co ° ¥ CRO sam eleriuonion peak vetimetor that wesks dor & type of 7 impudi he, ac ¢ de. cRo is am voltage semitive mmeuument. C20 is basically am image [otter thot ‘eam display suo types of images , namely YT let amd X-y Pet. En such mode ¢ chexation (or) Y-T mode of operation, (magnitude) ampiitude variations of Y-iIp aignal sill be wil K - eg displayed onthe seen, Various am be ike funk voltage , RMS veltage , de voltage , prequency Phase difpoune. Aignal dishlayed onit Tn xy mode of operation , Unajous fattovns awit be displayed. on the Ache using awhich 40 -maasunemeils tam be sasried out mamely “phase -measunement amd froguency measurement. The user tonnedts (Ro into tut circuit with the hal of a qevebewhich b a asic connecting omidia. The sensed signal Litt be Hamimitted atia.g table to vertical ip tevmimals af cRo. The. frontend clement im CRO thar seeteives incoming umkmown signal iB a wertical amplificr « Dunepone amert af the sperifications af cro Like gain, bamduuidéh, site Hime, inpur sutiMamce, inur copatitamee are 4aidt be desided By vertical wmptifion. dhe Up nasittamce of Ceo us arcumd | Mn. Shuneforre as Auth CRO Us such am electionio vetimelen that ae minimum loading cert on the quantity to be memuned bey | high itp impadomee. The tp eyrivalent tirenit of CRo tam be ruprurented soit Rife. the usen cam adjust the sensitivity by adjusting Yy-seale, aatting (Vourfeiv), 5 (Ar sear. signal & to be ofpenad high semattivily dnd a aleang | | ool ws lobe oftnad sulle deur gemsivoiy ) joo oS) OY B4 = _ _ Wp , protrany eae wal “born epow = pow hex ah o 1x3 “ Cm a ome aug, ; sort unewy satbenbware (ee GE | sama aaa bearins @Aorigontal Vp TG "RANE Dh > Post-Weplension he olp of wenieal amflflon i thom dlaged by « deay sine dhiven 40 Y~ilp of CRT. a Therefore im amy ‘mode’ of openation » sensed sumkmourn signal ls aduonys daivem So Y-ilp of CRT. the hosigontal ip sgmal afptied -to x-iIp depends upon mode qf” operation. Th x-Ymode amy kmoum sigma Ortermally opriied via extovnal hotizontal tip i duuivem to x-ilp of cRr. Tn Y-T mode af operation. Cos) rweeh rode of ofunation , imbermalty genasated susteh signal is duivem to x—Ulp of crt. he user am adjuse suseeh Juuqueney he.) suech imeferiod by adjusting *Seale, fatting ies, Time/div. (The susoep Aignal is also known ax time, base signal (or) Aaurtooth signat Cor) somp signal). Th Jmternat sniggaring abe. olp of wusTizal awnpuifion (test signal Ltsety) 2 aued as tiggening rignat which swill bigger usath gonsatos, to foroduse 0 svech Sigmab Such tiggened’ eels ssilh be further anmplified ‘amd then deinen to x-ilp of cet. this wil conclude the eleckuonio xkt in the ANetigontal section will tense Aome amount of me( say) "ex" im ps orng) Bo shape-up ¢ epiagte seeh gral TO Alps Tune is no need gor aynevumnigation bio unkmown Aignal § eternal signal in xY- mode , bak umbenown signal § aureehy Aeqnal should be En syne in Y-t-mode. Ax such a delay time is Maxed bdiseen olp of wentical amplifier amd vellp of ert ate datay umenowre ip ty tee ; CAT ib a glass tube tha comsts f various cements 7 achinne functions ike election bean gunanatien, » baa assslenslist? ttangeling- 8 ing y deem efieetion, end bean iElection gum frsduces a Mrh € beam that Bavels usitn welocity Vy, . * eva Na = mal where Va 7 initial velocity of & beam. @ —> tharge fo Ce Isborxialto. my mets of E+ rm = tacit ng Xa ——> artelwutling anode veitage- (Cuitiat veteciy 0 Va). dhe sharp & bev eshem passes trsough daptection julle | arembly that consists of 4 deftection flit, amramged as too pairs. verical signal is applied to hotigontally mounted fates | -CAsfr-amd hottom- lates) which deflecr the % beam werticalty upomd | down amd hunee tabbed as veblical depecting Mates Cor) Y— deflection | fuatiay hee) Y—tlp Mata axe VPP's. Similarly horigental signal | Apiied to uastieally mounted fates Cage § Nigh pats) sa ae | the & beam Aerigentatty fept amd night. dg such x-ilp platis are Kmown ob herigontal deflection. fuitis ot x-daftertion cites . She. deflected & beam “ton 40s amd shikes the 2euens inside swhich & soated with Ahetphot. When the & beam Aikes the seen, wistble Light wil be produced due to photphor eaitalion. | the brightness Of the image dispiayed dapemds upon > | fasers momuly inlemsity of & beam, pester onking amd velocity g & She user cam adjust Jorightness of image by adjusting intomity FE | beam, Known as intensity contrel- Similarly the sharma of te | emage com be adjusted bythe user Af adjusting focus tonbiel, 1ae A geaphite solution coating Knoum as aquadag is powvided @) inside of the neck Oftne cer te collecr scerrdany €'s oy Aeemitted Es. Semsed anknowr t ty) Vile 2 al Interna, | | Suseep | A signal | i f = x-Up or + Eva Dy Externe ~ known = igre tL tes ts iE BS : es Bf) B * c Bdiv x gdiv seHeen- ston ge NY saw OOS Volt __» detection factor. par oz Weuticat dail is setting we a7 . => 0.6V —> Idiv deflection. ! av —> kdiv deflection. | Vaso tea oA. | OS | > sane x [384] | > aveu x [sae ., Vole | Bemsitivity = tad : 1 | 5& +a div : Senaitivtiy. of‘ Seale ailing ot wertica diol selling 48 Kou as acpecton “Paster! the amount of daprction fundiund fox unit deflecting signal vettage is kmown as defection semsitivliy. Deptection sensitivity 6 natiprecal of deflection factor - Beytection sensitivity = . ) doftecting Aignat vouoge yn FAN pony ero Deflection asemitivity is independemt of Beftecting signal vetkage, 5, >= S = LD aSVa ___twhore By —p vertical daptection Asemiitivity d —> amount Of vertical dapection. Ny veitical digacting signal voltage. Va —> accelerating anode veltage - Lp Aang of the vor D — + distance between VDP and screen. S —> Separation dixtamte bekueen toh amd Lustiom flates. The. below givem ane the design teeuuth “to be taken ane of iy mranuparruner cto offer high sunuitivity . W vor'’s sheuld be Longer plates betossse (Sv 0 Lt). 2 Vor} should be distant quom aereen (+7 By a o). 7 Vor$ thoutd be alecely 4paced (13. >>Vx) just beote Aluiking the suveen. AF such when © beam dikes the xeteem swith high velocity then baightness Ty Tntewmat sweep signat sto x~ilp Myo OP = O-SV/ diy “ Sepection: = Leftecting signal Vettage X Aunsitivity. dt t > w=-avxadiv | voit wey div. vt #, 2 m= tv x adiv volt wm = -adiv, Atte + ce ovx adiv volt n-odiv Atty. ee iv x adiv vott = adiv At ty t os avx adiv vett Bue to obtiteation of suscep signalto > adiv athe ta ilp, the Apet wi be sweat anos . the screen of ceo haxigentatly.» When the guseep Signal vatinge ely Haises , the apet moves Gren Jefe Be signe amd sehen the Aweey signal faite napidly hen te shot moves ftom night to Safe. & iS R Pt LHR is known as Dace. Rto lL is kmsun 08 sutrare. % trace Time in suscep time. * Taueep = (dotat murmbet of, hesigenal) > (ine divisions on X-scale. a), * Pugpemcy of the sweep signal, - , eee ruseep Tr Ta 9-5 mode, of oben = Hee rented sumbonaumn signal “is aphlied to Y-ilp of CRO amd. inrtomadty qewuted aueep signal is afflied To x-iJp. Arewme unknown eiqnah wa sime wore. Xy =% Ainsiut fe ty tN ve Me u ~av 0 cl tay ovo Iv -av a 0 Ee ge >Kot — 1 Paignal = ey | “LAA a RT | Pewseep = tkity. | me dmb oF tage or) a TKHE os 1 ™ KEE ae BI Une adjusted Tone. amd My, en Se spo tt ba Tone. to ies = S00 Hay oe aw Teuscep to ams inesy SrscepNe My S=adiviy ° 2 . ay oe V—+ {div —> adiv hsv Aan; WW + R tev —+ 3div =i 0 A av —> hdiv. -osv -av : a A . ik Hae + OV 0 Number of cysles n= Boo ty +.05V +aVv = a cycles. +. IV o 4 hsv -aw + avo. In yt mode of operation , amblitude vasiations of Grilp sigqnat (unknown signal) sui be displayed on -Ihe seruen. wrt —. time... ris is kmoumn as Yt Y plot : Whatener be the algal portion enlsting withim Linear Sine of the aweeh suit be displayed on the screen. he mumber of cyeles of signal dispiiiged en the acncane i eyuat to nuatio of seep period 40 slgnal qusiod” on nakio of signal deaquemey to mwerh Jaayremey”. The below emeatrements tom be tarnied out using tage, of the unknoum signal dishtayed on tre sowen. shore Np-p —> peak 40 peak vettage . : Ny —y mumber of vertical divisions existing oe between two peaks of the signal dishlayed. vee —> Aseale Adling . 2 +[yo | 8 Naum and Vide ofthe signal carn also be mearwred arsed on sumfovm of signal dishtaged- Tirmepestiod of he signal » Thignat ~ Nu por cycle, x Tne , shone Taignal —> Signal irmeperiod . Nu por cyte —y mumbo of Roxizontal geen ee Ay one eydle of signal dishta ged.B_%Y mode of epotion Sy this x-y mode mode ef operation, sensed unknown opplied to geilp, eotternal node signal is applied tp x-ilp. i lic tetume loth signals 03 Aimusddal signals. Vy a) = Ny sin Cangyt +o). ine, wave « Vatt)e\ tin (arty) LissaTlous Figure (GY prot). known sime wave lo z Two measunemenili cam be casnied out ausing Jiaagious qigures | manny phase mearurement amd fequomey manninertemt. | TE] phase rreasusemenct sing _Lisagious figures i Aesume two sinuscidal signals having 45° | , \ Va BH) = & sin (tye), : On Oe wv | a L versed | | a wt] ) Bao".+) ts CASE AIH gous’, ot vr peu n-prase Qsinaiyt Bingret steaight Aime (sham tine) making 45° wit ave x-axis and in 18 ¢ 34quadnante « asim (3I4t +45°) bir clokusise, etading swith roma] eX amis tre iS ond 64 quadrants : oo asin dint. Vn Va bo VM HY a tA a & 43 a 0 Be beg yg to} t) tots 7 teh -2 ay te Bo te 0Ya Mp bro +O totev 0 Nae asin (But) t AIOE 44 = ON 0 -av V7 bay 0 tr ty, i l leo + ty 0 t¥ te : dade rol fon ee 45 as a Yin = O oo : euipre a - Sint= Ya] OS Bint < Sma + + dimagious figures [P< ead] wwitlbe an eltipse: xotading adeusize dixection awit major oscis tn St and 34 quodaorile - 2oe? a= at [ee ie si! [ine CASE H t- biige®. ‘Wy 2a sin (stot 5: 4 Fey 7 Biagnel Maaignt Lime 135° with We x-anis ve amdin and andy quadrants - CASES 2- bo age’ x Va x aainglet.tot. tinele anticlockustse, netaling . F (onalusion, t= : ® ceed] ur cect] sarme, 40 $2130 — pin’ [er] e &. Nye Rain (sige +AA0J= —Q cos 31yt ~ Ve 28 ans iyt ce (360°) g- b= sia! ( i) | a Ora tt oS 3 > r @.. DO! p= B60 = sin Ce) |[FB erLTE] is krewm tun below emelurions can made ¢ ® ©) Lefied- J, ce[ise'+] anit be mirror dmages cefos] 2) Le [360 -] guint be some image a Le fore]. # Lo toigo!] motares clockuise _ Ue [88 to 360") notats ambicdockwise . | HEL emery smecnoumere ing snapious dane | TANGENT TeCHNIRUE 2— Fox tne given timagious igune, dunes sotn vexkcal and horizontal ‘tangent dimes touching peaks of the timagious gigurus (a clorederd 1 ina LE full peak amd a spemend in LF is att peak). Coumtthe, —= —ctmber of tears.a& iCtouch. iy thot te, tamgent Limes , then sunken verdict Penney Som Ne maa sf Ye eo _hetiyental tamgeneiss =a) | INTERSECTION TECHN IQUE *- = Arrant any lime le pre extn | a ee L intemention in disagious figure | Fos the given _ dinsagions Hywre duaw tom vedieal ¢ horizontal dimes panning srough the dimagions que, he. internecting the Masagious fiquie. courd the mo. of intersections ty xu as made | day Won the dimes tham unknown vertical Guguemcy cam be ae | hye [Sel verticn) oftEG kihen a CRO is bhonated im x-Y mode of operation , below given Jukagious fgive is displayed on the scneem. the heriqontal Hgnal faagnoney is given as 600 Hy, then swhat is the vertical Hamat Prequency ? ft herigental tangs vertical tamg - Be 44 = 600 x2 = yDO ty. ee y= s0(2) - = 400 Hay ap fyite =Hr6 =ars. Et to rmussidal signals ane applied to noth. Hp vettical ¢ Aovigontal ps ofan. creillercepe. the below given Limtagious qiqure displayed ov the soveem. What it the horizontal fo vertical geaqueray Aalio-dye horde fut fy arse Bfo | fete TE : Saitys ars. a Yyerye =P. ry CRO PROBES :- Powbe isa -eonnetting medium auned got tonnecting CRO into | ert circuit. Probe