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    D p beam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    161 views20 pages

    Deep Beams and Bracket Corbel

    Uploaded by

    Sabbir Hossain Roney
    D p beam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Design of Miscellaneous Structure 26.1. INTRODUCTION Following structural elements, commonly encountered is buildings, bridges. water - and other structures, need special care in analysis and design : 1. Deep beams Slender beams Concrete walls Corbels, brackets and nibs Grid or waffle slabs Beams curved in plan. In this chapter, we shall consider the analysis and design of the first four sx elements. 26.2. DEEP BEAMS Beams having large depths in comparison of its effective span are known as c= beams. Such beams are encountered in the following situations. (i) Foundation beams transferring concentrated column loads to the supporting (ii) Transfer girders or wall-beams at an intermediate floor level of a building “== some columns are required to be stopped. Such beams of depth equal to a storey bez transfer the loads of the stopped columns to the adjoining columns. AuRwN L (a) Shallow beam (v) Deep beam FIG. 26.1 (852) yp MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES sors sit nt ) Bunker walls or tank wally q a “i UNE as deep beam SUPPOFted on columns at th “AMS Supported on col Is at the or intermediate points, se of shallow beams, wi In the e have the basi r bending and hence the dis asic assumption tha june after bending and Hence the distribution of bending rio” hat lane sections remain pet 46.1 @. However in the case of ¢ 8 Stress across the depth is Jin ear alo “ne depth of the beam (Fig, 261 sd. Definition as per IS 456 : 2000, a beam shall be deemed 4 be ratio of the effective span (L) to the overall depth (D). ji (i) 2.0 for simply supported beams, and ‘ (i) 2.5 for a continuous beam. L= effective span of the beam supports or 1.15 times the D=over all depth of the beam. A deep beam complying with the requirements of 26.2.2 and 26.2.3 shall be deemed to satisfy the provision for shear. ep beams, there is non, inear distribution S, there is ea ' finear stress distribut deep beam when the Le. L/D tatio is less than + tal ae ken as centre to centre distance between clear span whichever is smaller 26.2.2. Lever arm As shown in Fig. 26.1 (6), the stress distribution along the depth of the beam is non-linear. Due to this, the lever arm between the compressive and tensile forces cannot be easily determined. Therefore, IS 456 : 2000 gives the following empirical expressions for lever arm (z): (a) For simply supported beams = 0.2 (L+ 2D), where 1< % <2 (26.1 a) or 2=06L when be 1 26.1 b) (b) For continuous beams L z=0.2(L+1.5D) — where 1s 525 L or z=05L where 5 00-0 No. of 16 mm 9 bars = 1540.5 /201.06 = 7.66 Hence provide 8 bars of 16 mm 9 bars, giving a total area A reinforcement has to be provided within a depth D' = 0.25 D - 0.05 670 mm from the bottom fibre of the beam. Provide these 8 bars in four layers, two bars in each layer. Each bar of tension reinforcement has to be emb: 0.8 x ou 5 __0-8 x 230_ 16-575 mm. This is achieved by extending each Par 4 tog 4 (1.6 x 0.8) into the support by maximum possible lengt along the width of the beam, thus giving an anchorage length much greal =8x 201.6 © 1608.5 mm’. This L = 0.25 x 4000 - 0.05 x 6600 with edded into the support by a length 0.8 Ly= th and then providing 90° bend which project ter than 575 mm. 856 LIME STAT: pny hi 2. Determination of side face reinforcement (a) Vertical reinforcement (Avy) 0.12 Ay =0.12% of gross-sectional area = Tab «1m length = 0.0012 x 300 x 1000 = 360 mm? Ag on each face = 360/2 = 180 mm’ ' 7. 