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NCM 109 2ND Assignment
NCM 109 2ND Assignment
1) What is the portal of entry and the name of the causative agent?
SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by
SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The virus that causes SARS is thought to be
transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an
infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus also can spread when a person touches a
surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her
mouth, nose or eye(s).
AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent for AIDS. The most
common type is known as HIV-1 and is the infectious agent that has led to the
worldwide AIDS epidemic. Transmission only occurs when the virus leaves the body
of an infected person via blood, semen or vaginal fluids.
TUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the organism that is the causative agent for
tuberculosis (TB). There are other "atypical" mycobacteria such as M. kansasii that
may produced a similar clincal and pathologic appearance of disease. M. tuberculosis
is carried in airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, of 1– 5 microns in diameter.
Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or
laryngeal TB disease cough, sneeze, shout, or sing. TB is spread from person to
person through the air.
LEPROSY
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the
peripheral nerves, skin, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and nasal mucosa (lining of the
nose). The disease is caused by a bacillus (rod-shaped) bacterium known as
Mycobacterium leprae. The portal of entry of M. leprae into the human body is not
definitely known. However, the two portals of entry seriously considered are the skin
and the upper respiratory tract.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is caused by some species of blood trematodes (flukes)
in the genus Schistosoma. The three main species infecting humans are Schistosoma
haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. Schistosoma parasites can penetrate the
skin of persons who are wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated
water. Within several weeks, the parasites mature into adult worms and live in the
blood vessels of the body where the females produce eggs.
RABIES
Rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains an important public health problem
worldwide and causes more than 70,000 human deaths each year. The causative agent
of rabies is rabies virus (RV), a negative-stranded RNA virus of the rhabdovirus
family. Rabies virus is transmitted through direct contact (such as through broken
skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with saliva or brain/nervous
system tissue from an infected animal.
HEPATITIS B
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed
from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread
by sneezing or coughing.
MALARIA
Malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. Four species cause disease
in humans: P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae. Malaria enters its human
hosts via the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The malaria parasites are
present in the mosquitoes saliva, and enter into the human bloodstream when the
mosquito bites to take a blood meal.
FILARIASIS
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi,
and Brugia timori. These worms occupy the lymphatic system, including the lymph
nodes; in chronic cases, these worms lead to the syndrome of elephantiasis. When a
mosquito bites a person who has lymphatic filariasis, microscopic worms circulating
in the person's blood enter and infect the mosquito. When the infected mosquito bites
another person, the microscopic worms pass from the mosquito through the skin, and
travel to the lymph vessels.
DENGUE FEVER
Dengue fever is among the most common mosquito-borne virus infections. Causative
agent of the disease is the Dengue virus, of which four different types are known. The
virus cannot be transmitted from human to human. In order to spread the disease
needs a mosquito as alternate host. A reservoir such as a human and an agent such as
an amoeba. The mode of transmission can include direct contact, droplets, a vector
such as a mosquito, a vehicle such as food, or the airborne route. The susceptible host
has multiple portals of entry such as the mouth or a syringe.
Sources: http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbsars_hcp.htm
https://webpath.med.utah.edu/TUTORIAL/AIDS/AIDS.html
https://www.skillsportal.co.za/content/how-hivaids-spread
https://webpath.med.utah.edu/TUTORIAL/MTB/MTB.html
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter2.pdf
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy
https://www.who.int/lep/transmission/en/index3.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/biology.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/faqs.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600441/
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/index.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-
20366802
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/
http://www.malaria.com/questions/how-malaria-enters-body
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/faqs.html
http://saltidin.com/uploads/tx_lxsmatrix/denguefever.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html
Source: https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315928.php#early-symptoms
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/tuberculosis/fact_sheet.htm
https://www.medicinenet.com/leprosy/article.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/faqs.html
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/symptoms/index.html
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-
20351184
https://www.aimu.us/2017/07/15/filariasis-symptoms-causes-and-management/
https://www.medicinenet.com/dengue_fever/article.htm
Sources: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237755-treatment#d1
https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/hivaids/
https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-treatment-of-patients-with-tb-and-the-role-
of-the-nurse-07-09-2004/
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220455-treatment
https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/schistosomiasis-05-04-2005/
https://www.rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/
https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hepatitis/
https://screware.blogspot.com/2013/06/malaria-5-nursing-interventions.html?m=1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1704/
https://www.rnspeak.com/filariasis-nursing-management/
https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/
Sources: https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html
https://www.skillsportal.co.za/content/how-hivaids-spread
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html
https://www.medicinenet.com/leprosy/article.htm
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/4551426/
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis
https://deguefever17.weebly.com/chain-of-infection.html