The resistance of a nichrome element of an electric wire is 50.90 at20.0°C when operating a 240V supply the current flowing through itis 4dZA-Calculate the stead temperature reached by the electric fire if the temperature coefficient of résistance of nichrome is 1.741024", vo 28 Le . Zz ar Tit GTtos- Pag BE Vhing ea zewith “4 as fp = fel | +060) aN ia « Pax bo ( + 20) 564 - O 8o= 6 (1h a) = sp @ 6 Fron of oO oak @) and. Shing or ox O= ForeIn the figure, find the current flowing through the 20, 30 and 60 resistor Ai fundion & Tad) +52 = ----@ M43V 2 30 = Tot Feo lop -J3 pay - AT 0 7 sv 6149 - -- <0) for lm p-2— igo Loh FRB a ov = (@1 oT, ve 4G - <7@ =) 2 [%4, 4 2 6) Who Get Divide. eq" Sy = 61 +4h, > og, av = 1M) tds p $B $B a. gy: 61-837 2 lve 61,44) - er) 12044, ave G (114%) 38% a ive 65,4, -18 ww g 2ve 63, -\2t, 2 61 gs nn te 2 > t - Mi > 2a vw. €) S *)Post he at valve if vin . fe = fh 4 ° Dew: Bg!It starts, e.g., from zero, increases to a maximum value, decreases back to zero, reverses, reaches a maximum value in the opposite direction, returns again to the original value, and repeats this cycle indefinitely An alternating voltage is the corresponding e.m. or p.d. sinusoidal a.c, The angular frequency w is a circular representation of frequency f, usually defined as angle per unit time, with one complete oscillation represented as 2a rad, i.e. @ = 2nf, Its SI unit is radians per second (rad s"). 2x rads! = 1 Hz. The peak value or amplitude, [, or Vy, is the maximum value in either direction The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of an altemating current (or voltage) is the value of the direct current (voltage) that dissipates energy at the same average rate (or dissipates the same average power) as the alternating current. The mean or average power

dissipated in a load R by an ac. is related to its rms. current I,m, and r.m.s. voltage I’pm5 as follows

=Vomsfems =Lims R = Vins /R© A sinusoidal a.c, I and voltage 1” could be expressed in terms of their peak values /, and I,, frequency for angular frequency @, and time f, as follows: ‘\sinwt jsinot| [| V=V,sin2nft 1=[sin2xft iB. A common error was to take sinusoidal to mean only sin function, instead of any function of the form sin(w1+ ¢), including cost = sin(wt+ 7) ‘The mean or average power

dissipated by a sinusoidal ac. in aloadis halfthe

= "AP, maximum (or peak) dissipated power P., ie.

= AP, if Te It could be deduced from the definition o of power dissipated, as follows: a P=PR =(KsinotyR Ph (I2R)sin2wt = P,sin2wt | Po =>

=P, vA? o = mean value of si =>

=%4P, © Therm. current /;m, and r-m.s. voltage I’zms of a sinusoidal a.c. Tema = Tol V2 are related to their peak values /, and I’, as follows: Vo Valyd Tews=IoIN2_| | Fama = Vol V2 It could be deduced by equating the expressions for mean power, i.

