Herbologia, Vol. 15, No.

2, 2015

DOI: 10.5644/Herb.15.2.01

ALIEN FLORA OF THE CITY OF MOSTAR

(BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

Semir Maslo
Lundåkerskola Gislaved Sweden E-mail:semmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract
In this paper, an attempt is made for the first time to present a com-
plete list of the alien vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar, Bosnia
and Herzegovina. A total of 152 plant taxa were collected, which equals
15.72% of the complete flora of Mostar. The most common families are
Asteraceae s.l. (18.54%), Poaceae (11.26%) and Fabaceae (9.93%), while
therophytes (59.60%) are the most abundant life form. According to the
naturalisation status, the most dominant are casual taxa (44.37%). Most
non-native taxa originate in the Americas (39.07%), followed by those that
originate in Asia (23.84%). Many of these species are herbaceous annuals,
many of which are regarded as weeds.
Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction
The city of Mostar is situated at an altitude of 40-70 m a.s.l., on
the banks of Neretva and Radobolja rivers, about 60 km distance from
the Adriatic Sea. The city presents the cultural, educational and economic
centres of South Bosnia and Herzegovina. The oldest written testament of
the existence of medieval Mostar dates back to the 15th century, prior to
the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. According to the 1991 census, the mu-
nicipality Mostar had 126,066 inhabitants while the city of Mostar itself
had 75,865 inhabitants.
Recently a list of vascular flora of the urban area of Mostar was pub-
lished by Maslo (2014b). On the relatively small surface of the city and its
surrounding area of ca 20 km2 (see Fig 1.) a total of 967 taxa of vascular
plants were recorded. Among them, 152 taxa can be classified as alien. In
this paper I analysed the non-native part of the vascular flora of the city of
Mostar.
Alien plants, also known as exotic, introduced, non-native, non-in-
digenous, are those taxa whose presence in a given area is due to inten-

Copyright © 2015 by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 S. Maslo

tional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there

without the help of people from an area in which they are native (Pyšek et
al, 2004). Literature information regarding alien flora of the city of Mostar
or in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole is scarce. Since the 1950s a few
works giving findings of alien flora from various areas in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina have been published (for references see Maslo, 2014a). There
are a few works which list individual findings of alien plant taxa from the
city of Mostar (Struschka, 1880; Murbeck, 1891; Pichler, 1898/9; Beck,
1903 -1927; Beck & Maly, 1950; Beck et al, 1967, 1974, 1983; Maly,
1908, 1935; Slavnić, 1960; Šilić, 1973; Šolić, 1974; Mišić, 1987; Šilić &
Abadžić, 2000; Petrović & Tabaković, 2003; Šoljan et al, 2003; Šoljan
& Muratović, 2004; Lasić et al, 2010; Jasprica et al, 2011; Petrović et al,
2011; Maslo, 2014b). This work contains the first complete list and analy-
sis of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.

Materials and methods

Field work on flora inventory was performed from the spring of
1996 to the end of 2015. Roughly 150 alien taxa of vascular plants were
collected during different seasons of the year and from various biotopes
within the city. Taxa in the research area present exclusively in culture
are not included in this study. The research covered only the central parts
of the Mostar valley (Fig. 1). The landscape of the study area has become
more fragmented due mostly to effects of continuous human disturbances.
Plant nomenclature follows Nikolić (2014). Nomenclature of some
taxa was adjusted according to the data-base GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
(2014). Family Asteraceae is considered in its broader sense (sensu lato).
In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic
order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, mode of
introduction, origin and first records were provided. The life-form catego-
ries follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pignatti (1982), Diklić (1984) and marked
with the standard abbreviations in the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamae-
phyta), G (Geophyta), H (Hemmicriptophyta), Hy (Hydrophyta), P (Phan-
erophyta) and T (Therophyta).
The terminology and definitions recommended by Richardson et al.
(2000), Pyšek et al. (2004), Boršić et al. (2008) and Mitić et al. (2008)
were used to establish the status of alien plants in the area of Mostar. All
taxa are classified into three categories depending on the degree of their
naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive taxa (NAT.)
and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.).