omists of two parts namely + Probe, tip amd probe ody. Based on signal being semed thuw are tuo types namely ~vettage probe and twoumt frebe- Similarly Lased on elements ued im the temgtauetion of prebe ‘how ane tivo types namely paucive probe amd active fobe. ' / An active fywbe tn ating, phobe Ue bulky ; expensive amd suguine extovmal Aupply docs operation, Consider a lori passive voltage psobe - 40 endl Veruca ty ntod - fh chove figures Vg —y Gemted zur sigol vettage. Vi > Vertical ip signal veutage to cro. Ri —> Inpur susistamce Of CRO around IM Ci —> Input xaparitamce of cao. Co —> Cate tapatitames (neplisitte ) Rp —> Poebe reristanee - —> probe sapatitamce. k —> attenuation factor-| “| | considen caparitive teading , i a wa Le 2 ect l “it” a Kuigh- + Jo offer same attenuation at all fouguencios he, Prequeney | | ! independent alenuation qactor’, Krow = Kinga - Ri : Rpt Ri Cpe D> Rep eRe Roly +R mn > wie seep] | benlgn candition qo peugperey independent vetroge na8io (Vi/vs), SA" & ceo has ilp fanpedamee of ma imple with agen. & wit ~ adkeruation fuobe is tobe tomdttuuted . What should be they vatices of Rp amd Cp +0 Auriga such a to: fobe. Rieimm 5 ieuspe- Milt ee 2M 7 We Ww” Rae ak Rp= (io-1) Ri] Rp = lom—-ty = am, es Ve WD GpaGi cp rush Cpruspr = loee Cp = US PE Cp = SpeS4F- 4 cao has ip impedance of IMA im ponatiel with ASHP A loz ies Gitenuation probe is used to connect this CRO into TeH cer. What are the values ffertive Juistame & eypertive tapacitinnce at probe tip, Fok Ris IM lies ce Use ee io Rp = (to-1)Ri = AM sti, uste 6 pe. 4 tot) * 4 sre L. Redd = Rpg SiMotite stoma. ati = RUS es spe. a preci Gaus f° ia NIT psbe” > Pecobe panamerens & Rp= (N-ADRE + i $a To? Rich = Rpt. > WS ney Vs attenuated by N) times | tL» Repp = wR ietey Ri fh ey Ni oimes: b> Cope ine EY ey N Ames. Ly Thowyore Nit fowbe also salted os N-Uimes prsbe (OX) NIX probe (a) N-to-1 probe- Ingen) N tan be 10 (0) 20 (s)I00.Le ve Btn 2 a eyes. Thay 8 L antty | i_@R Sek- ope. = Smicefaty. Fe ony t = dome. lodivisions —_» Sx10 —y Smee. bite 7 ee DML = AG tyeles- ome, Time = 0.5ms |div- div is te = leomy|aiy | howizental ——> 8.8 D88x0S | = bey meee legele —> g.amsee- = Yusy.cys Hy: Vp-p = We x lov nio” = O-4EV Vp = oub Pp az = B-RBWe Va fin = 0G 665mQik EL RHy, SY PP QmMIe Waste SV —> adiv AA dua} chase NV —> Bain > 0.4 div. ea i Idiv = aov. CRO tom disiag fu0 Pa Kiy a T = Imsee- q is b div —> meee. which eam be used idiv —y Oasimsec - > fet temparison dor AA waue, Vpep = 3xas > 75V- Phate difference. Ts 8x o.as = Qmsee- A obras Key, lov peakto peak zyme. square waNe, 2&2 sT=_l = asxio> a | : asKenw ~ ~“Hpomios * SNE - Tpsee > § divisions tein A-semitiviryy SHEE Ldn By Susetfery 5 diwsiens ———> lov. t division ——y7 av. Yo sensitivity av(div =» avlem. rigger, seting furpese to measure 8M So lo{ SE for x OS mSJem. preb a @ Yt twomvfom. T me 40D Simewane $= 200 ue Gem “anal Var = 300i : Vp = 30012. = yays2ey mv. Vp-pe Sue. g2emv. a Te is = Smsec- <— buy. —> wa. | Vman = 8x100mv = Spomv. Tran = farganrs loxeS ms = Smsee- + One Lycte of simewoue win tipped avmplitude itl be displayed Beto Aximioot ee cto ba ty consider adivfyo- tte iy | soa nai hn . | Candunidtn of cao is ‘nothing Mat shanduridin of vertical amplifier | For any amplifier there ane Two froduls Gain tanduidtn produce > Gaimx ow -*- ty XBW = 0.35 Bw 20.35 tr 2035 _ Be ee 7 vority sty, = 0.035 PSEE =Bemsec..1 Meamviement of rettage mag is mot fost since human ebsover| CC, towelvement: 2 there - Sali- fa = boo Hy. - He Awe fx 6c OS 2 oe Hy. 4s Br 600 -4ooty: 6c ets Bole fy hove tary > Ar — > fy-Zxtooo te vesical tang 1000 Ry = 500 8y- eee® “ff 3 > f= ah = 3100) <= 300 thy i Nye Nym ain wt +9) j - 4-0 © b= fo. © weg < 3nfo He <4 in wv @ $2 30fr : ¢ BF Lt Igo ail ( Hime). g. } = levt 36.864 = ale-8ed wv aig?. 1 SI as thin in Hg gl quadianli, db = 30° or B30 fol:— Yrphare , egal Omplitudes, ! > 0 sAnight Lime imdimed at US? wrt wari. Rao ere) y Aipse in fit g tad quadronr-“Th ave. Loupling, he attatched .coupting capacitor awit bherde | and allows onty ac. . Q tH Caupting. itor A+B sowst Mock de Bsimwt Th Oe touplimg ; eriline signal asitt be atlowed and emtine signal ~waugorm will be displayed on the screen. © Atbaint : #ORD is wperated in x-v display “mode. The below given aste difjeunt combinations of xamdy tp signals, trem urhat ane-the lintajious dps dislayed onthe scneen. uw) yee Aim aig AG) Vy = 1 cada t eae Vee Qainayt- @ we) Vy = | Aon loon. Vy * 208 door Va = & 4m Aoont - Va > & din toot. | GQ) wy - asim avont- 8) Vy = & costoor 28 Ain wont. Va = 2 sinaoot- w) vy = Asm siyt Va = Qaim Gag t- eS) Vy = cossiut- Va = bain giut.ta— } } DIGITAL VoutTmeETERS | a [BUM Abe + eigitel diftagy A digital vetimeter 1 meamt to mearuse amateg signals only. &p dmalog Agra veuage to be meniured ail be first conuented into digital Jour swith the -help ofa Alp cenuenten and then the digital olpef ADe sill be dislayed on a 4-segment dishlay. | DVM i a wattage sensitive tike CRO. | F-SEGMENT Digit s~ ue | ge. ap _ d a | A= 0-0FF i ows = LON fe wy Zp ows) a c=0. ~— = ecco Lorre A Mighs emitting diode Js said to be manufackowd sith elthar Gatsisern Arsenide o& Gallium frosphite. AF Segment numeric: digit covsist of 9 segment LED's (a:tog). As much & egment zode afiied to + segment ip times suid moke this rumeric digit to disflay adecimal wumber Cpxom Zero 404). Soe . 8mp | ms aoe 7 @ 7 y ean ps of arr-er's Ap Pp oo LT Olp of weno 7 oO pute Cor) suet fulre. fr datode No thecks —> Op af decade. rountex 0000. Eads a FHHY To & a BCD +o 4-segment code conuerter TC. Ar gull digit & said to be daiven fuem olp tines Aountor. A fudt digit 4am dishlay pom 004. er veer Rae’ Gebp 51 Gb st) GF 5,09 ary “FEED FED 1g (ato g) decimal froint i menor contol because of 2 : [on] 2x sir : cov de thr Age ahmrahoven ge dhe + segment tode i meant 40 tux on'/turn ofr of seven Aggimt Led aun segment sede.U) thee oie H sutildiong Alods ma digital vetemeter mravmely a) attenuator, & oD Lonuanter, dicblay inieaface amd digital display. 18) The uunknawm amalog ilp tdqnal vetiage wilt be attenuated by ip CHenustor hated on veUnge sang sleced by the Lier wlth the, help of vettage range of aclect ausiteh. |G) The altermualed yetage silt be them connoed Into -fuudees by dunt Alpe imtegnating type Ape. G) The pulte ofp of Apc is mot suitable to (dishlay) + segment Abbey. As such dishtay imteyace i Maced between eutput of APC G ilp of display. suis dishtay’ interpace eomsist of xarcade decade tounten. under 744143 Ie, dhe lack pulses frrodurad diy ADC wilt be tounted by: decayed county and’ the aceumulated count in the BCD code folm- aut be then Ltontiented into % segment tode which is duiven to ¥- Seyment digits wohene a decimal mo. wilt be displayed as a vetage roading . AF Rett oven of 3 Fp’s. 000 oo} 0038 i step oo 4 oto ott ys A oe NN 4 the count nange of 3 digit Dve is from 0 H 999. Min sourt = 001. Maa tount = 999 Total counts 1000 Couns TT or looo Sepa + Basie stale, of, 3 digtt Dvir is 10%.Bot Secade tounter! 3 Counts the clock futrer froduced by ae ADC, Dea cours the owrftou fules a Set. £3 tounti the Ourptow fuses of. dca. ineey once ono digit silt be incremented uy [-whouas ws digit ineumented ny | gor eery lo count and woos digit awit be ineemsmied uy | for eneryt00 tout. : che ae & suitehet amily voltage ramge elect twitchy | duiimol point select switch tohich are ‘mechanically ganged. |e votiage ange let 20ileh 1.09 the pont famal of Demag | accessible to uter whereas decimal point pelecr switch b trulde the DVM. By selecting ome velage ange’, dave tonne on ome decimal. A Vottage ange auilich to @ fresition t 0-1 NR. Vin = 1x Vig Kral ney atenuakon. ar male : - 7000 V -00 LN > min voltage (Imy ) 700 2V Are wooqinv — > man voltage - —?F .001v to -949v => Lv sarge % operstion, 7 Wo "pe ne Ts > Raseaon of 9 Sa Peby AF vettage jange Auwitch to @) fosifion ¢ 0-10 Ve. > Vin = Ro tR3, Rit Ro +Rs | *VO- yt r = Ip heey totimes cettenustion . git area ea fo tomy [7 0+00 | Sep Foret v ~> min. venage (lomv) Oona Vv ge A544 V => man. mat ———P OPIN F- AAA = LDV ange “6b opedition. —_ to? AREPS X “tomy > my) {——) ep = lov Stange. “SResstiton = BD) OV, AB velinge ramge switch to © position 2 —> vin=f_ 83 Rit Ratks | Vo — Ud eoo0 Vv “tg GS ol Vv > mim vettage (tomy) Oo.a Vv Ke = aby ike:) too times attenuation , 44-9 v= rman volhage > oor vt WAV = lovveltage, range of operation . “omy ~ Lon ig 9 sachs ye (LeO™. | to? aiep x (LenrnPetimat point ef ms-0 awit be turned on im Lower Verge songe "ond desimal point of Usp susit be turned on in highest vettage ange. qi A a-digie DvM is aed to mentune @ vettuge of o.5ay4y. then sohat itt be TE naading in each votage : [2 $ol3- Vi = oSay V. Nm = 584 mv, . [HF] o-tv sange 3 : Pep yy = DL 8 Hv > Bash anol cae > Semsitivity any 71 OK Saymv —> say cks=>( eb 2 fy (a) _o-tov sange t > = __10v . ‘9p, 1OY. “e3aneps tomy. tomv ——>1etk. _ saQm —> 520 tks > Gal anv > a0 cs => [2] 2-10 sange a = 1000s toomv. 3D, tov oP ape ‘ toomy ——> | lk. oo my —> 5 clks- , \ sammy oy eas. [2 OE 4 5 Wigit dvd ' 4 o-IV o-10v R 0-100VR, j 000V 0.00 00.0 testting[Berv] Coor¥ : : 00.4 ; a) I 494. 0.44 V. ot } 100V i! : av : : toon & aaa A iwenge$ 4 Ovo suit be mevor able to display ib vottage namge ax reading. amige, | REsoLUTION ¢ SENSITIVITY OF A DVM 3- Fn ee an ' the smallest pestible inoumental thamge atloued is knew as | reretution of bviq. Rototation is a dunction of suumbor of full digio. F lsusobat: > Seale sarotuction « wohare N—> Number of gull digits - Eri Resolution of 8 digit Ove. ne | yee to” 3 1% ooo steps « 2D. [a4ep—out of tooo steps. = 0001 ~ - a Ber- Rerotution of 4 digit, ove. 2. tot 2 1% loooo steps. : = Istep- aut of (0,000 Ath . u ae = 010001, © aoe Mimimum veltage meamuxable ima delected vettage range is kmown as sutelution of bviq in that vettage nomge . % Resolution of ina felecked vottage samge, ee weenie’ Total counts : range rr) = Maximum vettage rmanimum Lown f- ‘gl af, g-digit vet im tov range. tev Size tay =Best revolution of DVI oceuns In Joust voltage, xamgo of poration | which & known as sensitivity of, vit Minimum vettage measurable in Lowest veltage namge B kmown at Sensitivity ef pum. ; bl a. Sensitivity = __ Lowa votioge samp us Dota) cours me PA 34 ptqir pv + ! rw Ant | This dv consists of -Hywe dur digits and one pratt digit. | 1 1 Behind each duit digit there wilt be a detade sounter, behind ff: halk digit tne will be T- diipqop. + Kiet Ayeo0 eounter, ——_—_——7] K-—— Seale *f 1,000 counter ———> xo {Vo} L sunt md fee Be ae eK teem lp a 8 ee cru of Ty Tce * ares FA wun? | ye [OE Ven eRVn, uy Y [] 2 segment code mom Oo © ‘ ei il A ras N J digit rama (DVR (o-toov R. i (o-wovR, ROLL OVER OF By DIGITS txvr jooo lA < ae & ool ™ [aaa | 0 000 : hind 4b COUNT RANGE oF 34. DigITAL METER 18 FROM OTe 1499. AF Min. count = 0001. Max. eount = 1994 . olp poe = Axo li AP Baxi: scale of 3D dv = 1000 tausils 2K Vyp a z Catended Acaleof 3Lp pv = ajo00 count +f 3 digit + ee T7cam disblay “ptos fees, 071) 8,3- Total & values. L_> dotal 4 values . Euends Q times a : “ 7 aN ONT Ly eatends by 4 times . hay mo decimal point. (1000 steps 5 ty, yor, Hoov) 7 hos no desimat point. AE (0-1)v Ranger —** > (0-a)v Range. 7 Le 7 . v . . aw 607 TY => min. wattage Cimy). pmo chamge in min-value oY aa companed to 3D Dum. : ah no change, im 16449 Vem emo ae+ Ooc1v + BAY = AVR re > Apooo steps X_Imy_ adep f = av. AE (0-10) Range to > CULT}. ron 0 0.00V , =O. 0.01 V => min. yottage (tomy). 