BE-C-s 5 MCC Assignment-/ Qs What are various issues in signal propagation?? Attenuation The strength of signal falls with distance over transmission medium. The extent of attenuation is a function of distance, transmission medium as well as the frequency of the underlying transmission.BE-C-s propagation. Bursts of data sent in ri succession tend to merge due to disp Moise The most pervasive form of noise noise, which is often modeled u Gaussian model. Thermal noi thermal agitation of electro distributed across the freq Discuss multiplexing i. Its a technigue b digital streams of 3 simultaneously p All medias of ° media and I. A device ci channel w a single the TEBE-C-s 4. Freguency Division Multiplexing tn this frequency is used as a carrier, FOM divides the carrier bandwidth in logical channels and allocates one user to each channel. All channels are divided in a way that don't overlap with each other. How do chieve that? - Each channel is separated bands which is a freguency not used Mu ltiplexin re used for dividing the gq vsers. Each user can _ provided time slot. in frames equivalent oth multiplexer d and switchos receive. “37 What is freguency reuse concept and handover in cellular communications?? Freguency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region is done. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels or Freguency sub-bands to be used within a Small geographic area Known as a@ cell. The shape of the cell is Hexagonal. The process of selecting and allocating the freguency sub-bands for all of the cellular baseBE-C-s 5 within a system is called Freguency revse or Frequency Planning. Silent Features of using Freguency Reuse: of the radioBE-C-s = Channels allocated to each cell (K K NW = Total number of cells or Cluster Size Then Total number of channels (S) will be S = uw :BE-C-s There are two types of handover. Soft handover and hard handover. Hard handover: hard handover is one in which the channel source cell is released before the channe! in the target is engaged. In this type of handover, the connection to the source is broken just before or along with when the connection to the target is made. @ is also called break before making handover. Soft handover z eevla: hac where czspeed of lig vacuum i.e. 3.9*/09 m/s. Very low freguency From 3 KHz onwards They are long waves, having large wavelength Low frequency (LF) 30 KHz to 300 KHz Used by submarines due fo their water-penetrating ability and can also fellow earth'sMedium Freguer Used for radio modulation tech navigation High feguenc for radio proadeast modulation technigs navigation : Very Hig hier M2 TV broadcast r TV_ broadcast, Land Ultra-High Freguenc WLAWMs, Analog-based | telephones, 3G cellular Super High Frequeneyma Directed microwave links Extremely High Frequency 300 GHz Very close to used for satellite, radar. Infra-red 3 THz to 30 THz links e.g. to connect differ laserBE-C-s @-9) What are the benefits of spread spectrum system? the jamming. Spread spectrum signals are highly resistant to Many vsers can share a signal band with no interference.