= AP, =%41GR =leneR => Teme = Tol V2

=%P, =%V CIR =Vimel/R => Veme=VolV2 Power Dissipated in a Resistor Pope cycle Maximum The instantaneous power dissipated by a resistor in an ac circuit is we -- PW) = i(2)() = (sin o0)(V sin ot) = 1V sin? oor 215) where i) and v(¢) represent the current through and potential difference across the resistor, respectively. (Remember that power dissipated means the rate at which energy Srv is dissipated.) Since v = ir, the power can also be written as fr sin? or — sin? or =" i RMS Values ‘The root mean square (rms) current Jig. is defined as the square root of the mean (average) of the square of the instantaneous current. Using angle brackets to represent the average value over one cycle, we can find the relationship between rms current and peak current / Im = VP) = VF sin?) = VF sin on) = Vi x ; = val 218) Similarly, the rms values of sinusoidal emfs and potential differences are also equal to the peak values divided by v2. RMS values of sinusoidal quantities 1 zx amplitude v2Strategy The average power dissipated by the filament is 100 W. Since the rms voltage across the bulb is 120 V. if we connected the bulb to a de power supply of 120 V, it would dissipate a constant 100 W. e.g. The given diagram shows the variation with time of a sinusoidal alternating current flowing through a 5 Q device. Values read from graph period 7'= 20 ms peak current, = 3A ccurrent/A. Values that could be determined include: frequency f= 1/7 = 1/(20x10%) = 50 Hz @ acc. equation, /= /,sin2xft = (3)sin 2n(50)t =3 sin 10028 rms. current, Irms=[o/V2 =3/V2 =2.12 A sf) peak power dissipated in device, P, = I,°R = (3)°(5) =45 W © _ mean power dissipated in device,

=P, = (45) =22.5W ‘The various expressions above relating the mean, rm.s, and peak values are only _Non-sinusoidal applicable to a sinusoidal a.c. If an a.c. has a different cycle form, the various AC. relationships should be deduced accordingly, usually in similar ways. eg. For an ae. with a rectangular cycles, it could be deduced that: th Tens Toy Vems= Vo, and

= Py ° - shown, TtTransformer — The function of a transformer is to convert one alternating voltage to another of . . different magnitude. ‘© A simple iron-cored transformer comprises a primary and a secondary coil of insulated conducting wire wound around a ring of iron A changing primary current causes a laminated changing magnetic flux. As a result of soft iron core electromagnetic induction, a changing primary secondary / csi emf. is produced in the secondary coil. coil The coils are wound on a iron core in order to concentrate the magnetic flux and to reduce the flux losses. ‘The iron core ensures that essentially all the magnetic flux is confined to the core and so nearly all the flux passing through one coil also pass through the second coil. ‘The core is constructed of thin isolated laminations or sheets of soft iron so as to minimise energy losses due to eddy currents, Provided there is no flux leakage, the voltages in the coils are related to the number of turns in the coils, as follows: NINp iy where N, no. of tums in the secondary coil no. of tums in the primary coil 1, = voltage in the secondary coil 1;, = voltage in the primary coil ‘Thus, depending on the ratio of N, to Np, the transformer can be either a step-up or a step-down device for alternating voltages. ip For an ideal transformer (100% efficiency), power input to primary coil, P, ie Vylp=Volo > Vi/V p= Iplle power output of secondary coil, P, where J, I, surrent in the secondary coil current in the primary coil P Therefore, for an ideal transformer, NINp ws ple e.g. An ideal transformer has a tums ratio of N,/N, = 30. The alternating voltage and current in the primary coil are 6.0 Vr.m.s. and 4.5 A r.m.s. respectively. The r.m.s. value of the voltage I’, and current J, in the secondary coil could be calculated as follows TV =Ne/Np ie. 15/(6.0)=(30) = 1,= 180 Vims Ipll=NINp ie. (4.5)/1=G0) => L=0.15 Arms QI. A current of 0.042 A r.mss. is being drawn from an a.e. source with a supply voltage of 600 Vi.m.s, Find the mean and maximum power output of the source: Q2. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of N,/Np= 1/20. A 240 Vac. supply is connected to the primary coil and a 6.0 © resistor is connected to the secondary coil Find the current in the primary coil.03. The given graph shows the variation with power time of the power input to a transformer The ideal transformer has a tums ratio of Ny/Np= 30 and the sinusoidal input voltage has a value of 6.0 Vrms ° For the transformer, calculate time (a) the rms, value of the output voltage, (b) the mean power input (= the mean power output), (©) the rms, value of the input current, (@) the rms, value of the output current.