1000 Ay Spacing of vertical reinforcement, 5, = : 1000 x 50.27 Using 8 mm @ bars, y= Oe =279.2 mm cle However, provide vertical reinforcement in the form of 8 mm @ bars @ 250 mm cle on each face, giving total Ay = 2 (1000 x 50.27/250) = 420 mm? per metre length of the beam. This spacing is less than 450 mm or 3 times the width of the beam, (b) Horizontal reinforcement (As) Am = 0.2% of gross-sectional area = oe xbx 1m depth = 0.002 x 300 x 1000 = 600 mm* Hence Ay, on each face = 600/2 = 300 mm* Bpewiog of 8 com to, 4 OM ts om 300 However, provide 8 mm @ bars horizontally at 150 mm c/c on each face, giving total area Ay, = 2 (1000 x 50.27/150) = 670.3 mm?. 3. Details of reinforcement : Shown in Fig. 26.2. 300 mm, es % Ay, (8mm 4 @ 250 mm o/c) Acn (8 mm @ @ 150 mm cic) 4000 mm —————>1 Ag, (8 ¢ @ 250) A,, (8 @ 250 mm ofc) Agn (8. @ 150) Pee a) 6000 mm: pees 8-16 mmo (2x 4)~ 16 mm 6 bars 600 FIG. 262 DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 457 Example ae | wie Design of continuous deep beam eam 35 mm deey > in Fle. 26.3, carries aif ae Gal min wide continuous over three spans, as shown “ i y dis m ervice using M_20 concrete and Fe are dae service load of 160 kN/m. Design the beam, 250 aie 160 kN/m fe—2800 ea —] FIG. 26.3. Solution : Given : 6 =250 mm ; D=350 mm 1. Effective span, lever arm and maximum moments Effective span, L = (5400 + 600) or (1.15 x 5400), which ever is smaller = 6000 mm L/D = 6000/3500 = 1.714 2=0.2(L+2D) for 1 Max. positive B.M., My =“ = 5g (OF = 272.8125 Nem 2 whe _ 181.875 (6)" _ 545.625. kN-m 12 12 Mn Max. negative B.M. 2. Positive moment reinforcement (Asp) : For Fe 415 steel, o,, = 230 N/mm’. Also, for M20-Fe 415 combination, t)q = 1.6 x 0.8 = 1.28 N/mm’ ZTLBIIS KIO pag 9 cy? 230 x 2600 Asip = os However, provide 6-10 mm = 471.2 mm’, within a depth the bottom fibre of the beam. g. bars = 456.2/78.54 = 5.81 2 bars in each layer) giving total A,,, 000 = 575 mm from No. of 10 mm bars in three layers (i.e. D' = 0.25 D - 0.05 L = 0.25 x 3500 — 0.05 x 61 858 IMSS SIATE Mayas These bars are to be embedded into the suppost for 4 minimum Jength of O86, 0.8 x 230 OB by oe thd | 4 (1.6 x 0.8) This embedment can be achieved by extending each bar into the support by maximus possible length and then providing 90° bend along the width of the beam, 3. Negative moment reinforcement (A,,) Mn _ 545,625 x 10° + = = __ = 912.4 mm A= Soa B30 x 2600 This negative reinforcement is to be provided in two zones : top zone of depth 0.2 p =0.2x3500=700 mm froin the top fibre of the beam and middle zone of 0.3 D=0.3 x 3500 = 1050 mm on either side of mid depth of the beam. x10 =359.4 mm 2 400 mm. Reinforcement in top zone = Agmi = 0.5 ( £ -0.5 Jam 6000 a 2 =0.5| SY 05 |. 912.42 554 o.s { 0 05 | 912.42 554 mm Reinforcement in the middle zone = Asny =Ayq ~ Ayn) = 912.4 ~ 554 = 358.4 mm?, Hence provide 8-10 mm @ bars (giving A,,, = 628.3 mm’) in the top zone in the form of 4-layers of 2 bars each. Also provide 8-8 mm @ bars (giving Aj) = 402.1 mm’) in the two middle zones, in the forms of 2 layers of 2 bars in cach middle zone, uniformly spaced. Each bar of negative moment reinforcement is to be embedded into the support for a minimum length of 0.8 Ly 400 mm, as done for positive moment reinforcement. 4. Side face reinforcement (@) Vertical reinforcement (Ay) A= 0.12% of gross-sectional area =o 1, lesser of the values calculated from (a) above and from (Hy/Ly +1) 06.9) we AN GED where K,= 0.045 in limit state method, but shall case, where K,=0.15 in limit state method. where be not less than Ky Vf in any 802 LIMIT STATE Design 26.4.4.4. Design of shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to V, - tay - t (0.8 Ly). The strength of shear reinforcement shall be calculated as per § 7.11, with A,, defined as below, Asy = pw (0.8 Ly) t +-(26.10) where py is determined as follows. (a) For walls where H,/L, <1, py shall be the lesser of the ratios of either the vertical reinforcement area or the horizontal reinforcement area to the cross-sectional area of the wall in the respective direction. (©) For walls where H,/Ly>1, py shall be the ratio of the horizontal reinforcement area to the cross-sectional area of the wall per vertical metre. 