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    63 views54 pages

    PD 649

    Uploaded by

    Ivan Silveira

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 54
    Conseils elated cor 5 le ifits. “°C. Values ofS for quality categories * aed weldments) Nini va ofS fr gusty eateries iy eto, (evel weldnent {2/8 Minna vate ofS or culty cep = Garenrelined ween fe "2. Lio tong decimal Fe earermet ae! fps fo. 90 2 seal and loin alloy waments $ Nota (28 aS sR SS 24g” nt lr nereploar dete es 5 Mods tare. ‘Schematic epresntation of stress svibutions ecross section "2 ena ao: A 2 Aerate need forresning ec at reuie for esesiment 218228 normal to prncinal sess 9, Assesment of known defects! ea! Cnetonush ot ereeronaria tone {be 10, Estimation of tolerable sizes of detebig «9: go. ° 9. Linnartation of stexs detrou al nt : efectcimensions vas . § j Planar defect ntersctions 928. 3. Recategorzation procedure 7. sect shape parameter Qo Correction factor My for embeded defect Geirction tr Mm fo saree detects intension "tr Cereton feo My for embed seefet | “intending i ‘Correction factor My to sree ete 2 In bending: Relationship between actual defect dimension and he pruneer fr be yeross sector 17, Leakage in presur, liquid or va “containing equipment 18, Environmental fect, 18, Instat (bucking) Reduction fotos fo oa detects in ered “shell containing pressure, 5: Steislendurance relationships ” Decrease in efective defect height for fects compared with Tong’ defects under fatigue loading: chon my? (Curves for determining Sy and Sm 3 Procedure fo nessa of Keown Foreword ‘The preparation ofthis Published! Document wat ingtitted by the Welcing Standards Committed to provide ‘uidares concersing the present sate of knowledge on Specitying acceptance levels for welds. The decison to Publih this guidance in the form ofa Published Document (PD) rather than ab 3 British Standard wos taken because {a1 forter research wil necessary before there ie sufcint information availble to enable standard rules to be soecified: (b) it i necesary to encourage feed back of information resulting from the application ofthis document. ‘A Published Document (PD) is BSI pubiation which i tither a standard specification or code of practice) nor Drait for Development, Generally the contents of 2 PD fare of an informative rather than 2 sandrdiving natore, “The ned for guidance towards some measure of standardization ha been pve by an inereaing number (of application standarcs specifying requirements for Sweet defect acceptance levels, the desrability of achieving Ex-ortination and rationalization among thor equiv ‘ments end the tend for amore scientific approach tobe teed inthe Final asossment of 3 wnded joint. Although vary acceptance levels wil remain for quality control urpotes, the complementary use of the qurance given inthis document should contribute tothe desired objectives being satisied ‘There sno wish tilt the means of assessing the integrity af weldments containing elect to that 0 Wey a6 0.258 1115p) Fiuctuatiog tension stess anges (A> 0) for ates rlieved elements Value of tor Value of § for 5m Distanorsqparating dfects Efetive defect height Height of defect containment rectangles ‘An instantanecus value of ¢ diving fatigue crack propagation Revised value of ¢ taking account of constant defining an Sx curve of Stope Nm he. SM =Z ‘Crack opening displacement (COD} Critical vale of COD ‘Applied sain including eects of residual tres te) Yield strain © oy Bending seesz component Tensile sties component Swesss at surfaces of section derived hy linavization procecire shown in fioure 3 Maximum ons strss which would set ngemal 10 adetect i the abun ff the det Tensile strength Yio sss PD 6493 : 1980, 4. Types of defect* fie ettects of se following wed detects moy be messed by wi af this document. (0) Planar detects: (cooks: (2) ek ot fusion ar penetration: (3) undercut, 008 under, root concavity and (| Nowiane detect: i cautiy (2) solid inclusions Deleete of the type known at inpartoet shape" inluse Some which may be treated as planar defers whieh are listed a uch in [a and others which gue rie to stort, concentration eters, The ater ate not covered ty this ‘document may b amenable to sexe analy 5. Modes of failure 5.1 The inluanee ofthe detects listed in clause & may be ued, using thie document, forthe medes of tale {ited in fa (a). For the daft or deat typ, consideration should be gen to the environment Reference shouldbe made to sections tw, tees and four dealing withthe detailed assessment of the various modes failure and posible interactions between them, Fora arial apliation, some ofthese will ot be relevant “The pss of fire area folios: (0) bole was: (0) fatigue (el yllding du» so overloading ofthe remaining > ceo sectns (6) keakage in containment eset (el cgroson, rovon, corrosion fat suse corestoN” (6 nstabty (oveting 0) ee oF ree and fatigue interaction ‘There are varying degrees of confidence and accuracy sith wich ther of Faure ft the operation a these ‘mori can be oredicted ruantitatvely. The beheviour of ‘ecrents abject 10 fatigue loading andthe vse of brite Wactire is wl understood largely thvouph research etforts ving out of structural faures fren thee eas. “The other mechanised raquite tobe considered inan ECA since flare can sree sheugh the operation, tau it wouid be misleading at this me toate 10 fever detained methods for predicting failure from thes mechanimsin the same dep al generality a: ‘an be apie ro te fatioue ad rile facture modes. fret qurelines are fered in section four For the ‘uhm Whe ise of fale from thes made ‘rablshed, betore detects can be accented, a specie Sussman Should be undortaken. ustieation forthe {sumptions and approaches used in howe cirevmntances ‘ould be tally documented sn agaed by al iterated parties. sh correhersive a 52 The following the eauence of operations in suing _gut an aseument ora known dete, (al Menuty the detect type planar oF nonplanar (see clause (@) Establion such ofthe esenua aa 5a alent, {p.theparticsias weldmeny (= 621 (c) Determine te dash size or severity (a) Assess acceptably as follows: (1) Dotermiae the tiiting sae a appropiate for the fling inal fire mode (0 fgetute (oe eetion two) (summarized in table [i yeaing eu to overiad or remaining ross section [ee claus 16) i) Jaap (ee etae 17) (iv) ortason/erosion (86 18.2) (stress corosion (ye 18.4) (i) bucking em clave 19) (wi green (se louse 20) if material not wren ibje to macrescopie crap crack grow (2) Assess whether the detect would grow to ti ‘inal size by. the foljangmechan.sos of subertcal ack growth within the design feof the weldment (i fatigue (se section tee) (summarized in table 11) (0) gece coctnsion (ste 18.2) (Gi corrosion fatigue (ee 18.3) (iv) exeep crack gow (se couse 20 (0) green and faye interactions ise cause 20) (2) I. detect youl not grow to the Himitng size including appropriate Factors of safety itis scerotnbe = Estimation of tolerable planar detect sizes may be made by starting trom a series of limiting detect