0 0-02Vv (4.44 > Mar vottage > O0.01V +1497 = aovR. —> 000 steps x lOmY - gow, step s_(0-too)v ange >| Vv. roomy © o-oV sep Go 0 0+ 1v mim. vouage 14 4+ 4V => man.votage —F C001 + 194-4V = AaoovR. —F 21000 steps X _Wwomy ~ 2 aooy. By eintcing lina digit ov deft at mane die sige side ON digit display athe, features of the Dvd which avitt be entende (Quy dememinator times) oy trum range , seale , manly vottage amd vounge sumger Buck he featunes ashich will mot ber euended are minimum vetiage , sesolution, svmttivity and rumber of ste mage.S10 pyno.4g ® ME Bove Apectdication, os 0.8/7, of sunding +10 courts we DOM. : (0-00) V range. | 00.0 ov. j Vm = loov —> oar of wading = oa. X100 = av, > leount = 000.01 V. = 00lV = lOMV—> Resolution of tb digit pray in aoov nango. = Ays | B00VR = Soov __ - - ~-axyo7 = lomv. P| tous = loxoo1v = o-1v. av-totv] = tO3% weberJeet SLOPE INTEGRATING TYPE Dvd ; The peimeifte of swetking of Dual stepe integrating DvM & vetoge to time semvesion. The unknown analog de voltage tobe meatirad is pour tewerted into time and then menue saith the hulp ef a time counter in Aime meanvement mede. Unknown analog Up signal vetiage is measuxad ty charging | an intepuating sapacite qor a fixed time (Ti) and thon discharged witha | fioud amount (Vref ip) . These. axe tuo main dusilding Jtecks in dust stope integrating @ vottage to time eomerter that tensint of eetionio Auwlteh , integrator, gusund romparater, ( 300 cutting detector) (ECP) type duit g tne Firmen] Shhtan brides ce, © Aeeteonie Timer | courtevaphich is used in tame - meauurtement. mode, tat tonsints..of Leck genanai gate and decade counting element Unit (D-cv). the Ol of poy wit be Acated amd stun g givemto Agila ne ere Ve 20. (0: no initial chasge). Cletionin + No =0 vy E ECD olp <0 fey Low yv GaTE closed ¥ . Dev: is met sunning (hey mot counting). ; Dou =0 Eniiste operation of this pve is divided into ta0 phases 28 given below & paces teensy AR Ab t20, the pve 18 timneded to vourage 40 be -manwured sy the user by << voltage to Teme, commento” oe arscsusing the switeh up-dineckon mamiunily.@®! PR As such the ip to the intepatet awilt be unkmewn Analog lip sigrat. % A awsvient (Ym)_) twill be pasting shorough the, capacitor in gerard diastion rat charges the tapacitor he, Vp +vely ineuater amd \b ~vely imenaates,, ‘Meams fist gero -oveine of Vo eceuns at too. his wilt be deteded by Zep, e_tenteol pule | Aaa stop pubber tue r ° ty te which produces a Mart pulse, that opens the gate amd entwvn tounten Ataxls counting clock fulserfrom t=0 erwards. % *% the time piopusees 5 stapacitor Juilk be changing Uh» our swittbe outing amd inteyraton integratas amatog tip tinal. his is known as fivt imbeguation phase, which tuitt be tordimued, tal Say at tat), DCU haz reached ty maximum tount amd ovenftouss his counter overflow fube furcoduced Ly d-cu at t) & ged back to lip side which -itevows the sutich In down duction. This ends tne ot t% =T T —. Integsttion Sime fusciod . Fined time as taken Ly Devs 40 courte upto manimum and sirele. T= tx tan. . Ap 2 Integration Phase & are PAAR This second integration fase soils at tT 24 the suich i won disedion where tip tothe inctaguador Ja Va ae| dk Ghis ‘makes the -cwwent to flow in save disuction. As such capaci i atari dinchargimg, i.e.) counter overiftew has ejected electrnic: switch: and intepuntory. But the Halus of eomanotsr amd. gate usit te @ at unaltered, ey gale is +i open as such clock fuses ane, HU fared theough the chened gale. Therefore counter sustaxls courting pam | Free ty onwards. de time heoputes, tapruiton utt be. dischangirg counter wit be counting up whouss integtatet integrates (-Vse}). dt t=. capacitor gas completely discharged i.e., Ve becomes geno amd Vo betomes 210. this Aecond Zoo crossing of Vp switt be detected by Zep that fouduces Mop pulie. Such stop pulse closes the gale amd intuan Mops tre Counter at ty wwhn a value of ‘x’. signal. vad 4 _ ty te te oe : . To —> a Integration Sime period. > ‘ime-takem by changed -tapatitor 40 dixchange, he 7 Lompetely. Thea tax vn fax AD wn ane Finally sunknoumn value ia io, kmewn accunulaied Wel= Ive. [PM a floret oatA digital votrmeten is mot tultable for measurement” of arc since b nteguais the ilp signal, wohich ads to pero ofp. outa digital 29) smutiimetey tam be wed dor mearunement of BC vettage, 2c voitage’, do tussunt, ay cussent amd rexistomen. SAE St ie Noing ee vi * Up aiqnab ” Vin, if nema [Ae over de] T= inntegen muti aomeec—>| of sua Supply Inlerferencer or. nee powen time noice or ment Hum efgect Any ap xomponent picked up uy de vettage 40 be measured tuill by a Meated ag moire signal- Such neise, camnot be sajecied uy -non—indegaatir type Avo's(Rike Pash—type , ductusive abprosimation type, xarmp type, tounter ype). dual slope integrating Are willbe able to sujtct such noise beoy valog Of integration caroied out dora dined type anerqore dual Aope integrating ADe is Aaid to be offering wm Salk fg- ce Fak 50 Ine fg = GD thy . “at Yealue cam be >I. ual slope imteguating type PYM offer high tonuonsion time as Auch Xolt duign isBrenthough low, dual slope integrating type pdt Ade ts the pe Mot Prujooud ave bevy of high omacturemunt aceuracy»high . noite sujetion , -high stability amd tow hardware sineuit tomplonity. SA. pynoas Sal wuy= (V4 sino Vong 2 We Wae + a8 Ble ogy. T =lOxt . 50 Vof, = av. Von =. NTs epee Fuk fs D to fax 9 elm = (00x50 n at )y. Nea XT; = [OXAOME = Boomss 0.2 see. = Veoh Ts. I eo.2 = axt To = 0.1 see. = Bye > teow = Tt Ts = 0.0.40.) = 03 See, So tenn * Fadtemay = Sklar 2 skity. mat =9 fot mim period of bnteyration, = 20 meen. Se tents etree gs 5 as trom 7, 210" dak Trapve, decade sauntes axe used Jou counting ins whore N= rumber of dacbde counters Tr ADE, fon counting clack flees bit Limany cower awit be ued, then T= a Fax ot Hetty m—p mo. 0f Lite. = Gy psee = @.Ghy mse£ 0.67, of seading +5 cours lon eseeor v dty. 0 212 Om eres 2 210 Om, git = teow F L 0— QomA awount range. * 05% of, xeading = OS ama = O01maA. Mount = 0 0.0 1 ma = O.ormaA Seow = 6 x0.01 = 0-05ma- vs But = # pwBExlotoy Qs Bok O-0l 40.05. = 0-06mA - 7%, omer sanding of ama Bg digit Dvr + O06 y O06 . 40.03 xI00 = 437 May, , doomva = — 222g oy mv. . aioe : (iuis is bet suretution since tr “is given asomy 4s the given tek Aowest vattoge Hange of operation]. Man vettage L A 4 “4 amv. qa = mv 1 digit rmetet _] ee were man: vatrage = Xx man counT = loomy x 1999 = tagean itaa4 AE pw x det vatage somge = A xTotal 2owils- = lomvxaxio! - aoov. be B20 golr- TT" Geraitntty = Mouser vettage romper, oom gvoy rv tivity ot otal cout = = 0.0001 x loomv. = a mate eae of Seale, fewest sesouition yet range. S281 Ole syading of o.SS4USV on I manger & ud ova, of 24 SV. Wrage D OS 52 > 16 34 bv, Roomvr ‘ oto (192 y Total 2000 cows sy roomvn = 200Y 2g. pom. a = Axio - .. = axl © Sate = ap G24 40 Stays nove * Dog 2} = 0.0001 aes eee ee Pp SBS. gor ne Dv im tov sange , wird L kodoh & Afy: Hysfy = HHO = aL =imy, _ rer a 10% | Qi Be Sols at pv» qe ty = 0-00f u | to J eit tt i i she By addition of, atk digit iF mat going to change stesotuction. | SBE ta gor atiangulan awe, * | ye I 2 | Nin = a0 V. = oy, BQ-METER Bemeten stamds gor quality-facty meter shore working fudmifue of sorter HELO > ol mv. Aemeter & basicatty a series Ric soruuit whine vottage magnification prupwdy exhibited ar surance 4s used in tne desig of &-meter. ae There ane tyres of ronnections of Qmeten as givem below s @ sbuct ronnedtion for) Avucr menrurement mode, ued gor dy mansunement of wasiious elartiical propwaies ef a unknedm text ci) ib dike Aare on actual @ of cof ime Or Qe) hb sey inductance of the. coit [1]. ih Self capasitamees ot dintibused sapacitamee of soit. cy) suslramet, Of zo [Reati], 10 ® torn 1b mneslon uted Jon mugisvement af nko tour empedame ve © Shunt connection O% parallel counection used gor measurement of i Puopodies of Avion Rie -tirenit at sername * ‘ne Impedance of, tirtuit Kel REXLH Xe + Rejor + are E Vin = oreillatony voltage ro Rejloe ~we)- injected into ne, ] Né = Ex Xe. = Min x Ke. __ elwe" wae Ear ae Emin =R. aa $e Le > feemey of, sesonamnen- = nite ~ Ve= 2 Vin & Veman = [2 Win. ot) a [e]ve. , ~ Neman. = [8] Vin —y vottage magnification pouspety + J. @ > A fatter Gor) ae Voltage. magnification gactov. Ab Susonames 1. a Aesth RLC. tht behanes as voltage magnifies " Gees) the orcillatory vettage gnjected tate tne tirenit will be magnified by yun Hes. amd appean acres the apatite. go mestune this'a’, z —> Betign idea behind @-metor Ore = or dee or eit « 4E DIRECT «CoNNECTION OF Q-—METER %— ne SAURECTION QU wide ange ’ ‘ Vasiable e4tillator i ~ (50 wy 40 SonatGn above ckb connection, the xeadings which cam be taken by the sso ate $ Vin, ©) Ve. 7 @ AF wleieg sate So > Insert the unknown test cell ite docket of &-meter. —> Renate Reoti ,L amd cd + Fix'Vin @P. ® vary 'c', TW Capatitor vettmeren indicdles maximum vettage. —F Note down seadings. > Caleulate ‘a! as Q-» Nemax . capacitor voltmeter suading foepany Vin Aupply woltmetert suading FE Q-atale i The manujactwen Auouides @-Aeale Lay rmusltiflying each pont on We. Mbblnge Aeale—with Fo give -Q-sealey az such user 2am take the wey sending of 'q'. Nemay tind) J See Cima) <_Qesit Cine). pointer daptection is dire to zwount medturement Cire, torent eyect), * Qiane = Wh ot a Sane = Ee Le. Coil-@ \ Reott WC Real Qind = WE wt cinwit-a. } Reoit +> w (c4ea)(Reail +2) ') The indicated 'q! is dreuit-@ which a Lurtham tue—a of call I Gu diftewnce bole indicated—@ and Husa is known as Fit tor 7 . a Kessrin G Mind “Rte _ roy Q-indicatien RuweThe peuible ovwr sources one suridual inductance (which deshom Asef inductance of toil), imreuiion suistance 94 thumt naiatamce of toil 's’ = 0.02.9 or 0.05.2, Self apasitance Ov disteibuded taparitance ef coil - *¢ Copatites vaurmeren is abo called a5 R-voltmeroy since Ht has ee doth Q-seale amd vatt-seate. Capacitor veltmeler & also Known as tircuit-Q-metery prince it indicates -tineuit-Q. AE L Exot in Q-imdicallion & © 7, Eww tue tm "x": we wk * L Gyoer = “Rest +2 Reeit y aa 007, - —Resil___ at A Enso = =* __ kwoz Reoil +4, . This eset a uery Jour amd hence tom be neglected since N LEE Rell. @ ewer due. fo sasidual inductance is also wry tow amd hence torn be neglected since suidual induuttames <¢< telf- inductance, of coll.” But igne Af inductance iteet B vory four Inthe. éedon of Oo1mH then the ower due fo suridual inductance cannot be meglected. @ % Cron due to Cd” t ' ' Th Oeon= —TFee Cay (Reatt ta) WE Reatl noo 7 As “we Resi 1 (orca) (Rest +a) 4006 7 C4) (Rest +a) C Resi& dreume Bimd = 3 w i w (ered (Rest +2) ~ “Wlerca) Reotl & “poser = 4 CHCA x00 % | Coweection factor qor covecting ind +0 Quue ¢ Ortane L —_. WC Reo' Qirad 7 w (orca) Reoi| Qe = [+3] Qima +. So appty to this govuttion factor the value af “cal is aquiined. Muay. meanvie CA of the coil fout and trum only go for cinor measremer The Jour measurements given below ¢ ausing direct Connection of @-meten ane aM ay Measrement of Veg of est” 2 Drsent the given coll into socket of a-meten and sieronale two Homes at f, amd ty, where fo thea > He int. t 0. aR (LCa+ca) * hase 9 fL t emf aK {Lr (coed) > fe. Mera |. +Gage = ie Stet me te nH & acd = 1 4 = GREP = Crs. CLP Pr] ca [ony aft} TE ete ( 4) RC = RCA Ba > where m= Fa Fi always m Qind = 120. 