26.4.5. Minimum requirements for reinforcement in walls The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below : (@) the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to the gross area shall be (1) 0.0012 for the deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter, and with a characteristic strength of 415 N/mm? or greater (2) 0.0015 for other types of bars (3) 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mm in diameter. (®) Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall thickness, nor 450 mm. (©) The minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be. (1) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic strength of 415 N/mm? or greater. (2) 0.0025 for other types of bars. (3) 0.0020 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mm in diameter. (@ Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 mm. Note 1 : The minimum reinforcement may not always be sufficient to Provide adequate Tesistance to the effects of shrinkage and temperature. Note 2 : The above mentioned minimum vertical and horizontal reinforcements are the same as given in Table 26.1. 26.4.5.1. For walls having thickness more than 200 mm, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall ‘be provided in two grids, one Mear each face of the wall. 26.4.5.2. Vertical reinforcement need not be enclosed by transverse reinforcement as given for column, if the vertical reinforcement is not greater than 0.01 times the gross sectional area or where the vertical reinforcement is not required for compression. 26.5. CORBELS, BRACKETS AND NIBS 26.5.1. General A corbel (Fig. 26.5 a) is a short cantilever brought out of a R.C. column to support gantry girders, precast beams or steel trusses where some Space is required to accommodate DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 863 rain water gutter. In contrast to this, a nib is a continuous slab type bracket, brought out of R.C.C. wall, to support slab or any other prefabricated structural component all along its length (Fig. 26.5 b) P ay al é Dz0, d Dg +. it Nib Pewnnnnwnnn- }— RC.C. wall Corbel RC.C. column (a) Corbel (b) Nib FIG. 26.5. CORBEL AND NIB. Structurally, corbel is a short cantilever whose a,/d values is less than 1.0 and whose depth D, at the end face is not less than half the depth D, at the support. When this criterion is satisfied, the design of the corbel is governed mostly by shear. However, if a,>d, it is termed as a bracket which is designed for flexure and shear as per usual procedures. Results of laboratory tests show that when a,/d ratio is low, the load transfer to the support can be assumed to take place more by ‘strut’ action than by simple bending. Under these circumstances, ‘enhanced shear strength’ may be taken into account by increasing the design shear strength (t,) of concrete to 2dt,/a, provided that the design stress at the face of the support remains less than + es max. Thus, enhanced design shear strength ton tH (But not greater than te,max) ...(7.21) The depth of corbel at the face of the support is determined on the basis of this enhanced shear strength, 26.5.2, Analysis by ‘strut and tie’ system : Corbel action Fig. 26.6 shows a corbel having depth D, at the support, depth Dy at the end and subjected to a design vertical load P at a distance of a, from the column face. The external vertical force P is resisted by ‘strut action’, The corbel is in equilibrium under the action of horizontal force 7 in steel reinforcement and the inclined force F, from concrete compression, with a potential crack (ae) along the face of the supporting member. Fig. 26.6 (b) shows the simplified stress block as per BS 8110, with uniform compressive Stress of 0.4 fy in concrete ; the compressive force C acts at 0.45 x, from the extreme Compression fibre, where x, is the depth of N.A. The lever arm z= -0.45 x,. The forces 864 LIMIT STATE Desigy, (a) Forces in a corbel (b) Stress block