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 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Figure1. Location and boundaries of the researched area.

– CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants

that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do
not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introduc-
tions for their persistence.
– NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consist-
ently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct inter-
vention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to
adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or human-
made ecosystems.
– INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants
that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at con-
siderable distances from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread
over a large area.
– archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intention-
ally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.
– neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or uninten-
tionally after 1500 A.D.
Origin, i.e. type and time of immigration, was mainly accepted after
Pyšek et al. (2002). Modes in which species were introduced into the area
of Mostar are arranged according to Pyšek et al. (2012) and marked by
the following abbreviations: del – deliberate (by planting) and acc – ac-
cidental.

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 S. Maslo

Analysis of the alien flora

In this research, a total of 152 alien plant taxa from 113 genera and 50
families were recorded. The families with the highest number of taxa are:
Asteraceae (18.42%), Poaceae (11.18%) and Fabaceae (9.87%) (Tab.1).
The most abundant genera are Amaranthus (6 taxa), Alcea, Brassica, Er-
igeron, Euphorbia, Prunus and Solanum (three taxa) while the other gen-
era are represented with two taxa or only one taxon.

Table 1. The most abundant families in the alien flora

of the city of Mostar.
Families No.taxa % of total flora (151)
Asteraceae 28 18.42
Poaceae 17 11.18
Fabaceae 15 9.87
Brassicaceae 9 5.92
Amaranthaceae 6 3.95
Solanaceae 5 3.29

Analysis of life-forms shows the domination of therophytes with 90

taxa (59.21%), followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa (19.74%). The group
with the smallest number of taxa (5 or 3.29%) is chamaephytes (Fig. 2.).
An analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Mostar
(Tab. 2) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (60
taxa, 39.47%), among which most originated from Nort America (32 taxa).
Plants that orginate from Asia are also significantly represented (36 taxa,
23.68%).
According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are
casual plants (70 taxa, 46.05%), followed by naturalized plants (43 taxa,
28.29%). There were 39 taxa (25.66%) of invasive plants (Fig. 3.). Accord-
ing to their modes of introduction (Appendix 1.) deliberately introduced
plants predominate (80 of the taxa; 52.63%) over accidentally introduced
taxa (61 of the taxa; 40.13%). The fewest taxa were introduced in both
ways, deliberately and accidentally (11 taxa; 7.24%).

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 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Table 2. Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora

of the city of Mostar.
Geografic region/subregion No. of taxa %
AFRICA 6 3.95
AMERICA Central & South America 4 60 39.47
North America 32
North & South America 1
South America 23
ASIA Asia 5 36 23.68
Central Asia 3
East Asia 15
South-West Asia 7
West Asia 6
MEDITERRANEAN 27 17.76
PALEOTROPIC 2 1.32
UNKNOWN ORIGIN 21 13.82
TOTAL 152 100.00

Figure 2. Life form spectrum Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of

of the alien flora of the city of the alien flora of the city of Mostar.
Mostar.