1202 1 0 200 ul = Qooreg dx, (2004Cx)WR Cy = 300-4 al . an 00 = 100 pe SO Rest = 10.0 feimity, c= bore. X= 002m ne “het = he 7 xO LO = 08 (IV Reatt Torecca *w00 =~ 0r 9% eoay Hl hearer. - wet? nad|ser, Co qelenke——_ for t Feit W(CAte) Rept La t 1 w (Care) Cot)? Caz0 x14 Ate x1TU) =. tt io! e107 = too He as Qe Vemax _ Vo Vig eo P= 500 Kty , C=36—r - Poanfi. Fo = Ask ty » o> loo Pe eo + ASd]oo0 = OS Co C1 -ten a+ 27> = 5.23 pp. ay re ah: Sol Vin = 500'mv. Vemax = 10V. Batter = Vermox somes) 10x10 = 20. PyaE Eledeenios Tnstuumentation. HS Kelsi phanikrishna «ace @ gmail-cem.taACE Xerox Center SHANTHI NAGAR, DILSUKHNAGAR ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS BY NENU COPAL SIR Available e All Branches Class Room Running Notes @ GATE, IES and APPSC Genco Class Room Running Notes e Stationery & XeroxVenuséenudgneiicent> Sylalus = Gare aos. or Suet amalyis - emae. i z Mc SA basi, initurmerile C oo Ge Refuslsion eV benion Of asec, Imsiuwmant « 5 WS Weta sic vollmetens- G Arevenal InsGuurgrls . HOR © Rectifion ype of tabuaments{" ea es ance, imduttamee avd capatitonse be et EI Menastement of power. ay” Meaunement Of energy W) Polemkiometens. WW) @ main UW Meanunemens of dreqpamey 'F and power feet bt W) Bigital votimetens. U4) CRo WS) Prttemerct Bamovmens.Mic. » abou gy ae* Alppoume gon “nl times dom 2ertaine TY fs umber of Sines the value is same. \ Mise Jorn amode <—> precision oe *ouiltnnetic! mean ~~» Wibuage- Manvel ~ dallas 25 wwe: Can) AAuoxe! noot <> Ras.” UNEDO) doy 4 Ly mao ger ns20 ERROR ANALYSIS Bur ]E = Am — Arf. Ang vale aspsusemted as Due value + tolerance. ; t Lomi Gaussian distaibu — tion tune . he swe, alin ters width ib more aceuncle - o drlenanee, _> Paar >= Relative static ewer =, AmMoAe | te At TT a An—At oO nwt he drew ee = Bate ‘e daresmnimas he quality of te inden Leming err = wo hemiting eso ig st by man uygattwrer,,* Limiting uct <—> umecrtainity <> tolerance Aecaigs Homing Ycor' wires she samge ob wou. | mange Of operation’. Cimnitirig: oer is Guage wort Tie vale 0 The “imsteaumnorit’ awhich is ofoung hess 1 Ninitong. inet Awd HOt gino “ds the” seat meter, poredont oft : mb ft Am waa S elon of range (0-10) wert time), : rye Lbe — taz . B—> £14 Umimise the = © YER y bo > Best meter. Dit £007 > wernt metor ested from, Sth Cosw)a miter? tis catted P+S-V. + Deve value FSV Pua Seale Value.” BAStC CHARACTERTSTECS “OF THE INSTRUMENTS 2- A OE OID ® ra so Po a y A> Menus P —> fuetisionTy aceunaty wupiionented as A tome eh of Have , L Value is showing in the: defteetion. , if aeeunaey i, bo 7 a oy zethen 2 value indicating, the % epigtion, quam ate- Value Bion is always sepnerenfed auitn, "this 2% eurer is aneurary evrer aro Cobled ox quuneased accuracy over (7% Gea) ; LGA-E is Aefimed by sesh none pat mete, pat snd Value is vestase ie nae ia sonstande the gu 2 GAG ig the conttamt 04 deen by the instrusmemt- a TGAE is more the; inibument: ister geturale ni LGae ane Hi tos the imatument ib mere, apgunate. - = : - Yes- Ext A (0-wo)v votemetors with LErAre of NZ Yue : measure, 2 Tae vole, Of Aov atin i mpi, Ahem V2, Lining open is. an coo FeseV —y 00> 41% LGAG = +17, at \ 2 AOKO! + Gate = $1 xo eh * ad [00 we . = : ie late Ap = aov. rit 270 1s 106 Jet LL —7 LLED Box %_ 2 gv % ot J SMO ck um cates nee HE tS yt ar pine Note t- €xt- Dh a mete. 2. GAE “eyuad “to LEE whendhe Hue ps G 5 i value is expat Zo full male value. ae fore 00, 100% 25 = 1 Sol. Xe kiZ = 2ONEwis Me use @ e-wo)y “A aae = 2a di tne pointer: a peaches 40 fublscater asv thy, y cc eee EY LUZ — deewenses bur the 1 GE ‘a orton At 2 OV ‘Bov hag ‘ee a : we Adee LE eae E lov ry EY feuue value amd tre, LGhE Bw wet dusk scale yale Aue chock, a tats iy issu thocsalue, athe be near 40 Be = ™ = (0-20) A sh ON: to fo-wo)* = E87 do measuste tA, whieh vg ey aye BOSH dh the best, mero my = “e-e SEUE a Mo AOK OL Foy Too 20% (OHO =F oor le = 20! 100 7 x tay = (Ag) Apgmmeter ast an ausisady deat Of ae. awe, mensine ate value of a6 4 dit this muten , then ZEB Sols “gre = bar GaE = aa Hd 4 hae »Paetision-s- (Mode) a ms OR the matt epeatable ‘value 0% ee of ae of sucouds is coulted forecision. Accuwate, imieument’ moy be. precise , uit forecision sual na tonfiven ang axeuroy.” We faspen alunays accurate as well as fousite intleuament-. Poeeivion is @ sushhentin yf “chanson inti, of attisnacy-. he Alp Jotows he, Ip bh near euation oy. incon satation is catted timeanity. the basic, meter cunilale s ammaten amd ail other Scie aeae oemere pee ammctans Tn att decteital tutiumenila “ine ee 4s quivurt ay re LDN, Schepf uy, Soon seh senate, egy 2A aa ng. wel cane sanking el lle eee wah Fee Dy Elecsiteat ey. meghamizal meee ie ahs eae. és _@ vimean. rene thes dim2an + ok 4 onlepee out hsceciniony hee ane two stagesaf emrgy communion tahes pack Elecluical ——-—y ‘mechanical —” 3: eleelaital , _ Seale. For imean imstuumenls , tease is iment amd go" mon— dimen instruments stale ig ron-dimear. ob Slope is serstamt. So the Aale is Limenr i.e. the divixions in scale ix umifotm olp ° . Ber hotdn to measure A, sohidh ib af the given sten—timear inptaunents axe fufarrable @ (0-100)A © (-a0)A | © -20)A- > (aeadia dh fotefeniablensas for meassing ton the furimten enters ‘nto Limes sugion of aor Mena. Hake:$E We home to delet always “Aher motors vin) Auch a. warp Hor the pointer enteu into timean sugion 40 thar fe -maynot Leote teuaty « Limaanity ie meng enc tons Sensitivity 2) We Jouper atuayt “igh sensitive ‘instuvmants ab the Aemsitivily is high we ming not Joos, acer. — ) Tk ib the ato of hamge Im olf to change in ip Sensitivity ge AM 2 sof = ‘Tame: Alp. for ous, sa fot pmme imstaument ,S=1, as it ix timeaw. Fou pexfect tinea, insurer » the sensitivity is constant highest the xctle aohon i is qual 9 ne Fon meon-Limeaiv Lindtisumont , dam be St, 1, 71+ Ww | | | \ v Drerdo to measure. ng: if. .a voltmeter has peraidtivitg of wwfy . 1 te tat for angasunemnant Of wtof assume ud the » tp. no: mont the Ww, the walimeter Bffors & Aousante “py for @ Vy to 5ov—> 507. Rap = 50fs00 = 45-450 Vane = 46.89v Fox 0 vettmeter of sensitivity toonn}v, Iv —> look 60 —7 500k Rap = 50lls00K2 = 49-195-2. Veo = 44-198 v- Moke sensitive instuument has high aceunary. fora veumetor of seniitivily © 2]y, Vag =50V- conv semsitivity vettmeter gives aceurate value amd this vellmetor & comidered af ideal veltmetor. Rractieaty Udaal vetrmetens svill not be desiyned as for ideal vettmeters, internat rusixtamee is oo amd cursont doumet four to produce fore and the freinten sit not deylect. bi Which & ji i EAE Which dntteumamr giver tere loading affect - @ way Y® toor.nfy © wor2fy * @ wosy. Semiitivity nyLes = ge A (0-to)v vertmern with a semsitivitg. of loooKayy. Find the cursurt Anssugh the meter at Mal gutl sealer roading Iv—> loon lov —> 5Vv —7 50000 . 4 all . . Tes = ogg etme Ae ratty ful seale sending) E> Teen]r TES -2013 , GATE -14q0- = 0-5 mA. EGE Too 190V Vettmetens with a sensitivities of toKnfy amd AokS]V sespeclively ane connected in series. Shen gind the emantiomum Vettage thar we tam measure with His series oma Trey = 1 = 0.05 ™mA- Boxio® Ps valimeto ane tonnetted in series, amim( 2601, Gezos.) howd flour dor safe ofration of both the vetmeten. 2 P= 0.05 mA = Leen, = Ley 2 ~ Neen 4 2 2 WN -—F> Sz afy = Sav. Nad R= Say. Ri i.Ry 2 Set Ra > SaxVo- “aN. a scale = toka/y xlovv arena tae = 2000Ka.. = 000 kn Ghe manic vettage bt 4am meamune is [SDV ; > Dos xi0?x s000x07 => Y*(Rith). BREL => Isov [2 EE do ammetors ane connected in fovullel a1 shown ln am diqwe. Max. ewsumt Cam be mearwed iz —! ra and a aap ; Im, = tom reine 0)* 1 (o-00 Beng = lA Vy denies ‘ aon Bloom For lok to flow, vettage oh aus ABs 19XAT >ASV. : — = fait ta to! fir, Wetnge obvied are AB is 17100 = loov. fe both we am parallel, min (Vas Nees) xis, should be apie fe safe operation of ammelins ‘ % gor Ve toov,, Y= By a Sp a n ongc. o 8K de ) GE~ 3 volrmelens axe tomnucted in 40d pet z, : Baimate ach of aah lwov twoov looms “ bs Jy sma asvny SKD voltmeter readingTepe SA Gop + LEYS yma. Ing’s 10oma asoxy hme 4 Wie 60 Va = lov. V3 2 Ibov —3SmA — uma Ry = too zr Ry = AsDxlod = eae 2 x Lor , RE eSKD. © ake 2 ask Rey + Py tRg = 50K.2- ee 50k Vi > &uxao = yev Vo = &YxXad = Gov . . w Vg = aeuxe =lav. Ygt- & (o-t)rma dimean fnitaument with am internal suristamce of 100.0. is tobe tonnerted into a (o-to)v vettmeter. . i ‘peter de Trey = AD Vappiied thoeild be } Ve tmé xl00 loon. “Ne O1V. But imowden to meante (OV, a Ne lov pe cota: \o0 © > Leen: Troder to fimit the woul , connect am external Aenies. susintamee Reo, such-that pap qlowt while Ree q a meosuring tov. } (0-1ma. * ‘ gor ioma ane a-1o)v sald be | a | dete eko-ows ev PR © o-o01 = ima - 2 oo WS Roe = %9K0 . vO (0-to)v. Gordes to measune gov, Ima = 20 ‘ Ree loo Ree = INK. Inotdr to obtain the generalised formate Ao caleubate Ree, VaVm = 49 yas tumorit. is dame i Rse Rn S Ren —> meter seristane y Vio —7 Sm Rm. ms Vv * ascot Vip 7 ™llltflication gactoy. py, —> genie susista A (0-1)MA timeah intteument with an intewnal owistan of toon. Js 10 be sormerted itto (0-10)A° ammeter. Tehth. eA loa = Ima +25. Tne 4a a: fq ~ WL = Imax too Rew Rador y ¢ ton. So the ilp -cwunt shouldmot “iat “the” Dumit 7 (o-ao)a 1 , tma.= Box Ree Reh+ loo * te tO. aoxio?. ae on multi Rh = 5. ry same w Brn = 0x28 Ps ng he Sato +t00 the: vel" Thonden i eter, the Jo imexame the sange, of voltmeter, votiage Nolue Of aenies ruristance should be imcranted- Tnorden to : . Ins" imwume the xange of. ammeter, the value of shunt 70ktonea ‘ ammeke Ahold be derronted. : i jis ammeter Ao Grondor Ap get the genoalized eaposion of a Bhumt musistamce ; armel i : Es (Eotig Rah = Taken Fo sedma ¥ wider to we rattan « moet Rin=7 meter rantefeuy fi —p marimar tun 1 Ronny tune Puritomee « TL — doad cwvrent (ota tipo" auorent). mr “h = to,000. the emtine scale , of, the basic ammeten. shoutd ’be anuttituied by muiltilleation factor to obtain the seysined namge asmmetor: Ps imide the valimetoy thane is a Avueg rirruit , 80 the voltmeter “Zhautd be comected im farattel 40 medsune the voltage : Giside the ammete thy Jb a fanailal cirenit , 40-4 qunmetet should be tomnected im sexier #0 mannune the unin « 7 Qn an abplicakon in place of am votimeter, , am arametyr is sued amd in piace of am ammeter; am. vettmetr them the vetimete 1H ferme dui the armmaherWyewumt fee ing sreeugh ammeter is mone than Tpep. ‘ 1 : v Difference, between stoument ond meter 3 masse Drsteument is a paw of a. meter. Srdument dra mo spurific ahplication until it is tonverted into a be mathine Ras no abplication util it is measure difimed as de moist o% do gemonator. tere inten Aus, Ses de machine is am instuument, Be motor > * de generator cam be am amalogous to ‘meter. Dead time, : : amd Yona t Steady wor) weg DEAD ee eee TIME. ' : Time taken Ly the pointer to. move uy i ital fotition is called dead Line. AU clecluical intteumenils are erry Bok clecteeniss matauments ane mat emsrpy eoninent. aitnackuumant | iwtoa & es aan cnet, scat : i ane erungy) hh. energy Ebeebuical insturmemlg axe bet fon higher magnitude impute quantities and tleduonic instusnents ane beat to @ mmanwure tower magnitude Up quamtiices Gn all eleeseitea! inskurmonls the responsible quantity Auviont. Tn all eleteonic imsbumenls the susponsible qwantity 4 young. By awning clectrixa inturmenils se Lam divextty muawure vuumt , indineetty voltage. By using elecleanic intuumenis we fam measiine, dinwtty voltage, imdinactty : Aussunt . a r ' , Exr- CRo, as tt is am electronic jimetuument, tt Lon, rmeasusie vettoge . So CRO daunot contain cusoumt/dincsin knob . general telly damped aipter it but fore inmeumens- Bur go4 saliable oparalim atl the imadeusmen Ts with foupr Les tam Lundey damped aptym.ee dead zone This 1 the minimum ip ueyend wohich-he Rebpense wwii come 8 talted dead gone. Tn deetionie, measuremeril it is amalogous To dhasshotd. lp a k,bye)d one Jour intements, : ‘Cis the best Up C2) Though ue faufan righ eitoty, it is our Our responsibility ther Imteument. zhoutd be, Operated trv Set sagion; and also in dimean. megion. Ces | We pager always igh reste, fn ‘the: muveluion is. igh uy, may OF toote accuracy Tne tiollert op shat ay cam dap iin tbe scale with certaimity 0% with larity is called resolution. Full Seate value. Tota mo. of dint ReEgir- & (0 200)v voltmeter uilth a divisions of toe divisions Je tam eitimele YioM of tre wale dintrion accurately . Re, & 200 = 0-ay ee Lox Loo Random error ?