shapes as Stee ‘mined in (G1) and determin the inital detect sizes ‘abc would graw fo these within the design life an (G2. These thon the flere initial detec i= nd may br tabulated, Procedures For eaeulsting such {olerble initia detect sizes with regard te fracture ane fatigue ae given in 10.1 and cause 18 and ae listen tables 4 and 11 respectively Tolerable sizes of embedded nor planar dates may be {eter by the procedures laid down in 10.2 and 18.2 for facture and fatigue respectively ‘Such detects should alo be checked! for the othe fare rortestisted in section four Interaction between faye ‘oikes for such defues iso likely when, beeauee Felatively brittle material sting used, thy a clases ‘lana according 4992. In this cam they should be tested be planar detect forthe complete sessment snd the {ssulated tolerable inital plonar defect sizes would then apa ‘Surface breaking nonplanar detects ae also tented os lang delet, Inout ot Wang Deere 34088 rachel in Honan nese, acne 1069 Vol? page aha Ma Conarction, 1920, ol 2.2 abuny wo 78 108 a 6. Information required for assessment 1.1 Genes, Te ntraton required should tke Scout othe mari sain and tara ina the Sowooris ervronment. The suesmentshaldiacis loading dying erection aid testog beats alae ‘ods or milarment and hele af seeuan8 of {benpesture andor loadingwhich may occur in rik, [Asch fois conditions should suse today ‘Any sstumptions stout be justi to te atic ‘Mpa, and appropriate documentation elicing truer pein ed etl acta te a ue Should te aosended to te ECA. The lst ecommendation ‘ould enpv even when no Geviations rr dean __ nai ae chime. 6.2 Essential data, Relevant dat from the following wl be requred (0) positon ong orientation of fet (hr sarveurat and weld vomety (c) geen however ang) and emperatures including anit {4 conventional yield or proot ses in tension as Yeuna’s owt (e fatiqueeorrosion fatigue Sand crack propanstion sa (0 Yactare toons (Ke 0 COD) dats (0) ep rapture, creep cack propagstin and ecep fui dat (h) bu carosion and ses corsosion cracking (Kee) ca 6.3 Non-estuctve testing, Urasonic examination should beatin ut neering with BS 3829" Pat I, 20F3 1 appropriate Rasionrapnie examination should be avred out in accordance with BS 2600 : Patt or 2 {0 BS 2010, os appropriate, Procite for magnetic particle and penetront methods shoulé bein acocdanee ‘ith 85 4397 and BS 4416 respetivey [Any inspection procedure, adopted by areement, citi devite rom hase Brith Standard methods sould be apornded tothe ECA. Suitable allowances stout be incorporated inthe azezment of dec sizes t cow ininscandl mesturement eros ineolwed and thereby crm conservtive srirant of defect seer ‘These allowances sno Het bates shoud be qted in the OA 6.4 Sweses toe consicared 1.4.1 The steses to bo considered in the assessment are eine in (a,b) ae. Type shove Iroreanttions! stesso setion sre gn in tigre (0) Average membrane sre (Fm). The campovent of Aoifomiy ditruted stress whih is alto the trezope value of sess acrosthe section hekness and ‘enecersry to ratify tho spl ame of ecu ol interna and externa ores ar moments {01 Paimary bending stress (Pa) Te component of strc T9 ond nang whien varies scros the section thickness, For the purpove ofthis document Pa is ogart 9 9st superimposed uDon Pin {e) Secondary sess (0) and peat sees (The Secarary seis tat soca to ati continuity ofthe stctures itis so-eqibrating, It may cecur st PO 6493 : 1980 structural discontinuities; thermal stress and residval stres also fall inte thi eategory. The nedk stress is theinremert of sree thats added tothe prenay lus secondary siesee by reaon of lca discontinuities including the effect of stest concentrations The base characteristic ofa peak rosie that it doesnot couse any noticeable estortion and fe abjectionsble only 35 3 possible source of initiation of fire A stress which ismat highly locaized fils into this eateacry His of 3 type which cannot cause notirable ditortin, Where stresses in peak regions are defined by an lastic stvem concentration factor Ky, the beak sres As defined hee. i (Ky ~ TIP For the assesment of biti ractte and ftign,eocondary stress and Dak sous Fare active. it sould be noted that and are not ncessrly uniform acros the cross ‘section anc the values appronriat tothe position of the defect ate relevant. 6.4.2 The slosant sees inthe eissment should be ‘hoi inthe nexgbourhowd oF the defect and should ot toke into aczount sere connntration fects ue 10 he detect Ie, EFects of shear sivestsneion uno fiiects need ot be considered, provided the remaining rote seotional area i adequate (ne 6.4.4), 6.4.3 For planar detects, the dtect(pincioatstrasees (p14, Fh at the elect oF detect region sould be iste 6.4.4 For planar detects, the component of tees normal to the plane of the detaei should be used. To apply this, the defect should bo veslved onto» lane normal ta the _ostsanieant pitipal sass, Examples oe shown a res? andl B(b), where this procene i demonstrated |A check should also be made thatthe shea stress on net ea does ot exceed 48% af the speciied minimum veld stress wien the defect is resolve onto the lane of ‘maximum sar stres 8.45 Stresses used inthe ECA shouldbe justified and tabulated and form an itera! part of she assessment. Wher complete tec informations not wala, tha basis or any estat shouldbe aren it parties and be included n the atesnent Section two. Detailed assessment for brittle fracture 7. General ‘The methods tobe used for atsesiment of planar tects sare qiven in 8.1, dose lor nonplanar detects in 9.2, {nd retictions uoom imperfect shape, nckding under oun 8.3. Tossa sunioos of na geet Inedhons metods ave apie! relating these vee ‘quantita with one another order to doiereine tshether rota known dee! i accaptabe er lau 9) W the materia in which the detect ess seszed below Ins yied stress, the method described based an liner blast fracture mechanics (se 8.1.1); stressed above eld sires the mettod described based on Bor Vild Iracture mechanics sce 9.1.2), Sirlar principles are ured in estimating tolerable sizes of planar detects using known valuos of fracture toughnoss and stresing conditions {sce 10.1), rr PD 6493. 1980 For each part ofthe atssinent a sequoia process ‘even. In appilog any method, orn revising soy estimates, His esientil that the ful sequence of eaeulaton, from cai 8, be use, since smal chances in any value sed in eauseB wil influence subsequent cleaations ‘An outline summary ofthe methods ane procedures tobe followed fr the assessment of plane detect is given in tables 3 and 4, “The desl ofthe methods used are amplified in appendix A, 8, Data required for assessment 81 Suess B11 The lara Hees, acelin in 64, ie (iq #25 +0 + Flin the region of the defect. 