| TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES | eer 1. RELATION BETWEEN SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES : 90° 100° = 1 Radian = 10 degree = 57°17'15" (approximately) 1 degree = aD radian = 0.0175 radian 2. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES : (a) sin? 0 + cos? 0 = 1 or sin? 0 = 1-cos? 6 orcos? 6 = 1-sin?@ (b) sec? 0- tan? 0 = 1 orsec? 0 = 1 + tan? 0 or tan? 0 = sec? 0-1 1 (c) If secO + tand=k => secO-tand = k> 2secd=k+ 4 (@) cosec*0-cot?0 = 1 or cosec?0 = 1+ cot?0 or cot?0 =cosec?0 1 1 (2) If cosecO + cot? =k => cosecO -cotd = k> 2cosecO=k +t 3. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS : 90°, x/2 © Il quadrant T quadrant @® "only sine All 4 ve & cosec + ve . 180°, 0°. 360°, 2x only tan & cot +e @ Tl quadrant & sec + ve IV quadrant © 270°, 3n/2TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES : (a) sin (2nz + 6) = sin 0, cos (2nx + 0) = cos 0, wheren € 1] (b) sin (-0) =-sin® cos (-€) = cos @ sin(90°—- 0) = cos0 cos(90°— 6) = sind sin(90° + 8) = cos0 cos(90° + 6) = -sind sin(180°- 8) = sine cos(180°- 8) = -cos6 sin(180° + 0) = -sind cos(180° + 6) = -cosO sin(270°- 6) = -cosO cos(270°- 0) = -sind sin(270° + 0) =-cos0 cos(270° + 0) = sind Note: (i) sin nx = 0; cos nx =(-1)"; tan na = O where ne I (ii) sin(2n+1)5 = (-1)"; cos(2n+1) 5 =0 where nel IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE : (i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (i) — sin(A-B) = sin Acos B-cos A sin B. (iil) ~~ cos(A + B) = cosA cos B-sinAsinB (iv) = cos(A- B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB (v) — tan(A+B)= jm Attn B (vi) tan (A-B) = mane (vii) cot (A +B)= soba (vill) cot (A-B)= coupe +t {ix) 2 sin Acos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A- B). (x) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B)- sin (A - B). (xi) 2 cos Acos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) (xii) 2 sin Asin B = cos (A- B) - cos (A + B)C+D c-D (xii) sinC +sinD =2sin ZT Jes |e C+D c-D (dv) sinC~snD = 2cos (<5) ain ( 2 } C+D c-D (xv) cosC + cosD = 2 cos a C+D D-C (xvi) cos C-cosD =2:sin ~~? +Jsin 2 in 20 = 2 sin 0 cos @ = (xvii) sin 20 = 2 sin @cos 6 = Istn’o 1-tan?9 0826 = cos*8—sin’6 = -1 =1-2sn’0= (xviti) @ '@—sin’@ = 2cos*®-1 = 1-2 sin’O Ie tnZ (xix) 1 + cos 20 = 2 cos? 8 or c0s8 = +. tee (x) 1 -cos20 = 2sin?@ or sind=+ Less 1-c0s 20 sin28 1-.0s20 tan@ = ——— = O_O (cx) sin20.-1+00s20 1+ 00s 20 2tané tan20 = Goat) 1-tan*@ (radii) sin 36 = 3 sin 6-4 sin’ 6. (oxdv) cos 36 = 4 cos* 6 - 3 cos6, 3tan0- tan? tan30 = foe) tan 1-3tan?6 (xxvi)_ sin? A - sin? B = sin (A+B). sin (A-B) = cos? B- cos? A. (xaxvil)_ cos? A - sin? B = cos (A+B). cos (A — B).(xxviil) sin (A + B + C) = sinAcosBeosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB — sinAsinBsinC = ZsinA cosB cosC — sin A = cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC - tanA tanB tanC) (xxix) , cos(A+B+C) =cosA cosB cosC - sinA sinB cosC —sinA cosB sinC -cosA sinB sinC =TIcos A —£sinA sin Bcos C = cosA cosB cosC [1 - tanA tanB - tanB tanC - tanC tanA] (ox) tan (A +B + C) _ tanA+tanB+tanC-tanAtanBtanC _S,-S, ~ 1-tanAtanB-tanBtanC-tanCtanA 1S, (ood) sina + sin (+P) + sin (a+2) +... sin (2 +n—1B) (at?) ac) (oadl) cos a + cos (0+) + cos (a + 2) + .... +cos(a +n— 1B) tea) «(5 VALUES OF SOME T-RATIOS FOR ANGLES 18°, 36°, 15°, 22.5°, 67.5° etc, v5-1 = sind4 5 V3-1 =sinZ. {c) sind5°= “ofa = c0s75' 2 (b) cos36°=V3+1_ _ 22 = O89 ¥B-1 = cot But 0 oo. fal., ote tan— —= TF 12 ¥B-1 (q) tan(225°) = V2 - 1=cot(675°) = act tant (h) tan(67.5°) = J2 +1 = cot(225°) MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS : (a) a cos © + b sin @ will always Ile in the interval (va? +b? a? +b?) i.e. the maximum and minimum values are Ja? + b?, —Ja2+b2 respectively. (6) Minimum value of a? tan? 6 + b? cot? 6 = 2ab, where a, b >0 © — a? +b? + 2aboosla — B) 0) (e) Minimum value of a*sin?@ + b*cosec’6 is either Zab or a + b?, if for some real 6 equation asin@ = bcosec6 is true or not true {a, b > O} IMPORTANT RESULTS : (a) sin 0 sin (60°-0) sin (60° + 6) = J singe 1 (B) cos 8. cos (60° - 8) cos (60° + 6) = 7qo7ss0(c) tan 6 tan (60° - 6) tan (60° + 6) = tan 30 (d) cot 0 cot (60°- 6) cot (60° + 6) = cot 30 (2) (i) sin? 0 + sin? (60° + 6) + sin? (60°-6) -3 (il) cos? 0 + cos? (60° + 6) + cos? (60° - 8) -3 () @ Iftan A + tan B+ tan C = tan A tan B tan C, then A+B+C=nr,nel (ii) If tan A tan B + tan B tanC + tanC tanA = 1, then A+B+C=(2ne])5,n el sin(2"0) n-1 Q) = (g) cos 0 cos 20 cos 46 .... cos (2"-! 6) 2" sind (h) cotA -tanA = 2cot2A CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES : IfA +B+C = 180°, then‘ (a) tan A + tan B + tanC = tan A tan BtanC (b) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot CcotA=1 A B B,C Cc. oA tan—tan— =tan= ~tan—= () ans tan tan ptans ttanptan 2 1 A B Cc ABC (d) cots + col + cot5 = cot-5 cot-5 cot 5 (e) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =4 sinA sinB sinC () cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =-1—-4 cosA cosB cosC A B Cc (g) sin A +sin B + sin C = 4 cos BOs gOS (h) cosA + cos B+ cosC =14+4 sin sin singa a | 10. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS : T-RatioDomain Range Period sinx R [1,1] an cos x R [-1,1] an tan x R-{(2n+1)x/2 ; nel} R T cot x R-{nn : ne I] R t sec X R-((2n+1) 2/2:ne€]) — (-0,-1)U[1,~) 2n cosecx R-{nn:ne]} (0,-1) Uf1,~) Qn 11. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS : (a) y = sinx (b) y = cosx (c) y = tanx12. IMPORTANT NOTE : (a) The sum of interior angles of a polygon of n-sides = (n— 2) x 180° = (n- 2)x. (b) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = BHA 90° =A, (c) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides = 360° = 2n.[ TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION : An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a trigonometrical equation. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION : A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equations is called a solution of the trigonometric equation. (a) ) Principal solution :- The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval [0, 2x]. General solution :- Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic, hence there are infinite values of @ for which trigonometric functions have the same value. All such possible values of 6 for which the given trigonometric function is satisfied is given by a general formula. Such a general formula is called general solutions of trigonometric equation. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS (TO BE REMEMBERED) : (a) ) () ) @) © () If sin 0 = 0, then 6 = nz, n EI (set of integers) If cos 0 = 0, then 0 = (n+) 5 snel ttan'é 0, then iaremsn ch If sin 8 = sin a, then 6 = nm + (-1)'a where & = ali el If cos @ = cos a, then @ = 2nn+0,nel,a€ [0,n] If tan @ = tana, then@ =nn+a,nel, ae(=, x) 2°2 tT wT Ifsin@ =1, then @ = 2nn +5 =(4n+1)5,ne!(bh) If cos 0 = 1 then 0 = 2nz,n el (i) If sin? 0 = sin? a or cos? 6 = cos? a or tan? 0 = tan’ a, then@=nz+a,nel @) Forn €1, sinna =O and cos nr =(-1)",ne] sin (na + 6) = (-1)" sin 6 cos (nz + 0) = (-1)" cos 0 (kK) cosnx=(-1)",nel n-l Q) If nis an odd integer then sin = (-1) cos =0 nel n-l (m) sin( S240] =(-1)? cos0, cos( E+ 0) =(-1)? sind GENERAL SOLUTION OF EQUATION acos 0+bsin@=c: Consider, a sin 0+ bCOSO = Cees (i) b c _ sind + ————- cos 0 = —_—“._ — a* +b? _ a? +b? a a” +b? equation (i) has the solution only if lel < va? +b? a _ b — ab let Ero OO Grp ne & oa tert by introducing this auxiliary argument 6, equation (i) reduces to c sin (0+) = Now this equation can be solved easily. GENERAL SOLUTION OF EQUATION OF FORM : a,sin’x + a,sin™'x cosx + a,sin™? xcos’x + .......... + a,cos"x = 0 ay, Ayeeeee@, are real numbers Such an equation is solved by dividing equation by cos"x.6. IMPORTANT TIPS : (a) For equations of the type sin 6 =k or cos @ = k, one must check that] k I <1. (b) Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions. (c) Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are in a product because we may loose some solutions. (@) The answer should not contain such values of 8, which make any of the terms undefined or infinite. (e) Check that denominator Is not zero at any stage while solving equations. (f) (If tan 6 or sec 6 is involved in the equations, 6 should not be odd multiple of > (Hi) If cot 6 or cosec 6 is involved in the equation, @ should not be integral multiple of x or 0. (q) If two different trigonometric ratios such as tan 6 and sec 6 are Involved then after solving we cannot apply the usual formulae for general solution because periodicity of the functions are not same. (h) If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation Is always less than or equal to k and RHS Is always greater than k, then no solution exists. If both the sides are equal to k for same value of 6, then solution exists and If they are equal for different value of 6, then solution does not exist.ee INDEFINITE INTEGRATION ‘ny ana eat If f & F are function of x such that F (x) = f(x) then the function F is called a PRIMITIVE OR ANTIDERIVATIVE OR INTEGRAL of {(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as fils) = Fo) +c <> SF(x)+ cl = Hx), where c is called the constant of integration. STANDARD RESU2TS : @ (ii) (iti) (iv) wv) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ey) 6d) ned fox +b)"dx = LSS c;nz-1 a(n +1) dx 1 fore anl ax+b|+c 1 fer*?dx = emda a yaprra (a>O)+c Jsin(ax +b)dx = ~=costax +b)+e Jeostax +b)dx = 2 sinfax +b)+ce Jtanlax + blex = = ensectax + b)+0 feottax +bjdx = = ensin(ax +b)+c foec?