TOPICS

 INTRODUCTION
 STRESSES IN THIN CYLINDRICAL SHEELS
HOOP STRESS(CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS)
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
 C (IN) D (OF) (A) TCS (DUE) (TO) IP
 C (IN) V (OF) (A) TCS (DUE) (TO) IP
 THIN SPHERICAL SHEELS
THIN CYLINDER
If the wall thickness is less than about 7% of the inner
diameter then the cylinder may be treated as a thin one.
Thin walled cylinders are used as boiler shells,pressure
tanks, pipes and in other low pressure pocessing
equipments.
Ingeneral three types of stresses are developed in pressure
cylinders viz.
Circumferential or Hoop stress, Longitudinal stress in
closed end cylinders and Radial stresses.
In a thin walled cylinder the circumferential
stresses may be assumed to be constant over the
wall thickness and stress in the radial direction
may be neglected for the analysis. Considering
the equilibrium of a cut out section the
circumferential stress and longitudinal stress can
be found.
1. Hoop or Circumferential Stress (σC) – This is directed along the
tangent to the circumference and tensile in nature. Thus, there
will be increase in diameter.

2. Longitudinal Stress (σL ) – This stress is directed along the

length of the cylinder. This is also tensile in nature and tends
to increase the length.

3. Radial pressure ( pr ) – It is compressive in nature.

Its magnitude is equal to fluid pressure on the inside wall and
zero on the outer wall if it is open to atmosphere.
 σC σC σL σL
p pr
p p

σC σC σL σL
1. Hoop Stress (C) 2. Longitudinal Stress (L) 3. Radial Stress (pr)
pr σC

Element on the cylinder σL σL

wall subjected to these
three stresses

σC pr
 THIN CYLINDERS

INTRODUCTION:
A cylinder or spherical shell is considered to be thin when the
metal thickness is small compared to internal diameter.

i. e., when the wall thickness, ‘t’ is equal to or less than ‘d/10
to d/15’, where ‘d’ is the internal diameter of the cylinder or shell,
we consider the cylinder or shell to be thin, otherwise thick. In
thin cylindrical stress hoop stress and longitudinal stresses are
constant over the thickness and radial stresses are negligible.

Magnitude of radial pressure is very small compared to other

two stresses in case of thin cylinders and hence neglected.
 t

Circumferential stress
Longitudinal

Longitudinal stress axis

The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called

circumferential stresses whereas the stress acting along the length of
the cylinder (i.e., in the longitudinal direction ) is known as
longitudinal stress
The bursting will take place if the force due to internal (fluid)
pressure (acting vertically upwards and downwards) is more than the
resisting force due to circumferential stress set up in the material.

P - internal pressure (stress)

σc –circumferential stress
p
σc σc
σc t

dL P - internal pressure (stress)

σc – circumferential stress
EVALUATION OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL or HOOP STRESS (σC):

p d

p
t dl
d
σc σc

Consider a thin cylinder closed at both ends and subjected to internal

pressure ‘p’ as shown in the figure.
Let d=Internal diameter, t = Thickness of the wall
L = Length of the cylinder.
To determine the Bursting force across the diameter:
Consider a small length ‘dl’ of the cylinder and an elementary
area ‘dA’ as shown in the figure.
Force on the elementary area, dA
dF  p  dA  p  r  dl  dθ
d
 p   dl  dθ dθ
2 p
Horizontal component of this force θ
t dl
d d
dFx  p   dl  cos θ  dθ
2 σc σc
Vertical component of this force
d
dFy  p   dl  sin θ  dθ
2
The horizontal components cancel out dA
when integrated over semi-circular
portion as there will be another equal
and opposite horizontal component on
dθ
the other side of the vertical axis. p
θ
t dl
d
σc σc

d
 Total diametrica l bursting force   p   dl  sin   dθ
0
2

 p   dl   cos   0  p  d  dl
d
2
 p  projected area of the curved surface.
 Resisting force (due to circumfere ntial stress σ c )  2  σ c  t  dl
Under equillibri um, Resisting force  Bursting force
i.e., 2  σ c  t  dl  p  d  dl

𝑝𝑑
Circumferential stress 𝜎𝑐 =
2𝑡

σc t

dL
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS (σL):

A
The bursting of the cylinder takes
place along the section AB
P

σL

The force, due to pressure of the fluid, acting at the ends of the
thin cylinder, tends to burst the cylinder as shown in figure
 EVALUATION OF LONGITUDINAL STRESS (σL):

σL

π 2
Longitudin al bursting force (on the end of cylinder)  p   d
4
Area of cross section resisting this force  π  d  t
Let σ L  Longitudin al stress of the material of the cylinder.
 Resisting force  σ L  π  d  t
UNDER EQULIBIRIUM