as (6) Strain distribution per BS 8110 FIG. 26.6. ANALYSIS BY STRUT AND TIE SYSTEM T and F. can be calculated on the assumption that F. acts at a point distant 0.45 x, from the extreme compression fibre of concrete. From the triangle of forces, we have Tay Pe or T= P (a,/z) (26.11) and Feat? «-(26.12) The value of compressive force F, can be found from the strength of concrete, noting that the area perpendicular to the force F, over which the compression is built up is x cos B. Hence Fe=0.4 fa b (Xy cos B) A oa : : where cos B = ane eli) Also t=d-045 xy or x= 2.22 d-2) -- lit) Substituting the values of cos B and z in (D, we get F. = 0.889 fix b (d — 2) —% (26.13) ay +2’ Equating Eqs. 26.12 and 26.13, we get 0.889 fix bd 1-2 )ase= Peds 2) Putting [Salers (26.14) DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 865 This is quadratic equation in terms of z/d, the value of which can be found from its solution, for given value of m(=P,/0.889 fe bd) and n(=a,/d). Thus the value of lever arm z is known. Hence the value of x, and T can be computed. 26.5.3. Computation of area of tension steel The area of tension steel is computed by the relation. r Aa => «+(26.15) fs where f, is the stress in steel, corresponding to strain e, in steel either from stress strain curve or from Table 2.3. The strain e, in steel, corresponding to a maximum strain of 0.0035 in concrete is given by _ 0.0035 (d - x1) —— It is observed in most of the cases that the value of ¢, is very small and hence fe will also be small. Due to this reason, it is better to use mild steel bars in preference to HYSD bars. Also mild steel bars have the added advantage of ease with which they can be bent and welded. ‘Also, the value of x, should be less than x,,max- If not, compression steel of at least 0.1 percent should be provided to satisfy the limit conditions. Secondly the value of T should not be less than 0.5 P,. It there is any horizontal force (H) acting on the bearing, it should be added to 7, for computation of Ay. «.(26.16) es T+H fs 26.5.4. Computation of horizontal shear steel (Asx) Extensive tests have shown that premature diagonal tension failure will not occur in corbels if closed stirrups or ties parallel to main tensile steel is provided. The area Ay, of such steel should not be less than 0.5 Ay provided to resist 7. This shear reinforcement should be placed in the upper two-third effective depth of the corbel at the support, and should be properly anchored (see Fig. 26.7). 26.5.5. Provision of compression steel (Asc) Compression steel is not theoretically required. However the practice illustrated in SP 34 is (Fig. 26.7) is follows : 1. In the first arrangement, shown in Fig. 26.7 (a) for main bars greater than 16 mm @, the main tension bars at the front face of the corbel are welded to transverse bars, thus providing nominal compression steel to anchor the horizontal stirrups. 2. In the second arrangement, shown in Fig. 26.7 (6) for main bars of diameter equal to 16 mm @ or lesser, the main tension bars are bent back to form hoops to act as compression steel. Thus, Aya (26.15. a) LIMIT STATE DEsiGy 866 STHEYOO NI LNAWAOMOANITY JO STIVLAG “L9z “Old TIEYOD AO HLAIAN Wy ZONE OOO NVHL SSF IA LON GINOHS HOIIM JO VEYV “IVIOL ‘Sw NIVW JO VaYV JO St NVHL SSI1 3G LON GINOHS HOINM JO VEY “ILOL ‘Sy wu of <@ Od STIviad (@) ag uonoeg ‘ull apisut ssed 0} po|Gue | eBeioyoue uoissesduiog ‘sieq woissaidusoo 1811 x |] [| . ® Z 1 e Iv bbs omn * Free [Ho seneupiyy s@n00 SL'0 30 Jo WNUWIUIW B 6g 0} 12q Jo epISU! PUE do} jeqioo out ‘eBpe Buyeeg ueeMied eOurIsIC seou peoeid 2g 0} sdhuigs Wwin|Og ANA. SwIONIG VALX4 y VE NOISSIYAWO “€ Sava SUSNIL NIV *t uu 91 > @ HOA STIVIAG () ‘eBesoyoue uoisserdwog < "7 A, x c 8 3 , é 2 ag g 3 gS bees ® aA + AS seyeas6 st JEAEYPIYM S009 G0 40 “BIP 18g Jo u ‘wnuIURW e 29 0} Jeq Jo epsuI pue efpe Buea Ueemjeq eoueRIsiq: doy jequoo euy se0U peoeid @q 0) sdrusys uusnjoo OM, DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 