIK, sing Co fp] OH, OKy, OT on eo fs] eris, ecy, e2eH dirt Tn Ip] naiiga, napwis, nepne pub Pp fl Paxwer, pex, per : Ce {s] cen, CeHiM, CanbiK ‘sand Tr { Tac, Tapak, Tacna top yy fu] y, 6y, Ty boot ¥y [o] ya, yH, yu . vy (uw) YH, yKi, Yu actual, duvet op ff boro (Russian loanword) fence Xx bd Xanbik, XAT, XaH 7 hh {h] wahap, maha66ar hotel uu {ts} yement (Russian loanword) —_ pizza ua tf] 4emnvox (Russian loanword) — chimp wu [f] wai, wat, wam shark wu ff wetka (Russian loanword) pushchair be» hard sign Nogbeay (Russian loanword) * ble [al BIM, bIPbIC, BINbIC but li 0) ic, inmex, iH ship bp soft sign Pym (Russian loanword) : 99 lel akonorus (Russian loanword) red Ow — [ju) Avo use Aa (ial asa, wash, TAK yard The sounds of Kazakh Tips on pronouncing Kazakh sounds (CD 1; 3) Below are the sounds that you may find difficult to pronounce. These sounds feature in many Kazakh words, so they are well worth learning. You can listen to these sounds (and examples of each one) on the accompanying CD. The sound « To make this sound, produce the English ‘k’-sound while touching your throat with your tongue. For example: ak, Kbic, nak, Aak, Ka3, Kana, KaCbIK, KbIPbIK, Ka3aK, KbI3bIK, KOPbIK, KbIIbIK. The sound F To make this sound, produce the English ‘g’-sound while touching your throat with your tongue. For example: ara, Gara, Tara, araul, ranaM, FanbIM, FaCbip, 3biFbIp, GaFaH, Carat, Tara, Fanua. The sound y To make this sound, produce the English ‘o’-sound while positioning your tongue as far back as possible in your mouth, without creating a constriction. For example: yx, yn, ypbI, Typ, yp, KYP, CyPp, ypaH, YPT, KYPT, yaH, yFbIM, ywak, ynTaH, ynbic. The sound wy This sound appears only in Russian loanwords. It resembles the ‘sh’-sound in the English word ‘assure’. For example: wetka, auybt, TyUbI, KeWe. The sound 1 To make this sound, produce the English ‘i’-sound while positioning your tongue as far back as possible in your mouth, without creating acconstriction. For example: bIK, bIM, bIPbIC, TbIHbIC, AbIGbIC, FbIIbIM, 2KbINIbI, bIPbIM, CbIHbIM, LUbIFbIC.The sounds of Kazakh The sounds of Kazakh The sound p To make this sound, produce the English ‘r-sound while vibrating your tongue against the front of the palate. For example: paxmer, Pa3bi, paywax, paiixan, pecim. The hard sign » The hard sign appears only in Russian loanwords. At the place of the sign, produce a sound not unlike the initial sound in the English word ‘yes’. For example: pasbe3a, nogbe3y, Kapbepa, Gapbep, cbesq. The soft sign & The soft sign appears only in Russian loanwords. The soft sign does not produce a sound by itself. Its effect is to soften the preceding consonant by raising the middle of the tongue toward the roof of the mouth. For example: renb, pynb, CexTAGpb, aHcamOnb. Agglutination in Kazakh Like all other languages of the Turkic family, Kazakh is an agglutina- tive language: it builds sentences by adding layers of endings (or suffixes) to the roots of words. In Kazakh these endings carry out a range of functions: they create adjectives, negations, question particles, plurals of nouns, noun cases (of which there are many in Kazakh), verb tenses and verb conjugations. In order to decide which ending you should add to a Kazakh word, you have to identify: 1 Whether the word ends on a vowel or a consonant. 2 To which type the last consonant of the word belongs. 3 To which type the vowel in the last syllable of the word belongs. In Kazakh, the adding of endings (or agglutination) is driven by two. sound processes: 1 Vowel harmony: the process by which the last vowel of a word determines which type of vowel will appear next, in all the subsequent endings. 2 Consonant assimilation: the process by which the last consonant of a word or the last consonant of an added ending determines which type of consonant will appear next, at the beginning of the next ending. Vowel harmony and consonant assimilation operate not only within words (and their endings), but even across words. These two processes may seem complicated at first, but once you grasp how they work, it will not be difficult to start building sentences in Kazakh. What follows is a general and fairly abstract discussion. Keep in mind, however, that we will return to the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation throughout the book, so there will be plenty of opportunities for you to fine-tune your understanding of them later. Vowel harmony Vowel harmony plays a crucial role in creating Kazakh words and sentences. Broadly speaking, Kazakh vowel harmony works by selec- tion: it selects which vowels can appear in the roots of words as well as in the endings that are added to these words. More specifically, vowel harmony is the process by which two types of vowels, known as back and front vowels, generate in subsequent syllables the presence of vowels of their own type only. There are 12 vowels in Kazakh. Five of them are back vowels and Seven are front vowels. Back vowels Front vowels a, 0, Y, ¥, bl, 9 8, , My, @, Y, i All the endings usually have pairs that contain back and front vowels. For example, the plural endings offer three pairs of endings: nap/nep, #ap/nep and tap/tep. Thus, if the last vowel of the root of a word ie a back vowel, then the subsequent vowels (within the word root and in the endings that are added) will also be back vowels. For example, the word xa3yubI ‘writer’ that ends on the back vowel bI selects between the plural endings nap and nep the ending that has @ back vowel, which is nap: »*xa3yweI-nap ‘writers’. On the other hand, if the first vowel of the root of a word is a front vowel, then the subsequent vowels (within the word root and in the endings that are added) will also be front vowels. For example, theThe sounds of Kazakh word keme ‘ship’ that ends on the front vowel e selects the ending that contains a front vowel, which is nep: keme-nep ‘ships’. Note that vowel harmony also regulates another sound pattern in Kazakh. As a result of vowel harmony, Kazakh words and sentences always introduce a vowel after each consonant. Vowel harmony does not allow for several consonants to cluster together. Consonant assimilation The other sound process that plays an important role in creating sentences in Kazakh is consonant assimilation, which operates on three types of consonants, known as unvoiced consonants, voiced consonants and sonorants. Unvoiced consonants Voiced consonants Sonorants KKM, ©, T ob, x, U4, Wy Uy 6, 8, FF, a, , 3, h i, 1, M, H, Hy P, ¥ For each type of consonant, the assimilation can occur in two directions: progressively or regressively. Progressive consonant assimilation ‘Typically, progressive consonant assimilation in Kazakh is the process by which the last consonant of a word generates at the beginning of its first ending the presence of a consonant of the same type. But if one of the later endings added to the word ends on a consonant, progressive assimilation will also operate there, selecting a consonant of the same type to appear at the beginning of the ending that follows thereafter. (For reasons of simplicity, the latter process will receive little attention in the examples below, but you will witness it in other examples throughout the book.) Thus, if the root of a word ends on one of the unvoiced consonants kK, K, 1, C, T, op, X, UW, 4, W, Wy or on one of the voiced consonants 6, 8B, r, or a, the consonant with which the first added ending begins will be an unvoiced consonant. For example, the word tac ‘stone’ that ends on the unvoiced consonant c, between the two options of Abi and TbI, chooses the ending that starts on the unvoiced consonant T, which is Tbt: Tac-TbI ‘stony’. The sounds of Kazakh Four of the above consonants, 6, B, r and a, can appear at the end of foreign proper names and Russian loanwords and at the end of Kazakh surnames that have Russian suffixes (usually oB or eB). However, when they appear at the end of such words, they are pronounced as unvoiced consonants and therefore will select first endings that begin with consonants of this type. The process of progressive assimilation is also not so straightfor- ward in the case of the seven sonorants of Kazakh: i, 1, M, H, H, P, y. Often, if the root of a Kazakh word ends on a sonorant, the consonant with which the first ending begins will also be a sonorant. Moreover, the letter y, when it appears at the beginning of a word of after a vowel, is treated as a consonant. There is one more type of progressive consonant assimilation that deserves your attention, if only because it occurs frequently. If the root of a word ends on a vowel, progressive assimilation determines that the first ending that is added will always begin with a voiced consonant or a sonorant. Regressive consonant assimilation In Kazakh, consonant assimilation also occurs in the opposite direc- tion, with the subsequent sound (typically a vowel or consonant at the beginning of an ending) affecting and changing the final sound of the preceding word. This type of assimilation, known as regressive assimilation, is probably the most challenging to learn because it usually operates by changing the pronunciation of the preceding sound only, not its spelling. In only one situation does regressive consonant assimilation also change the spelling of the preceding sound: when a word that ends on one of the unvoiced consonants n, k, or K is followed by a vowel. Below are some examples of what happens in this situation. For example: can ‘handle’ changes into ca6-b1 ‘its handle’, kek ‘blue’ changes into ker-ingip ‘light blue’, KaGak ‘brow’ changes into Ka6ar-bI ‘his brow’. We will return to this situation in Unit 3, when we discuss possessive endings. We will return to the effects of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation on Kazakh sentence formation throughout the book. To conclude, here are two short exercises to practise the essence of what we have just discussed.8 The sounds of Kazakh Exercise 1 (cD 1; 4) Following the principles of vowel harmony, choose the correct ending for each of the words below. Then listen to the correct answers on the accompanying CD. 8H + AbI/pI oKYP + CbIH/CiH, kece + MeH/MbIH Kapy + nbW/ni Ginim + abi/gi yp + me/ma 6u + wi/ubt OK + i/bt Exercise 2 (cD 1; 5) Following the principles of progressive assimilation, choose the correct ending for each of the words below. Then listen to the correct answers on the accompanying CD. ata + Aap/nap Tan + gap/tap Ken6aes + Ka/ra Kai + QaH/TaH Tam + Ka/ra yxHuBepmar + fa/Ka Ky6 + 6eH/neH HaH + Tbi/fbI napag + Fa/ka Kepix + Ti/Hi Taq + neH/MeH rapa + Fa/Ka Katy + Qbi/nbI Typ + na/ma KbI3 + Tap/gap Onn + re/Ke Tay + Qbi/nbI HaH + MeH/ne Unit One TaHbICKaHbIMa KYaHbIWTbIMbIH! Glad to meet you! In this unit you will learn how to: * greet others * introduce yourself or others * use pronouns and personal endings * use the negative word emec * ask and answer yes/no questions Atbi-KeHinis Kim GonagbI? §=What is your name? (CD 1; 6) Stacy enters her office in Almaty for the first time. Aigul, the secretary, is sitting at her desk. crovcn Canemercis 6e! Auryn = Amancpis 6a! ByiibimTaibiqbis Gap ma? eTsvcu Me#ik atbim CT3iicu. Mex ocb! KOMNaHUAHbIH KAKA wH>KeHepiMiH. aaryn Kewipini3, Tonbik aTbIOKeHiHis Kim Gonagbl? eravcu Craitcu Bpyk. aaryn Kow kengixis, Cravicu! Mex Aiirynmik, ocbl KoMNaHUAHbIK, XaTUWBICbIMBIH.10 Unit 1: TaHbickaHbima KyaHbIWwTbIMbIH! Unit 1; Glad to meet you! in] stacy How do you do? AIGUL How do you do? Can | help you? stacy My name is Stacy. I’m the new engineer. AIGUL I'm sorry, what is your full name? stacy Stacy Brooke. AIGUL, Welcome, Stacy! I'm Aigul, the secretary. 