5
 S. Maslo

Results and discussion

In Mostar region I identified 152 alien plants taxa belonging to 50
families. Few families are well represented: Asteraceae s.l. (28 taxa),
Poaceae (17 taxa), Fabaceae (15 taxa), Brassicaceae (9 taxa), Amaran-
thaceae (6 taxa), Solanaceae (5 taxa), Euphorbiaceae (4 taxa), Malvaceae
(4 taxa), Moraceae (4 taxa), Ranunculaceae (4 taxa), Rosaceae (4 taxa)
and Papaveraceae (3 taxa). The others families are represented by one or
two taxa (Tab.1).
The alien flora of Mostar consists of 84 neophytes (55.26%) and 68
archaeophytes (44.74%), see Appendix 1. Most alien plants from Mostar
came from America – 60 taxa (39.47%). Among these, about half of them
belong to North-American species with 32 taxa (21.05%). Asian species
follow those American, but at a distance, with 36 representatives (23.68%).
Alien plants originating from the Mediterranean rank third with 27 taxa
(17.76%). Other elements have a low representation.
The analyses of life forms revealed the dominance of therophytes
with 90 taxa (59.21%). They are followed by phanerophytes with 30 taxa
(19.74%), 20 being trees, 5 shrubs and 5 vines. Regarding the introduc-
tion, the most alien plants from Mostar were introduced deliberately as
horticultural or agricultural plants and they escaped in different types of
ecosystems (80 of the taxa; 52.63%). 61 taxa of alien plants (40.13%) were
introduced accidentally, as result of human activity, brought by animals,
water, wind, etc. The fewest taxa were introduced in both ways, deliberate
and accidental (11 taxa; 7.24%).
The analyses of naturalisation status reveal the most alien plants be-
come spontaneous only casually (70 taxa, 46.05%). These either escaped
from culture, or penetrate accidentally and they are not able to produce
new stable populations on long term, in the new conditions. 82 taxa from
the analyses of alien plants are naturalised, being able to reproduce and
to sustain populations without direct human intervention. Among them,
according to the definition of Richardson et al. (2000), 39 taxa can be con-
sidered as invasive plants: Abutilon theophrasti, Acer negundo, Ailanthus
altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Amorpha fru-
ticosa, Artemisia annua, Artemisia verlotiorum, Aster squamatus, Bidens
frondosa, Bidens subalternans, Broussonetia papyrifera, Chenopodium
ambrosioides, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis., Cuscuta campes-
tris, Datura stramonium, Duchesnea indica, Eleusine indica, Erigeron an-
nuus ssp. annuus, Euphorbia maculata, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga
ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Helianthus tuberosus, Lepidium virginicum,

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 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Pas-

palum paspalodes, Phytolacca americana, Pueraria thunbergiana, Rob-
inia pseudoacacia, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Sorghum halepense, Tagetes
minuta, Veronica persica, Xantthium spinosum and Xanthium strumarium
ssp. italicum.

Figure 5. The most invasive alien plants in the flora of the city of
Mostar.: a. Ailanthus altissima b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia c. Amorpha
fruticosa d. Artemisia annua e. Bidens subalternans f. Broussonetia
papyrifera g. Conyza canadensis h. Eleusine indica i. Pueraria lobata
(Photo: Semir Maslo).

7
 S. Maslo

Among the first invasive plants reported from the Mostar area are:
Abutilon theophrasti, Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus, Co-
nyza canadensis, Datura stramonium, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorghum
halepense and Xantthium spinosum. These species have been collected
over a century ago by Struschka (1880). The last records are: Acer ne-
gundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Aster squamatus, Bidens frondosa, Cuscuta
campestris, Duchesnea indica, Euphorbia prostrata, Galinsoga ciliata,
Oenothera biennis, Opuntia vulgaris and Pueraria thunbergiana (Maslo,
2014b).
If the most invasive alien plants are limited to the anthropic habitats,
some of them penetrare semi-natural or natural ecosystems often having a
negative impact. Among these, some seems to be very aggressive: Ailan-
thus altissima is present in all types of habitats in Mostar, but its favourite
environments are disturbed habitats, where, once established, it is difficult
to control, owing above all to its extensive rhizome system. Its tolerance
to drought and rocky conditions is such that tall vigorous trees can germi-
nate and develop out of cracks in the pavements, in roofs, or even in verti-
cal walls in the old part of the city. The species Ambrosia artemisifolia is
often in anthropic habitats, but even in dry grasslands and Mostar parks
and ruderal vegetation along Neretva River. Nearby residents however
are aware of its presence as well as its strong allergenic features. Amor-
pha fruticosa, another allergenic species is a real competitor for the native
plants of riverine shrubs along Neretva River. Artemisia annua grows on
anthropogenous habitats. It is much spread but without an evident impact
on native flora. Bidens subalternans is recorded for quite a number of lo-
cations on ruderal habitats, along roads, on building material waste heaps,
in gardens and in railway station areas. It has already spread over such a
wide area that it endangers cultivated species. Broussonetia papyrifera is
a fast growing deciduous tree that reproduces very efficiently, mainly by
producing shoots from its root system. It is an early successional species
that colonises wasteland, rapidly growing into large, dense thickets that
displace other vegetation.
Conyza canadensis is much spread creating areas of dangerous
weed. Eleusine indica is much spread but without an evident impact on
native flora. It was recorded on the lawns, in trampled habitats by the roads
and tree beds and pavements. Pueraria thunbergiana was recorded on the
embankments of the river Neretva. It was actively planted because it is fast
growing, for erosion control along the shores of the Jablaničko Lake. The
first finding of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the wild is from