8.12 Ingevovded sractres, the teicual rere ses, Inart or hoe of O) should beaker asthe yield sess* ‘of te material in which the dct Lis. 8.1.2 In posted heat trated (tes lieved structures she residual sens may not be zor0 and an estimate ofthe Zetual valve should be made and recorded 1814 The heat flacted 2008 show! be treated as having yield streseerual to the lower of that for he ejacen wold metal or the parent metal B15 9.1.1 mutes the 11a tess Pin # Py #4) 10 ‘be reclved int tensile and bering components by the Drowrclire show in igre . The eeulting sass wl be conservative wien the defect ip away trom the rea'on ot hihest stress (ste append A) 2 Delect dimensions and interaction 8.2.1 Planar defects should be idealized by the dimensions the fe. eight) and iy 42, te ena of er con {inmentractangie shown igure (a), (b) an (eh 8.22 Ifthe geometrical inrbution of deface uoh tht they interact wth one anther, as lined i ise 93) are (6) then the reused dinersions of tho contanenant rretanle Xf should be use in the assessment ‘Where multiple gros ot detects existe revised dimen shons fh fr en0h group of elects should agin be ‘hecktd, on the bars ofthe erie of igure, for inoraction with one another It nteraetion aceur, the rating maximum sie of the continent rectangle should be ura inthe stasemen, The final dimensions of ‘eh delecteteishes iy the abewe reeategoreation procedures ve suosequnntly tke 36 fy 8.22 The dimerwion ofthe defect, fy) established by the eatgoreation procedures in 8.2.1 an 8.2.2 should ‘be checked to ensure effectiveness ofthe remaining Section inamerts. the fegth ofthe delect I such ‘hot. through thickness daect of this lng would cause (ding of th remaining ease ction ot Focal ells, TE-Tr bani, te heck in) a) blow shouldbe plied, This applies eyindrical or spherical wets TL 0.1 Yee Wet yielding oF teal colle would not ‘ccur win tough thickness defect of length to further reategor zation should be applied, (al Surface defects Fire 6a should ke entered atthe appropriate values «freee a) 6 if the point extahlshes by this procedure fale to the right of the curve then the surface defect should be tecataorized as 2 tough thickness detect of tengih T= Convers, i the point established by this procedun {als to the let of the eurve, then the tect should be camgvizad a5 a surace detect with dimensions rh (0) Envbetied dtocts Figure Gib shouldbe entered atthe snpropriate values the ste ratios (3) In this cae, however, the eccentricity of the defect has tobe taken into account to enter the approniata pie disarm at the specific know te rata an the relevant ‘ees ratios, It wil be necessary in igure 6) to intr polate forthe appropiate value of pe In this manner bot liganeets between the embedded elect and the appropriate surfaces should be aseie. it ee points established by this procedure, foreach ligament, fl tothe right ofthe soproprate curve {or interpolated curva) than the detects rcategorized ‘868 through thickness detect o length, = fy only one tgament wham assossd, requires reclssifie tige a the datect, then the defect should be recategrited 52 surface detect of dimension! /, and =f, ‘An ambedced defect, categorized 2s asurtace deloc, 8s above, should not be rechecked bythe Drogedure in 8.2.3ah, 1M peitherliganent requires recsegorzation, the defect shouldbe teated as an embeded defect of dimensions Thy and tty 8.24 Thr idealized detect sire and/ usd in subsequent ‘aleulation of accenabilty (see cause 95 that size ‘determined by al ofthe sequential processes in 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ond 823. 1825 Where uninspectabie regions of a weld are present ‘through design, materials soe! or ebscuration by other elects, he poribity of ti presnee of dotects af aise ‘up fo the size ofthe ningpretabe region should be omideed Account may be Iaken of rowed ofthe prezaretions and velding procedures ued, 25 wall the general sarrd of welding stained in arcaing the keto of auch detects fact oecutng, 83 Fracture toughness 83.1 The fracture roughness (Ke of COD) of the material i hich the dofect lies snout prefarsbly be nstimoted ‘rom teat raul, using for exompe te test techniqet ‘outline in A 8847 nd BS 5762 (ee appersi A) terterequired to give avaceptabie arsment ofthe Iracture tounhnese depends on the variability ofthe result obtained, 8.3.2 I fracture toughness dat are not evslable, some qucance on a possible method of obtaining fn indiation of toughness levels is given in appendix A. ' ~. 9. Assessment of known defects 9.1 Planar defects 9.1.1 Trentment fr stress ie ee 9.1.17 This approach i only spplieable when the maximum prieipa ses (Py +P * + Fa ‘elie in 68 i less thon the nial yield stress of the weld metal or parent metal in hich the detect lies For higher sess levels the appraseh given in 9.1.2 should bo vee, “This tratment, bead on lings late fracture machi, Involves calealatian of the stress intensity he 1 9 aven lector aoup of defects. this value of stress nensity os a valve Kg the fe dbet is ‘pared 9 ceptable. Th safety factor implicit in thie factor of 0.7 ie variable, and further guidance on hi sive in appendix A. {Win the section thickness of interes itis nat posible to determine aval Ke 10 the requiemants of BS 5447, the COD value may ba used and the procedure of 8.1.2 applied to stress levels below yield {91.1.2 For partial thickness defects, the stres intensity Ke tthe idealized defect in 8.2 shoul be calculated fom ve 1 = LE tam 4 oh Ki Se ) 2 = tor murface detects = t/2 or embevtdd deters fm the tne component of ates (se Fite 1) othe bending component of etre (se figure 1) Values for Q, ate given in figure 7 Values for My are given in figures B and 9 for embeded ad surlace defects especialy. Values for My ate given niques 10 and 11 for ede and surface defects respectively 9.1.13 For through thickness defect the stest intensity du to the idealized defect defined in 82 shouldbe caleulted trom: Ky 125 ovr where 11s the moximum tensile stress Py + Py #24 1H the through thickowss daect iin 2 curved sell subject to rest loading, te vale of Kj 50 oiined should be multiplied by D”™, the vale of O being obtained trom Aigure 15. 9.1.14 Asan alternative 10 9.1.1.2 oF 8.1.13, the defect stress intensity may be eaeulsted for tabulated folutions or from seit tess analyses of the detective ‘rucure (eee A518): fll justification should be provided inthe ECA. 9.1.18 | the vals of stress intensity caleulated sccording 10 9.1.1.2, 9.1.1.3 of 9.1.1.4, a8 aporopriats, Se ess than or equal tothe value of 0.7 Ke forthe ‘material in which the defect fitted, Ya the defect ‘Should be oan ae seceptabie. Note thatthe safety factor implicit in the fetor of 0.7 s variable, an further guidance an this gen in appendix A PD 6493 : 1980 9.12 Tresrment fo stress levels shove yield stressor for, trex ives Below yeld sire: when vd Ky, cannotbe liained fr sti thickness 9.12.1 This wesiment is bared on a particular form of post yield fracture mechanics, namely erack opening Uisplacement, COD. The aprases should be used when the sum of [Pry Pp +0 * Fl exceeds the Yield ste, Alternative methods ate currently being davelope! and some of tess are billy described in appendix A. From a knowledge ofthe actual detect size and the aplied stresses, gn effete” defect parameter 2s determined. 