(ax +bdx = i tan(ax + b)+¢ a Joosec?(ax + b)dx = —leotiax +b)+ce a Joosec(ax + b).cot(ax + b)dx = ~ cosec(ax t+b)+c(xii) foec (ax + b).tan(ax + b)dx = 2 ceclax +b)+c a (xiii) Joecxdx = (n|secx + tanx|+c m Xx OR fscexdx = éntanl +5) (xiv) foosecxdx = fnkosecx —cotx|+c +c tan3}+ OR —(n(cosec x + cot x)#e @w) j os =sin?X4¢ OR Jeosec xdx = ¢n fa? — x? a dx 1,4 (xvi) lage —+c dx _ 1. 1x (xvii) i Fo ai =giee ate (vit) f x go tnfxtvie +a] +e x +a dx 2 (xix) Ieee ol =a? | 4g dx 1 atx =—t bo) I 2a "|a-x|*° dx 1 x-a badd) =-— to) Ire 2a "|x+al 2 (xxii) Ja? - x?dx = SJ Pox? +S sin X +e 2 (radii) [bu? + 2? dx = Sn? +a? +S in[xsvx +2") +0 . (adv) fvx? - a?dx = 5? -a* -Falxehe =2")+¢ ex (rau) fe -sinbx dx = Zo (asin bx — bcosbx) +c a+ ™ a? +b? (xvi) Jet*.cosbx dx = (acosbx + bsinbx) +c2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION : (a) Substitution or change of independent variable : Integral I= ff(x)dx is changed to ff(¢(tH)4'(t) dt, by a suitable substitution x = @ (t) provided the later integral Is easier to integrate. Some standard substitution : Fx) 1) f[tbap rode OR Sirayr ak put fa) = t& proceed. dx dx [2 (2) le emer — J ax’ +bx+c dx Express ax? + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results. PRG yf PKtG ay ax?+bx+c ! Jay24bxe¢e = Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) +B. Jetlfoa + folds = e* f(x) +c fitted) + xf Golds = f(x) +e f dx neéN, take x" common & put1+x™=t. x(x" +1) > €N, takex" common & put1+x=t" x?(x" +1} a f dx x"(14+ x8)" dx dx leenFe oR Sree . dx z Sa x + bsinxcosx + ccos? x Multiply N' & D" by sec? x & puttanx =t. , take x" common and put 1 + x = t.dx at+bsinx +ccosx dx R 5 +bcosx (10) [—*_ R J Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents em of half the angles, put tan et a.cosx+b.sinx+¢ ay srr p.cosx +q.sinx+r Express Numerator (N‘) = ¢(D) + ma (D') +n & proceed. -1 (12) In OR later” ' where ki is any constant. a Divide Nr & Dr by x2, then put x -= =t OR x+ = =t respectively & proceed 13} fa & Sa it mt ae? (3) (ax +b) /px+q (ex? +bx+c)/px+q spat ax+b=+; . ® aber lacmaglpPrenr putx= + (5) {f= acon [R=ONB= putxe o 0029 +8 sno =p aon Jie =ax=8) ; putx = asec? - Btan?g f dx f(x —ca)(x —p) + PUt x-a=t®? or x - B =-#2.Q) = © (16) To integrate fain” xcos" x dx, (i) If m is odd positive integer put cos x = t. (tl) If n is odd positive integer put sin x = t (ili) If m + rn is negative even integer then put tan x = t. (iv) If m and n both even positive integer then use 12, _l-cos2x 2. _1+cos2x sin’ x= C08 x= Integration by part : Juv dx =ufv dx- (se | dx where u & v are differentiable functions. Note: While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that d () Jodx & (ii) [2.J6 ax] dx is simple to integrate. This is generally obtained, by keeping the order of u & vas per the order of the letters in ILATE, where; 1-Inverse function, L-Logarithmic function, A-Algebraic function, T-Trigonometric function & E-Exponential function. Partial fraction : Rational function is defined as the ratio of Pi two polynomials in the form a where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) # 0. If the degree