4p Vocabulary Gyibimtaibinbi3 Gap ma? can | help you? MeHiq aTbIM my name ocbI this kana new Kewipinis excuse me, sorry TONbIK aTbI-KOHI full name | xaTUlbI secretary MEDKeHeEp engineer @ iclectey Taxbic Gonbinbi3s Let me introduce you (CD 1; 7) The manager enters the room. aAaryn Epnav Axmet-ynbl, TaHbIC GonbiHbI3, Craiicu Bpyk, Kaka uH>KeHep. Epnax Axmert-ynbi — 6enim Gactbirbl. TaHbicKaHbIMa KYaHbIWTbIMBIH. Kow Kengit! cravcu Canemerci3 6e, Epnax Axmet-ynb!! EPMIAH AIGUL —_ Erlan Akhmet-uly, please meet Stacy Brooke, the new engineer. ERLAN — Erlan Akhmet-uly, the manager of our division. Nice to meet you. Welcome! stacy How do you do, Erlan Akhmet-uly? Vocaloulary Tanbic Gonbikbi3s please meet 6enim Gacteiret manager of the division Kow Kengix, welcome (Blo |(ofole (ous) > My name is Kanat (CD 1; 8) Q Kanat, a young employee, comes in. Menix, atbim KaHat KAHAT Ceanem! Taxbic 6onaibik, MeHiH atTbim KanaT. croucu Cenem! TalbickaHbima KyaHbILUTbIMbIH! KANAT Hi! Let us be acquainted, my name is Kanat. stacy _ Hi! Nice to meet you. Cultural point P When you greet someone in Kazakh, you can do so with the formal conemercis 6e or with the informal canem. Kazakh culture is hierar- chical: older people and people of a higher rank should be addressed with the formal greeting. You can also use the formal greeting when you meet someone for the first time. In Dialogue 1, for example, Stacy, upon entering her new workplace, greets Aigul, the secretary, by saying canemercis 6e. This phrase literally means ‘are you in good health?’ but you can use it as a greeting whenever you are in a new or formal situation. However, when Kanat, another employee, greets Stacy, he chooses the informal greeting canem. He could have chosen the formal greeting but instead opts for the less formal alternative, because he sees that he and Stacy belong to the same age group. In Kazakh culture, older or higher-ranking people should never be addressed by their first names only. When the secretary, Aigul,Unit 1: TadbickaHbima KyaHbIlwTbIMbIH! addresses the manager, Erlan, she uses his first name followed by his father’s name and the word ynbi: Epnan Axmet-ynbl ‘Erlan Akhmet-uly’ (literally: ‘Erlan son-of-Akhmet’). Use this form of address whenever you want to address an older or higher-ranking male by name. If the older or higher-ranking person is female, add the word KbI3bI instead. For example, Fanua Axmer-Kbi3bI (literally: ‘Galiya daughter-of-Akhmet’). Outside the workplace (that is, at home or in the street), you should address older women with one of the following words: enke, Tate, anai, or ana. Southern Kazakhs often call older women anke or Tate, eastern Kazakhs call them ana and western Kazakhs call them ana. For example: Akan ane ‘sister Aizhan’, Cayne tate ‘auntie Saule’, Hyp3ura ana ‘sister Nurziga’ and Mapxkan ana ‘auntie Marzhan’. If a woman is older than sixty, you should address her as ana or exe. Older men are called ara. If a man is older than sixty, you should address him as ata. Older people can address younger people by their first names. They can also address younger people with the informal word cen. For example, in Dialogue 2, Erlan uses the informal cex when he addresses Stacy: kow Kengix (literally: ‘welcome came you’). Finally, note that there is also what Kazakhs believe to be a Muslim greeting, widely used especially by Kazakh men. In this case, the initial greeting Accanaymaraneikym ‘Peace be upon you’ is answered by Yaranevikymaccanam ‘May blessings be upon you.’ Exercise 1 Below is a list of informal greetings and farewells. Try reading them aloud. Cenem! Hi! Amaicbik 6a? Hello! Canem Gepaik! My greetings! Tanbic Gonaiibik. Let us be acquainted. Tanbic Gon. Let me introduce you. Kow kengix! Welcome! TaHbickaHbIMa KyaHbIWwTbIMbIH. I'm glad to meet you. Cay Gon. Goodbye. Kepickenwe. See you! Unit 1: Glad to meet you! 13 Exercise 2 (cD 1; 9) Below is a list of more formal greetings and farewells. Read them and A then listen to how they are pronounced on the accompanying CD. Repeat () after the voice. How do you do? How do you do? Good morning. Amaucpis 6a? Canemertci3 6e? Kaitpipnei Tan. Kew >kapbik. Good evening. Kaieipnet tyH. Good night. Tanbic Gonbixpis! Let me introduce you. Kow kenginis! Welcome! Ci36eH TaHbICcKaHbIMa KyaHbIWwTbIMbBIH! Cay Gonbinbi3. Accanaymaraneiikym. Yaranevxymaccanam. Nice to meet you! Goodbye. Peace be upon you. May blessings be upon you. Exercise 3 First assess whether the initial greeting or farewell is formal or informal. G Then choose the best reply. You may look up unfamiliar words in the glossary at the back of the book. 1 Cenemercis 6e, Napxep mbipsa? 1 Canem! 2 Canemerci3 6e? 2 Tanbic Gonaibik. Mexik atbim Cennma. 1 Meni atbim Kaipat! 2 Meuik atbim Kaipat Bonat-ynbl. Kew >kapbik, MbIpsanap MeH xaHbimgap. 1 Cenem! 2 Kew >xapbik. = Cay 6onbiHbI3. 1 Cay Gon! 2 Kepickenwe. § Accanaymaranelikym. 1 Amaucsis 6a? 2 Yaraneikymaccanam.14 Unit 1: TadbickaHbima KyaHbIuTbIMbIH! Language points 1 How to use personal pronouns In Kazakh there are eight personal pronouns, including the following six: MeH ‘I’, ceH ‘you’ singular, on ‘he/she/it’, 6i3 ‘we’, cexfep ‘you’ plural, onap ‘they’. Notice that Kazakh does not have separate pronouns for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’. In addition, there are two more second person pronouns that you can only use in formal situations: ci3 ‘you’ singular, cisgep ‘you’ plural. Personal pronouns always appear at the beginning of the sentence. Unlike English personal pronouns, however, Kazakh personal pronouns may often be dropped from the sentence. For example: Meu urkeHepmin and uHkeHepmin have the same meaning ‘I’m an engineer’ except that the first sentence contains a personal pronoun at the beginning of the sentence, just to emphasize the subject. A personal pronoun is required only in the type of sentence on which we are focusing in this unit. This type of sentence does not have a spelled-out verb, only an implicit verb: the copula ‘to be’. (Note that the verb ‘to be’ is spelled out in Kazakh sentences only when it is used for another purpose, as we will see in Unit 2, Language point 3.) If a personal pronoun appears in this type of sentence, it takes up the function of subject of the sentence, immediately followed by the predicate of the sentence (whose function is to add information about the subject). This predicate always takes a personal ending, whose aim is to complement the personal pronoun. 2 How to use personal endings As we have already seen in the introduction, endings are the essential building block of Kazakh sentences. So it is with personal endings. When the subject of a Kazakh sentence is not specified by name and would be translated in English as a personal pronoun, you may (depending on the type of sentence) drop the personal pronoun, but you always keep the personal ending. In the type of sentence that we are reviewing here (a personal pronoun as subject, followed by a verbless predicate), add the personal ending to the predicate. In more complex sentences that feature actual Unit 1: Glad to meet you! verbs, add the personal ending to the object of the sentence (which, ‘48 you will see in the units that follow, appears before the verb in Kazakh). For example, in order to say ‘I’m a secretary’, you first introduce the personal pronoun meu ‘I’ and then you add to the predicate of the sentence, xaTwip1 ‘secretary’, one of the personal endings of the first person, MbIH. The result: MeH XATWbIMBIH. There are many personal endings in Kazakh. As you start learning the language, you will get to use and learn them all. Choose among the different endings on the basis of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation, which, as we have already seen, are the two essential principles in Kazakh sentence formation. First determine if the word to which a personal ending should be added ends on a vowel or a consonant. If the word ends on a vowel, determine if it is a front vowel or a back vowel. If the word ends on a consonant, determine if it is an unvoiced consonant or a voiced consonant. There are six personal endings for the first person singular: MbtH/Mix, 6bIH/6iH and nbiH/nin. If the word to which the personal ending should be added ends on a vowel or on one of the consonants , M, H, H, 21 or p, add either the ending mbix or Mix. If the word ends ‘on one of the consonants » or 3, add either the ending 6biH or Gin. If the word ends on an unvoiced consonant, add either the ending nbtx or nix. Then narrow your choice further by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable. If the vowel of the last syllable is a back vowel, ehoose the personal ending that contains the back vowel bt. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel, choose the personal ending that contains the front vowel i. For example: I'm a secretary. I’m an engineer. Mex xaTWbI-MbIH. Mex umkeHep-min. Mex Fasv3-6bln. V'm Gaziz. Men 83n3-6in. Vm Aziz. Men Kanat-nbin. I'm Kanat. Meu Cepik-nin. I'm Serik. There are six personal endings for the first person plural: mbi3/mis, 6b13/6i3 and nwia/nis. If the word to which the personal ending should be added ends on a vowel, or one of the consonants i, n or p, add either the ending mbi3 or mis. If the word ends on one of the consonants , 3, M, H or H, add either the ending 6w13 or Gis. If the word ends on an unvoiced consonant, add either the ending nbis or nis. 15Unit 1: TaHbickaHbima KyaHbIwTbiMbIH! Unit 1: Glad to meet you! Then narrow your choice further by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable. If the vowel of the last syllable is a back vowel, choose the personal ending that contains the back vowel bi. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel, choose the personal ending that contains the front vowel i. For example: Bis GakbitTel-mbI3. Bis kepwi-mis. Bis qaiibin-6wis. Bis yinenren-6is. Bis Tanpic-neis. Biz apintec-nis. We are happy. We are neighbours. We are ready. We are married. We are acquainted. We are colleagues. There are four personal endings for the second person singular. Two can be used if you want to address someone in an informal manner: cbIH/cik. The other two can be used if you want to address someone in a formal manner: cb13/ci3. Narrow your choice by looking at the final syllable of the word to which the personal ending should be added. If it contains a back vowel, choose the ending that contains the back vowel bi. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending that contains the front vowel i. For example: You are a translator. You are a lawyer. You are young. You are a teacher. Cen aygapmauibi-cbin. Cen 3aHrep-cin. Cis xkac-cbi3. Ci3 myranim-ci3. The plural form of the second person has the same personal endings as the singular, but it takes one of the plural endings gap or gep. (For a full discussion of plural endings, see Unit 2.) For example: Cengep KbI3bIK-CbIH-Aap. Cengep ctygenT-cik-gep. Cisgep Saibintel-cbi3-gap. Ci3gep kexingi-ci3-gep. You are interesting. You are students. You are reasonable. You are happy. Finally, note that the third person takes no personal endings. For example: On akbingpi. Onap >KaKcbI. He is intelligent. They are good. Exercise 4 (cp 1; 10) Complete the following phrases by adding the right personal ending. Look up unfamiliar phrases in the glossary. You can listen to how the phrases are pronounced on the accompanying CD. Example bis xxacnbis. 1 Fumapar ecki 7 Meimanxana Kbim6aT 2 Onap erpe 8 Med ca6bipnbi 7 3 Cen axkexin ‘ 9 Cis 6oigaK . 4 Tymkax epemi 10 Onap axbipackaH 5 Cisgep 60c __. 11 Cex Typmbicta 6 Aya paibi kyprak r Language point 3 How to use the negative word emec The type of sentence on which we are focusing in this unit does not have an explicit verb (only the implicit copula ‘to be’). To put this type of sentence in the negative, add the personal ending not to the predicate but to the negative word emec. For example: MeH 3aHrep emec-nin ‘I’m not a lawyer.’ Choose among the personal endings on the basis of consonant assimilation. As emec ends on the unvoiced consonant ¢, your choice \s limited to one of the following four endings: one ending for the first person singular (nix), one ending for the first person plural (nis), one ending for the second person singular (ciq) and one ending for the {irst person plural (cis). For example: Men opbic emec-nin. I’m not Russian. Bis qavpin emec-ni3. We are not ready. Cex 3anrep emec-cin. You are not a lawyer. Ci3 ucnangpik emec-cis. You are not Spanish. As the third person takes no personal endings, the word emec also femains without an ending. For example: He is not an American. They are not married. On amepukanbik emec. Onap yinexren emec.Unit 1: TatpickaHbima KyaHbIwTbiMbBiH! Unit 1: Glad to meet you! 19 Finally, note that it is common in Kazakh to use emec when asking a yes/no question. For example: Cis Anmac emecci3 6e? ‘Aren't you Almas?’ We will discuss how to make such yes/no questions under the next language point. Exercise 5 Below is a list of sentences that feature the names of professions. Trans- late each of the sentences by using the clue in brackets and by adding the right personal ending. Example \'m a journalist. (tinwi) Meu tinwimin. I’m not a farmer. (Manu) You are a teacher. (myranim) You are not a labourer. (KYMbICLUbI) He/she is a businessman. (kecinkep) They are not salesmen. (catywib!) She is not a bank clerk. (GaHK KbI3MeTKepi) She is a cook. (acna3wb!) We are engineers. (mHxkeHep) 9 We are not students. (ctygeHT) 10 You are a driver. (kyprisywi) 11 You are not oil workers. (myHa/ubl) 12 He is an accountant. (6yxrantep) ONOnRwAN= -P Language point 4 How to ask and answer yes/no questions To ask a question to which the answer can be a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’, insert at the end of the question one of the following six question words or particles: Ma/me, 6a/6e or na/ne. These words are called particles because they have a function but not a meaning (i.e. a meaning that can be translated into other words). Often a question particle follows immediately after a personal ending. For example: Kitan KbI3bIK na? ‘Is the book interesting?’ Choose among the different question particles on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the preceding word ends on a vowel or on one of the consonants nor p, choose the particle ma or me. Narrow your choice by looking ‘at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the preceding word. If this syllable contains a back vowel, choose the particle that contains a back vowel as well: ma. If it contains a front vowel, choose the particle that contains a front vowel as well: me. For example: Aybip ma? ‘Is it heavy?’, Kenin me? ‘Is it light?’ If the preceding word ends on one of the voiced consonants M, H, H or 3, choose the particle 6a or 6e. Here, too, narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the preceding word. If the last syllable of the preceding word contains a back vowel, choose the particle 6a. If it contains a front vowel, choose the particle 6e. For example: Ap3an 6a? ‘Is it cheap?’, Cis *xaHa gaxrepcis Ge? ‘Are you a new lawyer?’ If the preceding word ends on an unvoiced consonant, choose the particle na or ne. Once again, narrow your choice on the basis of vowel harmony. If the last syllable of the preceding word contains a back vowel, choose the particle na. If it contains a front vowel, choose the particle ne. For example: KyH cybik na? ‘Is it cold?’, KeimGaT Na? ‘Is it expensive?’ To answer a yes/no question, begin your answer with either the word wa ‘yes’ or the word »oK ‘no’ and then repeat most of the content of the question (keeping in mind, of course, that you may have to change the personal pronoun and/or the personal ending). Exercise 6 (cD 1; 11) Using the clues below, ask simple yes/no questions. Then listen to the ompanying CD and check your answers. Example ci3 xaTwibl (‘secretary’) Ci3 xaTuibicbis 6a? on >KanoHA”bIK (‘Japanese’) ci3gep goc (‘friend’) on 6actTbik (‘boss’) meH eH6ekkop (‘hardworking’) ceH cTygent (‘student’) ceHgep TaHbic (‘acquainted’) @aron= xs a20 Unit 1: TaHbickanbima kyaHbiwteimbiH! § Unit 1: Glad fo meet you! 21 cone Exercise 8 (cb 1; 12) sh ne nae Kawan? When? Using the list above, translate the questions below into Kazakh. You can Ll Lue Kaiga? — Where? listen to the translations on the accompanying CD. Kan? Which? Kaitgan? Where from? Kaxaan? What kind of? Hewe? How many? Example \s she British? On 6putaHabik na? Here? Why? Kanwa? How many/much? Is he Italian? Note that in the type of sentence we are reviewing in this unit, a question word will assume the function of predicate, take a personal ending and appear after the subject of the sentence. For example: CeH KaiaH-CbIH? ‘Where are you from?’, On Kim? ‘Who is he/she?’ For the word order in questions, see the grammar summary at the back of the book. Exercise 7 Using the clues provided, ask a series of simple questions. Keep in mind that the subject of the sentence always appears at the beginning of the sentence. Example xim—ceH Cex Kimciq? 4 Here — ceH — Kexincis 5 Hewe — bana 6 Kaiga — cesaik 1 He — 6yn 2 Kai — cis — Kana 3 KaligaH — cen Nationalities Below is a list of the nationalities that you are likely to encounter in Kazakhstan. Read them out loud. apctpanuanbix Australian Kbiprbis) = Kyrgyz aFbINWbIH English KbiTain Chinese Oputanabik British MoOHFOn Mongolian amepukanabik §=American Hemic German apa6 Arabic Opbic Russian ronnanauanbiK Dutch e36eK Uzbek >KaNnOHAbIK Japanese Tem«ik Tajik wcnaHabik Spanish TYpik Turkish WvTanWAHgbIK Italian Typikmex = Turkmen KaHafanbik Canadian yHainix Indian kepic Korean panuys French Ka3ak Kazakh Are they Turkish? Is he French? Are you Indian? ls she Australian? Are you Uzbek? Isn’t he Kazakh? Aren’t they Russian? @Bvneanon— Language point 5 How to say ‘I am married’ Kazakh does not mark gender except for the adjectives that indicate Marital status. To say ‘l am married’, you can use either the adjective yanetrex or TypMbIcKa WbIKKaH. Whether you use one or the other depends on your gender (or the gender of the person to whom you fre referring). \f you are a man or are referring to a man, use the adjective ylneuren. This adjective derives from the verb yaneny, which literally ieans ‘to make a home’. If you are a woman or are referring to a woman, se the adjective TypmbicKa weikkaH. This adjective derives from the verb Typmbicka wiry, which literally means ‘to go out to make a house- hold’. Note that this adjective can be shortened to Typmbicta. The Whole phrases look as follows: MeH YuneHreHMiH, MeH TYPMbICTaMbIH ‘Lam married.” Similarly, to say ‘I am single’, use GompaK if you are a man or are feferring to a man, and use TypMbicka WeIKnaraH if you are a woman Or are referring to a woman.22 Unit 1: TadbickaHbima KyaHbIuTbIMbIH! Exercise 9 (ep 1; 13) Unit Two How would you answer the yes/no questions below? First write down = @) your answer and then read aloud both the question and your answer. Ci3 KavgaH 60 nac bI3? You can check your pronunciation: on the accompanying CD, you can listen to each of the questions as well as two possible answers to each \Where are you from? question. Example Ci3 Eyponanbikcbi3 6a? (Are you European?) Va, MeH eyponanbik-nbIH. KOK, MeH eyponanbik emMec-niH, AMepMKaNbIK-NbIH. 1 Cis cnoptweicbi3 6a? (‘Are you an athlete?’) 