1 this effective defect parameters smaller than the "oleraie'detoct parameter yy than the defect should bi eoarded ae accentabe parameter determined from 2 Coughs of the mail ny hich the detect ies andthe applied stress an is always tee than te cial sie of datect to case ate 9.1.22 The elect stpreented by he ale fimersions and rom 82) Using table and gues 12nd '2, a apropiate a vale of te elective ‘tect parameter defined. Figures 12 and 120 thecttects of sace and ember defects, Tespectvey, Values 3 oul be eed cm Koa ratio oft tear (2p #1 dam 82), 8123 Therato a he aplied suse Py 1p 10.4 FY {othe anpopriate ye seu shouldbe eluted Provided atthe um of te praty ard secondary tress, excluding reudul tt including thermal tes, owen exceed 2, the sera value oth constant isthen determined wing the toa stress aio (Pip Pht 0 Foy inp to Hore 18 2.124 Wherever the suo! the primary and second Sess lenin reudua ses ecreds Poy 9 ul Stet plates anolyte should prefers br cared Sato detrmine te maximum equvient pate stan, Teele wFich woud occur inthe reson containing the detect the detect were ot present Wher Drop, tne o the following procraures may be wd asa ‘nimation method. The resis arming 3 gosta str3in level equal to the maximum in the cegion of interest ‘i always b cons (a) From a knowledge ofthe equiralentapoid stan, 2 value ofthe ensant C maybe determined fom fur 4, he sbi being taken ay (0) For surace detect at he toe of et weld (ee figure ta the sess concentration factor soul be taken a 3a the wel tor decreasing rai to 1.0 Bt ncrenes from 10 0.15, greater than 0.186 the sues concentration elec ofthe le ay be ‘gro inte elation of (iq * Py 0°). Values of he constant Cay now be determined Dotacts atthe tow a filet well which sittin a srometrc stress concentration (eg. anozzlepad Combination) ar considered toi in te combined ‘prometri and filet stese concentration field fora septh of up 100.182, 10) Fr detects a a rassure vessel nozzle. a fll ‘nalysis of te tress concentration effect forthe, ey should pretersly be carried aut. mor PD 6493 : 1980, At the erote, for apnroxima etiation purnos, + thestres concentration factor may be taken at 3,0 for ‘raat istanoe of 0.157 where re the radius of the ‘opeing Ge Figure Ale). defect atthe crotch extend lg anther than this should be considered ta have an ‘equal tothe act detect length las Hote radi» Valuot ofthe constant Cm ay now be determined from figice 14, Nove that dtferent stress conemtraton Factors have diferent elfect on the equivalent crack tehaviour (ee append A) 8.1.25 A tolerable defect paramet from the relations im = € Boley) ithe vil stain = oy /E Bove isthe ctl vale of COD Fr long through thickness detects in eurved ls. oF those detect eectegorzed a8 such, which ae adie to rosie loadin, the value of jy shoul be reduce by 2 factor 0 wich obtained from figure 1. 8.1.2.6 The defect should be rgardl a acceptable it is tess than 3. 192 Nom planar dfeets. Foran planar detects exeting in fersite materials having a Charpy V-notch ene bvorption of not es than 40. atthe miriam serven Temperature, the reqitemants af table? are acceptable for porsity sl said inclusions. For other materials the limite oF tale 2 ae acceptable provided the minima Fracture touahness (je) ofthe material in which the etect ie exceeds 1300 N en”. Far materials of lower Touginass these defects should b assessed onthe bass oftheir dimensions and posible interaction as planar lets using the requirements of 8.2 8.3 Impereet shape fnclding undercut) 8.3.1 Variations in weld profile from that epeifed which could give 3 weld throat dimension below that Teauired to carry the maximur allowable design sents, ‘shouldbe raged as unaccepabe 9.3.2 Undoreut may prevent detection by non-destructive testing of farther detect Ii an be shown that no planar gelecte exit other than under, ten, for steels tith a yield eres up to 480 Mfees* having a Charpy V-notch energy absorption of not less than 40. atthe Iii service tomperature, undercut 9 a depth of ‘hmm shouldbe regarded as accepadle. In ll other cases undercut should be tested 9» plonar defect, im ie calelated 10. Estimation of tolerable sizes of dofects 10.1 Planar detects 10.11 Genera. The exination of tolerable sizes or pion detects ean be based upan the mithocs detaled Inclause @ but, ain that clase, actors have to be ‘Peluded 10 allow toe the variability of materia reper stem distributions higher shan design values, {ng ram ending an yeometric uncertainties, “noecuraces inherent in inspection teenies ond the Fjpteprotabiity of detecting detects. Whereas in Ina 8 the metnod i used to assess specie detect in specie location so that the valves of the mata ‘roperting, ste el dalet #26 ete, can be coneruatively estimated forthe particule sivston, lin tis lau te fators Nave tobe more general to cover the wider range of posible variations, “The asauoelenatril properties (vil eres, tensile strenah, fracture toughnest| hove to be austed to allow fr terting tlerances, any systematic eiflerence ‘metween the properties ofthe test specimens and of tre voidment (eg effect of est westment) ane th rand “riabilty of properties throughout she weldment. “The assumed design stresses ave to be ajusted 10 allow for geortic regularities (weld oftet. general ovaliy, weld astortion, ete) ang any uncertainty ithe lading ‘onion. Ideally, the variability of material peopeeie and erase tout she asumed desi values should be weate8 "tatitically to ensure that the standard for detection of 2 tolerable detect sz at a equired probability level can bo extablihe, 10.1.2 Method of estimation 10.1.21 When the sum of the primaiy and seecndary stresses lenthuting esl stress) does not exceed 20y the following method ised (0) The oleae defect parameter Jy fora given material toughest and stress lve shoud be fetermined ain 8.1.23 and 91.28. 1 the maximum principal sie Poy + Py #04 ‘deine it 6 Ine than the uni yield ste {tthe material in which the defect es, thon a simliind Linear elastic eatment mey be used. Figue 14 should tbs entered atthe apoyopriate rato of ovineipal sess 1 yield stro (8.1.2.3 to dotermine te appropriate ‘ale of the constant C. The tolerable dfect parameter py calculated eam the relations, {Kie\? off % (b) This alu ofp should be used to cateutate tolerable defect ses for ach ofthe thre etegores {1 ough thickness dec (2) urtace defect: (2) embedded dlecs. Ie ienecesary to ealulate tolerable sits for al ree categories hneavee of delect/srtace interactions ane possible bulging eects (e) For though thickness dees itr |1} of rble 1 should beused 10 define the lng of allowable (fects In da cae of long detect incu shel, the tolerable defect parameter ayy soul! fet be reduced by the acter D obtained From Fre 15 (ol Foe surtace detect the eatio reall be fletermined and table for values of he ai tit between 8 and 0, from the ratio ae figure 12 The vans oft and zo determined veprezent the maximum ze of deter permite, (el For embadced defects the value of we ato 1129+ shout be determined and tabled for ‘asies of the ratio # between O ad, ror te fatio gin figure 13, The