- AA Lg th (2) There is 0 partiatlan season for occuring éf there overs. Siddemty oor will Come amd ib itt ditappean- All he. Suspense] ME imsburments: sui have sondom evens . __gevremenils Ramdem euiers tam be solved by aning mathematical toot” rtatintics Like arilnmetic mean, mode ¢ Ap =loov > (O~I50)V vettmetyr. Ue Dnidecamest 494.9 — > te — : 99-8 Vis y \ \ col cn ie. loov ——+ 4 toy £°2V t0.3V eure perated tw +o} $3 lo0-1v ——> 10 (oo-avV ——» 3 ' wo.3v —>} a ‘ 3 . Small daviclions are more fretatte compored Te sarge, tenenits a3, Auttations’ — ‘Quass stated [onside ce of total onea ano. ef 19 sind “ we distuibusion eure], 1 he Atale, idProbable one = + aeryse oe ae . So ee dn » ae m1 "My if ngan n pif ne. Gut- Ri = too ty en Bure value on) Rit Ro >> 150 +t bn. memimal value’ ©) Ry eRg Spigot 6a: § Ro = 50+ an ‘ Tnease of addition amd Aubluaction, he absolute ovors sll be-addeb uh. Let R:=50%6% amd Ro lo437. L RiXRy = FOot 47. * Ro Rt “= booo + lax Lexan Nore Tnease of emuuttifiication amd division , the % wurers will be added up. & ine Oxr-Two susiters Rand Rp ake Lonnested dm panaltel , they ane of the Ry = too t ola = toot ONY Rye bot 0.050. = Sot oly. Aiko = _ 100x580 . 55.330. Rit Re 15d Ryko hire Rit Ro 35-5309 OS w Ota \ WeTe sw of lay sa they ane, anus = ONL, & xloo = Ott 00S Os Akow 2 0.00] + 0-00 0.00] BRey = ola. _- Ctoote.t) (5040.05) (too — 0.1 }#(90- 0-05) (loo +04) + (50 + 0.05, A Sep power is meatuned ty unimg two Watlmetens, one of the" anattmeten .suadimg i TDW with actunaty erro of tbSz andthe derond wattmeler suading is lsu Usiin oxcuracy error of, £057 of Seading . Goth she wisstmerens ane hawing O full cate value of '50W). Shem find the cor in the total power. P= 50 Yee Poe las b0.5%GAG = IDXLS! y joo ag 45, ——> I500. 1 —> sew = Aas. Dehe3 SPA 2 aT eee eyUsy Wa = lagwt O57 Wys Sow dt das. Wg = 1a5W + 0-aS Pawitis = 5 + a39s 2 lS t CYR ZY Pyne 6 RY) a wo \oouA full seale Pamc metas are employed to ametuer A 10V. amd_a toov quit Scale vettmeters. Them thete meters awit have a. sensitivities as BP orofy ¢ woxafy Oonnly $ tonal. i © ronofy g wokofy | lokofy ¢ thoW. 7 > I both lov ¢ loov Full.sdale voltmeters, Tesp is same @a) A vaniatle “49° is selated To 3 othey voxiaites Uy w= 2h. The variates are maatwred swith motors of acowncy + 0.57 of seading , £17 of Pull acale value, EUSL of raodimg. ghe actual readings of 5 melee ane 80,20 amd SD-with a too # ful seale Value for Smeters dhun the untertaimity im the mearusument “yg' wit be —. +x Oar © scr @tsy gol 8) dhe aL wb Fina Soli-oped to hem these, , Leen is Ue nus Of le Value, Ls ane or Bmetens wi be Ce ee toort- 21. @ yeraot Sh (oo Ee TORN ons ae we Be 1 22% = 32847 Z AMA gs, = 3a ta-aq. LOR As a) athe Jottoming 10 observations mene seceded when amasuring @ vettage,. ALY jf Ha teh G HAG Hat > Abd 7 4RS F425 Ad > ate. Find @ anlimetic. mean _ © Standard duiation. © prrotable esr. . Ssali= @ Hae - Ae value - (arttvmekic mean). i @ doar de =0.04 doe +003 doe +0155 dy = — 0.19 ds 9.03. dy = 0-03 q 2 —0.04 | ds = oy dip> 0-19 ' oe | ~ foul. onal. | PE = O.67H5 x 0.801 = 40-1493.AND) the Limiling .criors fora 4 dail aurittamce lox, ane WS £008 Th the setistamio: value is dems 2 Poy, bet os 4385-0! , thon caleulale Hundreds + + 0.05 % anes dor tha . Thesamds + 0.007 : Solz- : . 4ooo 300 ao 8 wit Soa 7 SKOR =o anit ome ol Linmiviong emer ‘ : 05 eiod Toms 2 EO, 4BAS «5 > 3 Box ot 20102 ae ep OLORI!. hundreds + t0.06 7, ; Boox 0S = ous no 100 : i Hhousrands 2 4 0. 0RY. Yooo O08, = 08 ff - Q2) The powerjorior ina -h tireuit 1s measuned, « the ammeter raadiong a BGAN OF qatlicale value - the vettage reading as} USV on A5DV. Veltmeter. power reading as aaowen Sd0W waktmerer. The ammeter ¢ voumeley aie, gauronseed ancunacy of bosy. on qull sate. deflection and the. watimelon +17, of fu deale suading , sham calendite the ams vain tin the pf will be Sol- P= stent. cosh -Lmute y age | RG RE rE OS Ps Raot aay. value is 5a 9087 Vo UG + 1087-7, oon : 17 ral eutale aS? @easaty value. 260V —> OS7. © q . Cos = te ngv— >t v= = bogey = 0985S + 4.36% @ L4ne=24 ge0w) —> tly, Qagow—>? ~ Qa93y, as, idae is ‘ i 8) A wheatstone, badge is balamced win all four resistances eqpal to tka. each » She buldge auptying wottage & (00V- the ' Ge value of ene Of the susistamce eath thamged to l0ton, ne the olp wotkage is mearuned with avotiage, measuring duvice 6 00 suiistamee. Shum ind thebsidge temaitivity.. dol- woo (1012 _ _looo tooo +lo#o 1soetb0s)) » too (o-svaue -0.5)) = O-aysesu, oat bol ammeter Sonitivity » OP ve HES up reading as ~ oe S000 . w = gray ses 10 = ovoayars vio. ncextaimity| = asmv/, ®) dhe power ina ab awite Load ts measured by using tuo foow gull scale wattmeters. ity ig accuracy clam of FUL amd it s0ads (00. Wa axennney tho 4 tosh | amd XC sods —S0W- Find the auncentaionity im dhe “otalwow —> 21% a ow. 7 Pe wWitide { (too -s0) Gia)” wow > E.BSY. z pats. Sow —> tit = 4 3% \ = OS. a! ay@ ASIC’ Instruments - 2 ee The imstsitmenls which ane sued gor the measurement” of The basic ebdbital quamtitics ane vettage amd cwnent electuical voltage, Lo ehaurnie elettuicat Clectronic elecuical . Dvm Pmame ‘ero me f . Sactifien + wattmeren*** Qemeter em Pm ‘ Bridges ast ete, \ Es Ameer —> nuenamee druult + Pmme-. sucigion type —> neckigion + Pmme. | That instruments (oletiical) the susponsible quentity | GS eutoumt- ' AL clrctuical inttumenls axe enogy ermverter whith conuorts electrical energy to mechamical energy. i My elactaical” instuumenct ane swerking diased on Laur of tensoublion. of onshgy. ~-2 bthen a. suum rowing risesugh a conductor, it alte oducer amy sits @ Mromal effect @ chetusstartio effort - ong lth thie doin feche , thane arg total of 29 eyerl in clerleical gield- In there Ro efgeels , the responsible quantity: we twount. this imporanation, Ai given by Ack: Shawne. Peronding Ao Pg. Bienbua , Anne, axe only a ofert jt is Tnameter, it is aquired 3 forces. Baricatty there ane 3 forces duvelohad in atl electaieal tumend W) Beftection force Cor) torque (ta - ott sites @) tonto} force. Cos) torque ["e] ts) Dannping force. . cog FA ; Depertion torqye t= This is tne force: suquirad t0.move the: proimten rem i iwitinh Geer by suing amy ome of tren offeet. But ths | which te umduinadle go tal we wed one mote foteeto Hh, the afpasite | diester fo saltectien forge iy contol tote. | But bu Bape *n0- of Of the & at atert of ao * afrorible k. Shawrey. ope pit is Weable fev luedion for £ teak whem [Te Td) the foimien auilt rome 40 steadystote . Bar eqore soming to pteadystale jthe pointer oscillates which 4 again umdesixable . 40 that we reed one more force + saduce no- of oseillasions m Areadyptate catied dasmping fore @) : ‘ | Newton's tatad tows d amglogeus #8 dongtaur ir engg The tontrol qovce amd dambimg gerte ane. dependert on the daftedtiong force - the daimap img joe, alk (Make to suduse tre speed Of the feimten’ 40 that the mixmber of oscillations ane reduced at seadunvale- 4 \ her acence of gorees ls o——> 3 —>a —1 7 1 ge Tat Te. Ter Te! . Tdermp Switch bwitth = at Syoltech Uptien en Gd) wreadayptale tt petition , Mecraniem fox juicing UW 3- by using magnetic: eet @ Sees, een pammanint soimet ond sea) canning csi. . a .Erma: (7) ine pe. ‘Tt isa 4-terminal vruter (asacnis) arr cai) © Pouce belwern twrurnt See sewing 2h aad aah ior cm we manne tp de ad —y tam mupsure Steet ee measure only ot EMMC —> cam wearure at,de, paurr', pouserdactor. But used to mesune, only Ae. peur. Advor A © .. & Ww pisos: ees b 4 dyeised to so fachr. Spring is made up of phoiphorous—bronge, « Lbrsntages of spring emivot tn A Teo , Linear sulation - & We cam ase oth heuigonraty ax well ai wrtically . Sisadvamtages :- REE & Agsing pst —p nosing ehanticity. WY Yor due Io temboature- tempt 9 attyors om Ted sutoelSu ady quis: AU instrualaree Wt), @ ft ddan, deombing t= The dtuid ofjers 4 vireosity . the dluid fuiction damping is more dypective. tam ain fiction damping dime gusid has the property Of vireority © Eddy sonore dave ing 2, Drowback t— 7 Regutan maintenance he orden of effectiveness is 7 stamdle clanging damping damping ‘The orden of _furionlty is famine > fin > ld domping damping “Lamping Bly sant damping Jk foueyput damping componed to aly frision | Paid faction comping But it iy not-suitable in, all imtewumenEs whine puvmament magnets ane. auailable in meer , eddy snout doping eniitsProduces stung magnetic: field amd constant qnagneke field. , So rzenmant damping. ik suquised - PMMC INSTRUMENT + A Ne OE Bn pearte , the curse gtowlmg. tn the Cu cath : Dh teen 0. sfpuing im prarte damaged , if saphy is ginny the pointer dorinot, deflect amd Aumaims at ape fasition . ~ : Om vonking condition of meter, if ruddenty | one opting Ailachad , thun Te 7 Ta 03 Ka onby acting the folnter Sanches Anuble tre value amd comes back 0 ee Fsv om dinatttyrh te), magne» ping } as Pm | nekie. field. e Cu Coil a on sowing snniton if saddenty bon he demly apaings ny, de then Te =0 , £0 fointer ranches ae BEu amd deuraot cone tack tn. pore : : “ark @ ior) machine as supply Puec dinatty to sootulimg post oezecding fo Letuenttet Relation bebweem ip (1) amd olp C2) 2 By magnetic, qtr damsity « 1 —¥ Length of the conductor. dp tublih of the coil $ > veusent flowing Hauough the Coil. + O—> angle belweem 6 and D. ~ P—> Fore eapedenead day a. conductor, Th PMc, sxadéal mapnette qed is available: he., ee 6240 Fleand = Shares be 7 f Teond: = Br < 1 A tend = Fotis 3 It Ne apes. TUfeond = BE Abed de | Taftwn = Bria oid ' 7 = bai (ded 1 a D. : ieee = brid, oy : Td = ettden ax Sapteding toques [| = BNA] ob , , | 1a cc t|—> iment sulation : So-'seale’ of Prarie s Reo Chatitamee, % mmavig coll + sesisomceOfSprg)- Bub apaieg reiarames KOK sedistovince, of el. wy dina W) As ed U9 By isu im PHM one. dinoe visible ww) by ene,ne Call. ble hey 2 ows ‘In vettmeten, (sara, TLthe twoumt rons mere tram Prep , shaings will dannage. So always Pperating tusvumt zheuld be Les = : ey Ta = BTesp ce T € Tap Pdwantages WY Linear neale to wer may mor Soote areusiney PoWDAs eddy ewoeent dampirng is used y ho it bs highly aust amd highly senitive due to peweryfal damping. i ® @uasobatks -— 9 By sing baste emme imteument we camnot measune dutty igh ewounr Aimee, apotings axe “eannying Levvienl- Tnordex to gind-ine dinastion of swtasion of oe im Prime, qleming Left hand suite is aed. Fox ot ilp, im We halt, eydle spindle votate in one diucton ,in ve halt tele spindle setate in other Abustion , s0 ac. temret measuned , This station tamnet be visible ab P-50Hz: So feinter sumaims af geo ferition. omnes | cay By ating Pumc inthument sue an messune omy do. tprrg)- ' Aco wit howe Lent susieramce (en), and Inductance (Ln), but Prime used to “meatune. only de. Pox de, inductance apart ia, megtinible , So° tm ih aot or Mevaserdation, amerivonsslExtension af Pinme + — ey Re © Petrie Insteament as ammeter é Pmme on @® Pac insuumemt of voltmeter t—. © try Pmme p ee t @ al [KK Inn = Vig eee —_ Reh amd Ree ane called muttipliers. ™ & the multiplication actor Npormrally susistors ane made of Ca. Cu. u tve temp: coupitiont”, wahich is not dusinable . So susinters should be nade of towtont temberatune toyfitiont moteaials Uke, ARNG ANN, ov CONSTANTON. Ml metals one avedemp coypicent onaterials amd bemismdutter materials ve temp sopldents