8
 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

Mostar more than twenty years ago (Maslo, 2014b). It grew on the banks
of the Neretva River at the site Bunor, upstream of the Old bridge, where it
forms monospecific stands that displace other vegetation. Xanthium stru-
marium L. ssp. italicum is a widely distributed weed that commonly in-
vades agricultural sites and disturbed areas.

Conclusion
In the total of 152 taxa of alien plants which were the subject of this
research, 62 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of Mostar,
among which thirteen new neophytes for the flora of Bosnia and Herze-
govina were found: Buddleja davidii, Catalpa bignonioides, Commelina
communis, Duchesnea indica, Guizotia abyssinica., Impatiens balsamina,
Mirabilis jalapa, Oenothera erythrosepala, Opuntia vulgaris, Oxalis ar-
ticulata, Paspalum dilatatum, Pueraria lobata and Senecio inaequidens,
see Appendix 1.
Asteraceae (11.84%) and Poaceae (11.18%) were the most abun-
dant families. Most of the species were neophytes (55.26%). Due to the
scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004), 39
taxa (25.66%) were classified as invasive, 5 taxa (3.29%) as possibly inva-
sive and 108 taxa (71.05%) as non-invasive.
Major invaders were species such as Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia
artemisifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia annua, Bidens subalternans,
Broussonetia papyrifera, Conyza canadensis, Eleusine indica, Pueraria
thunbergiana and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum. Although some
taxa in this paper are classified as casual (Oenothera erythrosepala, Pas-
palum dilatatum, Senecio inaequidens) or naturalized non-invasive taxa
(Buddleja davidii and Euphorbia nutans), according to their behavior ob-
served in the investigated area, they can still be labeled as possibly inva-
sive. For the time being they do not show the ability of invasive expansion,
but this possibility cannot be excluded in the future.
In summary, the majority of the alien taxa occur in disturbed or man-
made habitats in the city, such as road sides, fallow lands and waste depos-
its and only a limited number settled natural habitat such as embankments
around the river Neretva.
Acknowledgements: I would like to thank to my colleague Jessica Andersson for helpful
comments on improving the English.

9
 S. Maslo

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Appendix 1 Alien flora of the City of Mostar

(If the author of the first record is not cited,
the species is quoted here for the first time)