867 26.5.6. Recommendations of IS 456 : 2000 1. General conditions A corbel is a short cantilever projection which supports a load bearing member and where : (a) The distance a, between the line of Teaction to the supported load and root of the corbel is less than d (the effective depth of the root of the corbel), and (b) the depth of the outer edge of the conta ct area of the supported load is not less than one-half of the depth at the root of the corbel. The depth of the corbel at the face of the support is determined on the basis of enhanced shear strength of concrete. 2. Design 2.1. Simplifying assumptions The concrete and reinforcement may be assumed to ac strut-and-tie system, with the following guide lines. (@) The magnitude of the resistance provided to horizontal force should be not less than one half of the design vertical load on the corbel, (6) compatibility of strains between the strut and tie at the corbel root should be ensured. tas elements of a simple It should be noted that the horizontal link requirement described in para 2.3 below will esure satisfactory serviceability performance. 2.2. Reinforcement anchorage At the front face of the corbel, the reinforcement should be anchored either by : (@) welding to a transverse bar of equal strength — in this case the bearing area of the load should stop short of the face of the support by a distance equal to the cover of the tie reinforcement, or : ©) bending back the bars to form a loop — in this case the bearing area of the load should not project beyond the straight portion of the bars forming the main tension reinforcement. 2.3. Shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement should be provided in the form of horizontal links distributed in the upper two-third of the effective depth of the root of the corbel; this reinforcement should be not less than one-half of the area of the main tension reinforcement and should be adequately anchored. 2.4, Additional horizontal force Additional reinforcement connected to the supported member should be provided to transmit this force in its entirety. . 26.5.7. Procedure for design of corbels The design of corbels is done in the following steps. 1. Fixation of dimensions of bearing plate 5 mensions In order that ultimate bearing pressure on concrete is not create ening anti : of the bearing plate or bearing area taking the following values 868 LIMIT STATE DESIGN (@) Bearing with no padding material i 0.4 fee (6) Bearing in cement mortar ; 0.6 fo (©) Bearing on steel plate cast into member > 0.8 fa (BS) 0.9 fer (IS) 2. Fixation of ‘dimensions of corbel : Fix the enhanced value of shear (t,.) a8 given by Eq. 7.21. To start with, assume t, mearer tO tc, max. Compute the effective depth of corbel at the root on the basis of vertical shear : d=—P | where tee Ste, mex Te b Hence Di=a+ 34 nominal cover. Round off this value of Dy. Compute the total depth at the face of the corbel : Dy20.5D, Check the dimension for ‘corbel action’ wherein the value of a,/d is less than 1.0. However, it is preferable to keep a,/d ratio less than 0.6. 3. Determination of z and x, Knowing b, d and a,, determine the value of z/d (and hence that of z), using Eq. 26.14 which is a quadratic equation. Knowing z, compute x, = 2.22 (d-2) and check that this is less than x, max- 4. Computation of tensile force T Compute r=>(%) (26.11) As per. BS Code, T should be taken at least equal to 0.5 P. 5. Computation of tensile steel (A,,) Compute 5 = 0.0035 ( os ) (26.16) Find stress f, in tensile steel either from the stress-strain curve for the steel reinforcement or from Table 2.3. Compute Aga \ & However, if there is any additional horizontal force (H) acting on the bearing plate, T+H compute A, = 7; fs The value of A, found above should neither be less than 0.004 bd nor more than 0.013 bd. If the value of Ag comes out.to be be. more than 0.013 bd, increase the depth (d) and redesign. 