of P{x) is less than the degree of Q(x), then the rational function is called proper, otherwise, it is called improper. The improper rational function can be reduced to the proper rational functions by long division Thus, it 2 54 then Gpay “TH+ Clay process. Thus, if Gy 1s improper, then Gy Q(x)’ P where T(x) is a polynomial in x and ee is proper rational function. It is always possible to write the integrand as a sum of simpler rational functions by a method called partial fraction decomposition. After this, the integration can be carried out easily using the already known methods.Form of the Form of the rational function partial fraction preety ABC (x—a)(x—bX\x-c) x-a * x-b* x-c px? +qx-+r AL B Cc (x-a)? (x-b) —a + (x-a + x—b px? +qx+r A Bx+C (x-a)(x? +bx+c) x-a * x?+bx+e where x24 bx + c cannot be factorised further Note: In competitive exams, partial fraction are generally found by inspection by noting following fact : 1 1 ( 1 1 ). (k-aXx-p) (@—p)\x-a x—B It can be applied to the case when x? or any other function is there in place of x. Example: wane Ho a) (+ Nxt +3) 2 t+] t+3 (2) eh +1) 1 1 ®) 0741) x “XS xb +1)28, fe (fos) + Ponds 29. Use of Trigonometric ldenti sin Integration, 4 _1-cos2x y+ cos 28 —?z 2 3sinx ~ siN3N os, _ 3eOSN + cos3y 7 - cos) fi 2 sinA cos B= sin(A + B) + sin(A-B) 2 cos Asin B= sin(A+B)-sin(A-B) 2 cos A cos 3 = cos (A + B) + cos (A — B) 2sin Asin B= cos (A-B)+ cos (A + B) 8). cos (wv) sinx=2sin( 3): cos (3) 30{i) 14243+- a (ii) sin’x= (i) P+ 22+ 37+.COSK +E 5 fsinxux= 6 feosx dx=sinx te =tanxte 7. [scctxas 8 feosects dx=-cotx+e 9, [scoxtunxdy=see xe 10. Jeosee xX colx dx =—cosee x + UL. Juan sds =log [sce x] + e=—Iog [eos x] +e 2 footxax log |sin x| +e B. focesus= log see x-+ tan x|+e UW Jeosee xx = log feosce x cox|te +e 2 [Tee heed Fx ee = logx+ Yaa? +eIn particule j fix) dy =f fa - x) de Prop. V j, f(x) ds “FO dy, if f{x)is even finetion Prop. V f f(x) dx J{ fo as = 0, ifF¢9) ison Simeon Prop. VI j : Prop vil [toads = 2 f*r00 ds. ittaa—s9= F199 f(xy dy = 2 [rode + [*PQa-s) de free ds = 0, iff(2a—x)=-UN) 9, Definite Integral as the limit ofa sum * f f(x) dx = Lim h[f{a)+ f(a h) + fat 2h) +--+ f px+q +qxer 3. a) (x—b){x-e) pxttqxtr 4 (ay (xb) = px? taxtr *: (sa) (x? +bx-+e) Where x? + bx + ccan not be factorised further In the above table, A, Band C are real numbers to be determined suitably. Definite Integral —The definite integral of x) between the limitsa to b i.e in the interval [a,b] is denoted ° . tyf £(x) ds and is defined as follows. I tx) dy = [FCT = F(b)— F(a) where [1'¢x) ds = FOX) General Properties of Definite Integrals— . . Propet f’rords= fr at " . Prop fro de=~ fro ds _ 7 Prop. Hl J Fx) ds = f rosy dy +f f(x) dy Wherea (b) For | 5 sree" Serie fore + a fate bse) dx Putps+q=A 2 (ax?t bx+e}+B Compare the two sides and find we value of A and B. n x + Thus [PS Ik = ax? + bx +e dx +bx+e) fax? + bx +6) petq & ds Simi ds=A [Sac pf any fas? + bx +e J fore bx +e le sameas do fins + q) ass bx te ds. dx. 1 F = — txtk=— © “Tamm ixtebeee SEY dx X- a (d) Fe —————. Ux wre oem Snes f\e-oR- dx , Put x= ceos?0+ isin? 0 dx dx dx te | yess perrrg praycrsrr 2 tan 3} (0-10? 