Mode of introduction

1st record/author
Invasion status
No. of taxon

Life-form

History
Family

Origin
Taxon

1. Abutilon theophrasti Malvaceae T INV arc acc As-E STRUSCHKA 1880

Medik.
2. Acer negundo L. Aceraceae P INV neo del Am-C&N
3. Adonis aestivalis L. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
4. Adonis flammea Jacq. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898
5. Agrostemma githago L. Caryophyllaceae T NAT arc acc Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
6. Ailanthus altisima Simaroubaceae P INV neo del As-E STRUSCHKA 1880
(Mill.) Sw.
7. Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae P CAS neo del Paleotrop. JASPRICA et al 2011
Durazz.
8. Alcea biennis Winterl. Malvaceae H NAT neo del M PICHLER 1898
9. Alcea rosea L. Malvaceae H NAT arc del Unknown
10. Alcea setosa (Boiss.) Malvaceae H CAS neo del M
Alef.
11. Allium cepa L. Liliaceae G CAS arc del As-W STRUSCHKA 1880
12. Amaranthus albus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N
13. Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthaceae T CAS neo del Am-S
14. Amaranthus deflexsus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-S MURBECK 1891
15. Amaranthus Amaranthaceae T CAS neo acc Af-E PICHLER 1898
graecizans L.
16. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N PICHLER 1898
17. Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880
L.
18. Ambrosia artemisifolia Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N PETROVIĆ &
L. TABAKOVIĆ 2003
19. Amorpha fruticosa L. Fabaceae P INV neo acc Am-N
20. Anagalis arvensis L. Primulaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
21. Antirrhinum majus L. Scrophulariaceae T NAT arc del- M STRUSCHKA 1880
acc
22. Armoracia rusticana Brassicaceae G CAS arc del- Unknown
P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et acc
Scherb.
23. Artemisia annua L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc As-E LASIĆ et al 2010
24. Artemisia verlotiorum L. Asteraceae H INV neo acc As-E LASIĆ et al 2010
25. Arundo donax L. Poaceae G NAT arc acc As-C. STRUSCHKA 1880
26. Aster squamatus Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-C&S
(Spreng.) Heiron
27. Avena fatua L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc Unknown MURBECK 1891
28. Avena sativa L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown BECK 1903

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 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

29. Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Chenopodiaceae T CAS arc del Unknown

vulgaris
30. Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N
31. Bidens subalternans Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010
DC.
32. Brassica nigra (L.) Brassicaceae T CAS arc del Unknown PICHLER 1898
Koch
33. Brassica oleracea L. Brassicaceae Ch CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
34. Brassica rapa L.ssp. Brassicaceae T CAS arc del M PICHLER 1898
rapa
35. Bromus arvensis L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc M MURBECK 1891
36. Bromus secalinus L. Poaceae T NAT arc acc M MURBECK 1891
37. Broussonetia Moraceae P INV neo del As-E BECK 1916
papyrifera L`Herit ex
Vent.
38. Buddleja davidii Franch. Buddlejaceae P NAT neo del As-E
39. Calendula officinalis L. Asteraceae T CAS arc del Unknown
40. Canabis sativa L. Cannabaceae T NAT arc del As-C
41. Catalpa bignonioides Bignoniaceae P CAS neo del Am-N
Walter
42. Cercis siliquastrum L. Fabaceae P CAS arc del M BECK 1927
43. Chamomilla recutita Asteraceae T NAT arc del- As-W STRUSCHKA 1880
(L.) Rauschert acc
44. Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae T INV neo acc Am-T LASIĆ et al 2010
ambrosioides L.
45. Chrysanthemum Asteraceae T CAS arc acc M
coronarium L.
46. Chrysanthemum Asteraceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
segetum L.
47. Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae T CAS arc del Af-S
(Thunb.) Mansf
48. Commelina communis L. Commelinaceae G NAT neo del As-E
49. Consolida regalis Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
S.F.Gray
50. Conyza bonariensis Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-C LASIĆ et al 2010
(L.) Cronq.
51. Conyza canadensis (L.) Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880
Cronq.
52. Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae T CAS neo del Am-C STRUSCHKA 1880

53. Cupressus Cupressaceae P CAS arc del M STRUSCHKA 1880

sempervirens L.
54. Cuscuta campestris Cuscutaceae T INV neo acc Am-N
Yunker
55. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae T INV neo acc Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880
56. Duchesnea indica Rosaceae H INV neo acc As-E
(Andrews) Focke
57. Eleusine indica (L.) Poaceae T INV neo acc As MIŠIĆ 1987
Gaertn.
58. Erigeron annuus (L.) Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N LASIĆ et al 2010
Pers. ssp. annuus