dimenione ta | 20 totermined represent the aximuin size of defect permitted (1H the dimensions ae of the sr tace art cmb elects, detearned 259 (and Tel [ae sich that recategot ration ofthe defect would be acessny’ veto laal stresses on the ligament (8.23), ‘then she maximum allowable defect Nein # should be reduce to trata which ecatgorzation would rot aly, or the maximam allowable detect length I shoul be reduced to 215th, 10.1.22 When the sum ofthe primary and secondary stresses excluding esis stress execods 2a. the applied stesso stain contin quoted i BA.28 should be appied in determining the value of the constant C[fiute 14) and ene ee value of Fyn. ‘Tablo 1:"Definitions of the parameter ter] Detector interacted you of dlc (1) | Through thickoes defect a defined by figure Ata) PD 6493: 1980 10.41.23 The maximum accepable detect size determined in 10.1.2.1 a 10-12.2 can be uted ae the bas to establish allowable inspaction limits There shoukd i suitable coreetions incorporatac t allow for the probability of detection using the intend inspection teotnique and procedure, Also du allowance hes to be sade forthe accuracy ofthe inspection technique when {sed or the particular stuctural dts being examined. 10.2 Non planar defects and imperfect shave. For the timotion of tolerable sizes of nor-panar detect and Inmperect shape, including undercut, the renmmendations ‘given i 8.2 a8 9.3 shouldbe followed, 12) | Detects fernbeuded or surtace reeategorized secording to 8.2.3 os throush thickness defects (3) | sorter soeets tor whien 141 | Embedded detects reeategorized searding to 82.3 9 surface detects or for whic eo Ser figure 12 Use defecheight +p ‘and teat ae surfoce detect (ee figure 12} (5) | Embedded detects tor which E> 08 See figure 13, (6) | Detoot a ale weld toe for which <0 17) [Detect 2 hoe or whieh stress concentration factor (SCF) = 3 and 160.15 {a}, [Detect at hole for whish SCF = 3 ane > 0.18 See figure 12and 912.410) a7 Ses 8:1.24(c} Te Wor single ec T+ Wor single cack) Lr tor 2eracks iametricaly oppo «Table 2. Limits for slag inclusions and porosity stoninusons | Porosity on raare % Nott on erat Maximum height || 18 or mm, origin 3mm whichever i | | | , PO. 8493: 1980 Table 3. Procedure for assessment of known planar defects rm oF se Determine Fry, Po. 2. F Resolve defect normal to principal ‘Aseteresidua tase 1 toral sess Say resale into tensile anal bending eompenents Idealization of defect 5 6 Detine each defect hy dimensions ty tarln fae {Ghack for iteration wth reighbouringdofecte (Check for afectiveners of section garments for (a) surface detects (bh embzdied detects ‘Assess uninspectabe regions Fracture toughness Meaune fracture toughness oF Estimate tecture toughness Aniesment of aeeptability 10. W Py #Py #2 + F)> oy proceed to steps 13 t0 18 oF 13 and 17, (Py #Pp +0 + F} 26, proceed to ep 17 Recotagorine defect to define & 641,642,814 64a arzmdera [8rgandas a22 82.30) 82.306) 825 eat aa2 9122 T reevn twa (Gna oul stab Bib) Ton 15 Tabie1 12 ond 13 for patil theknee defects Rena See 8 garding COD tests Limitations on applicability ot Tigre 20| See A518 , PD 6493: 1980 Table 3. Procedure for assessment of known planar defeets (concluded? soe ~ [aaa |renmts . 15; Dali Cand Fy e123 9125 - 16, Compe iy with 9126 12, When (yy + 2+) tess esis - ses Foy ete: (olive suet ste rd tte gre 4 ood by o124 ~ ftps 1S and 16,07 a1240) DoS Aba ole at ow of itt wld, — [8.124101 . take sec stven ft, alowed - by sone 1S and 16 or (c)itdetectat teh of pesre | 8.1.24e) ‘ eve orca tke retmmended - thew ati, followed y sep 15 . ana 16 e 7 Teble 4, Procedure for estimations of tolerable size of planar defects . oe Tie feet guts) | Romans Sinetemeni) | nih - suo : 1. Determine Pay M5 OF sareazait [1 S10 10.1.1 regarding ‘aration rom nomial - 2. ee ves eee ai2ada3 - Fracture toughness 2, Mesaue tactretougness.or |B Se AA eating COD tte Estate actre ought jeaz 20 Limitations on apis - : ol igure 20 ~ Enimation of tolerable ze - 4. Why. t Pp + 0 Fess sia ses» 2 proceed to stp 10 Wn, + + 0 F ese - sues 20 proceed ftps 5 (09 5. Define Cardy 9.1.23 ond “4 Ke 9125 5 \ Define douah icknese daft | 10.22.14) robie7 \ 7 - 1. Dele andtabulte nro elects | 102.46) 2 *<.Detine and tabulate embedded 101200) 3 - 8 Check tabulated sires rom steps? — | 823 8 Note that tolerable detects : sro goes sess. Soran fo dived ar sane be . Rucatepria if messy. Normal 9 mocap 10, Usesoecite sess ravontor detects [9.128 1 inparielae gamete toting [123 » Cand In a128 " PD 6493 : 1980 Section three. Detailed assossment for fatigue 11, General In this steton, vestments forthe asesunent of pono and non lanai detects ar gen Fracture rechaies principles are used to deseribe the bhavou of planar elects whilst the asessment of om-pianar detect is based on experimental date, Procedures fer assessing the accoprability of known defects and for the estimation lof tolerable detect sizes are given in clauses 14 and 1 respectivly. The asssment methods ar sumnataed In table 11. Details ofthe methods used ate amolfed in appendie 8 12, Data required for assessment 121 Stres 12.1 The olevant sree the eyclic stress range which Is the sum ofthe eyes components of Py. PQ and F (lee 6.4). Whore variable amplitudes ofthis strets ae present, these ae required in the ealclaions. she ratio R Fereuired for ees of ses ieved widens, Fs the ‘atl of te minim t0 the maximum vie of he Asolatestters tere Pye + Put + F| and should be ‘aleulated for eath corresponding cycle stress range T21.2 In 14.12 isnccessry to sparse eylicstreses Into tensile and bending components according to the Proaedures of gue 3 122 Detect dimensions and interaction. Detect dimensions an interaction ae covered in 8.2 12.3 Crack propagation data, The rate of crack propage tion ature in thie ection i given by a a forall values of AK shove a tresholé wal, AK For AK < AK, da/dN is asuied to be zero, The values (1A and mn depend on materit and applied conditions and canbe taken a constant over aimited range of OK only, Suapestions forthe choice of values for A, ‘mand Ko tor uve where these Rave not been determined ‘by experiment are guen in B.A for une in 14.1.2 ‘The treatment given in 14.1.3 incorporates acrack propagation law chosen for its eongevatim and restricted to temperature los tran 100"C and to rnon-aptesive environments 12.4 Limit to crack propagation. In he fatigue astssment cof planar detect an upper limit ould he set tothe mount of erdek propagation that may be allowed without ve ocurting ding operation by any of the modes std nelace 8, The maximum tra stress Vm 1 Pp 817) shoul be used to determine the maximum acceptable detect sie. The upper limit © Fate rack propagation may te obtained ecu he ie of elas , section tw end setion fou, where appropriate. AlaKy™ 23. Probability of survival ‘The simpifind procedure ven under 14.15 and the procedure for noe plang detects given under 14.2 are Saved on the oslts of fae numbers of ahoratory Fugue tests on welded specimens containing representative 2 otoets. These result ware analysed statistically The ver fan choose a required probablity of survival (97.5% or £995 8) for agiven fatigue design condition expressed in terms of snes ange and endurance at can determine 4 maximum tolerable defect sie 14. Assessment of known defects ‘This clause i restricted to the determination ofthe acceptability of detects found ima weldment by, om sostuetive texting tehniques and may be used to termine the future fitness for purpose of thot veldmant 114.1 Planar detects and non planar the surfoce 14.1.1 Jatraduetion, Two methods ae described for estimating propsorion of planar defect and of non lanar ‘efocts whieh break the surface 18.1.2 a general method ‘given which permite accurate expressions ter the cycle ‘res intensity Tactor ane specific propanation data to be used 1.1.3 givers simple proendute wth an inl Propagation law ang simplified but conservative aur. fons af the sess intensity factor. Both procedrar depend ‘om an integration ofthe crack propagation relationship. 