6. Computation of horizontal shear steel As = 0.5 Ast | | Provide’ these in the form of horizontal hoops in the upper two third part of the total depth of the corbel at the support. DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 7. Check for vertical shear Since the exact value of A, is known, find t, from Table 7.1. Compute enhanced shear stress ty from Eq. 7.21. Compute the actual shear stress (c,) at the section wat bd Check that Tw S Tee S te, max If ty comes ont to be greater than t., redesign the section by taking higher value of d. 8. Detailing reinforcement : Detail the reinforcement as in SP 34 and shown in Fig. 26.7. Example 26.3. Design of a Corbel A corbel, attached to a 250 mm x 250mm R.C.C. column, carries a factored load of 400 KN at a distance of 170 mm from the face of the column. Design the corbel using M 25 concrete. . Solution : Given P= P,=400 kN; a=175 mm Dimensions of bearing plate Let the length of plate= width of column =250 mm Using steel plate, bearing strength = 0.8 f, = 0.8 x 25=20 N/mm? per standard practice as given Width of plate = =80 mm However, since the corbel is an isolated member, increase the width to 90 mm. Hence provide 90 mm x 250mm plate. Computation of dimensions of corbel Length of corbel= width of column =250 mm. For M 25 concrete, te, max= 3.1 N/mm’, Hence take enhanced shear stress tce = 2.8 N/mm’, P_ _ 400 x 10° Tce. 2.8 x 250 D;=d+/2+ nominal cover. Providing 40 mm nominal cover and using 16 mm @ bars, D; = 571 + 16/2 + 40 = 6192 620 mm (say) = 571 mm Actual d= 620 - 16/2-40=572 mm Depth at the face, Dy20.5D;=310 mm. Provide Dy=320 mm. Available = 17 _ 9.297 <0,6, Hence strut action will be available d@ 572 3. Determination of z and x, ___400 x 10"__ 9.196 0.889 x 25 x 250 x 572 889 fa bd 870 LIMIT STATE Desicy a n a 0.297 Substituting in Eq. 26.14, we get 5 i. 0.297 (2 0.126 __ 297) | a ( ) ~ 0.126 + 0.297 (3)+ o:126 + 0.297 2 2/— £) + 0.0263 = 0 (2) -0702(2)+ The solution of the above gives ge 0.662 A z= 0.662 x 572 = 378.83 mm Also, Xu = 2.22 (d - 2) = 2.22 (572 - 378.83) = 429.2 mm For mild steel, Xu, max = 0.531 d = 0.531 x 572 = 303.7 mm Since x, >, max» adequate steel should be provided in compression also. However, the support steel for main reinforcement and horizontal shear steel can satisfy this condition. 4. Computation of tensile force (T) 7 e(2) sancti = N. However, Trin = 5 P = 3 x 400 x 10° = 200000 N. Hence adopt T= a N. 5. Computation of tensile steel (A,) d-xy 572 - 429.2 &5 = 0.0035 (42*)- 0.0035 ( a7. ) = 0.00116 Yield strain for mild steel = 0.87 f,/E; = 0.87 x 250/2 x 10° = 0,0010875 Hence the mild steel bars reach yield strain, . Stress in steel, fz = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250 = 217.5 N/mm? . T | 200000 Area of mild steel bar = ween= a mm? "i" ORTH DTS = 920 No. of 16 mm @ bars = 920/201.06 24.6 However, if Fe 415 bars are used, they do not reach minimum yield strain of 0.00144. ; f= &s Es = 0.00116 x 2 x 10° = 232 N/mm? tT 2 Area of HYSD bars=7 700000 = 862 mm? Number of 16 mm @ bar = 862/201.06 = 4.3 Hence, provide 5-16 mm 9 mild steel bars. Actual As = 5 x 201.06 = 1005.3 mm? 100 Ay _ 100 x 1005.3 bd ~ 250% 57 = 9-703 This is greater than 0.4% but lesser than 1.3 %. Hence OK. DESIGN OF MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 871 6. Computation of horizontal steel Ash = 0.5 As = 0.5 x 1005.3 & 503 mm’ Providing 10 mm 2-Igd link inks = 203 _ = ig 9 gd links, number of links 7x 78.54 3.2 Hence provide 4 links of 10 mm q mild steel bars, each two legged, in the upper two third depth. Spacing = z x 2 = 95.3. mm. 7. Check for vertical shear From Table 7-1, 1, (for 0.703% steel) 2 0.55 N/mm? 2d 2 x 572 = = = 2 Tries 0.55% 170 3.7 N/mm’ subject to a maximum equal to 1, , max = 3.1 N/mm? Hence tee = 3.1 N/mm’ Shear capacity of concrete = t,, bd = 3.1 x 250 x 572 x 107 >= 443.3 kN >400 kN Hence OK. 3 Actual shear stress, ty =— = 5 228 N/mm

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