2 Cis ofibinwbicbis 6a? (‘Are you a video gamer?’) In this unit you will learn how to: Q 3 Ci3 3eptteywici3 6e? (‘Are you a scientist?’) 4 Cis Kexingicis 6e? (‘Are you upbeat?’) * say where you are from 5 Cis Gakbitcbiscbi3 6a? (‘Are you unhappy?’) * use the verb Gony 6 Cis ykbinTbICcbI3 6a? (‘Are you tidy?’) * put nouns in the plural 7 Ci3 KbI3FaHWwakcbI3 6a? (‘Are you envious/jealous?’) * speak about office items 8 Cis ymbiTwaxkcbi3 6a? (‘Are you forgetful?’) * use demonstrative pronouns 9 Cis yiinenrencis 6e? (‘Are you married?’) * use numbers Exercise 10 (cp 1; 14) You are meeting someone for the first time. Enter the conversation. Make 0 sure to use personal endings. You take the part of the second speaker. [ eee a PURGTIRE lee ns ZHANAR Canemertcis 6e. TaHbic Gonalibik. MeH KaHapMbIH. Kaigan Gonacwi3? ~Where are you from? (CD 1; 15) YOU [Say: hello. Then introduce yourself.] ’ ZHANAR Ci3 aMepuiKaNbIKCbI3 6a? Stacy is meeting other colleagues at the office. Her Kazakh You [Say: I'm not American, I'm British. Then ask: are you Kazakh?]§ 0lleagues are curious and ask her many questions. ZHANAR Vio, MeH Ka3aKnblH. YOU [Say: I’m glad to meet you.] Anmac Amatcbi3 6a! Mex Anmacnpin. Cis Craiicn 6onacti3 6a? eroucu Ma, Mex Craitcumin. Anmac Ci *xaHa saHrepcis 6e? @revicu Kok, MeH 3aHrep emecnik, MHKeHepMiH. MbiHa >kiriT MeHiK oKyGaiibio Slyka. AIMAC — TaHbICKaHbIMa KyaHbIWwTbIMbIH. Axay >xiriT ci3qiK apintecinis 6e? erevcu Me, on mexHix apintecim. OHbIH aTbI CTuB. Anmac — CtwB Te AMepuKagaH 6a?24 Unit 2: Ci3 Kawgan Gonachi3? cT3”vcu Via, on ga AMepukagaH. Cex we? ActaHaga Gonacbik 6a? ANIMAC KOK, MeH AcTaHagaH emecnik, MeH AxTe6eqeH GonambiH. ALMAS — Hello! I’m Almas. Are you [being] Stacy? ‘STACY Yes, | am. ALMAS = Are you a new lawyer? stacy No, | am not a lawyer, | am an engineer. This man is my spouse Luka. ALMAS Nice to meet you. Is that man your colleague? STACY Yes, he is my colleague. His name is Steve. ALMAS — Is Steve also from America? STACY Yes, he is also [being] from America. And you? Are you [being] from Astana? ALMAS No, | am not from Astana, | am [being] from Aktobe. kaigan where from [pita this “na yes | wirit young man | xoK no xy6ai spouse | Gony to be apintec colleague | ganrep lawyer | Language points 1 How to say ‘also’ In Dialogue 1, when discussing the question whether their colleague. Steve is from America, Almas and Stacy each use a different particle to say ‘also’. In total, Kazakh has four different particles with which you can say ‘also’: ga/ge and ta/te. As usual, choose among the different options on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the word ends on unvoiced consonants, add the word particle ta or te. If the subject of the sentence ends on vowels or any consonants other than unvoiced, add the particle a or ge. Then narrow your choice on the basis of vowel harmony. Unit 2: Where are you from? For example: He is also an engineer. Will you go, too? Sugar is also dangerous. Is Steve also from America? On fa unxenep. Ci3 ge Gapacwi3 6a? Kant ta xayinti. Crus te Amepnkagan 6a? 2 How to say where you are from When in Dialogue 1 Almas is asked where he is from, he replies by saying: Kok, Mew ActaHagan emecnix, Mex AxreGeqeH GonaMbiH ‘No, | am not from Astana, | am [being] from Aktobe.’ Notice that in this sentence Almas uses many of the elements we have been discussing in this unit. He adds only two new elements: place names, each combined with a so-called ‘ablative’ ending, fan and gen. These endings are called ‘ablative’ because their function is to mark a movement away from the places to whose names they are added. In sentences where the subject is a personal pronoun (whether this pronoun is spelled out or not), the personal ending will be added to the ablative ending. Notice that in his reply, Almas adds the personal endings to two other words, emec and Gony. In general, if you want to say where you are from, add to the place that you are from one of the following ablative endings: HaH/HeH, fan/geu or TaH/teH. As is to be expected, choose among these endings on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and conso- Nant assimilation. Because all ablative endings begin with a consonant, make your initial choice on the basis of consonant assimilation. If the place name ends on one of the possessive endings or on ‘one of the consonants M, H or H, choose the ending HaH or HeH. Then Narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the place name. If this last syllable contains a back vowel, choose the ‘ending Han. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending Hex. For example: Kazaxetax-HaH ‘from Kazakhstan’, Beixix-HeHx ‘from Beijing’. If the place name ends on one of the vowels or on one of the semivowels « or 10, or one of the consonants p, 3 or #, add the ending au or gen. Here, too, narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the place name. If this last syllable contains a back vowel, choose the ending gan. If it contains a front26 Unit 2: Cis Kaian Gonacei3? Unit 2: Where are you from? a7 Q vowel, choose the ending gex. For example: Typkua-aan ‘from Turkey’, AkteG6e-geu ‘from Aktobe’. If the place name ends on an unvoiced consonant or on one of the voiced consonants g or B, choose the ending Tax or Tex. Once again, narrow your choice on the basis of vowel harmony. If the last syllable of the place name contains a back vowel, choose the ending Tau. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending Tex. For example: Awxa6ag-taH ‘from Ashkhabad’, LUWbimkeHT-TeH ‘from Shymkent’. As you may have already noticed in two of the examples above, Ka3akctaHHan and Wbimkenttex, there is no need to eliminate any letters when you add an ablative ending that begins with the same sound as that of the last letter of the place name. Ablative endings always retain the same form, except in one situation. When they are added to a personal pronoun, they blend with the pronoun and become meHeH ‘from me’, ceHeH ‘from you’, ofjaH ‘from him/her’. In this case, of course, the ablative endings are used for a different purpose: to mark a movement away from a person, not a place. In this context, it is worth mentioning that question particles can take an ablative ending as well. With the ablative endings, you can make questions such as KiM-HeH? ‘from whom?’, He-geH? ‘from what?’, Kait-gaH? ‘from where?’ Finally, note that as a result of consonant assimilation, the personal endings that can be added to an ablative ending are limited to the following: MbIH/MiH, 6b13/6i3, CbIH/ciH and cbI3/ci3. Here, too, make your choice on the basis of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. For example: Anmatbi-gaH-MbIH ‘I’m from Almaty’, Napwx-gex-6i3 ‘We are from Paris.’ Exercise 1 (cp 1; 16) Make sentences with the clues provided. Put each sentence together by adding the right ablative endings. Then listen to the full sentences on the accompanying CD. 1 mex — YHgictaH — Jenn 2 ceH — O36excTaH — TawkeHT 3 cis — Pece — Mackey 4 on - ¥nbi Bputanua — SIonQ0H 5 6i3 — Opanuna — Napwx« 6 cexgep — Amepuxa — Hbto Mopk 7 ci3qep — Tepmanua — MioHxeH 8 onap — Weeiyapua — KeHesa Language points 3 When to use the verb Oony ‘to be’ So far we have focused on sentences from which the copula ‘to be’ has been dropped (and which are therefore without an explicit verb). Under some circumstances, however, you can use the verb 6ony: for example, when giving information about yourself or asking someone a personal question. In Dialogue 1, Almas asks Stacy: Cis Craicu 6onacbi3 6a? ‘Are you being Stacy?’ This question sounds friendlier and more polite than the question without the verb Gony: Cis Cravcuci3 6e? ‘Are you Stacy?’ When you use the verb 6ony, add the personal ending to the verb, not to the predicate (i.e. the noun or adjective that precedes the verb). Compare the following examples: Mex @ckemeHHeH-min. or Mex @ckemeHHeH Gona-MbIH. | am from Ust-Kamenogorsk. Bis Kanonuagan-6ni3. or Bis Kanonuagan Gona-mbi3. We are from Japan. Onap Hugepnanatan. or Onap Hugepnanatan Gona-abl. They are from the Netherlands. 4 How to identify a place of ori In Kazakh you can identify a place of origin in two ways: by adding to the place of origin one of the ablative endings or one of the endings NbIK/NiK, HbIK/AiK or THIK/TIK. You may already have noticed the latter endings in Unit 1, where they appear often at the ends of adjectives that identify nationalities. However, you can also use these endings more broadly. For example: Bi3 aybin-abIk *epfeHGi3 ‘We are from a rural place’, MyHait - oTaH-abIk expipic ‘Oil is a domestic industry’, Mew Anmatei-neiqnin ‘| am an Almaty man/woman.’28 Unit 2: Cis Kaagan Gonacei3? Unit 2: Where are you from? 29 Choose among the different endings on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the word ends on a vowel or one of the consonants 4, p or y, add the ending nek or nix. If the word ends on one of the consonants n, M, H Or H, add the ending qbik or vik. If the word ends on one of the unvoiced consonants or one of the voiced consonants B or r, add the ending TeIK or Tik. Then narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the word. If it contains a back vowel, add the ending that contains a back vowel. If it contains a front vowel, add the ending that contains a front vowel. For example: On Jlongox-abix ‘He is a Londoner’, Cis Bptoccenb-nik-ci3 6e? ‘Are you a Brusselian?’ Exercise 2 (cp 1; 17) Listen to the names of the major Kazakh cities on the accompanying @) CD. While listening, locate these cities on the map below. ’ . @cKemen a7 Exercise 3 Rewrite the sentences in the left column (which all feature an ablative ending) by adding one of the endings discussed under the previous language point and then adding the right personal ending (which we discussed in Unit 1). Example Men ActaHagaHMbiH. Men ActavanbiknbiH. 