14.1.2 Gonoral procedure 16.1.2 The quantities A, m and BK given in 12.3 can be determined experimentally 0+ extirated by rferance to appropriate published iteraure, Account oul be taken of material, thickness (tress state}, heat treatment, ambient temperature, eouirorenen,foacing rerun, yetc wave for, ses ato and the appropiate values oak. 14.1.22 For stressing whare the bending component xcdeds 205 of the total ste, fa. 0.2 (Py Py +4 F, it shout bo assumed thot al surace or embeded dfects ae fang {ied infty). For ether loading eoeditions sectual detect dimensions should be use. 14.1.2 For the actual or assumed defect dimensions and dosition, the range of ste intensity factor AK Corresponding tothe range of stres fee 12.1) shoul be tetiated using the procedures of 8.1.1 18.124 The growth of the defect Sa should be ‘estinate for one eyele de tothe value of BK ealeulated in 14.1.2 3 using the relationship ven in 123, ‘The crack dimension f shouldbe inereaed by Ba for 3 surface defector 28a for an embeded defect. (See B.6 for a simplification ofthis roomie.) 14.1.25 Taking the peak value of the wensila tres othe stress evee including im, Pp. and F stresses, the tess Intensity factor eorresponding tothe new crack lath ‘ould be estimated using 9.1.1. Note that the yeometrie Factors, and Oy change wi nereasing eraek ae 14.1.6 The incremented defect dimension or ress Inonsity factor esleulated in 4.1.25 should be compared with the iting was [ne 124) iaceeptabie, the next stress evel sou d De eanideres tend the procecre from 141.22 repeated, Ifthe specie Cyclic ites exhausted and the tim 0 growth snot ‘exceeded, the delet should be regarded a septate, Inthe eye by eyele tweatment, or surtace detect aid here Ph <0.2 Woy +P #0 Fl he detect lath, lefects which br shouldbe kept constant uni one ofthe flloning ‘ceurs a5 the delect deh; nereases. (Aenoted in 14.1.2 2uiere Py > 0.2 Pry + Py +O+F) ‘tie arumed thatthe defect length, is ntnite.} (a) t= 1. Attar reaching this semi-circular shape the elec shape should be maintained constant, Who the detect finaly trvaks through to the tr srface i ‘Should b rested a a theouigh thickness dfec of length" 2¢ and the proces of incremental growth can then be continued unles felure may be deemed to have occurred by leakane Ib) te. Toe defect should then i eated as 2 ‘rough thicken detect of lent Siniany, fovembedded detects ard where = P< 012 [Pm #Py #4 Fl the detect lonath should be kept constant until one of the following ‘occurs a5 the defect depth inereass. (elt, 1 Alter reaching thicireulae shape the length Should be inereased by the same amount as che Peght tomsintain a circular ape, Wen wich a detect breaks trough to-ane surface, # should be treated 3a surface detect of length I andthe eyele by cvele Treatment con then continue as above, ules Tolare ‘may be deemed to have aecurred by leakage enue by breakthroush {4 The detect breaks throush to one surtae before attaining acroule sap. This wll ocr if {420 <1, When the defect breaks though the sucace Ie shoul be treated a surface defect of length | an ‘night ¢ + 2p andthe eyele by eyele weatment can continue 8 above. Further guidsner forthe application of this method, together with an example, is given BB, 14.1.3 Simplified procedure 4.1.24 Introduction. Tis smite procedure depends an the determination a the rented quality ‘eategory for the service conditions. The eatepory i fixed in terme of the ter ange and the total amber eyes of fatigue loading anticipated in the ite of ‘the wldment The method varies according to whether the weldment isn the a welced condition, oF subjected oan effective postwold rest relieving heat treatment 14.1.2 Abnelded weldmente 14.3.2 Quality category required. The fst stop isto iemtity hier of eleven quality eategories is requite. ‘The suality eategories each refer toparticar design requirements im ers of stress anc eycles. They are identified bythe SV curves in figure 16(a fabled (00 10.10. Note tat thie igure has two co-ordinate faxes for stress ane for sae anid the other for alumi ilove, The fiat six ofthese SV curves" are identical for sels, to those appropriate a the 87.5% survival Amie for jane elsse , 0, EF, F2 ard G in [BS 400 Part 10,1 the fovgue design of a suture ie fixed by the presence of joints of certain clas, the quality category ean be determined accordingly, ‘Alterntivey, the quality category required ean be ‘eternal the folowing way. Sunpose the required fatigue loading comprises » spectrom Df todinge of variable amplitude consisting of eveles ft an aooiod rece range Sy, eves 2 Sp, Py eyeles 121 Srete The equivalent constant amplitode sesame S 13 PD 6493 : 1980 corresponding to 108 eyeesie then given by fey" Note that only strss ranges need to be consiared for sevelded srctures, In these cas the sess range ‘perates fom rezil yield steve downwards andthe elect of srs ratio hasbeen included in the ealeulations fof the behaviour of the quality eategoris sutomatisly “Tho ecuired quality eategory that cortesponding to the ssress range in table het ie next above the ealulated § value Table 5. Valuos of S for quality categories {as-welded weldments) ‘ist |e rane Yor 10° eves traory_ [insted in sn as ifn | Wi oo |>248 | >as o 2s | a3 ry ae | 73 03 co) ot ver | 54 05, 135 | 48. 