9) cons 1 tan $)/(r+ uney4) then puttan s/2=1 Pcosx + qsiny a+bcosx + bsinx. sin — (0) For dx. Put pcosx+q sin x= A (a +beosx + bsin x) + B differential of (a+ b cos x + bsin x} +C A, Band can be calculated by equating the coefficients of eos x. sin x and the constant terms. du 5. Integration hy parts 8-¥ dx = foo foarfen the integral of the product of two functions = (first function) * (Integral of the second function — al of {(dferential of first function) x (Integral of second function)} formula is called integration by partsINTEGRALS Integrati — ‘The process of finding the function f(x) whose differential coefficient wr.t.*x", denoted by: F(x) is given, is called the integration of f(x) wir, sand is wrttenas [F(x)ds= Fes) Thus, integration isan inverse process of differentiation or integration is anti of differentiation. ‘The differential coefficient ofa constant is zero, Thus if is an arbitrary constant independent of x. then. d Fe HO) +] = F(x) Ths Jrooe f(xite ‘The arbitrary constant c is called the constant of integration Substin Integration by (a) To evaluate the integral Jreaxe byde sothatady=dt ie. dy= lat 1 Putas + b= a | 1 F(ax+ by dy =] f(t a 1 on 3s not in some suitable form to find the int form by changing the independent variable x to by substituting x= g(t) Fa. where frqar=F (=F (ax+b) fine tion, then we transform it into some suitable Consider fresras P sotha “<= p" ut (1), sothat Fo=2"(0) We write dy (dt ‘Thus t= Jros-as= fremng@at But itis very important to guess, what will be the useful substitution oy fo ac- hPosddx=f(sy""'/ (nF) +e (d) Some important substitutions function Substitutions fayte x=asinO orx=acos0 x=atand x=asecO ‘Trigonometrical transformations — For the integration of the trigonometrical products such as sin, cos*x, sin'x, cos'x, sin ax cas bx etc.they are expressed as the sum or difference of the sines and nes of multiples of angles.4. Let some portion of the curve is above sxisand some portion is below x-axis. tA, be thearea below seaxisand A, be thearea above of x-axis. Therefore Area bounded by the curve y= f( id the ordinates x= aandx=b A=IA\I+Ay Area between Twocurves S& — Letthe twacurves elementary strip of he f(xyand ty where y 2 (8). Suppose these curves intersect at x=a and x= b Consider the x) with width dy da=yds 4 = Ag f (Feor-ets) x ie. A= Area bounded by the 6 Ifthe twocurv and fa.c]and f(x) g(x) in of the regions bounded by curve, os oft MN ¥ a . = Area of the region PAQCP + Area of the region QDRBQ =f; (fox)-20)ds +f (e(s)- ft) ds.APPLICATION OF THE INTEGRALS imple Curves 1. Letus find the area bounded by the curve ar hhieght yand width dx. Areaol avis ordinated x =a, POM. y= F(x). x-asis and the ordinated x= aandx = b. Consider the under the curve as composed of large number of thin vertical strips let there be an arbitary strip of us, wherey=(s} Total Area A ofthe region bet 2. Thearea A of the re a) xdy 5 x= gly) then f(x) <0 from x =a tox = b, the area bounded by the 3. Ifthe curve under consideration lies below x-asi aNis 1s negative, But thenumerical value of the area is to curve y= f(x), and the ordinates x= a, x= band 6 | If, fess, be taken into consideration. Then Ar