1 Bepik Kaparayapigan. On 2 Cex KbisbinopfagaHcein. Cen 3 ApmaH @ckemeHHeH. On 4 Bisnep Tapagqan6bis. Bis 5 Cis Axtayfaxceis. Cis 6 Epxay Koctanalifan. On Pybin Kim? =What is your tribe? (CD 1; 18) Stacy and Almas meet their new colleague Marat. AnMAC = TaHbIc Gonaibik. MeH Anmacnbin. Byn — Crsiicu, 6isaik Kaka apintecimis. cravcu Cenem. Ci3qit atbiqbi3 kim Gonagbl? mMaPAT Canemerci3gep me! Mexik ecimim Mapat, Mapat Kyaxbiwyni. anmac KaiigjaH 6onaceiH, Mapat? mapaT CemeiigeH Gonampis, LlbiFbicTaH. ANIMAC © OpTa 2ky31eH eKeHCiH FO. AprbiH Gonacbik 6a, enge Haimanceiq 6a? MAPAT ‘To6bikTbI GonambI3. O3ik We? O3ik Kai pyak GonacbiH? Anmac — Bis kiwi 2xy3qeH6i3, aga Gonambis. Aumas — Let’s get acquainted. I’m Almas. This is Stacy, our new colleague. stacy Hi! What is your name? maraAT Hello. My name is Marat, Marat Kuanyshuly. ALMAS = Where are you [being] from, Marat? marAT We are from Semey City, from the East. ALMAS — So you are from the Middle Jiiz. Are you Argyn or Nayman? MaRAT We are Tobykty. And yourself? Which tribe are you from? ALMAS. We are from the Little Jiiz, we are [being] Aday. | py tribe “Kya Juz Jecim name exe Foi it turns out wbireic east | esitt yourself opta middle | kiwi little, junior30 Unit 2: Cis Katgan Gonacwi3? Reflexive pronouns e3im myself e3imi3 ourselves e3ik yourself e3gepin yourselves e3iKi3 yourself e3gepiniz yourselves 3i himself/herself/itself | e3qepi themselves When two Kazakhs meet for the first time, it is normal for them to ask each other from which tribe they come. One of the reasons why Kazakhs do so is that they tend to make a profile of the other on the basis of the other's tribal background. This profile will consist of mere cultural assumptions, so it may or may not correspond to the other's actual character. But Kazakhs, even the ones that were born and raised in large cities, attach great value to their own and other Kazakhs’ tribal affiliation. Kazakhs affiliate themselves with one of three confederations of tribes, the so-called Jiiz (which literally translates as ‘hundred’). Traditionally each of these Jiiz lived in their own territory: the Great JUz (¥nb1 »y3) lived in southern Kazakhstan, the Middle Jiiz (Opta »y3) in central and eastern Kazakhstan, and the Little Jiiz (Kiwi »y3) in western Kazakhstan. Although this geographical division is still largely accurate, it no longer holds for the large cities of Kazakhstan (where, due to both internal and external migration, people of different tribes, ethnicities and nationalities coexist). Each Jiiz contains a number of tribes, each of which is divided down to the smallest lineage. Kazakhs are expected to know their lineage. They should especially know their ancestors back to the seventh forefather (keti ata) on the paternal side, as they are not allowed to marry anyone within this lineage. Below are three sayings that will give you a sense of the assumptions that are still made about the members of each of the Jiiz: ¥nbi «y3re Tank Gep ge Mana KON. Give a stick to Great Jiiz and let him shepherd. Opta xy3re Kanam Gep ge Aayra Kon. Give a pen to Middle Juiz and let him argue. Kiwi xy3re Haii3a Gep fe xKayFa KON. Give a spear to Little Jz and let him fight against the enemy. Unit 2: Where are you from? 31 Finally, note that if you are not Kazakh, you are free to inquire about the tribal affiliation of the Kazakhs that you meet. Usually they will be happy to tell you. Byn ci3gin odpucini3s This is your office (CD 1; 19) 0 Aigul, the secretary, is showing Stacy, the new engineer, around her new office. AIGUL Craiicn, 6yn 6enme cisniki. MyHqa opbiHa~biKTap, 6ip ycTen, cepenep, KomnbioTep, 2 TenecboH %KeHe NPUHTep. 6ap. Mbixa Tenedbou KyHgenikti KongaHbic ywiK, an aHa Teneqdou chakc ywik. cTavcu Kewipme MewuHeci Gap ma? AMY Bap. Exinwi Ka6atra. cTamcu Avay He? auryn = On — Atbipay alimafbiHbIq KapTacbi, an aay — Axtaypiki. Kpisbin HykTenep — MyHaii YHFbIManapbl. ctsvcu Tamawa! Auryn Erep Kaxxet 6onca, MeHfe KanaM, KaFa3, cua, Typni-tycTi Mapkepnep CuAKTbI OcpucKe KarxeTTI 3aTTap Gap. cTsmcu Paxmer, Aliryn. AIGUL Stacy, this office is yours. There are chairs, a table, shelves, a computer, two phones and a printer. This phone is for everyday use and that phone is for fax. stacy Is there a photocopier? AIGUL Yes, on the second floor. stacy What is that? AIGUL That is a map of the Atyrau region and that one is Aktau’s. The red dots are oil wells. stacy Great! AIGUL | have office stationery items, such as pens, paper, ink, colour markers, if you need them. stacy Thank you, Aigul.32 Unit 2: Cis Katgan Gonacbi3? 6enme room, office myHaa here yeren table cepe shelf kyHgenixti everyday, daily Konganbic —use kewipme photocopier mewnHeci | | OpbIngLIK chair | Gap there is exinwi Ka6at second floor ama region More office items raseT Ss, Kapanqau kapta KbI3sbIN | HyKTe myHai YHFEIMa Kanam kara3 cua Typni-tycti CHAKTEI KaKertTi 3atTap kyHTi36e aentep map red point, dot oil well pen paper ink colourful as necessary items, things kint Unit 2: Where are you from? tTaptna yanbi Tenecpor Prox3aK/apKaKkan wam crennep USB >kanbt Language point 5 How fo put nouns in the plural In Dialogue 3, several words appear in the plural: oppiHabIK-Tap ‘chairs’, HykTe-nep ‘points’, Mapkep-nep ‘markers’ and 3at-tap ‘items’. To put anoun in the plural, you need to add one of six plural endings: nap/nep, aap/pep and tap/tep. As usual, choose among the different endings on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the noun ends on a vowel or on one of the consonants p, i, or y, add the plural ending nap or nep. Narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the noun. If this last syllable contains a back vowel, choose the ending that contains a back vowel as well: nap. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending that contains a front vowel as well: nep. For example: 6ana-nap ‘children’, kece-nep ‘cups’. If the noun ends on one of the consonants M, n, H, H, « or 3, add the plural ending gap or gep. Here, too, narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the noun. If this last syllable contains a back vowel, choose the ending that contains a back vowel as well: gap. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending that 33 Q34 Unit 2; Ciz Kaigan Gonacei3? Unit 2: Where are you from? 35 contains a front vowel as well: gep. For example: ay-gap ‘animals’, ycten-pep ‘tables’. If the noun ends on an unvoiced consonant or on one of the voiced consonants 6, B, r or a, add the plural ending tap or tep. Once again, narrow your choice on the basis of vowel harmony. If the last syllable of the noun contains a back vowel, choose the ending tap. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending tep. For example: xat-rap ‘letters’, Kew-Tep ‘evenings’. Note that when you quantify a noun, the noun always remains singular. For example: 2 ycten ‘2 table’, 4 napak ‘4 page’, 3-4 agam ‘3-4 people’, 500 texre ‘S00 tenge’, 1000 komnbtotep ‘1000 computer’. We will show how to spell out numbers in Kazakh later in this unit. Exercise 4 (audio online) Put each noun below in the plural. es kenik___ (‘vehicles’) caycak___ (‘fingers’) a TeHi3__ (‘seas’) Aentep___ (‘notebooks’) araw____ (‘trees’) AyKeH___ (‘shops’) kint___ (‘keys’) Ka6bipra___ (‘walls’) mMowuHe__ (‘cars’) kitan___ (‘books’) ryn___ (‘flowers’) napak___ (‘pages’) cemke___ (‘bags’) mypaxxan___ (‘museums’) KbI3__ (‘girls’) fumapat__ (‘buildings’) yn___ (‘boys’) wkan___ (‘cabinets’) agam___ (‘men’) Taptna___ (‘drawers’) enen__ (‘women’) Q Language point 6 How to identify the possessor As we have seen in Dialogue 3, there are possessive endings that you can add to a noun or personal pronoun to identify it as the possessor of something. In Kazakh there are three such endings: niki, iki, tiki. Choose among these endings on the basis of consonant assimilation. If the noun ends on a vowel, add the ending iki. For example: Anma-uiki ‘Alma’s’. If the noun or personal pronoun ends on one of the consonants >, 3, 1,1, M, H, H, p or y, add the ending aixi. For example: 6i3-qixi ‘ours’, onap-qiki ‘theirs’. If the noun ends on an unvoiced consonant, add the ending tiki. For example: Cepi ‘Serik’s’. Note that when you add the ending to one of the personal pronouns med, ceH or on, they are blended: meniki ‘mine’, ceniki ‘yours’, onixi ‘his/hers’. For example: Byn Kanam meuiki ‘This pen is mine.’ Exercise 5 (cD 1; 20) SK Look at the pictures of personal items and complete each of the sentences below by adding the right possessive ending. Then listen to the full sentences on the accompanying CD. tic weTkacbl cynri = Tapak OMNAH Kesingipik —yctapa Sy a \ e a « ye — 7 Z Example Tic wetkacbi Caynenixi. 1 ¥ctapa Carat 2 Omusx Kim? 3 Kesingipix Cepix 4 Cynri Gis : 5 Tapak ceH ___s me? Language point Q 7 How to use demonstrative pronouns The function of demonstrative pronouns in Kazakh is to indicate whether the object to which they are referring or that they are replacing in the sentence is nearby or far away, in space or time. Often demonstrative pronouns also indicate whether the object to which they are referring or that they are replacing is singular or plural.36 Unit 2: Cis kata 6onacbi3? Unit 2: Where are you from? 37 You can use the demonstrative pronouns 6yn ‘this’ and on ‘that’ to introduce a person, an object or a question. For example: Byn — Fa3u3 ‘This is Gaziz’, Byn Kim? ‘Who is this?’; literally: ‘This who?’ You can also use them as subjects in sentences in which the predicate does not contain a verb (only the implicit copula ‘to be’). For example: — Byn meu ‘It/this is me.’ Furthermore, you can use them as adjectives. For example: Byn kitan KbI3bIK ‘This book is interesting.’ You can use the demonstrative pronouns mina ‘this’ and ana ‘that’ to indicate that the noun to which they are referring (and which they precede) in the sentence is nearby or far away in space. For example: mbna Kewe ‘this street’, aa mewnne ‘that car’. When you want to use these two demonstrative pronouns to replace a noun in the sentence, add the letter y: mbiHay and amay. For example: Mbina Komnbiotep meHiki, an aHay —- Apmanaiki ‘This computer is mine and that is Arman’s.’ Notice that the previous example contains a hyphen ('-’). This is a common way of indicating that the verb of this sentence is the implicit copula ‘to be’, especially when the predicate of the sentence is a noun. You will encounter more examples of this kind in the book. You can use the demonstrative pronouns mike ‘here’ and exe ‘there’ to specify the location of the object to which they are referring in the sentence. For example: Meni Komnbtotepio Mike, an ceHiK komnbtotepik axe ‘My computer is here, your computer is there.’ You can use the demonstrative pronouns oc! ‘this’ and con ‘that’ to indicate that the noun to which they are referring in the sentence is nearby or far away in time. For example: ocbi nikip ‘this opinion’, con xbinbI ‘that year’. When the demonstrative pronouns 6yn, MbIHa/aHa and ocbi/con take plural endings, they cannot be used as adjectives that modify nouns. Instead they begin to function as nouns themselves. For example: Bynap kimgep? Who are these? Mbinanap Gisqixi. These are ours. Axanap Kanga? Where are those? Ocbinap cananbi. These are good quality. Conap kbi3bIK. Those are strange. Finally, note that the other demonstrative pronouns, MbiHay/aHay and mixe/ane, do not take plural endings even when the noun to which they are referring or that they are replacing is in the plural. Exercise 6 (€D 1; 21) SN Using the clues in brackets, fill in the demonstrative pronouns below. Afterwards you can listen to the resulting phrases on the accompanying CD. There will be enough time for you to repeat after the voice. Use 6yn/mbiHa or aHa Example (This) MbiHa Kelinek KbimOaT. 1 (Those) yianep ecki. 2 (That). AIMCK >KaHa. 3 (This), KMHO >KaKCbI. 4 (These). 3aTTap Cananbi ma? Use ocbi or con Example (This) Ocbi nixip MaHbi3abl. 5 (This), egic Tuimai. 6 (This)___——_—s Takbippin e3exti. 7 (That) epkeHner Kaliga? 8 (Those). KYHAeP KbISbIK. Numbers (CD 1; 22) 0 1 6ip 50 eny 2 eki 51 eny 6ip 3 yw 60 annbic 4 TepT 70 oKeTnic 5 6ec 80 ceKceH 6 ante 90 ToKCaH 7 Keri 100 oKYy3 8 ceri3 200 exi *xy3 9 TOFbIS 210 eki 2Ky3 OH 10 OH 235 eki Ky3 OTbI3 Bec W OH Gip 500 6ec xy3 12 OH ei 575 6ec »xy3 xeTNIic Gec 13, OH yw 1000 MbIK 20 oKUbIPMa 1934 Gip MbIK TOFBI3 *KY3 21 okubIpMa Gip OTbI3 TepT 27 >2«MbIpMa *KeTI 2000 eKi MbIK, 30 OTbI3 1000000 MMNIMOH 31 oTbI3 Gip 1000000000 munnnapa 40 KbIPbIK38 Unit 2: Ci3 Kaigan Gonacbi3? Exercise 7 Drawing on the information provided above, spell out the numbers below. Example 15 oH 6ec 127 7 2012 2 33 8 3300 3 61 9 4712 4 84 10 250000 5 98 11 836000 6 1281 Exercise 8 (cD 1; 23) Listen to Aigul as she lists the expenses for furnishing Stacy's office. Write down the prices of the office items, first as a number and then as. a spelled-out word. Example Komnbiotep: 76000 TeHre == 2keTNIC_aNTbI MbIH TeHTe 1 Mpuutep: TeHre == TeHre 2 Yeren: TeHre = = TeHre 3 4 oppinabik: Teyre = TeHre 4 2 Tenecpou: Tenre TeHre 5 Kapta: TeHre TeHre 6 Bapnoirei: Teyre === TeHre Exercise 9 (cD 1; 24) You are meeting someone for the first time. Enter the conversation. Make the verb ‘to be’. You take the part of the second speaker. Q sure to use ablative endings. Feel free to use either personal endings or. YERZHAN You YERZHAN YOu YERZHAN YOU Cis KaHagagan Gonacwi3 6a? [Say: I’m not from Canada, I’m from the Netherlands.) AmctepfamHatchi3 6a? [Say: yes, | am. Then ask: where are you from?] Mex 6e? Men Batbictanmbin, Atbipayfak Gonambin. [Say: a friend of mine is from Aktau.] Unit Three Ci3qiq oT6acbIHbI3 ynKeH 6e? Is your family big? In this unit you will learn how to: * speak about family * use the possessive * indicate place, time and age * tell the time * use the names of weekdays and months Or6acbinbI3 ynkeH 6e? Stacy is looking at the family picture that Aigul has on her desk. Is your family big? (CD 1; 25) cersvcu Byn cexiq oT6acbiq 6a? OT6acbIn ynKeH eKeH! Aaryn Me, 6yn MeHiq oT6actim. MbiHay nanam, MbIHay MeHiH mamam. Bis yige 6eceymis. Kasip nanam mMeH MaMaMHbIH Gip Kenixi, 6ip Kyey Ganacbi »*eHe eki Hemepeci 6ap. erovcv anak MeH MamaH Hele *KacTa? Anryn Onap xetnicke Taan Kangb!. An MbiHay MeHi onKeM. Aiinyp. eTovcu Mbixa aiien ge ceHiq enkeq 6e? Anyi Kok, on MeHiq KeHTem AvimaH, aFaMHbiq eieni. Aram yinenren, eki Sanacbi Gap.cTancu Anryn cTavcu AUIYSI cT3ncn ANY cTacu STACY AIGUL STACY AIGUL STACY AIGUL STACY AIGUL STACY AIGUL STACY AIGUL STACY Unit 3: Ci3qiq oT6acbIHbI3 ynKeH Ge? An MbiHay >xiriT Kim? On menix 2Ke3qem Aii6ex, ankemHiH xyOaibl. Onkem fe Typmobicta. An MbiHa KiLUKeHTal KbI3 MeHiH CIHNIM, OHbIH atb! Mengip, 15 acta. Mbtna >xirit ini Ge? On ga yineHren Ge? Va, 6yn meHix iHim Azamar. On okubipmaza, yineHGeren. 8ni Kac. Byn cyperte afaq KOK na? KOK, afam 2KOK. Yiire KOHaKKa Ken, GapnbifbimeH TaHbICTbIPaMbIH. MeHi oT6acbiM COHAal KOHaWKal. Paxmer, Atiryn. Kenemin. Is this your family? You have such a big family! Yes, that is my family. This is my dad and this is my mum. We are five at home. By now my parents have a daughter-in-law, a son-in-law and two grandchildren. How old are your mom and dad? They are approaching 70. And that is my sister Aynur. Is this woman also your sister? No, that is my sister-in-law Aiman, my brother's wife. My brother is married and has two children. And who is this man? Is it your brother? This is my brother-in-law Aibek, my sister’s husband. My sister is also married. And this little girl is my youngest sister. Her name is Moldir. She is 15. ls this man your younger brother? Is he married, too? This is my younger brother. He is not married. He is young. He is 20. Your older brother is not in this picture, is he? No, he is not. Come to my house. | will introduce you to everybody. My family will welcome you. [literally: My family is very hospitable!) Thank you, Aigul. | will come. Unit 3: Is your family big? or6acbi family ynkew big kenin daughter- or sister-in-law kywey Gana son-in-law Hewe xacta how old? Tan Kany to approach owenre sister-in-law (if older) yiinenren married (men only) okeage brother-in-law (if older) Typmoicta married (women only) kiwkenTai little oni still ac young cyper photo, picture KoHaKKa Keny to visit as a guest Gapnoirer everybody conga very KonaKKai hospitable Names of relatives (audio online) eke father ava mother ata grandfather xe grandmother Hemepe grandchild KbI3 daughter yn son ara older brother or uncle Tete auntie enke/ana older sister cixni younger sister (used by women) ini younger brother (used by men) kKapbIHgac younger sister (used by men) 41 xxexHre wife of an older brother o or uncle kenix wife of a son or younger brother »ke3ge husband of an older sister kywey Gana husband of a younger sister exe mother-in-law ata father-in-law acbipan anfaH Gana adopted child acbipan anfaH ata-ana adoptive parents erei axe stepfather erew wewe stepmotherA2 Unit 3: Ci3qiq oTGacbinbI3 ynkeH Ge? Language point 1 How to use the possessive In Dialogue 1, Aigul says: Byn mexix or6acwim ‘It is my family.’ In Kazakh, as in English, this sentence contains a possessive form. In Kazakh, however, a possessive form consists of two words: a possessor (here: mein, ‘my’) and a possessed object (here: or6acwim, ‘family’). To put together a possessive form, add to the possessor one of the following genitive endings: HeIH/HiK, QbIn/giK or THIH/TIK. Add to the possessed object one of the possessive endings, of which there are many. Choose among the different genitive and possessive endings on the basis of the principles of consonant assimilation and vowel harmony. If the possessor ends on a vowel or on one of the consonants mM, H or H, add the genitive ending HbIK or HiH. Narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the possessor. If this last syllable contains a back vowel, choose the ending HbIK. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending Hix. For example: meni, ‘my’, OHBIK ‘his/her’. If the possessor ends on one of the consonants », 3, 4, n or p, add the genitive ending abin or aix. Here, too, narrow your choice on the basis of vowel harmony. If the last syllable of the possessor contains a back vowel, choose the ending abin. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending aix. For example: onap-qbin ‘their’, 6i3-qir ‘our’. When the possessor ends on an unvoiced consonant or on one of the voiced consonants 6, B, r or 4, add the genitive ending TeIq, or Ti. If the last syllable of the possessor contains a back vowel, choose the ending TpIK. If it contains a front vowel, add the ending tix. For example: Mapat-tbix ‘Marat’s’, Cepik-tik ‘Serik’s’. Possessive endings Regarding the possessive endings that need to be added to the possessed object, keep in mind that possessive endings vary according to whether the possessor (to which the genitive ending is added) is in the first, second or third person singular or plural. If the possessor is ‘my’, the possessive endings that can be added to the possessed object are the following: m and tim/im. If the possessed Unit 3: Is your family big? object ends on a vowel, add the possessive ending m. For example: me-Hiq Gana-m ‘my child’. If the possessed object ends on a consonant, add the possessive ending im or im. Choose between the two. endings by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the possessed object. For example: me-Hik XYMbIC-bIM ‘my job’, Me-HiK, o¢puc-iom ‘my office’. If the possessor is ‘your’, the possessive endings that can be added to the possessed object are the following: H, bIH/iH, HbI3/Hi3 and bIHbI: i3. If the possessed object ends on a vowel, add the possessive ending x. For example: cexiy Hemepe-H ‘your grandchild’. If the possessed object ends on a consonant, add the possessive ending bin or iH. Here, too, choose between the two endings by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the possessed object. For example: cexix yn-bix ‘your son’, ceHik yit-iH ‘your house’. Use the other four endings only when you are addressing someone in a formal manner. If the possessed object ends on a vowel, add the possessive ending HbI3 or His. Choose between the endings on the basis of vowel harmony. For example: ci3qixq aFa-HbI3 ‘your brother’, cisqix axe-Hi3 ‘your grandmother’. If the possessed object ends on a consonant, add the possessive ending bikbI3 or iKi3. Here, too, choose on the basis of vowel harmony: ci3qiq cafaT-biHbI3 ‘your watch’, ci3qiq KomnbtoTep-ixi3 ‘your computer’. If the possessor is ‘his’/‘her’/‘its’ or a person, animal or object in the third person singular, the possessive endings that can be added to the possessed object are the following: cbi/ci and bi/i. If the possessed object ends on a vowel, add the possessive ending cI or ci. Choose on the basis of vowel harmony. For example: OHbIHaFa-CbI ‘his/her brother’, OHbIK CemKe-ci ‘his/her bag’. If the possessed object ends on a consonant, add the possessive ending b1 or i. Here, too, choose on the basis of vowel harmony. For example: AWMaHHBIK, KbI3-bI ‘Aiman’s daughter’, oHbIH apintec-i ‘his/her colleague’. If the possessor is ‘our’, the possessive endings that can be added to the possessed object are the following: mbI3/mi3 and bIMbI3/imi3. If the possessed object ends on a vowel, add the possessive ending Mbi3 or Miz. Once again, choose on the basis of vowel harmony. For example: 6i3qiq Kana-mbi3 ‘our city’, 6i3qiq MawMHe-mis3 ‘our car’. If the possessed object ends on a consonant, add either the possessive ending bimbis or imi3. For example: 6i3qiq TybIC-bIMbI3 ‘our relative’, 6isqin yi-imisz ‘our home’. 