08, ns | 38 7 to | 39 on as | 28 9 nm | a ow | a2 | 2 The use of 10° eyees a an index life is arbitrary. UW another life is used, say the streses in table ‘should be multiptieg by (108/29 For embedded plant and non planar detects in carbon andearbon manganese steel, valves ofS below those Given in table G may be ignored in deriving the valent constant amplitude tess range, S Since theses anges that may be ignored depend onthe {quality estegory required and thi in turn dapends on S, imay be nocosary to erate to arrive at the final ‘ualtyeategory required. ‘Table 6. Minimum value of S; for quality categories (as-welded weldments) ‘tate eaesry [Minimum vate o for Nim a 42 a 7 03 2 4 28 os 23 08 20 or 7 08 15 09 125 aro 107 PD 6493 : 1980, 14.1.322 Assessment. As explained, the SW curves for the joint classifications are those for 97.5 % survival * probability, The user may choose whether to use the same Probability of survival orto require the grater cetenty (01 905 % survival probability when considering defect For embedded plano detect or for surace planar detects in butt wolds the inital dteet dimensions ¢ and 7 shovld bo taken and, trom figure 17, an elective initial detect parameter dy for 3 long defect should be determined, ‘A tolerable defect parameter Jy should be estimated 10 hich fatigue growth ix prmited (eve 12.4, Figure 18a or (b) should be used for embedded detects are Tyre"1fe.0F[) for surface detects on fst plate, ‘depending on the survival probability require, Fr surface detect atthe toes of filet welds Figure 19) to (should be used depending on Fie eg length, (0) Entering the Figures a 3 onthe ordinate axes and, ieverpolatng as necessary, forthe given thickness @ ‘and for the same survival robebility, 2 value of ‘ould be read of, namely Sm. {b) Entering the figures at on the ordinate axes ted, interpolating at necestay, forthe given thickness tne or the sae suri! probobiity, oalue of $ ould bo read oft, namely So, 5 should be calculated from $= (S9' ~Smn*)!" ‘The actual quality category forthe defect in question ie tho next below Sin tle 6. Sgt > Sm", the auality “category canbe read Trom the Figures dee. I the tua "quality category ofthe defect igh than arth same tthe avality category required, the defect fe ecaprabe Ie wl be found that ao detects whieh ate detectable by normal nondestructive testing methods ae allowable tthe tone of filet welds for equired quality categories (08 or hier, 14.1.2. Stee relieved weldments 14.1.33.1 Quality category required. For ch acta! stress range inthe total design Iie applied to the cross ‘ection containing the defect, an equivalent pusting tension sree range 5; should be determined. For cytes ‘which pate trough zero, Sis te tensile pat of the stress ‘ange ony. Fr fluctuating tension eyes of stress ‘aoge Sp. S\= (025A + 11Sp, where Risa dtined in 12.14.08 “The equivalent constant amplitude pulsating tension sess range, 5, corresponding 1010" cycles isiven by: - (3) " \.the require category is that corresponding 1 the stress ext above § in table 7.5. curves for these eatngories {ae given nique 16{b). No provision hasbeen made rat aluminium alloy welds These may be teested a awlded using the methods outlined intgnad “ For embedded plant and non lanar defects in carbon and carbon manganese stels ll valves of S below those {ven in table B may be ignored in driving the equivalent Constant amplitude pulsating tension stress, Since the stress ranges that may be ignored depend on the ‘ualty category required and this in turn depends oS, imay be necessary to erate to arrive a the fingl duality eategry requires Table 7. Values of 5 for quality categories {stress relieved weldments) Wim? 00 >2t8 on 208, a2 28 o3 185 oa 103 05 138 O68 ns a7 100 8 13 53 ‘Table 8. Minimum value of 5; for quality categories (stress relieved weldments) uatty cateory Nim? Ot 6 0,2 58 3 «0 as 4 os 36 a6 31 ar 2 23 og 195 ono 186 14,1.3..2 Assessment. Having established the quality ‘eategory requited, the assessment procedure i identical ta that given in 16.1.3.2.2 for avnelded structure, ‘sing figures 17 and 18 oF 19 a enuired, The aowable ‘Sefoct sizes for O,1,Oy2, ee, ae the some a hose for 01, 02, ee 142 Embedded nonplanar dees. Oni detects whieh can be shown fo le embedded and .on planar accarding ta clause 4(3) shouldbe considered for accentabiiy in this lau. It any daub exes, detect haul be considera planar ana reatad sccorsing to the procedures outlined in 141, Th treatment can be applied {a earbon and caon manginete sete a 0 Tow alloy Dresureveso steel operating a tomperatures up t0.350°C. “The detec interaction criteria of 8.2 shouldbe applied to slap inctsions, However, where mulple 9 inclsions ‘aur nthe came eroas section ae figure 5a)(2) and the cstance between the detects i lest thon 125 vines the height of the lager defect. they shouldbe trated 4 Hg olan detect with an overall height el 10 the stance between the outer extremities (aimension ¢ in Figure Stat). The gusltyeatogory required shoul! be determined according 1014. 1.32 for nee! or 18.1.3.3 For tose Felieved weldments, the detect nonplanar detaes ssmalier than that ven in sable 9 or 10 (whichever ie appropriate it sould te eparded as acceptable In assessing poroty the area cf radiogranh tobe consider should be te length of od affected by porosity times the raxirum with of the weld. Individual pores large in iamster Yan 2/4 or {Geam, whichever isthe lesser, should be rapaire, Table 9. Limits for non-planar defects in as-welded steel and aluminium alloy weldments nay Ip to dene say rsx [osox a om ome ss oo 15 15 lo or 25 2 ls 2 4 25 yi 03 jt 5 5 on iss ° 5 05 |Nomaximum 6s 5 06 10 210 [No maximum va maximum] tage beac aed ow codend 9 oserte 1 PD 6493 : 1980 Table 10. Limits for non-pianar defects in stress relioved steel weldments epred % 0 a 3 | Mo moxiemum | 145 5 | No maxirnim to maxim 5 No maxi | 5 15. Estimation of tolerable sizes of dofects ‘The estimation ofthe sizeof hypothetical detects which cul heres in a welded joint ane raw ta te Sopcopriae ivi sire (12.4) by fatigue dating the Fequved even proviges 9 quantitative bags for tpecitying quality contre! level, fs determining 3 tolerable ‘detect size 9 weld the most severe combination of cycle stress, delect postion and defect orientation should be ‘red, The degree of eonersatism which should be inbuilt into a general estimate of tolerable defect size will result in asee below that whieh could be demonstrated tobe acceptable a: an individual detect in eluee 4 Far planar defects the sep-by step procedve of 14.1.2 ‘may bo weed. However, in thi ace the ealcultion should the earried ut in the rove orer starting with the final crack size os determined in 12.4 0d working backwards luni al he cogign fatigue eyees have heen accounted fer. The detec sie at this stage he toerabe initial lect size, For nom plana defects an! for planar detects, 36a ternative to the ster-bysten procedure, the quality tategory may be determined trom a knowrdge ofthe res spectrum. The procacires of 14.2 and 14.1.3 Fespectively, ray then be used (9 determine tolerable inital detect sizes, sacl Vege bse: PD 6493 : 1980 Table 11. Procedure for assessment of known defects 1. Determine eyele stress range from PnP. O.F 2. Resolve dafect normal to maximum rieipl ses 3, Determine stress ra, 4132 For stress relieved weldments only 4. Define defect dimensions 821 4 5, Check for defect interaction e22 5 6, Check for effectiveness of section ligaments foro" = {al surface defects 323 6) (0) embed detects B25 60) 7. Asses uninspetable regions 3.25 8, Define mit to crack grow: (a) for brie facture (i) for stresses below viele aaa 2 or actual data (2) for sreses above yield nz 120015 Including a! ae welded weldments 10) other fate moves Section four General guidance only Planar