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4. Act of 1786 02
8. Miscellaneous 00
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Historical Background
British Rule in India
Importance Features
Ÿ First step by British Parliament to Ÿ Designated Governor of Bengal as
regulate affairs of East India company ‘Governor-General (GG) of Bengal’ (1st:
in India Lord Warren Hastings)
Ÿ First time recognised political and Ÿ Executive council of 4 to assist GG
administrative functions of EIC Ÿ Made presidencies of Madras and
Ÿ Laid foundation of centralized Bombay subordinate to GG
administration in India Ÿ Established Supreme court at Calcutta
Ÿ Warren Hasting and 4 members of (1774)
Executive Council were named in the Act, Ÿ Private trade of servants &
later ones were appointed by the bribes/presents from ‘natives’: Prohibited
Company Ÿ Court of Director of EIC: report to
British Parliament on civil, revenue and
military matters
Objective Features
Ÿ To rectify the defects of Regulating Act of Ÿ Exempted GG (ofcial
1773 capacity)/servants of company(ofcial
Ÿ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court was made capacity)/revenue matters (of company)
clear from jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Ÿ Social and religious usage of subjects Ÿ Supreme Court to administer personal
was to be honoured. laws: Hindu under Hindu laws and
Muslims under Mohammedan law.
Ÿ Supreme court to have jurisdiction over
all inhabitants of Calcutta
Ÿ Appeals from provincial court to lie with
GG-in-Council (Not Supreme Court)
01
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4.Act of 1786
Ÿ 1786: Lord Cornwallis was appointed as GG. He demanded 2 things to accept the position
Ÿ 1) Power to override GG-in-Council
2) He should also be the Commander-in-chief
Ÿ Act was enacted to make both the provisions
Ÿ Business interest in Britain: Pressed for end to company’s monopoly over trade in India
because of: 1) Laissez-faire 2) Continental system by Napoleon (European ports were closed for
Britain)
Ÿ Act was aimed at redressing these grievances of business community in Britain
Ÿ Features
Ÿ Abolished trade monopoly in India (Trade now open to all British merchant)
Ÿ Monopoly over trade in tea (in India) and trade with China, continued
Ÿ Company rule extended for 20 more years.
Ÿ Allowed Christian missionaries to come in India for enlightening the people
Ÿ Sum of 1 lakh rupees every year: Promotion and encouragement of education among natives
Ÿ Authorised local government to impose taxes on persons (people can be punished for not
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Ÿ British for the rst time in 1917 declared: Objective is to gradually introduce responsible
government in India
Ÿ Also called as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Ÿ First time introduced bicameralism and direct election.
Ÿ These reforms were in response to the Home Rule Movement
Ÿ Women for rst time got right to vote
Features
Ÿ It separated central and provincial subjects for lawmaking.
Ÿ Provincial Subjects were divided: 1) Transferred: administered by Governor with the aid
of ministers who were responsible to legislative assembly 2) Reserved: administered by
Governor and his executive council (not responsible to legislature ------- This system came
to be known as Dyarchy
Ÿ Indian legislative council now have 2 houses: 1) Upper House: Council of State 2)
Legislative Assembly: Lower House ------ Majority of members in both houses were directly
elected
Ÿ Council of state: Tenure of 5 years and had only male members
Ÿ Central legislative Assembly: Tenure of 3 years
Ÿ 3/6 members of Viceroy’s executive council (other than commander-in-chief) were to be
Indian.
Ÿ Extended Communal representation: now to Sikhs, Christian etc.
Ÿ Created new ofce of High Commissioner for India in London
Ÿ Provided for public service commission: Central PSC in 1926
Ÿ Separated Central and Provincial budgets
Ÿ Pay of secretary of state: were being paid out of Indian revenue till now, but under the
Act, they were to be paid by British exchequer from now on. (undoing Act of 1793)
Limitations
Ÿ At the level of provinces: Division of subjects was irrational unworkable
Ÿ At the centre: Central legislative council had no control over viceroy
05
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Ÿ Feb 1947: British PM Clement Atlee declared that British rule in India would end by June
30 1948
Ÿ On June 3 1947: put forward Mountbatten Plan for the partition of India
Ÿ Lord Mountbatten was 1st GG of India
Features
Ÿ It declared India as independent from August 15, 1947
Ÿ Provided for partition of India – 2 dominions to be formed
Ÿ Right to secede from British Commonwealth
Ÿ Abolished ofce of Viceroy
Ÿ Provided for GG for each dominion who is to be appointed by British King on advice of
dominion cabinet
Ÿ Empowered constituent assembly to legislate till constitution is enforced.
Ÿ Abolished the ofce of secretary of state
Ÿ Proclaimed lapse of Paramountcy: Freedom to princely states to join: India, Pakistan or
Independent
Ÿ Governance till constitution is nalized according to GoI Act of 1935
Ÿ GG and Governor were made nominal head and responsible government is introduced at
central and provincial level
Ÿ Dropped the title of Emperor of India
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