13
 S. Maslo

59. Erigeron annuus Asteraceae T NAT neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 2011
(L.) Pers. ssp.
septentrionalis
(Fernald et Wiegand)
Wagenitz
60. Erigeron annuus (L.) Asteraceae T NAT neo acc Am-N
Pers. ssp. strigosus
(Mühlenb. ex Willd.)
Wagenitz
61. Eruca vesicaria (L.) Brassicaceae T CAS arc del M STRUSCHKA 1880
Cav. ssp. sativa (Mill.)
Thell
62. Eschscholzia Papaveraceae T CAS neo del Am-N
californica Chamisso
63. Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbiaceae T INV neo acc Am-N SLAVNIĆ 1960
64. Euphorbia nutans Lag Euphorbiaceae T NAT neo acc Am-N
65. Euphorbia prostrata Euphorbiaceae T INV neo acc Am-N
Aiton
66. Fallopia Polygonaceae P CAS neo del As-E JASPRICA et al 2011
baldschuanica (Regel)
J.Holub
67. Galinsoga ciliata Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S
(Raf.) S.F.Blake
68. Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011
Cav.
69. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fabaceae P CAS neo del Am-N
70. Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae T CAS neo del- Af-E
(L.f.) Cass. acc
71. Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880

72. Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae G INV neo del Am-N LASIĆ et al 2010
73. Hesperis matronalis Brassicaceae H NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898
L.ssp. matronalis
74. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
75. Hyacinthus orientalis L. Liliaceae G CAS arc del M
76. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae T CAS neo del As
77. Impatiens balfourii Balsaminaceae T CAS neo del As
Hooker f.
78. Ipomaea purpurea Convolvulaceae T CAS neo del Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011
Roth.
79. Iris germanica L. Iridaceae G NAT arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
80. Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae P CAS arc del As-SW
81. Lactuca sativa L. Asteraceae H CAS arc del Unknown
82. Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae P NAT arc del M
83. Lens culinaris Med. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Unknown
84. Lepidium virginicum L. Brassicaceae T INV neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 2011
85. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae T CAS arc del- As-W
acc
86. Maclura pomifera Moraceae P CAS neo del Am-N ŠOLIĆ, 1974
(Rafin.) C.K.
Schneider
87. Medicago arabica (L.) Fabaceae T NAT arc acc M
Huds.

14
 Alien flora of the city of Mostar

88. Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae H NAT arc acc Unknown JASPRICA et al 2011
ssp. sativa
89. Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae P CAS neo del As-E JASPRICA et al 2011
90. Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae G CAS neo del Am-T
91. Morus alba L. Moraceae P NAT arc del As-E STRUSCHKA 1880
92. Morus nigra L. Moraceae P CAS arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880
93. Oenothera biennis L. Onagraceae H INV neo del Am-N
94. Oenothera Onagraceae H CAS neo del Am-N
erythrosepala Borbás
95. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Cactaceae Ch INV neo del Am-N
96. Oxalis articulata Oxalidaceae G CAS neo del Am-S
Savigny
97. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxalidaceae H NAT neo acc Am-N JASPRICA et al 2011
98. Panicum miliaceum L. Poaceae T NAT arc del- As-C STRUSCHKA 1880
acc
99. Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
100. Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae T CAS arc del- As-SW
acc
101. Parthenocissus Vitaceae P INV neo del Am-N BECK 1923
quinquefolia (L.)
Planchon.
102. Parthenocissus Vitaceae P CAS neo del As-E BECK 1923
tricuspidata (Siebold
et Zucc.) Planchon
103. Paspalum dilatatum Poaceae T CAS neo acc Am-S
Poiret in Lam.
104. Paspalum paspalodes Poaceae G INV neo acc Am-N ŠILIĆ & ABADŽIĆ,
(Michx.) Scribn. 2000
105. Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae G CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
(Mill.) A. W. Hill
106. Petunia hybrida Vilm. Solanaceae T CAS neo del Am-S
107. Phalaris canariensis L. Poaceae T NAT neo acc Af
108. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Am-S JASPRICA et al 2011
109. Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae G INV neo del- Am-N SLAVNIĆ 1960
L. acc
110. Pisum sativum L. Fabaceae T CAS arc del Unknown
111. Platanus acerifolia Platanaceae P NAT neo del Unknown
(Aiton) Willd.
112. Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae P CAS arc del As
113. Portulaca grandiflora Portulacaceae T CAS neo del Am-S
Hooker
114. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae T NAT arc acc M MIŠIĆ 1987
115. Prunus cerasifera Rosaceae P NAT arc del As-W JASPRICA et al 2011
Ehrh.
116. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Rosaceae P NAT arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880
D.A.Webb
117. Prunus persica (L.) Rosaceae P CAS arc del As-E
Batsch
118. Pueraria thunbergiana Fabaceae P INV neo del As-E
Benth.
119. Punica granatum L Punicaceae P NAT arc del- As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880
acc