4344 Unit 3: Cizqiq oT6acbIHbI3 ynKeH Ge? Unit 3: Is your family big? 45 lf the possessor is plural ‘your’, the possessive endings that can be added to the possessed object come after the plural endings: cengepain ixi-nep-ix ‘your younger brothers’, cexepaix Sananap-biK ‘your children’. When the possessor is ‘their’ or a person, animal or object in the third person plural, the possessive endings follow the plural endings. For example: onapabiq MawuHe-nep-i ‘their cars’, onapabIH kitan- Tap-bi ‘their books’. Note that there are three unvoiced consonants that become voiced when they are followed by a possessive ending. The unvoiced consonant K becomes the voiced consonant r. For example: kevnek ‘dress’ becomes keiiner-im ‘my dress’. The unvoiced consonant K becomes the voiced consonant ¢. For example: the word 6ak ‘garden’ becomes 6aF-bix ‘your garden’. The unvoiced consonant n becomes the voiced consonant 6. For example: the word »xayan becomes »kaya6-bI ‘his/her answer’. Finally, note that possessive endings also appear in proper names. In this case there will be no genitive endings. For example: Anmatbi Kana-cbl Pecny6nuxa capaii-bi Pecny6nuka anak-bI Pecny6nuxa kyH-i Haypbi3 Mevpam-bI City of Almaty Palace of the Republic Square of the Republic Day of the Republic Holiday of Nowruz Exercise _] (cb 1; 26) Reread Dialogue 1 and answer the following questions about Aigul’s family. Make sure to use genitive and possessive endings in your answers. 7) Afterwards you can listen to both the questions and answers on the: accompanying CD. Example Aiiryngik oT6acbi Kanga? Aviryngit oT6acbl ynkeH. Ajrynaix aracti yineHreH 6e? Ajiryngik afacbibiy Hewe Ganacbi Gap? Ajrynaik Hewe enkeci Gap? Ajiryngix ankeci typmbicta ma? Ajrynai iniciviq ate! Kim? Ajaryngit xeHreci Kim? Auiryngik KesgeciHik atbt Kim? NOORONMH 8 Airynain ciqnici Gap Ma? 9 OHbIH atl Kim? Exercise 2 sh Using the genealogical tree, identify how the persons named in the sentences below are related to each other. Example Axmet KynawrTi xy6aiibl. Cepik Epmek. een nee ee tne Mets Epmek Cepik us Topkah Mapat. TonkaH Kapnbiraw nex CaHayrau, Capa Tonka MeH Mapart. Kynew Epnax mex Fynxep. OnRona Hewe 6anaHbi3 Gap? How many children do you have? (€D 1; 27) 0 Stacy is speaking to the administrator of a private school regarding her children’s enrolment. OxIMUI Hewe 6anaxkbi3 bap? eravcu Bisgiq yw Ganampis Gap. eximuI Bananapbibis Hewene?46 Unit 3: Ciagiq oT6acbinbI3 ynKeH 6e7 Unit 3: Is your family big? crac OKIMUI cTavicn KIMI cravcn ‘OKIMU! cTsvcn ADMINISTRATOR STACY ADMINISTRATOR STACY ADMINISTRATOR STACY ADMINISTRATOR STACY ADMINISTRATOR STACY TyxFbiwbimbi3 faBug 12-fe, KbI3bIMbi3 Jlopa 5-te, kekemi3 Maiikn 3-Te. Ci3git %konbIHbI3 Gongbi. Bisge opta mexkten Te, AaiibiHAbIK MekTeOi ge, Ganabakwa ga Sap! Assug 6-wbI cbiHbinTa, JIopa AaibiH~bIK MexkTeGiHAe, an Maikn GanaGakwaga. Tamawa! Bapnbirb! 6ip *xepge. Bisre ete biHFalinbl. Ca6ak Kawax Bactanagbl? KasakctaHfa OKy >kbiNbI SipiHwi KbIPKYyeKTe 6actanagpi. Cabaktap TaHepTeH carat 8-fe 6actanagbl. Bananapabit kpkattapb! bap ma? Vo, mike Gananapgbin kyaniri Kee NacnopTbIMHbIH, kewipmeci. Ky6alibinbisqbIH NacnopTbIHbI KewWipMeci Ae KepeK. Kewipmeci ok, 6ipak nacnopTb! Mixe. How many children do you have? We have three children. How old are your children? The oldest, David, is [in] 12, our daughter Laura is [in] 5, our baby son Michael is [in] 3. You are lucky. We have high school, preparatory school and kindergarten! David will be in 6th grade, Laura will be in prep school, and Michael will be in kindergarten. Great! All in one place. It is very convenient. When do classes start? The academic year in Kazakhstan starts on 1st September. Classes start at 8 a.m. Do you have the children’s documents? Yes, here are the children’s birth certificates and a copy of my passport. We also need a copy of your spouse’s passport. | don’t have a copy, but his passport is here. oximuni administrator cbInBIN grade ewe how many? biraiinet — convenient TYHFEIW oldest child | ca6ax class kere youngest child Gactany to start won Gony to be lucky | oxy abit academic year opta mMekren high school | KyKat document naiiwinabix preparatory kyenix —_(birth) certificate mexre6i school 1 fellas’ o-oo Gana6aqwa kindergarten | Kazakhs have distinct words for their first child and their youngest child. The word for the first and oldest child of a family is TyHFbIL ‘the oldest’. The oldest child occupies a special position in a Kazakh family: he or she has to be obeyed by the younger siblings. The word for the youngest child of a family is kernKe ‘the youngest’. This child is often said to be the most spoiled of all siblings. Sometimes the youngest child has a proper name that derives from KeHKe, such as Kenjegul/Kenzhegul or Kenjebek/Kenzhebek. Also note that when the age difference between two siblings is not great, Kazakhs will use the idiomatic word terenec (literally: ‘same age’) when the siblings are seen to compete with each other. DO Language points 2 How to indicate place, time and age In Dialogue 2, Stacy gives her children’s age by saying: Hasug 12-Ae, Jlopa 5-te, Maiikn 3-re. This sentence literally translates as ‘David is in 12, Laura is in 5, Michael is in 3’, because the endings that Stacy adds to the numbers are locative endings, i.e. endings that are meant to indicate place or location. In Kazakh, however, locative48 Unit 3: Cisain ot6acbiHbIs ynkeH 6e? Unit 3: Is your family big? 49 endings are also used for two other purposes: to indicate age (as we have just seen), and to indicate time. The previous dialogue also provides an example of the latter purpose, when the school administrator says: Ca6aktap TaHepTex Carat 8-ge Gactanagpl ‘Classes start at 8 a.m.’ In total, there are six locative endings: ta/Te, ga/me and Haa/HAe. The last two endings, Haa/Hge, appear only after the possessive endings cbi/ci and bi/i. For example: On Anmate! Kanacbi-Haa Typagpl ‘He lives in the city of Almaty.’ Choose among the other four locative endings, ta/te and gja/ge, on the basis of the principles of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the place, time or age word ends on an unvoiced consonant or one of the voiced consonants B, r or 4, add the locative ending ta or Te. Narrow your choice by looking at the last syllable of the place, time or age word. If it contains a back vowel, choose the ending ta. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending Te. For example: «yMbIC-Ta ‘at work’, Mekten-Te ‘at school’. If the place, time or age word ends on a vowel or on any consonant other than the ones just mentioned, add the locative ending ga or Be. Here, too, narrow your choice by looking at the last syllable. If it contains a back vowel, choose the ending ga. If it contains a front vowel, choose the ending ge. For example: ayna-ga ‘in the yard’, kewe-ne ‘in the street’, acnan-ga ‘in the sky’. Note that when the personal pronoun in the third person singular, on, takes a locative ending, it becomes ona. For example: oH-4a ewkim ‘nobody is there’. Weekdays Antanbix xeTi KyHi The 7 days of the week 1 ayicen6i Monday 2 celicen6i Tuesday 3 capcen6i Wednesday 4 6etcen6i Thursday 5 oxyma Friday 6 cen6i Saturday 7 KxeKceHGi Sunday Months (CD 1; 28) )Kbingbik OH eKi abi ~The 12 months of the year 1 KaHTap January 2 aknaH February 3 Haypbi3 March 4 cayip April 5 MamMbIp May 6 MaycbIM June 7 winge July 8 TaMbi3 August 9 KbIpKyvek September 10 KasaH October ant Kapawa November 12 >»KeNTOKCAH December 3 How to tell time The simplest way of telling time in Kazakh is to use one of the nouns carat ‘watch’ or yaxbir ‘time’ followed by a number between 1 and 12 (for the hours) and a number between 1 and 60 (for the minutes). For example: caFat on ‘it is 10’, yakbIt oH Gec ‘it is 3’, carat OH eKi Kbipbik Gec ‘it is 12.45’, yakbIT antbI OTbI3 TeprT ‘it is 6.34’. A more common way of telling time is to put one of the adjectives vaxeprtexri or TaKFbI ‘morning’, Kewki ‘evening’ or TyHri ‘night’ before the number designating the time. This is how Kazakh speakers usually distinguish between a.m. and p.m. For example: carat TaHepteHri TOFbIS ‘itis 9 a.m.’, carat KewKi OH ‘it is 10 p.m.’, yakbIT TyHri OH Gip ‘it is 11 p.m.’. Sometimes, however, Kazakh speakers drop the adjectives, leaving it up to you to infer from the context what time of day it is. Note also that you can use the phrases Tan Tyc ‘noon’ and TyH optacbi ‘midnight’ instead of 12 p.m. and 12 a.m. For example: tan ‘tyc ‘it is noon’, yakbIT TyH optacs! ‘it is midnight’. Finally, note that you can use the word >xapbiM ‘half’ to indicate the ‘half hour’ mark when you put it after the number designating the time. For example: carat antbi xKapbiM ‘it is half past six’. Q50 Unit 3: Ci3zqin or6acbinbi3s ynkeH 6e? Unit 3: Is your family big? 51 Exercise 3 Put the given time and location in the locative case. Example Beicen6ige, carat Secte, kacbene (on Thursday, at five p.m. at the café) Weekday Time Location Appointments Belicex6i 17.00 Metimanxana (restaurant) Ayiicen6i + 8.00 Konnegpk (college) )KexceH6i 10.00 BacceiiH (swimming pool) Kyma 12.00 Mewit (mosque) CapceH6i 20.30 KuxHoteatp (cinema) CeiiceH6i 16.00 Cnoptsan (gym) Cen6i 21.00 Tyuri Kny6 (nightclub) What time is it? Carat Hewe? Carat kanwa YakbiT kanwa Yaxbit 6onabi? 