materials. Jor ctomporature coupictent matenials (At o'k, Tesdstamee ofthe amateial is geno) is ‘Natinum-tridiwm alloy. Among mamgemin: snd ontamton anag. mangein is mostly frugored ax tmstamten is “mone but bixtite thom cree 1 long. mamgamin, tour of ane conatamton ig more amd avallaility of | ute oval aie MI ih ad Piao’ evi Ne—_tug, temp. Phould be iW Uke ete e 2 ee + by using pmme instument wetan meature de & er veltage bur, mor at coment] vettage fps . + Praac will suad always overage walive- ATTRACTION Type REPULSION qe we a [> digs Lien ZED L ps movalde: | loon aod. -.25Th ahadion type , vt, 2h (ot wet, afot, et auiten open , ¢ | —p demagnetives then Te overcome as 120, Pointer sill come to goo. 7 Th amagnel, ftun tine: direction internally is furm Sto N. Both. Inon sods Gee magnétined , magnetic Held direction 4s same. . tbe, yin ep in OF i oe maps, cin aavinn Rtn ; Tr —> sebels eoth othen. . rey eyn® 3 —o ome is foead "Gotha amoving ae ee enngy ut oh eet a cot et) Meghan Caping ype) | im wrorkiong “principle of ML trgtument is Fanadauys Law Cy clectomagnetic tndurction (or) alt, imdurtomee Enengy Relation bl? 2p (2) amd olp Cra) to — ee: =4 “ES j Lr =Nné wk 4. (1) = A0u9). du. dhe = - Tde toe. ugh ce.Mulsihly duet sides wile 2 (4p get power), @ unde y pe i hich oe eaere Sime gore . C2 per Srasison shaw Muli boin sides susie, de (to get energy ) ms ar (irdt 4 cde) - 1 Cirde 4 ode) - erat ‘unm StoN. . ttar ¢2°d_ = dw ——_@ “ 4 ed direction energy drawn by fired coil, there dw is the eloetaical endkgy drawn by the dined esi! oH inductor dom Aounce’ in 'dt'sec. his much electaical energy eq ® is converted into mechamical emirgy. dis mechamical, energy sill do gome useful work done, 1a) : | Ponadasys Laut Mechamizal work done in tae! see: t— DAR AAR Mechanical svork done in dtsec = %xde ——€ “rengy a BAe NN oe eer Energy stored in fined coil ‘in Vat! see = ww | tary Hed in (esdteee — Energy stored in'V eee. = Fra (tedey” eh” te ed (beat) (2ryde™+ard2) ~Li2? J neglected =k (eats aenat + ae + andedr) ~Lie? negteded : ® = dt +1 9% tidt+Lor gs* “ a : ‘ } Seen Ta linear ayetery , vd = Fxdisplacement. * hen Sh sotational Ayer, We Tx angular displacement. * dew Accoting 40 tno of tonserwation enempy , aro ( en = am@+ yn®. sgh vata = Tado vs + peta ade -Leae aL. . high » # we cam aveid swownt tisrough the soungs :Srefeably & ¥ Eesle ib men-timear 40 we may Joote acunary, + dow aceunaTe , Leis tomsitive aimee abv fuiction donnfring & Kasten Jon will be mote. Aluminium has the wary taxs huytenins Loo. So metty pinme is made & abuimisum 4 Qn M2 intaumon —ystorinds oor is mote as we axe usimg dren die. We tamnot suduce ot elimina the hysterinis wou i ra. by sng SAC Poaleumemt we ceamnet meatier athe high auount “at bgmdlic, saduration oceans tm the ote of imttaument, even though no eunsumt im Afringe By asing Pride also swe sant measure dhe high curtiont diucty on cwount lows through afvringt-i MI indeument ~okenion ML intument as ammeter t- Annee Xr = A7E Ly. De try Teh Ren Now meter is tafe. from magnelce, Aadunation . ds ME meatus Of QnAnEH 1, dusyamey varies BO Xm Vanis amd defleetion in the meter varies . L Om oo —- Tee | Reh «heTrrunt = Too & Th cade Of MT ammeter , ure have to connect ashunt Coil » axrers bari, meter im such a way that the time constant of thu bario meter is equal to the dime contamt of the whut them a he melo is independent of fuaquency. Q) ML Tnstuument as volimeten j- Ne adunation, tm HE Ce ie) Rse Sn ANWW88O—___» AV . N kK Inn Vig). ——_—] eV Nous magnetic saturation affect is eliminated. ~ f= By tomnecting @ tapacitoy arnots Ree To O-make he, etl ; agneHe, meter independent ob beens: a re Roe Te 1 SO z é — Int = Vy ————_—} ev —__________, Ee (Rm epobry + (Ree ll L az )- = , = (Rin + joben tse . ae * (Bae HeoRoee = (tn +}0tn jejeoksec. \ 5 ‘ ig a (Bee Tey vas 6 * —aRseey Pde] 2 fin tft ¢_ Ree fotiee V4 wR oF‘ho cs Zw. (Rm+jwlm) + kee - joke c- oe os = 2 Go thse) +]Lbm -Rée oc). e/, . 7 ‘Jo make the vettmees tp rwosk independent of ‘ Lin Roe 0+ . f Pri, 3 “ fa “me Tn aase of ME vattietey, We shaue to cénnect a capacitor aces Ree in such a Way that the sabaritive’ seddtence is someetted, out by inductive seactamce, of the. basic meter phen Mat he meter is independent: Of peurency. . : My Note :- Cae # By wing Moo f bow! it wing instuumemt we cam measune ac or de auvunt ot vettage- Lut not power. In ease of ac’, the Thor metor will sead RMB, value, imease of de ,the meter asill saad | ERMC DUTRUMENT (Btetvemagnet raring sot) \ mene t . © 7 Bis a gombimation of Pmme ¢ mz meters. inion 4 : (Ws nthe meter which & Having two seils. $0 tu 4 both - soiled dynamometer type- Sp De main woking tudmeiqle a mudual bebaction. ing H tevmimals. > this te he crete1 $0 tte My Mutual Industameer Ly > self, Inductance, PRE La. fe, Inductance of Mee, —-< H woumt is high , apsings will get damaged. Trordex to aveid that ~ the ewoumt entering 4s ate tobe pudueed. But > foodured neducet. Inoudet to produce amore lun , the mruumbex of turns’ in fixed cat! shoutd be inowared. ' fn Emme iwt, the cwount has to produce both magnelic field amd torque.fetien Pee Diet) coed ole U0) 3 Pe Mt>T = 127 4). " saney a p'? (4), Leg = Ly +494. oo v ae ee 2 ( +t, +2M), ! Whenever bath Ady inductance ard mutual induct mote pradominamt eect sil be frm ~neie Sat thanfoviner. {Wathen is alto” tated as tamer inuadese! ‘as the chenation of Juamiorme taker place m wattmeter, as sealimeler is, elusluadignasmd type. ; — 3S, In emme, mutual imductanee is more udominant tembarad fo” sey. inductames, 2 Y= $t (an). 8 pring ceanteol is asd Te=Ko.___@ At Ateadystale, oa Were , , a. eke : Kee = ade di a Seftection. ee Qrameter “ ve, ” ap~asual indetane LS 2" | ———> Seate is nen-tinean. mand Gera y™ aa vottmeier, = Dod As = Tide, Q-a2, a. 2 —> cvorent at Y = My, sinvt- feed coil Ty Py Antu 8), Ty ewount though roving ceil Ta: fm Ing. Aimwt. aim list >), a dest). ar el Dmitms Ai imuat - at ; Ta ogg eu Toe. a fasinue ain or) dust), 2 a PTA ST Dy cosh ais @ 21/0, —> sums values Thorder to measure the fewer, the deflection torgue, thautd be because of power. TA = VLcosp ———_ © Compasding @ and ® @ a2 sewount arcougn fined eoit is equat to the ood ewuumt, aosd = coed thon Vand 2, dit should be made equal ty seme eletinical mamifutations Ham the doptection torue is fooduced due to power.Ta = Be ened A = (ED eeh le - ke dey ane sonata Tn genesal, tre frumune coll susitamce is von Less , trod to avoid the sow of high cwwumnt , 0 1a%¢ Of smistamce ahould be, connetied in tenia wlth the xwoumt sol surimante chould be wory diss amd toe foamune etl branch dusistance should Amsaaas d hem+ ge value | | 4 ss a cs Re HL, if onan of enowrection is tun , rulttance 2vill be igh ,PRemue geil winding should be uit thin 40Us. The pmame > EMNC™ Soli- Bn Bae, he ptnin wma s alma wry | Mince, plastic frame ured ay it is using airguiction damping. . morenial (Hoe is no ton ulated pee “ agiton). depen a | 83 ys The ondey uw is “ a i emmc om] athe orden of tempuratune evror ts 4 Emme > Mr zone. | | the ocdan of Fer emmumpin. ix 9 J | a pp S| Smet >. Pane. M Sel- : The ond of Akagi of am se 4p i ' Pag > ME > emmc..” oo aden Sf otey magmatic qed es eniac > ME >Ppmmc. * dhe onder of accwrey is a i - p~Mc > ME > EnMe , PMC ——> conduction Gai cae F 4 th : su bl' gow, on damping, ing Sed Panay Sol:— —3 - a 1B — 0-410 x Rig — 04x10 D> kin = 200n- . Lav V8Ka acre damian hare ele eae oe Jwistamce of 00.0. . &3 Pano. ay , Soli 9 ammeter O80: ea at Deta- > 20. w> ms 23 ain(3144) 6 (aa2)> a. > 92% ree = BAA. iw) ton . Sc vetkmetor- | _+—+-—>

a nad. ot ve © (Lmteitta a(axde mee oF BxS r = 5O-10 +40. eo Sop BMS sgt2 a aimb} > bine. 4 Amqo = as & > tint Abs) = 65> abe’. S10 Pae.AS . GE (o-a00)V anger vettmicten. S~ Aoonofy | cae Utlended ty (0-200) V."' TPD = Ve og nigtt ooo * SxlO A ele) Nr : ee Tesp (“5 i). = B00 R000 “) Sxiot 200 = 2-6Mo. Ro M2 vatimeter— Bm = 500.0. a Ly = Une , Ree = 8000.0 Xm = antlry. e-an(so)(r) 2 3lhete= 260 2500 = OIA: ey —_, amv. Jae = _ Vans RAL = a5 Tasco Ge =__a60 : v asit-6elq ce Ou) bw Ge = 0-104 pe. = 009A. . 5 (0.011) ———> 1 > Ay 61135 V- eae = anr(so) (0:6) = 188-4q Ke. 2004 x10" 9 245". Ty a5 Ss, ¥2 OL) bw =a Roe. = O+0as pe. Rse aso aos CPE ott (ac00)+ (186.49) 4504. 0156 1, > _ 500 =D = 00099 (600+ 8ee) + (18.na)” SOI IA = \] (asvos Ree) (rs8-uay> ~~ Ree = asto-cuna n. BUS, Kem Ogee Nom [depuee. rde, a a de Td = Ke0 = Te at steadytale - | = Ou xige Kus Ta = <= 18x10" Nemo te KN. es Nesp =8S0V M2 voltmeter. i} sth ita de br . Ree = akay at beach a 2 OB un/de. ° a he = 1 Non/deg. , Ke > 2 a ” te cthe pro = (as)’x Ore iv = ls. pollen eater into forsdoy house beumdory Pe NMA SES ‘ Compared rp slentuio amd omagnedie one | field Js mete dangerous. a < ; we sag, PEA tn fo a am the eonteainls a - te chhty coloumbs Lowe is Blot tn the chosge should be e sugion of eleeinic field of a a tharge which, a nr ieee i . gore when one che -fruunce of eliTiic dietd. mi we The Ais cleclaie, fiatd dimes allow spharizal +fstn pe te 4K GT Bs ik spherical Septem.= a > Awhen the Met tharges axe im aistion , je, distance is seen tts Layo is not valid, as ix dye the denenly Jaw> hus. 0 be applied imerdey 40 toleutate, the force. he ‘maim, yoorking fuimcifle of clectuostatic Wolkmeten ig aparitamse Cor) colambs tase.the eapivalentt 2incuit is: I BEN ig es * oO uhu AS ARN > charge, “depasited on tre plate is fuom 4 aeew dixeetty fiohoonal fo umkrsun a0: : vettage . ri i Aboays thane sill be. only altaction yorce behuean fas. vettage B the serpirrisible quastidly im tne, elechiortatie vettmeter. pe is the vettage comiyoued denice. Energy Diy ov indinaty cinta’ carlin ane met > Erexor available. 7 SA | | vetinge n [hy E Plecteostatic, vslimetens ante” dost suitable fee L emansurememt of vou Mghieotngh bn tne nage oe S00 KN. Aes Ate Megwwument the. pointer wilt net seme took pose ition Se cai : 5o fine dictarge the shanges a : edn capoctor: a . : the maim disadvantage. these ane highty cay mmater, which are dinctty owaiiatle in the amarket. af he Viedt = aeovdv +e v'de Hw yy @ white dune the dlectuical enengy diawn by the 2 “4 (otngl + aevav 4 + dev ws agloveglt fev F weer. . evdv ety ‘de —___@ . f tev to Areordimg to Law of tonewation Of energy » — O = O@ reetge ; > cu +vde 2 pdx toe eh vide er. This bs vde. se net I—> Non-Linear imsturmenta MEASUREMENT OF POWER it | Besar ——> Be Rayer ow ay a, an methods Vv ot UPR N > a powier —> Ry L025 * athe. oat She In VA meluod , volrneter connected ourre me ride | * and ammeler connected toad Aide. In A-V mettod , ammeter th amunetted Aource side amd vetemeler zonnected Load side, toe Abiinston ~ ormetor melved s: Meanuud power, Pan = Vo-ttmed ammelen 0 simi Suading. = (WurVe)eM > =MU + Vett = Wie + (tea)a. MTL + Ry 2, cous = Pe tka A L_, dos in ammeter. . F always Pm > Pe homer ce ce a 7 + Inthe Vow method , the oucor is always due to ammeter- ‘ # Gis method & best suitable, for high R doads amd tow Joads. ~ , tonne rameter, —yptineter muiied $=) tury a Meomarsd power, foe alg * “Rading 2 (4B) *VeE, “ DN + DML > ety +N. Rv_t IF Peewtp to ammeter. nd. howd T secu cee tre peneN ey A Mi Pre Pet Fee 3) L powertoss in voltmeter. * aduvays Pen > Pe - * Qn tne Ven metiod , the ono is always due to voHmeles * this ‘method is best Zuitinbie for tow R Séads amd tov high T toads. % In boty ane -metnods , Pin > Pe % Tn both the methods, the euisn due to alusays Load, tide of the intuument. The 20s whith ove connected in renies sith the Load are called cwount ile. Te sill eassey a gust toad uvsunt Ty as shown Both the wesils ane eannected in parauet, sothat two diffrent ewowrild