15
 S. Maslo

120. Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculaceae T NAT arc acc M PICHLER 1898

121. Raphanus sativus L. Brassicaceae T CAS arc del Unknown
122. Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae T CAS arc del- Paleotrop.
acc
123. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae P INV neo del Am-N STRUSCHKA 1880
124. Rudbeckia hirta L. Asteraceae H CAS neo del Am-N
125. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae Ch CAS arc del M
126. Secale cereale L. Poaceae T CAS arc del Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
127. Sedum sarmentosum Crassulaceae Ch CAS neo del As
Bunge
128. Senecio inaequidens DC. Asteraceae T CAS neo acc Af-S
129. Setaria italica (L.) P. Poaceae T CAS arc acc Unknown
Beauv.
130. Sinapis arvensis L. Brassicaceae T NAT arc del- Unknown STRUSCHKA 1880
acc
131. Solanum Solanaceae T INV neo acc Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010
elaeagnifolium Cav.
132. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880
133. Solanum tubersom L. Solanaceae G CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880
134. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Poaceae T CAS arc del Af STRUSCHKA 1880
Moench
135. Sorghum halepense Poaceae G INV arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
(L.) Pers.
136. Symphoricarpos albus Caprifoliaceae P CAS neo del Am-N
(L.) S.F.Blake
137. Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S MALY, 1935
138. Tagetes patula L. Asteraceae T CAS neo del Am-S LASIĆ et al 2010
139. Tanacetum parthenium Asteraceae T CAS arc del As-W
(L.) Sch.Bip.
140. Tradescantia Commelinaceae G CAS neo del Am-S
fluminensis Velloso
141. Trigonella foenum- Fabaceae T NAT arc acc As-SW BECK 1927
graecum L.
142. Triticum aestivum L. Poaceae T CAS arc del As-SW STRUSCHKA 1880
143. Tropaeolum majus L. Tropaeolaceae T CAS neo del Am-S
144. Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae T INV neo acc As -W MURBECK 1891
145. Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Fabaceae T NAT arc acc M MALY 1908
146. Vicia sativa L. ssp. Fabaceae T NAT arc acc M STRUSCHKA 1880
sativa
147. Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Ch CAS arc del M ŠOLIĆ, 1974
148. Wisteria sinensis Fabaceae P CAS neo del As-E ŠOLIĆ, 1974
(Sims) Sweet
149. Xantthium spinosum L. Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880
150. Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae T INV neo acc Am-N&S PICHLER 1898
L. ssp. italicum
(Moretti) D.Löve
151. Yucca gloriosa L. Agavaceae P CAS neo del Am-N
152. Zea mays L. Poaceae T CAS neo del Am-S STRUSCHKA 1880

16