BURSTING FORCE = RESISTING FORCE

π 2
i.e., p   d  σ L  π  d  t
4

𝑝𝑑
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡
CHANGE IN DIMENSIONS OF A THIN CYLINDRICAL
SHELL DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
Consider a thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure

p = internal pressure
d = internal diameter of shell
t = thickness of shell
l = length of the shell

WE KNOW THAT,
pd pd
σc = 2t and σL = 4t

Let, δd= change in diameter of shell

δl = change in length of shell

∴ circumferential strain,

𝛿𝑑 𝜎𝑐 𝜎𝑙 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
ε1 = = − = −
𝑑 𝐸 𝑚𝐸 2𝑡𝐸 4𝑡𝑚𝐸

𝑝𝑑 1
∈1 = 1−
2𝑡𝐸 2𝑚
 ∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝑙 𝜎𝑙 𝜎𝑐 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
∈2 = = − = −
𝑙 𝐸 𝑚𝐸 4𝑡𝐸 2𝑡𝑚𝐸

𝑝𝑑 1 1
∈2 = −
2𝑡𝐸 2 𝑚

Change in diameter = 𝛿𝑑 =∈1 𝑑

Change in length = 𝛿𝑙 =∈2 𝑙

When the shell is subjected to an internal pressure, there will be an increase in the
Diameter as well as the length of the shell
CHANGE IN VOLUME OF A THIN CYLINDRICAL
SHELL DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
Voloume of shell ,

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝑑 𝑙
4

∴ Final volume
𝜋
v+𝛿𝑣 = 4 (𝑑 + 𝛿𝑑)2 × 𝑙 + 𝛿𝑙

∴ Change in voloume ,

𝛿𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣 − 𝑣
𝜋 𝜋
= 4 (𝑑 + 𝛿𝑑)2 (𝑙 + 𝛿𝑙) − 4 𝑑 2 𝑙

𝜋 2 2 2 2
𝜋 2
= 𝑑 + 2. 𝛿𝑑. 𝑑𝑙 + 𝛿𝑑 . 𝑙 + 𝑑 . 𝛿𝑙 + 2𝛿𝑑. 𝑑. 𝛿𝑙 + 𝛿𝑑 . 𝛿𝑙 − 𝑑 . 𝑙
4 4

𝜋 2
= 𝑑 . 𝛿𝑙 + 2𝛿𝑑. 𝑑. 𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
4
 𝜋 2
𝛿𝑣 4 (𝑑 . 𝛿𝑙 + 2. 𝛿𝑑. 𝑑. 𝑙)
= 𝜋 2
𝑉
4𝑑 𝑙

𝛿𝑙 2𝛿𝑑 𝛿𝑑
= + ∵ 𝜖1 =
𝑙 𝑑 𝑑

𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑙
= 𝜖2 + 2. 𝜖1 𝜀2 =
𝑉 𝑙

∴ 𝛿𝑣 = 𝑉(𝜀2 + 2. 𝜖1 )
∈1 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
∈2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
THIN SPHERICAL SHELL
Consider a thin spherical shell subjected to internal pressure p

p= internal pressure
d= internal dia of shell
t= thickness of shell
𝜎 = stress in the shell material

Total force,
𝜋
P= 4 × 𝑑 2 × 𝑝

Resisting section = 𝜋𝑑𝑡

∴ Stress in the shell, 𝜋 2

4
𝑑 ×𝑝
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
𝜎= 𝜋𝑑𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Type equation here. 𝑝𝑑
𝜎=
4𝑡
CHANGE IN DIAMETER AND VOLUME OF A THIN SPHERICAL
SHELL DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
Consider a thin spherical shell subjected to internal pressure

d=internal dia of shell

p=internal pressure
t=thickness of the shell
𝜎= stress in the shell material

We know that the thin spherical shell,

𝑝𝑑
𝜎=
4𝑡

Strain in any direction,

𝜎 𝜎
𝜖= −
𝐸 𝑚𝐸
𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
= 4𝑡𝐸 − 4𝑡.𝑚𝐸

𝑝𝑑 1
= 4𝑡𝐸(1− 𝑚)
Maximum Shear stress :
There are two principal stresses at any point,
viz., Circumfere ntial and longitudin al. Both
these stresses are normal and act perpendicu lar
to each other.
σC - σL
 Maximum Shear stress, τ max 
2 σ L=(pd)/(4t)
pd pd

 2t 4t σC=(pd)/(2t)
2 σ C=(pd)/(2t)
pd
i.e., τ max  .....................(5)
8t σ L=(pd)/(4t)
Maximum Shear stress :

σC - σL
 Maximum Shear stress, τ max 
2
pd pd

 2t 4t
2

𝑝𝑑
i.e. 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8𝑡