suit ftoir Hneugh’ the cole Teg Tp respectively. / let us consider the toad is Lagging dood (ox) indudline dood i.e, T. tags Vi by amgte >,, Trerdet to measwte the ae spowien | jug Jip using “this net} i "poe have 13 eevaiden noo asvumpliens in tne meter. | Astmpion |= as he Aubhly vettage is equal To toad wettage, ines ythe Anehs in swoent roth neglected. Atumption & 2— ‘ frenure coll 1s ‘astuimed’ to be piirey’ amd Righty sesistive in matune . ee], Ms te Madied cartier wehem swale ane, ernging fo difount nouns selina Phase diggnence then-te | Aifeion sora ation os T4 = = TT, cos 4 4 We cosg ded. any 4 es in Ye VT cosh... > Td « AC power. Ennote in nod of hows“4 ths mete yee. ©, then -the vs Vph= Ne Exyo, due to fuumue gt imduetamee to @ Rantien wwe) asrvme the Pursure “Coit Js purely susisiiv in notune, dust im fracice it cannot be fusuly susistive bv sratune, Leis a tombimation of. bola Rp amd Xpy feo, So that we sult get tome overs . dw mentrement of hower, Thue overs ane tated Beret ducto Aremunre Prprunune cell impedance angle * Mp cos p = Be B % tee te _ ph 2VL- Say» Tale ae 1 yp asd Aho m Tw] =m He ome Ce-6) > Pro * Pra > Pe\ TH = TL Me cos coed plat oR. | e Pin X CF = Pel : Ces, ep = TEL 2 4 CF [Lene Coach teen neg Test of teling toad t= 4 on = Nu cosh Ard . a Tage at >f = TL Me eos j a > Pn- oe * (o+P) oe a eT Me cosP cos(g+P) det. > Py. RpYe Pro x CE PES © ors fe = _ cosh __ Fro cosh (cos (+P) . GF >I x —oese Corp ~coS Ch BY Lever = Pm -Pe x00. re ' ‘s ($=1) 0. heave — (Se -1) x 100 Pan 7% ev = — (tand Tamp) x loo he wvier due To frssure toll inductance sambe Soduread by tonnodling a -tabacitor atsiott iRp insuth a way that the saparitive Fusthamee | amcetled out boy inductive. suattamce of the pause LoLa Based on toi! connections we -haye hoo 4ypes of 1 oalkmebers + @ M0 short watimeter. © L-c short wattmeter.. Th Mc shou ammeter , Pro = PL + DeRee . atic ales @® premete coil connected below’ @ pe senneered apron Oo ee, © ed jute tee a Now metiod” © ge ts jute dike a a e due to cwoent coil © Cot due to jrumure coil —— Pn = PE + Ty Ree - fn = Pe tM : 5 pe Ta= 01% coils.) du, WaT Te cos( | Tee.$ tye) dn. Se p= Ty Mp cos((em a. $e& P= (T+) 9p (cos (LEH) A. Tn LC short, ce weaning sre cupunt , 40 mee fun. ‘a produced. $0 1c short usatimeter gives onore reading Tnorden Jo obtain she suaading A M-c Ahort in Le shor, then compentating asinding has to be connected duwrs CC auth that it gasiers Tp cwount Yo thar eT fae becomes Chi tbody) =d.» dhe meters available in Jab ane aincompentated. -V method. asa metor 6 4 either wadlmedorsupren O6 a-V mesnod. exuste £01! M-c short connection is the best tonnection gor wattmete Npenerally anne are duo tyfes of wattmetens fey LPF .amd upp. Th Lee wattmeten, the power Jactor is tour, 40 the deflecting Asrque punduced ig also tow as TA x cosh. But imordix cto improve the daftecting torque , the founune Coil Suristomnte “has to be decreased; as We eM a cmp » a So prumune soil surirtance should be anone im ure rompoud to tre. Prorden to kmow which mater is Lee. amd which is upe, them swe have. to mmentuse the Keiirtanee amd .compane. (using onustimeten) Memusement of fobhnate bauer (Nb power), nis thusromn is sappoced tuy “Blendats’ Aeesrding to the Mondads ttuoram, the murmben os awoltmetons to be suzyixad to measure Ti-phare power ether “No Wo’ ie daperds on t0i{ eonnections- When Mpoost, aula time auallable in the system then 79 oF watlmeros required to measure power is N- hen 2hFoe de Wy ena = Toh Wt = V3 Vpn duster one dime adi as exrmmen time] seburm path, trem -0.0f- doatmeters suguined is Unt-1). Mepiestement of 2-9 powen 3, : Ny. sant Peas Meawurement of 3-4 power, Me 2 ee | ei ea Wy = Ep [wore Wo = oe h or) WB fy cong.das lal ip See TN, provided » Ram 10.66 1 = Tph (V3Npn) ces (Bo-p). Wt = VB Vpn Dp Co8 (305 lw? We VE DL cos (B05), te Ri Get) ty = to Yag cvs «(tistt). ‘Wa, = Dph (WB Vph) cos (3044). Wie VBVipn Ppn'€05(3020)| ey gor y= Mv, T, cos(3or). | toad. Total power did. er WW F . Pow. Wr = i vi5 cos( i 6 Vis). ia mile a : 2M tty. via V5 ead vs oO p= Gt (cos(30-b) + cos(so40))- p GV (acoso cosh). PefSVi Er Coed. r P= 3Vpn 2ph cat | > Jotod active poweroflesasement of 38 pantie pouet by wing avatimeter method Uo, -wi2} © 1-2 = 8 vph tpn (cog Carp) — cos (3044). 1-95 ~ Vi vpn pn (axinso sinh) | aE 3-4 he W110, > VB Vph Dp sing, : : we, ' 3 fir B (ors) = 3 vph ph sind. a VE (WiWa)e Q. peas Total 3h ruattive poser is given by, Biv) aw | N— Ee ©) for Lead toad . “Meat: ae > tanh ~ Glows) Sie z fe eee (+ Wx) . = tain! (Blows | , u ‘C caress fae a "ys Ze cosh = eos (ta al (yi lores" (wna) J piece WaH95) fatter ty the . toad. @® ineate of susisietive toad, the two section oe sre sanding [Caer bot Jeo (ore send]. 4} iF Means of 4 pawn ty sing 3 wltncen tied 22, A-waltmetey method is the best method for the , a mammunemone of 3) astine power compared to 3-wattmelr method Aimee ovr com be minimized. | Pry =) +Wy +d] le fea eePy = 8¥pn Spn cosh ee Ave ead. Ps 7 ~ 8 Comnude a. mS hate 3—p @ AG 3 ey ee N ty Memurcrent of Bob nenctive: pow, seting Lostencter ce ® > Bryn tpn 4 Go is | => ph ten abgp je GO, => 3Vph Tph sind. i Nos v 2pm (Vsvpn) 3p seactive- weak. 6a 6 eee tes (10-4) 2.3 Upp find, Lisp tre sind. We i Lavathneler ametod iis Let metrod for mearunement ca d=) saatiive power sempared 40 &-wattmeton emetnod Ainte eum cam’ be minimised .Monrgoctuwrn wit not do Mec shot because if it x ahorted bydaouse, them the waitmerer acamnot be wed % det ab sunctive power amearuriment: Im bwattmerer A : ; er og) method . e . a x : w= VET cos(30-4) ~ We SVT cos (3049p). ° : . For 0-5! jo a nents . oye bate Zz (ee 1 aankty i=l tha 3-> , swine aystem avshetnen tt is balameed’ ev om suntalanced toad, & wallmeted min. are Supine to measre powen. - ; BP swine ah y-wire = Balanced a A. : le sunbdlameed a io YE the mactamee of pre et ofa dynartarmarer the ‘ awatimetey BY, of sesistamce. Then find the 7 emer in the wathneter at a load of 0.5 Lap. Seog st- cosp= BR ee tL % Ve. frit = 0979, |we ds Gee cosh tb + 20.4 . cosh Co (-F) : ies used : @ Ge (& ~)ate0 = bbeasy, nerer ; er) % error = (Tamé TamB) x00 ~ (basa x00) xo =+h93a%, For 0-5 lead , Lerwcot = —btbo7, CF = (erm J): 1.366. A OA eleetuo er type twattmeter has a toil Suristamees of 0-01.02 amd las Kn suspectively . Find the h oar im Leth the connections if the Load takes a toad twount of HA ata toad yottage of AEDV wulth UF -2 got TL eue 5 Verasov. Reg SOL 5 Rpex loka. ler ‘i : re weer = Th Ree = (Hoof = ote. : ng on = VE/Rpe > ast flaskn = & Ve neads Oy = eres Pe =ViEr cosh © asoxyxl = woow. Me Pe = WOOTONG =(000.16W). Lever= 0-016% sire = le fm = l0oo+5 = tooSw enor = o5f RulS_pgno.as es a Bolt Rog = OL 4 Rpe =1000-n. Pr -VeRp = G00W. Tr = on 1h emer VL = Bov. . Coming = %2Roe = (a0) Cool) = Ho. fan = boy W- Yo = 0-6647.Lk ure coxd 2 we 204 a wosp. ces (9- B) 0.944% ove ~ OMY cussed @ y ea Lerrrs (te yte0 2 bac y, ere . er) 7 Grrot = (Tam TamB) ¥ 100 _ ~ (besa x ou) x0 =+h99a% For 0:5 tead , Lercot = — F307 OF = (ermrs 5! = 1366. |Egic A 10 elettwodynamometer type «wattmeter has a t0il . suristamees of 0-01.02. amd [as Kn Juspectively . Find the ‘ % weer in koth the connections if tne toad takes a toad twount of 4A at a Load yettage Of QSDV awivn UPF : Sot- Treuk 4 VU =aepve : . : Rea - 0-01. 5 Rpe= lASKA. > a : Me | weer = TL Ree (a)%o.01 = ote. ; Le uur > V/kpe =atJiasna = 5 heads — 5 Pe =VGp cos = asoxuxt = 10000. Mc Pm = WOOTONG = O00.16W. LevoT= 0.016% vine. a le fm = lW00+5 = looSw “Xemor= 05% BulS_pqno.as pe : Golt- Ree = OWI 4 Rpe =(000.n.. Pt =VLDp = 6000. Tr = aon. 2 hewmen 7 Vu = Sov. 2 Eming = 7Ree = (a0) (0.01) 24 - —= Pan = 604 - re He) Yow = 066647.Bowrre = V[Rpe = (30) f0o = 04> a fin = 600-10 - Lest = 015% oo high- ate I was we 3 load it inductive , coed = cos( tan! (¥( Sete.) = cot (tal (8 (8 = O-U46 bog - fonnettion eo ane Lame in both tases, tar ove — -l0K2- ae aoo* — OI (a0) > wx (ato. Phe“: a MEASURE M EN Ae ~ SIEEASNGW OF SHENG S14 Brogan ee 7 “ & = Sopocsen) ae » Energy motel

dine.Gay, tq ——y Bay emp . : Gay Sha —y Ady nnd (Aaponding om stamina» 1 > (bndustad ems) Jhures Aluminium dine 38 AVA. susiskive amd\% raductve. ar Be hy oe pee bend rage Ba, Unking aith & and Da bimkimg swig. tut amd net produce amy dorque o4 the angle blo cunt quis almost 10 , 40 cost’ =o. ff Bo, Hmking. sla Ts amd dy Linking ii Tar fouduces torque. dhe +0 torques ane not yal 50 | oF Taye by Da, con( [0 8242), Qa = ota co (| b.6-f4r), Edy = owed. — Edi = : - [ears wdon, da = Bia. lea Shey Tai = “Eda = ~n des.) fan does {ear Ea Eat 2 Ws i a7 8 ph epunin ” Unductive. Lal ant amd Loita Id) al , 40 eat=rdde 5. eda < Eat = $e(4m sine) Ft = dry: eotwt «10 Ta > bm, cont «0 = c “T= by Tap c6s C204 pret) BA + (4p. sinGor-#) bdo at Fay = Edn '= ding. costust P00 Tda = Oma cos (orp) = Tae. = bsTay cos (20-PAst) Ta = Th ~Taa » 7 Suiving a} Ta & O10. aimP |, ase’ depends om dive, . Ao wse =|, te puaparie energy meter, = Ahumt coin. t ' T P dad» $1, ; : HH booting magnet 2 A re ruse ae! ‘ ct [tte d tres th Tt oe o> 7 von a eh Pl daw ° \ = mh ; eevee empIm Energy men cunt is the resporuible: meter! * the sells which axe . Trordor to measene tne enongy ay suing this meter we have fo domsiden yoo axsurmplions. 2 he. Bulb woteage eqpal “to toad vatragy Meine Fane neglestdd: Deumbiion & 1 Shunt 80. a uegj Aopv 5 yo 8s "tee we oe Gol oe Vec = doov. my we Booxy x 08 (36864), } 9 a 5 Sv, = byow. . ' aa Sel Ke Yoo sev fkwh- N = Klpower)! : Ve Quov. 3 -3 = Yoo (ayo xl0x0.8) X10 x | T= tor ¢ . ? as woth = og lag. = iad saboludiens Cperhowr). Soli. fe = 1&8 apm. " Sol-- Ns830V 2 Dawa 7 en Ninapm = 4/3 = B0-Apm- e yur oF watt fated V- nm iw casg =. : fax R= [800 perf riote. 7 .‘no. of souolutions, 2 Kx power D a made by the, Aton 230 veto nio%e | @ ie = dean: a = MS Apm. eur at hat, Load is Me, oD = = 136043, cusstomen , Pa 43h oa Beou y —(ox}- Ou, stow. neters have 7 (Bel = MBC 8 pene kash: tooo 60 Fc] = - 40. : Clq AR, > ARG = 0.08 uohe. Lemor, = 00S 0089S 2 — 13.0437 02-0845 ~ 2 BOW “ew Mee por ney i ae Meo X kw = Aeufpy. > oo x tw 2 5 /A5/st09 - Se2beo kup = _5*3600 95%1a00 = O2kW )iePxrm : = 2000 + as Perko). Solt- faug = Vama Lama-Cos , Niatimeter always reads auenage pour, Just the Olp shown as ums power, inorder to ebtain this, the ' entine Acale is muttiAlied swith dom factor. Vib = Epsinwt + 6, Ain (swt) amd iW) = Ty sintot - )) + Ts sin(awt -43) + Ty sin(so), °. fag = Pees Al } Faug = Pr+ fy5 es y Pe eye oh FE Bent “ oe 7 Pe fan cosh) + EnTs cee 3 MEASUREMENT. OF PowER FACTOR :t— se Metnods 4o measure pt 19 Pa teas ose, Ta: Ce tn B(04-W) The, > = cos {tail cry wot [tat (IS sin hinder > 7 Apramaneti kjpe- p.l-metwr. aeaks 2 yr Ferny oo Ph M1, , moactamt Vw sh | Pe =Venveess, e mauing 22 ia apsitted Wolo oo bots omnnolng colle and med. themed is anunced to punchy susintive, EP u akumed to be fusely inductive. dhe me lWlith suforente axis the meh is making an angle.0., in apa, gat ee me 8 Amigo angie dotb- Let us tensider tie Load is Lagging Sed ees i Leys Vy am angle $. Si Tee eq Emme.) a ay oh ty es(l84%) de fe inductomes tr MCAlots), were se ofmetwr. do tee, De mutual nb MCh Te > hte cos C404 EEL mate, chomge of mst inductance wert Med. . di Bo Rte Aine Si @ [Henan tse | A gt tt Man. 3in6 - Ua = Teta cord (Man sine)-6) =O %, colo) ty ' 1s , Chan Ain qo+e), @. We have Yo. duign Pof miloy im auch a say shat the, a > swistamce, of the rmauing wait & is eae eee soattamnte, te mening ail B. Ra = Xb. dn > t bole aa = Te cosh tino = cos (qo-¥) 4m Co4e) cosh xine = Aimp-cose’- Jan’ ~ dard, o=$.) ; Le, dlecticat vy. wethanica} ; a eros uw Soi- T=5R Ve Qaov- cosh = 1. ° . fe = Wide cot Pun = Vite sen (85-4) 2 Vet sim (ao-4) = 2R0xS x diMsS = anoxs bado = toas-aiy. eee Graot> Prof = oHdor cosh 2 0S Log dete: YW Pp 2 Qa0xsy sin (40-60) Pine Ra0xS tain (85-60) 2 BAO KS KOT “2 Yesingew. =. $50w. ad Beet = PnP a BCID we” SE doce Hoolaus 4 L:aao “joo Nee = yoo bad. Ws Tee -Wee + cot ([ Beet ye) = 4 xYyooy cos (-ayo+I20) Yor “Ne ee = 1600 x cot(-lac) = 800 W- ae . Ye 28 fol Vieyoov. PG nsucap we Te lor = NB (oo) (00) (ovee) tp coed = 0-866 Lag. = 6ovow. BWW, cond & cos (4a! ( 2 Borie) y). Wie n= We tesatlne| 24 {b0) = Cos Bi Uoi 2) “ De ce (tai! (Alarmed aroey )). VE (Wi-w2) oy (a+) a > 5 (wi-wo)3 = Wyre , B10, BW, = WTO a . aw, = Hr Wy = Awa w+, +6000 30g = b000 We 280000)m (BS -60)) as gole- Sol Azoy SA, SDH tok , UPE Loan. ke 360 rev/Kwh. Sd8ee —y ct sev. No- ef, jay = K x powerntine . H00 = VphTpn (0.8) iced i , KP = GB vph Bpn sind, sip = Vi (S00) x0.6 = $19-615 WAR Baengyy = ad kwh pour = V¥/q pet oat = a3 KWh- 2 (220) a aaxto® R =asn. Vas = goov. pe ook. ha34d kw. adSokee N= toov, We Vet ees(30-b) = loo xan o5 (30-60)? 