6onabi? Kanwa? Carat Carat Carat Carat ante TOFbI3 6ip on Gec ui KapbIM KbIpbIK 6ec itis 9 itis 1.15 it is 15.30 it is 18.45 Exercise 4 For each numerical reference below, tell the time. Example 8.00 Tanbi ceria 1 9:15 4 7.00 2 22.30 5 11.00 3 23.25 6 14.40 Exercise _5 (cD 1; 29) SA Ask the questions that have led to each of the answers below. Afterwards you can listen to both the questions and answers on the accompanying Q CD. Example Carat kanwa 6ongbi? Carat on 6ongbl. 1 Yakbit eki 2Kapbim Gongbl. 2 Carat Gec. 3 Yakbit Tan tyc. Language point Q 4 How to use the words 6ap ‘there is’ and «OK ‘not’ ‘The words 6ap and >KoK are very convenient because you can use them for many purposes: to indicate that you have or do not have ‘something in your possession, or to indicate that something is present Or absent somewhere. To indicate that you have something in your possession, add a Genitive ending to the possessor, add a possessive ending to the Possessed object and then insert the word 6ap. For example: Menin komnbtotepiom Gap ‘| have a computer.’ To indicate that you do not have something in your possession, ‘add a genitive ending to the possessor, add a possessive ending to the possessed object and then insert the negative word KOK. For oxample: Cexiq MawmHex KOK ‘You don’t have a car.’ To indicate that something is present somewhere, add a locative ‘ending to the location and follow it by the word 6ap. For example: Yine 6ec Genme Gap ‘There are five rooms in the house’, Bi3qit or6actimpizaa Gec afam Gap ‘There are five people in our family.’ Notice in the last example that a location can be broadly conceived In Kazakh. ‘To indicate that something is absent somewhere, add a locative ‘ending to the location and follow it by the negative word »xoK. For example: Oducte npuntep %oK ‘There is not a printer in the office.’52 Unit 3: Cizgin oTGacbinbis ynKeH Ge? Exercise 6 Infer from the phrases on the left the Kazakh translation of the English’ words on the right. | 1 caratta 60 seconds: cekyHq minutes: munyt 6ap 1 munytta 60 hour: day: cekyHa, Gap 1 antaga 7 KyH Gap week: month: 1 «binga 12 ai Gap year: there is/are: Unit Four UtanusgaHMbi, 6ipak Ka3ip AsiMaTbifa TypaMbiH lam from Italy, but | now live in Almaty i 5 1 aiiga 30 KyH Gap Exercise 7 Using what you have learnt in this unit, write a few lines in which you, introduce your own family. Who are they? Exercise 8 (cD 1; 30) Enter the conversation. Speak about your family to a new acquaintance. In this unit you will learn how to: * speak about your job * use the present/future tense * describe daily activities * ask yes/no questions * speak about city transport * speak about leisure activities i * use the simple conditional i Make sure to use possessive endings. You take the part of the second) speaker. ACQUAINTANCE OT6acbiHbI3 ynKeH 6e? YOU [Say: my family is not big. Say: | have a wife/husband, and 2 children.] ACQUAINTANCE Bananapbitbis Hewege? YOU [Say: my oldest son is 15 years old and my younges daughter is 8 years old.] ACQUAINTANCE Banafapbibis yikeH ekeH. _ Ka3ak tini kypctapbi Gap ma? Do you have courses In Kazakh? (€D 1; 31) Q Stacy is registering for Kazakh classes at a language centre. YOU [Ask: is your family big? Then ask: do you have : children?] eroncn ACQUAINTANCE MeHik oT6acbim yrikeH. Exi ynbim, eki KbI3bim Gap. XAT! eroucu XATUUbI eroncu XATUIbI Cignepge Kas3ax Tini kypctapbi Gap ma? Vo, Gap. Cisre KapKbIHgbI KypcTap Kepek ne, ange kKewki Kypctap Kepek ne? Kewki kypcrap antacbiHa HewWe peT %*eHeE HeWwe caraTTaH? AntacbiHa YW per, eki CaraTTaH. MaraxH Kewki KypcTap bIHFainb! Sonagpl. Cis okymbic ictelici3 6e, ange oKucbi3 6a?54 Unit 4: Uranuagaumoin, Gipak kasip Anmatbiga TypaMbiH cTancu >Kympic ictetmin. XATLUbI MamanabirbiHbi3 He? Kaa xxymbic icteicis? cTavcu VikeHep Sonbin x«ymbIC ictevmiH. XATLUbI Bacxa tingepfe ceiineiicis 6e? cTancn Asgan opbicua cevneimin. XATLUbI Kaxcbi, MbiHay ci3qiH Tipkeny KaraabiHbIs. Kaccara 15000 texre Teneici3. Kitantapgb! KitanxaHaqaH anacbi3. Ca6ak epTeH KeWwKi CaraT anTb! KapbiIMga 6actanagbl. ‘STACY Do you have Kazakh courses? RECEPTIONIST Yes, we do. Do you need intensive courses or evening courses? STACY how many hours [do they last]? RECEPTIONIST Three times a week, two hours. STACY The evening courses are convenient for me. RECEPTIONIST / need some information about you. Do you work or study? STACY | work. RECEPTIONIST What is your profession? Where do you work? STACY, | work as an engineer. RECEPTIONIST Do you speak other languages? STACY | speak a little bit of Russian. RECEPTIONIST Well, this is your registration paper. You will pay 15,000 tenge to the cashier. You will take the books from the library. The class will start tomorrow at How many times a week are the evening courses and 6.30 p.m. 4p ocabula | wapkeinae intensive | Gacka other | eur evening (adjective) ceaney to speak | okymbic ictey to work to pay library | oKy to study Teney | mamaHabik —_ profession | kitanxana |“ Tipkeny Karasbi_ registration paper Unit 4: 1am from Italy, but | now live in Almaty When meeting people in Kazakhstan for the first time, it is appropriate to ask: Cis Kata xymbic ictencis? ‘Where do you work?’ When you are asked this question, it is better to give a full answer, specifying both the place and title of your work. For example: Werten cbupmacuinga 3aHrep Gonbin *«yMbic icteMmin. | work as a lawyer at a foreign firm. Men aypyxavaga gapirep Gonbin xymbic icteumin. | work as a doctor at a hospital. Enwinixte aygapmauwb! Gonbin »xymbic ictevmin. | work as a translator at an embassy. Language point 1 How to use the present/future tense In Dialogue 1, the speakers speak about regular activities using the tense called the simple present tense. The present and future tense look identical in Kazakh. You can recognize which tense it is by looking at what the general context tells you or, when possible, by looking at which adverb of time is being used. The present/future tense in Kazakh has the same functions as do the simple present and simple future tenses in English. Use the Kazakh present tense to refer to events or actions that occur regularly in your or someone else's life. For example: Mex wH>keHep Gonbin >KyMbIC icrevmix ‘I work as an engineer’, Mex >xui on >Kypemix ‘I travel often.’ Use the Kazakh future tense to refer to any kind of future event or action, whether it occurs regularly or not. For example: Eptex Kap ayaa ‘It will snow tomorrow.’ To conjugate verbs in the present/future tense, do the following. First, identify the stem of the verb by eliminating the marker of the infinitive, y, so that, for example, the infinitive 6apy ‘to go’ becomes Gap and the infinitive keny ‘to come’ becomes ken. Next, add to the ‘stem of the verb one of the endings a, e, w, H or # as well as one of56 Unit 4: Vranuaganmein, Sipak Kasip Anmateiga TypaMblH the personal endings MbIH/MiH, MbI3/mi3, cbin(aap)/cin(gep), cbI3/ci or Abi/pi. Choose among the different endings on the basis of the principle of vowel harmony and consonant assimilation. If the stem of the verb ends on a vowel, add the ending @ and follow it with one of the personal endings. For example: Mex 4omO6bIpa omna-i-mbiH ‘| play the dombra.’ If the stem of the verb ends on a consonant, add the ending a or e. Narrow your choice by looking at the vowel quality of the last syllable of the verb. If the last syllable contains a back vowel, add the ending a. If it contains a front vowel, add the ending e. For example: Cis epte Typ-a-cbis ‘You get up early’, Onap xvi Ken-e-ai ‘They visit [us] often.’ If the verb stem ends on a k or on a double consonant such as. Ha or ct, add the ending u. For example: Cis Ken oK-v-CbI3 ‘You read a lot’, MeH xkaKcbI ect-n-mix ‘I hear well.” If the verb stem ends on the diphthong 10, add the ending #. For example: Nynetti yctenre KO-A-MbIH ‘| put the remote control on the table.” Kazakh speakers often drop the grammatical subjects of their sentences. They can do so because the personal endings added to the verbs, nouns and adjectives of a sentence reveal who or what the grammatical subject is. For example, instead of saying MeH Mektente ca6ak Gepemin, it is possible to say Myranimmin, Mextente caGaK Gepemin. Notice that in Dialogue 1, neither the receptionist nor Stacy articulates the grammatical subjects of her sentences. Finally, note that verbs in the present/future tense can be pronounced in different ways. In formal Kazakh (on TV, radio and in writing), speakers tend to pronounce verbs in their entirety. But in informal, everyday Kazakh, speakers tend to shorten their pronunciation, reducing the first person endings MbiH/Mix to m (so that, for example, GapambiH becomes 6apam) and the third person endings Abi/ai to T (so that, for example, aitnaiapi becomes aitnait). You will hear how Kazakh speakers shorten their pronunciation of present/ future verbs in Exercise 3. Unit 4: 1am from Italy, but | now live in Almaty Exercise 1 Complete the sentences below by conjugating the verbs provided in brackets in the present/future tense. Example Mex yHuBepcuteTTe OKMMbIH. (oky, ‘to study’) 1 Bis xymbicka carat 8-7e . (apy, ‘to go’) 2 Cex xanga ? (KyMbic ictey, ‘to work’) 3 Cengep ActaHara KaulaH 2 (kewy, ‘to move’) 4 Cis Kai tingen ? (ca6ak Gepy, ‘to teach’) 5 Croc Anmareyga . (rypy, ‘to live’) 6 Onap >«ymbicTaH carat 6-ga . (keny, ‘to come’) 7 Bis arbinwbinwa . (comney, ‘to speak’) 8 Cawa Tin optanbirbiHfa KasaKWa . (yapeny, ‘to learn’) 9 Onepte___.. (typy, ‘to get up’) Adverbs of time and frequency enetTe usually epkawan, bIntn always ewkawaH never kyHae, kyHgenixti, KyH Cabin every day KINA, %KbIN CalibiH every year oKa3ga, Ka3 CalibiH every summer abla, ai CaibiH every month kyHae TaHepTer, kyHge KewKe antacbina exi pet every morning every evening twice a week TycTe the time from 12 to 3 p.m. TycTeH Keni afternoon kKyHai3 daytime epte early Kew, Kai late cnpek seldom «Mi often avfa-canaa, Keine ke6inge sometimes most of the time

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