defect (genet! fatigue method) 9, Select values of A, m and BK by as texperiment,reterence to literature oF (guidance in appendix 8 10, Determine AA for eel stress 9.1.22,0:113 | 700 1 and 15 rang and elect depth a+ 2 or 8.1.14 (or ia +021) 11, Caeulae eyeles ecuied to grow | 14.2.2 erack by a 12, Repeat tops 10 and 11 for defect deptna # 260 oF 2(8 + 2a) al continue fing 9 each te accumtating the total mmber of cycles calculated at ftep 11 untl the timit to crack grows | 412 Tareached fc stop 8). Ifthe rota! sccorulatd eyelar exceeds the design Iie detect i aceeptate Planar defect simplified) 13, Determine equivalent pulsating 1133 Streisraieved weldmentscnly tension ses ranges 18, Determine for spectrum loading 14132 Aeweided theequivalent pulsating tension stess 141.33 Stress eieved Fae fr 10 eyeles 15, Select quality etegory required vaisz 162) 16, Determine imi o rack growth mass 1510) asinsteo 8 17, Determine Sy and Sin trom Fo vana2 Wort and 3p 14133 1B, Determine uotty fr detects under [181.32 1612) eonsideration from $= (Sy! =Smf¥"*, 18133 16(6) IW this is equa to or beter han quality required, detoet is acceptable " I 16 PD 6493 : 1980 Table 11, Procedure for assessment of known defects (concluded) sup Non-planar defects 18, Confiem that detected detect 212 par planar and embedded 20, Consider iteration eter aa case 15 for say inclisons a2 21, Determine aualtyestegory vais see steps 12 15 22, Determine allowable nonplanar a2 pe soleus 23. Compare detected with alowabie | 14.2 elects Section four. Assessment for other modes of failure 16, Yielding due to overloading of remaining \ cross section In practice, the need for rtiea asssment ofthis failure ode is most ikely to aris in smal structural sections. should not te applied to detects in pressure vessels or | inseton sje comple acting without a deta | nayss of tw streszes including he elect of oad reditribution. A detailed assessment can be carried out / \_ssina the procedre given in 823 17. Leakage in pressure, liquid or vacuurn containing equipment No detects should be reared a acceptable which provide path from interior to exterior of such equinment br which may ero to provide sucha ath during eve. Leakage paths wil become apparent during proof testing father than frm non destactvetetiog ad agreed remedial ation canbe taken, For complex leakage ths ‘shih develop during operation, ad hee remedial measures have tobe taken. It beyond thescope ofthis document torive any general predetions for such occurences from initial inspections 18. Environmental effects 18.1 Gonorl Whenover ogyesive environments rest thew have tobe taken into account im any ECA, Sine environmental effects ae fecuenty highly pee, ‘ pownibe o ve ony geoeral guidance 182 Conosion/erosion. Avoidance ofthis typeof Faire forte particular environment. However, the flowing recommendations should be apie, For detects not onen at esther surface, the recommendations Do clause 16 should br Tolowed with any eorosion/erotion Slowance removed. 7 seared ie 1618) 1600) For crviers of any sort expoied at the surface to.3 corraive of eroriveenuronment, including era, Tack of fusion or penetration, pores so its, on estate shouldbe mace ofthe maxintim rate of crevies corosion it time ta grow 10 9 ite which ie regard! a tmaceeptable. This desi should take account of any possibility of failure By yielding, eakape, fracture or ether modes of failure from the mereased detec sie resting from crevice corrosion In the absence of suficient information Were crevice corrosion is relevant, no exposed erevices Should be regarded as accepabi a 183 Covovon ature ging cus in Magpesin enorme eer forte torent, ene to prvi eine oe tanec thar he essen be ented rhe | tine wae 184 Stresscorrosion, The scentibity of a metal To tres corrosion in a particular environment ea ony be ‘determined by serves experience it may o may HOt be snticipated by texts osing the tame metal and environment, It svers coursion 2 suspected potential failure mode, rnaexpoued defects shoul be reqaded as acceptable and Consideration shouldbe given as tothe inherent fentabty ofthe material for the appieation I pacitie instances of material atl envionment, ses exerosion fracture roughness dato (Kye) may be wed, Faire wil not occur provided Kj, (se 8.1.1) such that Ky< eae NO guidance 09818 OF Ke offered ane fret ution Is urge in he se of is speach ts ase ‘hole fly justified fo tae eatitntion ofall parties Exposed doects in such cares shoul be rosrded 3¢ ‘nascent unlaee there i ova0t af saisectory experience or adequate fst data y agreement between the contacting parte, tet data ay bv used to ealuate sich detects, but attention is drawn tote cific in ‘obtaining an aecurate simulation ofthe service Environments, The we of est data should be justified ta the satiation of al patie ard be documented in Re ECA, PD 6493 : 1980 = 19. Instability (buckling) "At any cross section, the total aggregate area and position of any defects shouldbe auch that the buckling srengt) +f the component i nt rediced to oF below the “maximum appiee loading conditions It shouldbe noted ‘that buckling isnot entirely depteent on Tos of ‘ickness, and buckling seength hou be checked, ‘The buckting suength should be checked using the second moment of ara forthe affected cro ection calculated boy omitting the defect aes projected on ta 2 plane purpendicla to the campresive svess (Py, +P +O} In 3odtion, for planar detects with ner lane Wing in the ditetion af compressive sess, he buckling behaviour ‘ofeach part ofthe material between the defect and the ‘component surtac shoul be checked by caleulation a it were a separate plate of te same area as the detec, Using the distance etwnon defect and surface se an ‘tfectve thickness 20. Creop ‘Now planar defects should not exceed the levels given in table 90F 10 fr eaegory Qt or Oy! respectively ‘A consideration of planar defects may be made in terms ‘of eaculations based on net section stess and ercep or cen rupture stress eriteria, rovided that experience ‘can show thatthe material isnot srtive to faire by ‘macroscopic crack propapation at relevant combinations ‘of geomet and ses levels Planar defects materials for which ao such experi aces aaiable and which may be a ek Irom eranp crack axtenion, bat for whieh no pronsgation data ate avaiable for an ECA, ehoule be ‘Seemed to he unacceptable, {ny ECA using this information shouldbe soporte by recorded service istry and, where relevant, by perioske “The interaction of eeep an fatique i recomnized, tnt insaffclent data makes it imposible to give any uidance inthis document. ~ be Le Primary Ssecondor Peak ‘sirese, ‘iress” stress (Re) 1a “ lgeRs Orr (al (1 te ai NOTE, Whee the fora he ot ste ction Nou (en bs tort eso xk i an awe 1 Schema prevention af ren datibton acon ation (se 64 18 df Actual detect Resoived defect Iresoived to ‘maxinze signficonce) PD 6493 ; 1980 lope | AN) Lie 7 Ld i: | Fa -Finue Ont simensins Pb 6493 : 1980, se lth 2 Io henes pe bie

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