1000.9 IS woaVete co G24). = ox ap. a (2046s) =0- es = HS ic ax We ue cos (ots6ad = -596.46e 0° Tey. yp Solr Ppa to.S RW &e-askw. P= tos-as= EKO: rh = cot ( tant (BUA=%)_ J). rho = 09348 - QS enee) ay Peuln-see- Solt- Ke ley a-see|aev. 14 I ~ ws. Ree ke ew | awh. BS few] x29 3 to dev | uio-tee- 144% ASD 10°x 3600 TUR aD = 1009 92 [kwh Menge we MEASURE Ww ARE YW) low 9» (re 8) Mediu, Ca- 18) Hip ou (R>MEacuRemMenT of RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE , CAPACITANC CCIE POLL 50}? woow | MEASUREMENT OF ResisTANCE t= @ ARR RAEN wee) =o © tous swristamees’ —y, asrmatune wdg, 5 terminal (R< 19). Biode 68, Cempemation rade, wT 08 (antsta) pg ; , ku “$ee- fowoh - @) Medi ante > shunt fal ly > actos (2—t00K.0) P.M side wire , ae B) High suristamce —+ ay, — 7 ee (R>look.n) Biode RB, 7 ob-amp tp’ resistance, \ Gnisn T>Hh7G.. €) 762. - She tonduction eueunt and dinplacement ewsurt in a cable ‘& i 40° att Hw them ahnoughor loa uxea Oe tor —> Kelnins double buidge. Medium ee bnidge- —> vaemethod or Av method. => subitidion method. |! > ohonmeterqe Get @ €C de PiQihY—> bridge, ausitors. eth : * frp rying KVL , under balanced condition y ™ s 7 Measunemev Pry — ply — axe 0. WHEATSTOW Ana : (OU -SP- My =0- > -1P +Lop + 2% eo HP = Lap +tx___@ ' -TR+hy+Ts=o ead y TQ =l2qy+ts ———®." Tae 0 (tH _ <2 Cam) InP & sabsttete@) im O6Q. yp = L Grae) ere. *3 pet on) a : TP = contre method. TQ= tf (pare) a + EB: * (a) +28 ——O 2 See tree X (pred att 8 (pat) ® sy Lf 6” q ~ie_s Phe pr +X (pee) = aes ow) , ob : x= Es + § sae | medion Atami thing & onion | Measwuement of, peers = Meawument © nadia —_— 6 % (part) = £ (q+ 8 (page) PF eee By using: keluins double bridge sue cam also Kelis £ sing £.oe Taj ttyl por amit: ehamge in surtstamce: Spc. Ae : Ge) 7 Ln : . && Muvaips’ we have to ure high Aentitive, detector. V-A METHOD it~ gS Pry —> aunknsurn medivem, suristamee AN Mt AN ne (Boo) =(Bm de : (Role renee for xoveor |, Bode. So Vermettoad 4k esr aultable dete the measurement Of “ ighen suexittamce. in the medium nango- or. Ube = Sethmetenn susdi ammeter. reoding - ow ; i rr Rey | + Rin < RE: Re Ve Gud due Io wottmetor, + foe rot), (emi V, 40 v method 's bert suitable forNoici— th bein tne methods theerot_due to always doadside, ape of, imaluxmont. SvestITUTPON METHOD ¢- awn’ aac) 1 ' e Qe . Rar Rey Ee Ta= : Rints whble mearusing Ty, the value $ has to be- shamged uit Ty 2), Sun wiknewn meristomce R=. By used to limit the wwumt fio \ ods the, D> tha. baste. ¢ to fruodure Measuram wegenuy the medium susisinuse sange & 12D fookn, oO doadside, “* Rm = too KO joka L—>Imin. aa Ge + dor Rm a1 ae “‘2— Iman. . i F atndike. olen meters, chimmeter has dacsaating scale. 5 Cie) Renee, Shrmeten is also dasicabty ammetor+ ). Uy high susistance is connetied, ohmineter cannot” mame os hatteny vettage is mst tufficiont to drive the swownt inthe drenit So ehmmeten wilt net work. amee and + Trorderto amearne” high sesivtance suing ohmumeten: the battery wo replaced sulin hand diven de generator inetd _ 4o produce high zuphly wettage. drum this meter is Meggan. | Measurement of high reistanee :~ | A Oe wereqana : wo. | vee RmeS. | \ a] WA i faunkmoun de oa bata oer By suplacing the, Latter aulin hand duiven goats shun suse tom menue high roittance , see hand driven qemuator produce vere voltage -tempaned tp Anattfory . | Dh Js euffitbere to duive tre ewan tn the einenityexeerowy UE OF owRRRE METHOD &- AGE METHOD to —_ 451 Sr v . Boge | © tangs OEY eee ae bev) meg Verlee, vt) v2 gttenc thee 7 . mee= v t= en) [** 5] ‘the Jew of change, method is eit tuitable Yor mentuement of (neulation susletance af the wcalles. ‘Dhe wattage im cable amd the tabatitamce axound tarde, suit be wed as VAC 30 19) brecer DERLsCTION METHOD I the dineet deptscion method is ert juitable fot ressunement of susntivity wba = vam’ a-m. ge RE. Sry method 4o measuse auistamte, a unit tubic arto he taken of the material. path, sunistamce€ , ° Pe RA pple . a taut ' Sea. ; L. : WS 7 Essay ) Consider amy two opposite wyaces’ ef-the tube , thee i . Pe . awill be tome sutt vem ithe two tunfates. dhe a between tivo warfares is Ayal to Susistvit UW) MEqa ol BRIDGE %- Ra ee a =r ee sistamee tec. P amd “ether halt sult “beretor. As‘? amd detector suststomces are 2 fer wrmatt , the insulation + sissittomee, sambe meqterted . nd Loble ae for aenit tubic,Measoremenr OF INDUCTANCE 2~ PRR AR ARR —> Marweils Inductance bsidg’e- > Manussitr Inductance “apatitamse badge Sy Hays baidge. 7 Owens bridge. ead > -Anduuorls buidge - INDUCTANCE BRIDGE 1— Ae SE ee i pK By aN , Paxwe Ls nae Under balamced ana, lec eee [ bor) i Be. she sondiions Ger ayn ot baidge halameo, ey dy -e2y 20%. chy [01+ 194 = [02 +193, As Ley = Rady. a > (Ry Heres) (Ru) = (Re Hts) CRs), Seer mee RyRy + july Ry = Rake rfidtaks. x - ~ ' In bo vaseiabites- By measure to potoree Maxweu= t2R3 i ee vty < Oo Laka Ry mot Ri Ry Th boln the emi, 8G La we wreemmon, so they are Vastialiles By wing mont inductance Luidge swe cannot measune qpatity fasten since tue tamnot bocisig. this boidge -to suronance tendition - = - 8 MAXWELLS INDUCTANCE CAPACITANCE BRIDGE ?~ DESDE TOT, An E3|93 por)By = Fabs 22 (Ri jeri) (Ry t&> ) ~ Ra Rs. Ru 1 Tee > (xjour) (Ve > RaRs (Re te) “GN > AS taht te oe Ry i y gow, « Whe , Aa) Re wie a ey AAsuld be high. Ghis is not feasible. So this bsidge is quikable te measure imductamee of dow Q- factor coils. eae HAYS BRIDGE i 6 ren Q&10 Bisa teHeRe Gere ——48 AS & a Nah= Ry 0 \s07 Cy oseidge is vere cols. 4-04 QKIO- Caen) (Runt. a) Roky (Rj) (wruey—f) = WRoRsey. CORR Cy JRE jw RyCy + wry) = WRIRay. = Ry tWY Ryly = 0+ ; ty= Bt Ry wy CyRy 1 peymy 7 [ew Pacey]. WRRYCY FUL, = WRoRSCy ,” Ly = Roky Cy — Rika Cy « ai Li + (wo™Ly cy Ry) Ru Co = RaRaly. Le Cttw REG) = RoRsly 1 2 Ra Reta ewer | loci ey (B2R8CH Rye 2 CheH (Rete Re Ray Ry cy | Ve RP Ge Quality Yactor coon ge leepishy As Qe lt, Ao Ans metiod wed Yo meaunte imductam cy - of. high a gation coils ive, Q710-OWEN's BRIDGE + yw used. this & the only Duidge ushesie two, capacitors aver €. = | Aieeeavegeet tna cee, wey, + : we bie Rors Rr Rg a Pa ae uy = Roy ty. Rye Baty . oe = Wl 2 w le Quality ater a= Sa wo (88650), 6 BH Q = wRa lg Qx or. . ANDERSU (8-4) (Se - -1Rs, oo. ro) af Sata =~ {fete = Rg os eats SN NR, [Sata ope (or) Susipalion decker. at Rw > (8-34 > (Riks Mensure~ WEINS B.. a $:1h o Befoctor Tamd = WER @ a Tand = 0 (SEC) ote ora ca a pie ~ (ete )es Saft — Sg) e Liat we Rt io he se RRA yaass ' . ~ oA rma an [eascics eR * z 7 we ‘ MEASUREMENT oF FREQUENCY 3— Aan CAEN > WEINS BRIDGE 3= > AAR Va} 29-2 2 eel : | am ]Ryracica | Ye ~.€ Capaxitor G=0. #oss angle.Ry = Raks * Ry ao = Fx 2006 = = 3t5.0 V, = V2 20s (tooot) V - Va = & ¢9s ( woot +45") Nd 20 R elooon. tx = RaRaty #80 xAb00 x b.06xi0* $5 mit Ba =Raee eee Se ig ma Cabarioc xio® Bav. oo won, BE Rp eRe eRy aR Ru o REAR TR + Dyke = Tp Rut Poky-Vae- Te (Ry +Ra) = VtE- he iE Ta LER+V QReaR th > <—ths A ee v aR 7q * * eta Eby to cos By toe and - 3 2 Ae Ge. oty. BH is moywsel Indurramce Caparitance bnidge. Burk, = VEE, Bi ARTDR = VEE. Dh Vee ART AR = Rg ar 2 (R+ar). = a a) Cee REAR = ER e-av ok AR = ER e-av AR = AVR, e-av EeRE]X- lane : ge Ras Ry = Wx5oD lok = 2.0. Le RoR = IK x 500% loo xia! = Sx nie! = som.Qs Sony, Rg = 0.5 12 mares 7 @io “Kew Ra -okn ee f,- 2. BRE ERG Gre OsSxI0’ + 10x10" HH Rin + loxio> Rin= Oh Mn. at Soli- prikn, REtka, SSK , G= 1000. = 7 umy 14 «a. q HIB GUA. q Boxee © Ga - >) i — e000 fol Re Fem eri. aux? (Bbq ere > ~ — too - : Shoe 2 Le ala Rae Tes gr Se. & Ree Ne Q = AAR + ABE. Rh an Rintloo = ve Vine prIeeA 4 Ry eRaca loo. - aymy Ca. : 13-6 {0° 2 Ha Rey = (66K RD Rey = Rs 5 Hn Bette. a : Wout = WR 4 Aw)lse) “ 2 . ea Ui) 7 831-369 - UK)A y WHR @ Qe hasan.=) ye) cama Su ore atiak. as 2, be go. ymv 13-4 xi0" hoy boykn. ep (se) CepHtse) gio “Kelutmls deutie, bridge , & Re_T . 60 - oo cin(Yir) Cin (Asojqn) — Goox Am (2Mlay = 190-028 x10) 2. alg - : : | | gale Schoring tetge, Ry = FED Tan § = wCHRYy : e. Cy = Osta = ax(sv) (o-lys xio®) Ca = 5OOPR- (92.6) Rg = 3002: 5 ons RreRacy gy = SRY a 3 Paty 2 BOOK XINS 300 2 lat prs lt gg? 2. ootty. 8 = loon G = Spr.33 = 8.854 %10' x Bax Bry xh : 7 3 x1De -_ Cae 2 8s.WS PRs Ry = Like —— by C x = Gi8-1ysx woo tan = aml) Coy) yt 50 (4262-4) te Basic Pc eee mses Cy = Rita Rsxi ey Ry a ts) (4) 4262-4) PouTenTiomE TERS @ He isa comparison metrod- By using potentiometers ve cam measure ‘wry Lou “eltages aceunately. PotenKometrer tomes unden tomparcison tmetrod (or) “uit dattecsion “method. BASIC POTENTTOMETER :- AN RR - tusvunt. E rt a00s Consider Tyg >1oma - lomaxR = boise to make. ¢ dijtection 200. Re rose toma o-86n. - = lol-Bser. ‘the, punpote qelvamemeter, Ato etseheck wheiren omar svotking ewount ib Jowing omer. this process ds cated ste! ‘Standardization’.% Therdet to mearute the sudo, Aur vettage ; de implore { standard cell connect an uunknpum vettage, "any Ane sliding aconboer sunt qaivanometer haus Zoo = Joma 2200-7 aeoun = o-0tVlem. i Stide sine is made up of. platimuny gold silver, aileg amd. sliding contact ma tw- “gold lve abt. Dowwbatks t # As dengin of Atide wie: 4 very tong 4 the meter is not” compact % dex sarelution. ‘ CROMPTONS —PoTENTIOMETER 2 (Shidert” potentiometer), PARA ger bow Resot.’!sage, dev bowev 5 mm vbltage., Total R = lol-86.2 shaws Jr = loo + h8G 2 . / J L i 1 Qooun —y 10.9 skp smoot 1 —pbsen kmob nob. > soon ves to g => 34% -2un, Resolution R= & = mR : ow 7 toma % 10.2. =! d-0008 apoem 1 sven alley- INsreuMenT “Transrormers Oe EARS e Hamiormens which axe aued for the measwroment Of “high voltages amd high cusswrils ane tatled bnatusment” Aeaniformens. ; le Hantfounen, 4s meta measuring denice duct we are, ating jox “meatwement punpete, The secondaries b6kv/asov oD =K Sf or amd PT ane, on — ftov. ~" " eeninetted do the insteumentls. $6 og ee we = OT amd PT ate, coum Aalled bniteurment Hongermuns. Nseate xk k—-7 Tranformation soto RO nts wy 14 1 y= I wo) tp Tw Th i vy Ro SX 5 | [ (3) Tums outenstemendt Inbeurnent vuot we one On TTR ob = oc. 2, (Coste) = osinteed)O~< tHe) ap 0b = oatac SL wed Ty = Ig + Tpsin(ars)) ce on : Io is meglected , Jp e nay. LQ) Nominal Ratio (Kn took ) = OP faiomasy T | Ter. setondang F —> er. ® aoe Sees = pai tums _Pemed ess r Ateondany, Honstom phasor diagram , Tents + To tin(atd), oh. To tin lard Roa ~ nt Fein) tn Ty cos Card) NI + Lo sinCard ) Tame & Io cat (a+d) Ig ° dor aman values of ©, Tane so, oy To C08. (04S ee ” [a= sooner) |, "fe orale oot Ow Tocos(ard) gy nds BY. Lo cot (etd) igo Arima degrees. I'd neglected oe Tothte » Igy nds © ox Tp 1g0 degrees mts * nw 84 8e